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1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

< 


FR 


A  HISTORY 


OF  THE 


Catholic  Church 


WITHIN  THE 


LIMITS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES, 


FROM  THE    FIRST   ATTEMPTED    COLONIZATION  TO  THE 

PRESENT   TIME. 


WITH  PORTRAITS,   VIEWS.   MAPS,  AND   FACSIMILES. 


BY 


JOHN   GILMARY   SHEA, 


♦ 


NEW   YORK: 

JOHN    G.    SHEA. 

1892. 


COPYRIGHT,  1892,  BY 

SOPHIE    S.    SHEA. 


Tht  illHttraUom  in  Ihh  wrk  are  copyrighU-ci,  and  reproduction  is  forbidden.       \ 


THE  MERSHON  COMPANY  PRESS, 
RAHWAV,  N.  J, 


II  is  forbidden. 


HISTORY 


OF  THE 


CATHOLIC  CHURCH 


IN  THE 


UNITED  STATES 


From  the  Fifth  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore,  1843, 

TO  THE  Second  Plenary  Council  of 

Baltimore,  1866 


BY 

JOHN  GILMARY  SHEA 


♦ 


NEW  YORK 

JOHN    G.    SHEA 

1892 


COPYRIGHT,  1892,  BY 

SOPHIE    S.    SHEA. 


The  illustrations  in  this  work  are  copyrighted,  and  reproduction  is  forbidden. 


THK  MERSHON  COMPANY  PRKSS, 
RAHWAY,  N.  J. 


REV.  PATRICK  CORRIGAN,  HOBOKEX,  N.   J. 


TiiEin  GuACES  THE  MosT  Revs.  M.  A.  Cokkigan,  Archbishop  op 
New  York  ;  P.J.  Ryan,  Archbishop  of  Philadelphia  ;  J.  J.  Wil- 
liams, Archbishop  of  Boston  ;  W.  H.  Elder,  Arciibibhop  ok 
Cincinnati  ;  Their  Lordships  Rt.  Revs.  W.  M.  Wigger,  Bishop  op 
Newark  ;  L.  S.  McMahon,  Bishop  of  Hartford  ;  8.  V.  Ryan,  Bishop 
of  Buffalo  ;  J.  J.  Kean,  Bishop  of  Ajasso  and  Rector  of  the 
Catholic  University  ;  J.  A.  Healy,  Bishop  of  Portland  ;  J.  Hen- 
NESSY,  Bishop  of  Wichita  ;  N.  Matz,  Bishop  of  Denver  ;  J.  J. 
HooAN,  Bishop  OF  Kansas  City  ;  J.  F.  Horst.mann,  Bishop  of  Cleve- 
land ;  E.  O'CoNNELL,  Bishop  of  Joppa  ;  Rt.  Rev.  Abbott 
Pfraenole  ;  Very  Rev.  H.  Imoda,  Provincial  of  the  Missouri 
Province  ;  Very  Revs.  JIgr.  T.  S.  Preston,  Mgr.  W.  Gleeson, 
Mgr.  Quigley  ;  Very  Revs.  W.  Byrne,  V.  G.,  J.  F.  Loughlin,  V.  G., 
P.  J.  Gleeson,  V.  G.,  D.  A.  Merrick,  W.  McNulty,  J.  Moynihan  ; 
Very  Revs.  T.  E.  Walsh,  President  of  Notre  Dame  University  ; 
E.  P.  Allfn,  President  of  Mt.  St.  Mary's  College  ;  Franciscan 
F.vTHERS,  New  York  ;  Passionist  Fathers;  Revs.  J.  M.  Mackey,  L. 
Ga-mbosville,  E.Corcoran,  Patrick  Hennessy,  P.  J.  Daly,  Tho.mas 

QUINN,    C.    H.   COLTON,    J.    F.    BOYLAN,    P.    LEONARD,    JoiIN    BaRRY, 

Francis  O'Neill,  Tho.mas  Taaffe,  Sylvester  Malone,  Martin 
Carroll,  L  M.  Kiely,  James  O'Connor,  J.  P.  Callaghan,  P.  J. 
Garvey,  D.  D.,  B.  Mulligan,  Edw.  McCosker,  J.  J.  Dunn,  John 
McQuAiD,  8.  J.,  E.  A.  McGurk,  S.  J.,  C.  A.  Walworth,  Jas. 
M.  Early,  Jno.  W.  McMaiion,  Thos.  S.  Lee,  P.  M.  Corr,  J.  O'Brien, 
Daniel  M.  Burns,  L.  J.  Morris,  G.  A.  Walter,  Chas.  Kelly,  D.  D., 
J.  J.  Cunneely,  Michael  Tierney,  Jos.  F.  Mooney,  John  Pinasco, 
J.  J.  Tighe,  J.  P.  McLncrow,  M.  P.  Dowling,  S.  J.,  W.  Halligan, 
P.  F.  P.  O'Connor,  C.  P.  Gillen,  J.  F.  Keenahan,  John  McEvot, 
John  O'Connor,  P.  J.  McNamara,  D.  OCallaghan,  AV.  O.  Kane, 
John  Veale,    Jas.   Nolan,  Jas.   Roduit,    P.   T.   Alennt.    M.  J. 

vii 


vlii 


DEDICATION. 


DouoiiERTY,  Joseph  Mendl,  J.  J.  McDonnell,  M  A.  McManuh,  J,  J. 
Healy,  Maurice  P.  O'Connou,  Jameh  McKehnan,  Patrick  J.  Hallt, 
J.  J.  McKeenek,  Daniel  J.  Sheeiiy,  Chauleb  Mackel,  Felix  O'Cal- 
LAOHAN.  John  Costello,  Jas.  Boyle.  Chas.  McElkoy,  Lambert 
ScuAKERs,  J.  J.  Lally.  Mahtin  Mahony,  Pii.  Duogan,  Chas. 
Kemper,  Jos.  Flood,  Thos.  Rafter,  Jas.  Coyle,  Jno.  OConnell, 
B.  P.  PuELAN,  J.  E.  Walsh,  Eu.  Joos.  J.  M.  Lucey,  W.  I.  McClure, 

Jno.  F.  Oaitley.  H.  Alerdino,  E.  E.  Buckle,  D.  Tierney,  W.  A. 
DuMPHY,  J.  Roche,  E.  M.  Tierney,  Francis  Gavisk,  I.  P.  Carrigan, 
Rob.  McDonald.  J.  Dougherty,  M.  J.  Lambing,  N.  L  Cook,  JameE. 

Duffy,  E.  M.  O'Callaohan,  Jas.  M.  Brady,  George  Brown,  P.  P. 

Carew,  Jas.  J.   O'Brien,   Daniel  F.   Cronin.  J.  Meehan,  P.  F. 

Walshe,  L.  y..  Wilde,  Jas.  Quan,  J.  J.  Hanley,  Jas.  Crumbey,  B. 

H.  Wilette,  a.  J.  Verbeck,  M.  J.  Fallahee,  J.  J.  Brown,  Geo.  J. 

Kelly,  C.  T.  O'Callaghan,  Dominic  Spellman,  J.  Vanden,  A.  F. 

Masschelein,  a.  Cipin,  M.  Coleman,  Thomas  E.  Waogaman.  Esq., 

Jas.   F.   Butler,  Esq.,  Miss  E.  W.   Cook,  Miss  W.  Ruh,  Miss  L.' 

O'Niel,  Miss  M.  Fitzgibbons,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Hutton. 

this  volume  is  dedicated  in  acknowledgment  op  the  Fund  pro. 
posed  by  the  Rev.  Patrick  Corrigan. 


i 


CONTENTS. 


BOOK  I. 

PROVINCE  OF  BALTIMORE. 

CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF   BALTIMORE. 

Most  Rev.  Samuel  Eccleston,  Fifth  Archbishop,  1843-1851. 
Fifth  Provincial  Council— Condition  of  the  Diocese— Death  of  .Very 
Rev.  Louis  A.  De  Bartli,  Rev.  James  H.  N.  Joubert,  and  Rev. 
John  B.  Gildea— Preparatory  College  of  St.  Charles  Borromco 
—New  Cliurchcs— The  Metropolitan  Press- Catholic  Publish- 
ers—Mount St.  Joseph's— Sixth  Provincial  Council— New  Sees 
at  Albany,  Buffalo,  and  Cleveland— Hostility  to  Catholics  in 
the  Army— Catholic  Chaplains  Appointed— Reorganization  of 
Sisters  or  Charity— Catholic  Education— The  Seal  of  tlie  Con- 
fessional— Three  New  Ecclesia:»tical  Pkovinces— Review  of  tlie 
Peter's  Pence— First  Plenary  Council-^'isitations- Death  of 
Archbishop  Eccleston— Very  Rev.  Henry  Coskery,  Adminis- 
trator—Death of  the  Foundress  of  the  Visitation  Nuns 23 

CHAPTER  II. 

DIOCESE   OF    PHILADELPHIA. 

Rt.  Rev.  Francis  Patricls  Kenrick,  Third  Bishop,  1813-1851. 
Division  of  tlie  Diocese— Bishop  Kenrick  "Resolves  to  Found  aTlieo- 
logical  Seminary— New  Churches— Redeniptorists—Parislies 
Established— Tlie  Bible  in  the  Schools— Native  American  Riots 
—Bishop  Kenrick's  Appeal  for  Peace— St.  Michael's  and  St. 
Augustine's  Churches  Reduced  to  Ashes — Private^House  of 
Catholics  Fired— Orphan  Asylums  Threatened— Public  Wor- 
ship Suspended— Attack  upon  St.  Philip's  Churcli— The  Build- 
ing Saved  by  the  Timely  Arrival  of  Troops  under  Gen.  Cad- 
walader— Fruitless  Attempt  to  Indict  Irish  Catholics  for  Mur- 
der—Peace Restored— Episcopal  Vi.silntion— The  Bishop  Goes 
to  Rome— Returns  and  Begins  the  Ere  Mon  of  His  Catliedral — 
Converts  to  the  Church— Third  S  r  of  the  Diocese  of 
Philadelpliia— Tlie  Visitation  Nuns-  ^•?w  Churches  in  New 
Jersey— Sisters  of  the  Good  Shepherd— Renewed  Troubles 
witli  the  Trustees  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity— Bishop 
Kenrick  Promoted  to  the  Archiepiscopal  See  of  Br.ltimore— 
Very  Rev.  Edward  J.  Sourin,  Administrator— Appointment 
of  Bishop  Newmanu 42 

Ix 


II 


i 


X  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER    III. 

PIOC-EBE  or  PITT8BIUGII. 

Episcopnl  VIsilnlloiis  in  Wtstern  Peiiusvlviiiiia— Rt.  Rev.  Micliacl 
OC'oniKir,  FirKt  Hislioi)— iSkolcli  o'f  Iliii  Life— 8t.  Micliiifl'H 
Sciuiiiary— C'ailiolic  '.'oloni/.Htioii— .Sisttrs  of  Merc> — 8t.  I'liilo- 
iiK'ims  C'lunvli— Fiillar  Leiiiflic— First  Biiiedictiiie  Morias- 
Ijiy— Till'  Mercy  Ilospiial— The  Fruiuiscan  Brotliers  at 
L(irfll(»~Hi)iiii(larit'8  of  liif  Diocese  Detliied — Division  of  tlie 
Diucfbu  I'ropoH'il 65 

CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE    OF    KICIIMOND. 

Rt.  Rev.  Ridiard  Vincent  Wlielan,  Second  Bishop,  1848-1850. 

Contiition  of  tlie  Diocese— New  Cliurdi  in  Wlieeling — Visitation 
Nuns— Orpiian  Asviuni  at  Norfollj — New  See  of  Wlieeling 
Proposed— Hislu>p  \Viielan  Transferred  to  Wlieeling— Rt.  Rev. 
John  McGill,  Third  Bishop  of  Richmond— Slietch  of  His  Life 
—His  Early  Labors 81 

CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE    OF    WHEELING. 

Rt.  Rev.  Richard  Vincent  Whelan,  First  Bishop,  1856. 

Boundaries  of  the  New  Diocese— Theological  Seminary  and  Schools 
OlH'iied— A  Sick  Call  and  a  Convert— Death  of  Miss  Margaret 
Carroll 87 

CHAPTER  VI. 

DIOCESE  OF   CHARLESTON. 

Rt.  Rev.  Ignatius  Aloysius  Reynolds,  D.  D.,  Second  Bishop,  1844-1853. 

Consecration  of  Bishops  Reynolds  and  Henni — DishearteninK  Con- 
dition of  the  Diocese— Visitations— Death  of  Judge  William 
Oaston— Brighter  Pros|)ects  in  Georgia — Illness  of  Bishop  Rey- 
nolds-Corner Stone  of  the  Cathedral  Laid— Division  of  tile 
Diocese— Baptism  on  the  Gallows — The  Seminary  Closed— Con- 
versions        90 

CHAPTER  VII. 

DIOCESE   OF  SAVANNAH. 

Rt.  Rev.  Francis  X.  Gartland,  D.  D.,  First  Bishop,  1850-1852. 

The  Church  in  Georgia — Sketch  of  Bishoj)  Gartland— He  Goes  to 
Eur(>|)e  to  Secure  Priests— Sisters  of  Mercy  at  Augusta— The 
Yellow  Fever— Death    of   Bishop  Gartland    and   of  Bishop 


Barron. 


99 


CONTENTS. 


BOOK  II. 


PROVINCE  OF  NEW  YORK. 
CHAPTEH  I 

DIOCEHE  OK   SEW   YOKK. 

Rt.  Hcv.  John  Ilughos,  Fourth  IJishop  of  New  York,  1843-1850. 
Rt.  Rev.  John  McCMoskey  Becomes  Coiuljuior— Dedioiilion  of  tlie 
Church  of  the  Most  Holy  Redeemer— Tlie  Niitive  American 
Party— IJinhop  Hu^'hes'  Bold  Htimd— His  Arraignment  of  the 
Press— Episcoinil  V  isitations— Tlie  AiKwtle  of  the  Germans— 
The  Hchool  (.Question — Mount  St.  Vincent  and  the  Sinters  of 
Charity— Calvary  Cemetery — New  York  Diocesan  Seminary— 
Kirwan's  liCtters — Division  of  the  Diocese — New  Sees  at  Albany 
and  Buffalo — Arrival  of  theCliristian  Brothers— Death  of  Very 
Rev.  John  Power — Distinguislied  Converts — The  Province  of 
New  York  Erected— The  Auxiliary  Church  Building  As.socia- 
tion 


104 


CHAPTER  II. 

DI0CE8E  OF   ALBANY. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  McCloskey.  First  Bishop,  1847-1852. 
Erection  of  Diocese  of  Albany— Installation  of  Bishop  McCloskey— 
Cathedral  of  the  Immaculate  Conception — Rev.  Peter  Haver- 
mans— New  Churches— Visitation  in  Vermont— Gen.  Wool 
Lays  tlie  Corner  Stone  of  Troy  Hospital — German  Congrega- 
tions Formed — Bishop  Goes  to  Rome 126 

CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF   BUFFALO. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Timon,  D.  D.,  First  Bishop,  1847-1852. 
Limits  of  the  New  Diocese— Sketch  of  Bishop  Timou— The  Trus- 
tees Force  Him  to  Leave  St.  Louis'  Church — He  Builds  St. 
Patrick's— Spiritual  Retreat  of  the  Clergy— Pastoral  Let((  i  — 
Seminary  Oiiens- The  Sisters  of  Charity  Open  a  Hosi-itnl 
and  an  Orphan  Asylum— Cholera— St.  Joseph's  College,  Buf- 
falo—The Seneca  Indians— Bishop  Timon  Goes  to  Rome- 
Obtains  Special  Dispensations  for  Soldiers  and  Sailors— St. 
Joseph's  Cathedral— State  of  Catholicity  in  the  Diocese  of 
Buffalo  in  1852 132 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON. 

Rt.  Rev.  Benedict  J.  Fenwick,  Second  Bishop,   1844-1846,     Rt.  Rev. 

John  B.  Fltzpatrick,  Bishop  of  Caliopolis,  Coadjutor. 
Connecration   of    the  Coadjutor  Bishop — Episcopal  Visitations- 
Conversion  of  Dr.  Orestes  A.  Brownsou— New  Churches  Dedi- 


xii 


CONTENTS. 


i 


cated — The  Abbe  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg — the  Ursuline  Con- 
vent—Death  of  Bishop  Feuwick— Sketch  of  Bishop  Fitz- 
pntrick — More  Conversions— Father  Migneault's  Valuable 
Services— Lieutenant  Baker,  U.  S.  N.,  lief  uses  to  Attend  Pro- 
testant Services— a  Plucky  Priest  at  Fitchburg  Almshouse— 
The  Boston  Catholic  Observer—"  I  do  not  wish  to  go  to 
Hell  "—Bigotry  in  the  Public  Institutions— Destruction  of  St. 
Pauls  Church,  South  Boston— Catholic  Progress— Illiberal 
Laws  in  New  Hampshire  145 

CHAPTER  V. 

DI0CE8K  OF  IIABTFOHD. 

Rt.  William  Tyler,  First  Bishop.  1844-1849. 
The  See  of  Hartford  Erected— Sketch  of  Bishop  Tyler— He  Selects 
Providence  as  His  Episcopal  City— Enlarges  St.  Paul's  Pro- 
Cathedral— New  Churches— Bishop  Tyler's  Failing  Health- 
Bishop  Fitzpatrick  Administers  the  Last  Sacraments— Death 
of  Bishop  Tyler— Rt.  Rev.  Bernard  O'Reilly,  Second  Bishop 
of  Hartford,  1850-1852— Progress  of  Catholicity  in  Connecti- 
cut and  Rhode  Island 163 


BOOK  III. 

PROVINCE  OF  CINCINNATI. 
CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Baptist  Purcell,  Second  Bishop,  1843-1852. 
Jubilee  of  1843  Proclaimed— Dedication  of  St.  Mary's  Church — 
German  Churches  aad  the  Leopold  Association— Priests  of  the 
Most  Precious  Blood — Rev.  Francis  de  Sales  Brunner— Dedi- 
cation of  the  C'thedral— Arrival  of  the  Ursuline  Sisters— Tiie 
Sisters  of  Notrf;  Dame— The  Sixth  Provincial  Council  of  Balti- 
more Recommends  the  Erection  of  the  See  of  Cleveland — 
Bishop  Purcell's  Humility— Cincinnati  Erected  into  a  Metro- 
politan See— Ravages  of  Cholera— Confirmation  of  a  German 
Reformed  Minister 170 

CHAPTER  II. 

DI0CE8E  OF  CLEVELAND. 

Rt.  Rev.  Amadeus  Rappe,  First  Bishop,  1847-1852. 
Mgr.  Rappe's  Missionary  Labors— His  ('onsecration— ElTorts  to 
Obtain  German  Priests— Corner  Stones  Laid  and  Churches 
Dedicated— Diocesan  Synod— Bishop  Rappe  Opens  Ilis  Sem- 
inary—The Ursulines  and  the  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart 
Open  Academies  and  Asylums— Father  Matthew  Invited  to 
Preach  Temperance- Flourishing  Condition  of  the  Diocese  in 
1852 ,38 


CONTENTS. 


Xlll 


CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF  BARD8T0WN  AND  LOUISVILLE. 

Rt.  Rev.  Benedict  Joseph  Flaget,  Third  Bisliop,  1843-1850 ;    Rt 
Guy  iKniitius  Chabiat,  Coadjutor.  1843-1847  ;  Rt.  Rev 
Martin  John  Spalding,  Coadjutor.  1848-1850. 
Bishop  Flaget  Establishes  tlie  Archconfraternity  of  the  Immacu- 

I  Conversion  of  Sinners— The  Protes 


Rev. 


late  Heart  of  Mary  for  the  conversion  ox  sinners — 'I'lie  Protes- 
tant League— Bishop  Flaget's  Advancing  Age  and  His  Coad- 
jutor sFaihng  Sight- V/ithdrawal  of  the  Jesuits-Departure 
of  Bisliop  Chabrat-Rt.  Rev.  Martin  .John  Spalding  Conse- 
crated  Bishop  of  Lengone— Return  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers— 
Arnviil  of  a  Colony  of  Trappists— Bishop  Spalding's  Munifl- 
cent  Subscription  to  the  New  Cathedral— Bishop  Flaget's  Fare- 
well Pastoral— "He  Died  as  He  had  Lived— a  Saint "— 
Bishop  Spalding  Becomes  Fourth  Bishop  of  Louisville— His 
fcarly  Life- His  Successful  Studies  in  Rome— His  Missionarv 
Labors— Episcopal  Visitations ^     igg 


Second  Bis?iop,  1843- 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCEBE   OF  VINC'ENKES. 

Rt.  Rev.  Celestine  Rene  Guy  dc  la  Hailendi' 

1847. 

Hardworking  and  Enduring  Priests— First  Diocesan  Synod— In- 
domitable Industry  of  the  Bishop— Erection  of  the  See  of  Chi- 
cago a  Relief  to  the  Bishop— Vain  Efforts  to  Resign— Father 
Sorin  and  Notre  Dame  College— Conversions— Resignation  of 
Mgr.  de  la  Hailandi^re-Rt.  Rev.  John  Stephen  Bazin,  Third 
Bishop  of  Vincennes,  1847-1848-He  Makes  Rev.  Maurice  de 
St.  Palais  his  Vicar-General- His  Zeal  for  the  Salvation  of 
Souls- His  Labors  in  the  Confessional— His  Death— Succeeded 
^fT  ■)•  •  ^'  *'i"'"icede  St.  Palais,  Fourth  Bishop,  1849-1852 
—Condition  of  the  Diocese— Benedictines  Invited  to  Indiana— 
Sistera  of  St.  Francis— The  Bishop's  Care  of  the  Orphans 197 

CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE  OF   DEXnOIT. 

Rt.  Rev.  Peter  Pane  Lefevere,  Bishop  of  Zela,  Administrator,  1843-1852. 

Dedication  of  St.  Mary's  Church-Indian  Jlissions-Introduction 
ot  the  Sisters  of  Charity-The  Bible  in  the  Schools— Sisters  of 
the  Holy  Cross— St.  Thomas's  Seminary—"  The  Society  of  St. 
Joseph  for  the  Erection  of  Catholic  Schools"— Brothers  of  the 
Christian  Schools 207 


XIV  CONTENTS. 


BOOK  IV. 

CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  ST.    LOUIS 

Rt.   Rev.   Peter  Riclmrd   Keniick,  Bishop    of    Drasis,    Administrator, 

1S41-1843  ;  Bishop  of  St.  Loui.s,  1843-1847  ;  Archbishop  of  St. 

Louis,  1847-1853. 

Bisliop  Rosati's  Prophetic  Words— Bisliop  Kenricli'.s  Visitations— 
>ew  Churelics— Deatli  of  Bisliop  Rosati  in  Rome,  witli  hi.s 
Lazarist  Confreres — Ordinations  of  Father  Uunien,  tlie  future 
well  iinown  Jesuit  Missionary,  and  Fatlier  Peter  James  Aer- 
naudt — Boundaries  of  Diocese  Reduced  by  the  Erection  of  New 
Sees— Priests  of  the  Mission — St.  Louis  Made  a  Metropolitan 
See — Pastoral  Letter — Deatliof  an  Indian  Missionary — Catholic 
Education 213 

CHAPTER  IL 

DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 

Rt.  Rev.  William  Quarter,  First  Bishop,  1843-1848. 

Earlv  Catliolic  Missions  in  Illinois — Labors  of  Fathers  St.  Cyr, 
Seliaffer,  and  O'Meara — Biotrraphical  Slietch  of  Bishop  Quarter 
— Ciiarter  for  tlie  Diocese— Sudden  Death  of  Bishop  Quarter — 
Rt.  Rev.  James  Oliver  Van  de  Velde,  S.  J.,  Senior  Bishop  of 
Chicago — His  Early  Life— Condition  of  Ciitholicity  in  Chi- 
cago— The  Bishop  Asks  to  Return  to  the  Society  of  Jesus— His 
Wish  Denied — Episcopal  Visitations — Builds  St.  Anne's 
Cliurch    225 

CHAPTER  in. 

DIOCESE  OF   N.\SiniLI,E. 

Rt.  Rev.  Richard  Pius  Miles,  First  Bishop,  1843-1853. 

Corner  Stone  of  Cathedral  Laid— Its  Dedication— Sinters  of  Char- 
ity, tlie  Dominican  Sisters,  and  Brothers  of  St.  Patrick  Open 
Schools  and  Academies 241 

CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE     OF     DIBUQUE. 

Rt.  Rev.  Mathias  Loras,  D.  D.,  First  Bishop,  1843-1852. 
C.  Donajrhoo  Brings  with  him  tlie  Sisters  of  Charity 


Very  Rev.  T.  .  , 

of  the  B.  V.  M. — 1'lie  Education  of  the  Young — Indian  Mis- 
sions— Bishop  Loras  GiK's  to  Europe  and  Secures  Sejiiinarians 
and  Christian  Brothers— Mount  St.  Bernard's  Theological  Semi- 
nary—Arrival of  a  Colony  of  Irish  Trappists— New  Churches- 
Division  o'  'he  Diocese 244 


ONTENTS. 


XV 


CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE    OF    MILWAUKEE. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Martin  Henni,  D.  D.,  First  Bisliop,  1845-1853. 
Early  Jesuit  Missions  at  Green  Bay— Bisiiop  Henni  Appointed  to 
tlie  See  of  Milwauliee— His  Labors  in  Ohio— His  Little  Wooden 
Cathedral— An  Impetus  Given  to  Church  Building— Domini- 
cans at  Sinsinawa  Mound— Conversions— Promulsration  of  the 
Decrees  of  the  Six  Provincial  Councils  of  Baltimore— Bisliop 
Henni  Goes  to  Europe— New  Churches  and  Orphan  AsylumK— 
Cathedral  Commenced— The  Church  in  Wisconsin. 250 

CHAPTER  VL 

DIOCESE    OF  ST.    PAUL. 

Rt.  Rev.  Joseph  Cretin,  D.  D.,  First  Bishop,  1851-1852. 
Bishop  Cretin,  Consecrated  in  Europe,  Brings  to  His  New  Diocese  a 
Band  of  Missionaries— Labors  of  Father  Hennepin- Father 
Galtier  Builds  a  Log  Chapel— Early  Settlers  in  Minnesota- 
Labors  of  Zealous  Missionaries  among  AVhites  and  Indians. . .     258 

CHAPTER  VII. 

VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF   INDI.\N   TERniTOUy. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  B.  Midge,  S.  J.,  Bishop  of  Messenia,  First  Vicar  Apos- 
tolic, 1851-1852. 

Fatlier  Midge  Declines  the  Episcopate  and  Sends  Back  the  Bulls- 
Pope  Pius  Insists— Bisliop  Midge  Consecrated— He  at  Once 
L  ndertakes  to  Visit  His  Vast  Vicariate— State  of  the  Indian 


Missions. 


263 


BOOK  V. 

CHAPTER  I, 

DIOCE8E  OF  NEW   OULEANS. 

Rt.  Rev.  Anthony  Blanc,  Fourth  Bishop,  1843-1850. 
Shameful  Conduct  of  the  Tru.stees  of  the  Cathedral-Firmness  of 
Bishop  Blanc— He  asks  for  a  Coadjutor-The  Appointment 
Delayed— Ravages  of  Yellow  Fever— St.  Charles'  College  at 
Grand  Coteau— Second  Sviiod  of  New  Orlenn.s— Decrees  of 
Baltimore  Councils  Enforced- Defeat  of  the  Trustee.^- Tlie 
Cathedral  Restored  to  the  Bishop-The  Redemptorist  Fathers- 
Mob  Outrages  on  the  Propagateiir  Catholiniie  and  upon  the 
Lrsulme  Convent- New  Orleans  Made  a  Metropolitan  See  . . 


267 


I  I 


xvi 


CONTEXTS. 


CHAPTER  II. 

DIOCESE  OF  XATCHEZ. 

Rt.  Rev.  .loliu  Joseph  C\  nclic,  First  Bishop,  1843-1853. 
Not  a  Single  C'liurcli  or  Institu..on  in  the  Diocese— The  Bisliop's 
Efforts  to  Recover  Chincli  Property  Unsuccessful— Resolves  to 
Make  a  New  Start— Only  Four  Priests  in  His  Diocese— Names 
his  Cathedral  "  The  Transfixed  Heart  of  the  Blessed  and  Immac- 
ulate Mary  Ever  Virscin"— Arrival  of  Sisters  of  Charity- 
Bishop  Chauche  Goes  to  Europe  for  Aid— Returns  with  Three 
Priests,  who  Die  of  Yellow  Fever— Consolation  Comes  at 
last— New  Churches— The  Bishop  Dies  of  Cholera 275 

CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF  MOBILE. 

Rt.  Rev.  Michael  Portier.  First  Bishop,  1843-1852. 
Efforts  to  Build  a  Cathedral— Sprinc  Hill  College— Arrival  of  the 
Christian     Brothers— Dedication     of     the     Cathedra!- New 
Churches 280 

CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF   LITTLE  HOCK. 

Rt.  Rev.  Andrew  Byrne,  First  Bishop,  1843-1852. 
Earlv  Efforts  to  Establish  Missions  in  Arkansas- Discouraging  Out- 
liiok  for  the  New  Bisliop— Obtains  Aid  from  Europe— Ordains 
a  Priest— Lots  Purchased  and  Churches  Built— Mission  Among 
the  Cherokees ogg 

CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE  OF  G.\LVE9T0N. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Mary  Odin.  Vicar  Apostolic  of  Texas,  1843-1847  ;  First 
Bishop  of  Galveston. 

Work  for  Zealous  Missionaries— Tiie  Ursulines  at  Galveston— 
Bishop  Odin  Goes  to  Europe  to  Recruit  Priests  for  His  Diocese 
—The  Mexican  War— Father  Anthony  Rav  and  Rev.  John  Mc- 
Llroy— German  Settlements— The  5rew  "  Cathedral— An  Ex- 
tended \  isitntion -Oblates  and  P'ranciscans ogg 


Ht 


Tr 


BOOK  VI. 

CHAPTER  I. 

VICARIATE   APOSTOLIC   OP  NEW  MEXICO. 

Rev.  Joliu  B.  Lamy,  D.  D..  Bishop  of  Agathon  and  Vicar  Apostolic 
of  New  Mexico,  18.50-1852. 
rtiitv  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo— Earlv  Historv— Fees  for  Bapti.sms 
Marriages,  etc,    Fixed-Fiuilikss    Shepherds-Bishop    Men- 


CONTENTS. 


xvii 


chero's  Edict— Mission 


„,  ,  r»       .  .  -    C'liapels— Xt'cessity    for   a    ."lesideut 

B  shop-Don  AugustiuFernuiuloz  .le  S«n  Vi.x.nte  Appointed 
Viciir-General  and  Ecclesiastical  Goveiuor-Dr.  Rascon  \d- 
ministers  Conflrmation-Bisliop  Zubiria's  Visitatiou-R<;vival 
of  Religion-Erection  of  the    Vicariate  Apostolic    of  N 


ew 


208 


CHAPTER  II. 


Rt.   Rev. 


VICARIATE   APOSTOLIC   OF  OREGON. 

^^Z'^L^.fn'^  Blanchet    Bishop  of  Philadelphia,  Subse- 
quentlyof  Drnsa,  \icar  Apo.stolic,  1843-1846 

"^"''Vatw  "^Fl^hr'n,''"  ^ur  Trade-Canadians  in  tlie  Wallamette 
y"."9T?"""^'^  Blanchet  and  Demer.s  go  to  Oregon- Their 
Painful  Journey-First  Mass  at  WallauTette-Tliel)ecrees  of 
the  Counci  of  trent  Published-Iudiau  Mission.s-Fatl.er  De 
Smet-Maria  Monk's  Book-More  Missionaries  Arrive  in 
Oregon-The  Vicariate  Apostolic  Established- Laljors  of  the 

±!i"'7"'W-  ^''^'  ^^"^"^  ""   Archie,,iscopal  «ee-Couver' 
sions-Jesmt  Missions  Among  the  Crees. 309 


Most   Rev. 


CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE   OF  OREGON   CITY. 

Francis    Norbert    Blanchet,    D     D 
1846-18r)2. 


First   Archbishop, 


Arrival  of  Missionaries  and  Sist.rs  of  Notre  D"nie-Archbishon 
Blanchet  Takes  Formal  Possession  of  His  Cathedra  1-K 
r,-;?!/"!"'^  ^"""^•'  «f  Oregon-Progress  of  RelSon-Ind  an 


Sli^sious......  ^"-egou-n'ogress  of  Rehgiou-Iudiau 


321 


Bishop, 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF   WALLA   WALLA. 

Rt.     Rev.    Augustine    Magloire    Alexandre    Blanchet,    First 

1840-1850. 

^"""■'nf  ni!  ^^^'(  Blanchet-Arrival   of  Oblate   Fathers-Ravages 
of  Disease  Aniong  tlie  Indians-Heroism  of  Father  Br.  ui  Ict- 
Ingra  itude  of  a  I'resbyterian  Minist.r-See  of  NvS     Es 
tablished  and  that  of  Walla  AVaHa  Suppressed. ..!..!.-  304 

CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE  OF    BOTH   CALIFORNIAS. 

Rt.  Rev.  FrancLsco  Garcia  Diego.  O.  S.  F..  First  Bishop,  1840-1840 

'  1-;  per  C.?1  S!ni.f  '  p";,"  ^T'"^  P<'"i"snla-The  Franciscans  in 
L  pper  t  a  ifornia— B athcr  Junipcro  (r;,.iia— The  .Alission  Cross 
a    Nm  n'ego-San  Carh.s  de  Slonterevand  Oth  •  rFl     ri  Id,.' 

MIs.sl,,nsEstabllflhe(l-AT.•rril.l.■l^.vers._Ma^tvr.l.MI     fFa     T 
Javme-Xew  Missions-I.-suit  Mar.yrs  on  the  ti.    .   .rifs   .'  ,s 

nisnop.   l,iso-],,SH— talh.'r  .s.-ri:i  Empowered  t.)    VdniiMist..r 
tontirnmti.,n-Saintly  iX-a.h  ,,f  FalherknTa--He  isSmk.1 


XVlll 


CONTEXTS. 


by  Father  Lnzucn — Iiidustridl  Tniiiiing  of  Inclinn  Boys— 
Ecliiaiuliii  becomes  First  Mexicnn  Governor — His  Policy  a 
Death  l}low  to  the  Missions— Father  Sarria  Dies  of  l:^tarvation — 
Fatlier  Catalfis  Prophetic  Words— Bishop  Garcia  Nominated  for 
the  Newly  Erected  Diocese  of  Both  Californias — Upper  Califor- 
nia t'eded  to  the  Ur.iled  States— A  Faist;  Apostolic  Nuncio- 
Bishop  Alemanv  Consecrated  in  Home — Death  of  the  Domini- 
can Father  Auciersou 329 


BOOK  VII. 

CHAPTER  I. 

The  Mission  of  the  Most  Rev.  Cajetau  Bedini  to  the  United  States. 
Arrival  of  Archbishop  Bedini  in  New  York— Goes  to  Washington — 
His  Interview  with  President  Pierce — Unfair  Treatment  of  the 
Nunico — Gavazzi  and  His  Calumnies — The  Apostate  Bassi — 
3Igr.  Bedini  Makes  a  Tour  of  the  Slates — He  Consecrates  the 
Bishops  of  Brooklyn,  Newark,  and  Burlington — Mgr.  Bedini's 
Mission  Taken  up  by  C'lnirress — Generous  Action  of  Lewis 
Cass — The  Nuncio's  Return  the  Europe — No  Nunciature  Estab- 
lished in  the  United  States— The  Nuncio's  Report  of  tlie  State 
of  the  Church  in  America — Recommends  the  Appointment  of 
Bishops  of  American  Birth— t)pposed  to  Dividing  Catholics  into 
Germua  and  English  Speaking 339 

CHAPTER  H, 

DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMOUE  AND   THE  FIRST  PLENAHY  COUNCIL. 

Most  Rev.  Francis  Patrick  Kenrick,  Sixth  Archbishop,  1851-1863. 
Arclibishop  Kenrick  Promoted  to  the  See  of  Baltimore — Appointed 
Apostolic  Delegate— Convokes  the  First  Plenary  Council  of 
Baltimore — Work  of  the  Council — Erection  of  New  Sees — The 
Pious  Fund  of  California — Association  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Faith — Parochial  Districts — Loyola  College — The  School 
System— Death  of  Fielding  Lucas— Tlie  Jubilee  of  1854— The 
Immaculate  Conception — Eighth  Provincial  Council  of  Balti- 
more— Questions  of  Discipline — The  American  College  at 
Rome — Very  Rev.  AVilliam  3IcCloskey  Appointed  Rector — 
Death  of  Colonel  Bernard  U.  Campbell" — Episcopal  Consecra- 
tions— Tiie  Forty  Hours'  Devotion — Ninth  Provincial  Council 
— Archbisho]i  Kenrick's  Bible — Baltimore  Made  the  Primatical 
See — Freedom  of  Worship  allowed  in  the  Naval  Academy — 
Attitude  of  the  Church  During  the  Civil  AVar — Army  Chanliiins 
— Work  of  the  Sisters  of  Cliarity — Curious  Case  of 'Hostility  to 
the  Church  on  the  Part  of  Government  OfHcials— Diocesan 
Synod — Sudden  Death  of  ArchbisJiop  Kenrick — His  Funeral — 
Father  Coskery,  Administrator — Purchase  of  a  Universalist 
Church  for  the  use  of  the  Colored  Catholics. 

Most   Rev.    Martin  John  Spalding,   D.  I).,   Seventh  Arch- 
bishop of  Baltimore,  1804-1806.- Attempt  on  the  part  of  the 


CONTENTS. 


Government  to  Interfere  with  his  Appointment— Father  Cosk- 
ery's  welcome— The  House  of  th  j  Good  Sheplierd  Opened— Cir- 
cular  Letter  on  the  Assassination  of  Lincoln — Sixth  Diocesan 
Svnod- Death  of  Ciiief  Justice  Taney— Dr.  Stoltes  and  Sister 
Mary  Bleultinsop— Preparations  for  tlie  Second  Plenary  Coun- 
cil of  Baltimore 366 

CHAPTER  in. 

DIOCESE  OF   PHILADELPmA. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Nepomuceue  Neumann,  D.  D.,  Fourth  Bishop,  1852-1860. 

Favorable  Condition  of  the  Diocese— Bishop  Neumann's  Consecra- 
tion-He Visits  the  Prisons — Devotion  of  the  Forty  Hours  In- 
troduced— Building  of  New  Churches— The  German  Church  of 
the  Holy  Trinity— Withdrawal  of  the  Lazarist  Fathers  from 
the  Seminary — The  Sisters  of  the  Immaculate  Heart  and  of  the 
Third  Order  of  St.  Francis— Bishop  Neumann  Goes  to  Rome — 
Rebellious  Trustees— A  Division  of  the  Diocese  Asked  for — 
Bisiiop  Wood  Appointed  Coadjutor— Bishop  Neumann  Falls 
Dead  in  tlie  Street— Rt.  Rev.  James  Frederic  Wood,  D.  D., 
Fifth  Bishop  of  Philadelphia— Sketch  of  His  Life— Condition 
of  the  Diocese— The  Civil  War— Catholic  Chaplains— Sisters 
of  the  Holy  Child— The  Field  at  Gettysburg- Condemnation 
of  Secret  Societies— Dedication  of  the  New  Cathedral— Ground 
Purchased  for  a  New  Seminary- The  Corner  Stone  Laid 397 

CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 

Rt.  Rev.  Michael  O'Connor,  D.  D.,  Bishop,  1854-1860. 
Erection  of  the  See  of  Erie— Visit  of  Archbishop  Bedini— Sisters  of 
the  Humility  of  Mary— Dr.  O'Connor  Goes  to  Rome— Solenm 
Dedication  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral— Growth  of  the  Benedict- 
ines—Labors of  the  Redemptorists— Pastoral  Against  Extrav- 
agance at  Funerals— Resignation  of  Bishop  O'Connor— He 
Becomes  a  Jesuit— Dies  at  Woodstock,  Md.— Rt.  Rev.  Michael 
Domenec,  C.  M.,  Second  Bishop,  1860-1866— His  Mission  to 
Spain— His  Touching  Pastoral  on  the  Civil  War— Dissatisfac- 
tion Amorg  the  Clergy— Progress  of  Catholicity— Hospitals 
and  Asylums  Opened 415 

CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE    OF    ERIE. 

Rt.   Rev.  Michael  O'Connor,  First  Bishop,  1853-1854;  Rt.  Rev.  Josue 
M.  Young,  Second  Bishop,  1854-1866. 

Bishop  O'Connor,  having  no  Eiiiscopnl  Residence,  Goes  to  a  Hotel 
—Few  Churches  and  Few  Priests— Bi3hop  Young  Refuses  the 
See  of  Pittsburgh— Bishop  O'Connor  Transferred  Back  to 
Pittsburgh— Is  Succeeded  at  Erie  by  Bishop  Young— Interest- 
ing Sketch  of  Bishop  Young— New  Churches  and  Convents 
Erected—Benedictine  Fathers  Settle  at  Erie— Sudden  Death 
of  Bishop  Young — His  Characteristics 434 


il 


XX  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

DIOCESE     OK    UICHMOND. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  McGill,  D.  D.,  Third  Bi.shop.  1853-1866. 

Bishop  McGill's  Blow  nt  Know-Nothingism — He  Enlnrgcs  Ihe 
Cathedral— Father  Toeling  and  the  Seal  of  the  Coiife.s.sioiial— 
First  Diocesan  Synod— St.  Fatricli's  Church,  Norfolli,  De 
stroyed  by  Fire— Growtli  of  Catholicity  Throughout  the  Dio- 
cese— Arrival  of  Benedictines- The  Church  in  the  Civil  SVar 
—Rev.  Dr.  Beclier  Arrested — Cliurclies  Turned  into  Stables 
and  Barraclis— Bishop  McGill's  Pastoral  Urging  Cliristian 
Education— Literary  Worii  of  Bishop  McGill 428 

CHAPTER  VII. 

DIOCESE    OF    WHEELING. 

Rt.  Rev.  Richard  V.  Whelan,  First  Bishop,  1853-1866. 

Poverty  of  the  New  Diocese- Trials  of  Bishop  Wlielan— Arrival  of 
Sisters  of  St.  Josepli— Converts — Missions  Founded— Vi.-^it  of 
Archbislioj)  Bedini— The  Cathedral  Threatened— Decided  Ac- 
tion of  Bishop  Wlielan — Trials  of  the  Church  Duriug  tlie 
Civil  War — An  Irish  Shoemaker  Prints  a  Catechism- Cliurch 
Building  Resumed  nt  the  Close  of  the  War 435 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

DIOCESE    OF    CHARLESTON. 

Rt.  Rev.  p.  N.  Lvnch.  D.  D.,  Administrator,  1855-1858; 
Third  Bishop,  1858-1866. 

Conversion  of  an  Episcopalian  Bishop— Anti-Cntholic  Feeling— 
St.  Mary's  College,  Columbia,  Opened— Dr.  Lynch  Ai)poinie(l 
Bishop— His  Consecration— Attends  the  Ninth  Provincial 
Council  of  Baltimore — Return  of  the  Ursuline.s — Vain  Attempts 
to  Interfere  with  Them — South  Carolina  Secedes  from  the 
Union — Heroic  Sacrifices  of  Priests  and  Sisters  in  tlie  Hospitals 
and  on  the  Field — Destruction  of  St.  Finbar's  Cathedral— The 
Cliurch  at  New  Berne-  Col.  Corcoran,  of  the  New  York  Si.My 
ninth — Bishop  Lynch 's  Mission  to  Rome — Destruction  in  the 
Wake  of  Slierinan'a  Army—  Deplorable  State  of  the  Diocese — 
A  Homeless  Bishop 440 

CHAPTER  IX 

DIOCESK   OF   8.\V.\NN.\H. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Barry,  Administrator  and  Second  Bishop,  1857-1859. 

Ravages  of  Yellow  Fever— Dr.  Bnrry  Goes  to'tlie  Eighth  Provin- 
cial Council  and  Urges  the  Erection  i)f  a  See  in  Florida — He 
is  Consecrated  Bishop  of  Savaniiali— His  Life  on  tlie  Georgia 


CONTENTS.  xxi 

Mission— Oops  to  Kui()|U!  Hiolicn  Down  in  Henltli— Dies  in 
Pniis— Very  Uev.  IVtcr  Wlii'lan,  Adniinistiatoi.  Vicahiate 
Apostomc  of  Fi.ouiDA— Kt.  Hev.  Augustine  Verot,  Bishop  of 
Dnnahe  luiil  Vicar  Apostolic,  1857-1861— State  of  Catholicity 
on  the  Peninsula— Troublesome  Trustees  at  St.  Augustine's— 
Tlic  Fathers  of  Mercy— Labors  of  :Mgr.  Verot  to  Correct 
Abuses— Obtains  Sisters  of  Mercv— And  Christian  Brothers- 
is  Transferred  to  Savannah— the  Church  at  Jacksonville 
Burned  bv  U.  8.  Soldiers— Bishop  Verot  at  Andersonville 
Prison- Shameless  Conduct  of  Soldiers  at  Savannah— Mrs 
Jetfersou  Davis  and  the  Sisters  of  Cliarity— The  Education  of 
the  Negroes 452 


BOOK  VIII. 

CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  NEW   YORK. 

Most  Rev.  John  Hughes,  D.D.,  First  Archbishop.  1853-1864. 
Archbishop  Hughes'  Exertions  to  Increase  the  Number  of  Churches 
—Arrival  of  Archbishop  Bedini— He  Consecrates  tlie  Bishops  of 
Brooklyn,  Newark,  and  Burlington— A  Shori  but  Charncter- 
istic  Pastoral- First  Provincial  Council  of  New  York— Sisters 
of  the  Good  Shepherd— St.  Patrick's  Cathcd.al  Projected— 
Arclibishop  Hughes'  Bold  Position  in  Public  AtTairs— School 
Sisters  of  Notre  Dame— Ursulines— A  Call  for  the  New  Cathe- 
dral Promptly  Answered— The  Corner  Stone  Laid— Missionary 
Priests  of  St.  Paul,  the  Apostle-The  Catholic  World— The 
Catholic  Publication  Society— Second  Provincial  Council— The 
Bible  in  the  Public  Schools— Third  Provincial  Council— The 
Civil  War— Catholic  Regiments— Arrest  of  the  Editor  cf  the 
Freeman's  Journal— Archbishop  Huches  Goes  to  Europe  as  an 
Envoy  from  the  U.  S.— His  Mission  Successful— The  Catholic 
Protectory— The  Draft  Riots— Death  of  the  Valiant  Arch- 
bishop—He  is  Succeeded  by  the  Most  Rev.  John  McCloskev 
Second  Archbishop  of  New  York  . .   462 


CHAPTER  H. 

DIOCESE  OF  ALBANY. 


Rt.  Rev.  John  McCloskey,  D.  D.,  First  Bishop,  1852-1864. 
Hard-working  Priests— Dedication  of  the  Cathedral  of  the  Imniac- 

Troubles— Anti-Catholic  Spirit  in 


ulate  Conception-School     ..o-......-v.,..,„m.i;  opiru  in 

Public  Institutions— Churches  Dedicated  at  Ogdensburg  and 
Syracuse— First  Diocesan  Synod— Catholic  College— Rapid 
Growtli  of  the  Diocese— Bi-shop  McCloskey  Promoted  to  the 
Arcjliiepiscopal  See  of  New  York— Rt.  Rev.  Jolin  J.  Conroy, 
I).  D.,  Second  Bishop- Episcopal  Visitations 478 


I    1 

I' 


tin 


xxli  CONTEXTS. 

CHAPTER  III 

DIOCESE   OF   BT'FKALO. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Timou,  C.  M.,  First  Bishop,  ISSS-lSOfl. 
Ulshop  Timon  Confronted  hy  Trying  Questions— The  Bible  in  the 
Public  Sciiools— Trustees  of  St.  Loui.s'  Church  Exconununi- 
catcd— Bishop  Timon  Seeks  Aid  for  His  Diocese  in  Mexico 
Spain,  and  Elsewhere— F.nvs  tiie  Corner  Stone  of  8t.  Josenii's 
Cathedral— St.  Vincent's  Infant  Asvluni— Charitable  Institu- 
tions Established  in  Many  Places— The  Recollects— First 
Synod— Freedom  of  Worship  in  the  Almshouse— Seminary 
of  Our  Lady  of  the  Angclus  Opened— (Calumnious  Reports 
Harass  the  Bi.shop-IIe  Passes  away  full  of  Years  and  Good 
Works 484 

CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF   BKOOKLYN. 

Rt,  Rev.  John  Laughliu.  D.  D.,  First  Bishop,  1853-1806. 
The  Island  of  the  Jloly  Apostle— Efforts  of  the  Early  Catholic 
Settlers  to  Secure  a  Resident  Pastor— They  build  St.  James" 
Church— Father  Farnan,  First  Resident  Pastor— Stations  Estab- 
lished on  the  Island— St.  Paul's  Second  Church  in  Brooklyn- 
New  Churches  in  Williamsliurg— Bishop  Laughlin  Begins  his 
Life  Work— Religious  Communities— Rioters  in  Williams- 
burg—Father  Raffeiner  and  His  Work— An  Orphan  Asylum 
Destroyed  by  Fire— The  New  Cathedral  Projected— St  Peters 
Hospital— Death  of  Dr.  CharlesConstantine  Pise— Flourishing 
Condition  of  tlie  Diocese 490 

CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE    OF    NEWARK. 

Rt.  Rev.  James  Roosevelt  Bayley,  D.  D.,  First  Bishop,  1853-1800. 
Dr.  Bayley'8  Early  Life— His  Energy  in  the  Pursuit  of  Truth— Be. 
comes  a  Catholic— Early  Catholic  Settlements  in  New  Jersey— 
The  Mission  at  Trenton— Father  Pardow  in  Newark— Bishop 
Bayley  Installed— Orange  Riots— Conversion  of  George  II. 
Duane— Seton  Hall  College— Arrival  of  the  Benedictines- 
First  Diocesan  Synod— The  Sisters  of  Charitv— Rapid  Progress 
of  Religion ' 497 

CHAPTER  VI. 

DIOCESE    OF    BOSTON. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  B.  Fitzpatrick,  Third  Bishop,  1853-1800. 
Holy  Cross  College  Destroyed  by  Fire— Father  McElroys  Trials— 
The  Boston  May  Riots— The  Church  at  Dorchester  Blown  up— 
SisU'rs  Treated  with  Injignitv  by  the  Nunnery  Committee- 
Catholic  Progress  Unchecked— St.  Vincents  Orphan  Asvlum— 
Father  Haskins'  Reformatory— New  Cathedral  of  the  Holy 
Cross— Persecution  in  the  Eliot  School— Boston  College 
Opened— Army  Chaplains  for  the  Civil  War— Illness  of  Bi-shon 
Fitzpatrick— His  Death 508 


CONTENTS. 


XXIU 


CIIAPTEH  VII 

DIOCE8E  OK   HAIITFOUD. 

Rt.  liev.  Bernnnl  O'Hellly,  SucdikI  Bisliop,  18.'53-18.'|.'5. 
Death  of  Culvin  Wlilii— M^r.  Ik-dini  in  Comiecticul— St.  .Joseph's 
t'liurcli.  Providence— iJisliop  O'lk'illy  Protocis  the  Sisters  of 
Mercy  from  n  Mob— Uisiioi)  O'Keiilv  Snils  for  Europe  ami  is 
Lost  at  Sea— Very  Ucv.  Williatn  O'Heillv,  Administrator,  1H,50- 
1»5»— A  (.'iirious  Law-Suit  Against  a  "Priesi- Ht.  Rev  Fran- 
cis P.  McFarlan,  Third  Bisliop,  1H58-1860— Churches  go  up  in 
Rapid  Succession— Catliollc  Persecution  in  Wiliinautic— Gal- 
lant Cai)tain  Cahill— Bisliop  McFarlan's  Circular  L<.'tter  on  the 
Civil  War— A  Fruitless  Attempt  to  Harmonize  the  Parochial 
School  with  the  State  System— The  Franciscans  at  Winsted 
Cona.— Progress  of  Catholicity  in  New  England .518 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

DIOCESE  OF  BUIII.IXOTON. 

Rt.  Rev,  Louis  de  Gocsbriand.  First  Bishop,  1853-1860. 
Earlv  Catholic  Movements  in  Vermont— Rev.  Dr.  MatiuMion— 
I'he  Wallingford  Mission— Labors  of  Rev.  George  A.  Hamil- 
ton—Mgr.  de  Goesbriand  Appointed  Bisliop- He  Introduces 
the  Sisters  of  Providence  and  the  Oblate  Fathers— New 
Ciiurclies— Father  Druon  Brings  Back  Some  Errinix  Slieei)— 
Bishop  de  Goesbriand  Begins  his  Cathedral .". , .  528 

CHAPTER  IX. 

DIOCESE  OF  PORTLAND. 

Rt.  Rev  David  AV.  Bacon,  First  Bishop,  185.5-1866. 
Sketch  of  Bishop  Bacon- Not  a  verv  Encouraging  Field  of  Lalior— 
Destruction  of  the  Churcli  at  Batli--Know.Xothings  Attack 
Fatlier  Bapst— Bisliop  Bacon  Attacked  at  Bath— Dedicates  St. 
John's,  Bangor— Secures  a  Site  for  His  Catlicdral— Introduces 
the  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame— The  Sisters  of  Merer  at  Bangor— 
Portlanil  Laid  in  Ruins- Energy  of  Bishop  Bacon— Rebuilds 
his  Chapel ". ,53,5 


BOOK  IX. 

PROVIXCE  OF  CINCINNATI. 

CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF   CIXCINXATI. 

Most  Rev.  John  Baptist  Purcell,  First  Archbishop.  1853-1800. 
Tlie  Question  of  Education— Episcopal  Consecration— The  Church 
mill  the  Poor— First  Provincial  Council— New  Sees  Proposed — 
An  Imjioster  Exposed— A  Remarkable  Woman— :Mount  St. 
Marv's  Seminary— The  Question  (>f  Church  Propertv  in  the 
Legislature— Second  Provincial  Coiiiuil— The  Arclibislioii's 
Silver  Jubilee— The  Civil   War— Tliiid  Provin(;ial  Council— 


riv 


COXTENTS. 


I 


A  !i»boj)  Auxilinr  A}»i-f'iiiiU<l— Tho  ArchliiHliop'H  Pustoral 
ufftiiif  'lie'  Fvpiitiis— Hev.  XiiviiT  'Donald  McLcoil— A  .\oiulile 
Jesuit— Muutllcent  Protestant  ii«imrton  to  the  Sisters  of  Charity .  541 

CHAI'TER   II. 

niOCESE    OF    CLEVELAND. 

Rt.  Rev.  Ai,  'I'll*  Ilapp.-    F'Irst  Bwhop,  1858-1866. 

'"'^nsccrotion  of   St.  John  >«  C'athwii     -8t.  Vlncfiifs  Asjiuni  for 

BoTs  (l|ienc'd— Mgr.  Himiw's  A.     ''tv  for  Christian  In.stnic- 

»'>n— Burning  "f    St.    Vincents    Axvluni    at    Tolwio— The 

1  'Joeesun   Stniinary— New  Churcliis— The   CImrity   Hospital 

Founded 555 

CIIAPTEU  III. 

DIOCEHE   OF    H.\nD!-TO\VN    AND    LOl'ISVILI.E. 

Rt.  Rev.  Martin  John  Si>al(ling.  Third  Bishop,  18«3-1864. 
The  nisliop  Begins  his  Cathedral— Its  Consecration— The  New  See 
of  Covington— The  Xaverian  Brothers— The  American  Col- 
lege at  Lonvain-  Death  of  tiie  Venerable  Father  IJadin— The 
Tr'appisis  Build  their  Church— The  Societv  of  St.  Vincent  do 
Paul— Prof.  Morse's  Slander  Nailed— Bloody  Mondav— Bi.'diop 
Spalding's  Firmness  Saves  the  Cathedral— Death  of  .Mother 
Catharine  Spaldiiig— St.  Thomas'  Seminary— Religious  Orders 
and  Communities  Establishe<l— The  C  ivil  War— St.  Joseph's 
College  Taken  for  a  Hospital— JudicesCaup)rum  .iSjipointed — 
"  God  hel|>nie  and  my  peojile  " — Bishop  Spalding  Transferred 
to  Baltimore— Kt.  Rev.  Peter  John  Lavialle.  Fourth  Bishoj)- 
His  Episcopal  Visitations— Failing  Health— His  Pious  Death . .     55ft 

CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF  COVINGTON. 

Rt.  Rev.  George  A.  Carrell,  S.  J.,  First  Bishop,  1859-1806. 
The  Church  in  Covington— Consecration  of  Bishop  Carrell — His 
Efforts  in  Behalf  of  Education — Introduces  the  Benedictines— 
Schools  and  A.sylums  Established — New  Churches  at  Lexing- 
ton. Paris,  West  Covington,  etc.— Arrival  of  I'rsuline  and 
Visitation  Nuns 675 

CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE    OF    DETROIT. 

Rt.  Rev.  Peter  Paul  Lefevere,  Bishop  of  Zeia.  Administrator,  1853. 
Trials  of  Early  Catholics— Death  of  Rev.  Michael  Edgar  Evelyne 
Shawe— I'lis  Labors  and  Death— The  Ladies  of  the  Sacred 
Heart— Sisters  of  the  Immaculate  Heart  of  Mary— Collections 
for  the  I'ropngiition  of  the  Faith— Bishop  Lefevere's  Int'^rest 
in  the  Indians — Fathers  Richard  and  isoffers  Arrested  Falsely — 
New  Church  at  Silver  Creek — Church  Properly  Lost — Redemi' 
lorists  and  their  Work— The  Church  at  Kalamazoo— Retreai 
for  the  Insane  Opened— Diocesan  Synods ^}^C^ 


H.  f 


COXTEXTS. 


XXV 


Jt 


55» 


rilAPTER  VI. 

VICAltlATK    AI'OHTOI.IC    OF     I  PPER    MinitOAN 

lit.  »cv.  FiiMl.'iic  Hnnijrii,  IIImIioi)  ,,f  Amy/  ma,  ami  Vicar  AnOi- 
tolic,  18.VI-185«. 
Frnlnic  Harnjrns  Labors  Among  tlic  Indians— Builds  Mlwion 
Hoiiaest  find  SohoolH—Urcomfs  n  .Missioniiry  Blshojv  lUpre- 
sent!*  tin-  American  EpiHcuputc  ut  tin-  .Miirriage  of  tlie  Lnipress 
of  Auxtria— Tortliiry  Hrotlurs  and  SiHU-rs  of  Ht.  Francis— 
Visitaiiotis  in  u  Harl*  Canoe— Becomes  UiHliop  of  Hault  Sainte 
Marie— His  Boolis  of  r)evoilon  in  tlie  Indian  LangmiKes— 
Worit  of  tlie  I'rsulines— Oovenmicui  Hccognitlou  of  tlie 
Labors  of  the  Apostle  of  the  Indians 589 

.      CHAPTEIl  VII. 

DIOrESE    OF    VIXCENNEB. 

Rt   Rev.  James  M.  Maurice  de  St.  Palais,  Fourth  BLshop,  18.58-1806. 
I'lie  Hcnedictiiies  Establish  St.  .Meinrnd's— The  Franciscan  Sisters 
(»|K'n  a  House  at  Vienna— St.  Murv's  of  the  Woods— Father 
Be.ssonies  at  Oldenburg— Orphan  Asylums 504 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

DIOCESE  or  FOIIT  WAYNE. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Henry  Luers,  First  Bishop,  1858-1856. 
Condition  of  the  New  Diocese— The  Bishop  Finds  ii  Home  with 
Father   Bessonies— German    Catholics- Bishop   Lavs   Corner 
Stone  of  His  Cathedral— Father  Sorin's  Great  Work  ut  Notre 
Dame— Priests  and  Sisters  in  the  Civil  War. 


d 

.     575 


858. 

e 

1 

3 
t 


Wf 


BOOK  X. 

PROVINCE   OF   ST.   LOUIS. 
CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCEfiE   OF  ST.    LOl'tS. 

Most  Rev.  Peter  Ricliard  Kenrick,  First  Archbishop,  1853-1866. 
Catholic  Charities  in  St.  Louis— The  Shepherd  of  the  Vallev— 
Fust  Provincial  Council  of  St.  Louis— New  Sees  Petitioiied 
for— See  of  C^uincy  Transferred  to  Alton— Sisters  of  Mercy 
open  Institutions  in  St,  Louis— Rt.  Rev.  James  Duggan  Ap- 
pointed Coadjutor— Second  Provincial  Council— Steady  Pro-'- 
ress  of  Catholicity— Altitude  of  tlie  Arclibishop  During  the 
C  ivii  \\  nr— Imprudent  Military  Commnnders— The  Test  Oatli 
1  ested— Consecration  of  Bishops  Feehan  and  Hennessey 


005 


XXVI 


CONTEKIS. 


CHAPTER  n. 

DI0CE9E  OF  cnrcAOO. 

Rt.  Rev,  James  Oliver  Van  ile  Velde,  Second  Bishop,  1833, 

The  Bisliop  Diicouraged— Division  of  tlic  Diocese— Dedication  of 

Cliurches— Bishop  Van  de  Velde  Transferred  to  Natcliez— Rt. 

Rev  Antlionv  O'Regan,  Third  Bishop  of  Chicago  r.nd  Adndnis- 

trutor  of  Quincy— Dr,  O'Regan  Refuses  tlie  See,  but  is  Forced  to 

Accept— He  Completes  the  Cathedral— Introtluce's  System  into 

Affairs— The  Jesuits  Come  to  Chicago— The  Apostate  Chini- 

quv— Bishop  O'Regan  Goes  to  Rome  and  Secures  the  Acceptance 

of  "his  Resignation— Dies  at  Brompton— Rt,  Rev.  James  Dug- 

gan    Fourth  Bisliop  of  Chicago,  1858-1806— Slietch  of  Bishop 

Dusgan— The    Benediction— Energy  of  the   New    Bishop— 

His-filforts  in  Aid  of  Education— His  Mind  begins  to  Fml— He 

is  Removed  to  St  Louis "1* 


CHAPTER  HI. 

DIOCESE  OF  QCINCT,    1853-1857.    DIOCESE  OF  ALTON,    1857. 


Rt.  Rev.  Henry  Damian  Juncker,  First  Bishop  of  Alton,  185 

Bishop  Juncker  Seeks  Aid  for  his  Diocese  in  Europe— Secures  Seven 
Priests— Conscration  of  the  Church  of  St,  Peter  anil  St. 
Paul— Religious  Communities  Introduced— Priests  and  Sisters 
ill  the  Hospitals  During  the  Civil  AVar— Death  of  Bishop  Junc- 
ker  


1858, 


625 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF   X.VSirVILLE, 

Rt.  Rtv.  Richard  Pius  Miles,  First  Bishop,  1^53-1860. 

Bishop  Miles  Solicits  a  Coadjutor— Very  Rev.  James  Whelan  Ap- 
pointed—Death of  Bishop  Miles— St.  Cecilia's  Academy 
Opened— Hospital  Sisters  During  the  War— Midnight  Invasion 
of  a  Convent  bv  Armed  Soldiers— Father  Nenlis  Shot— Resigna- 
tion of  Bishop'Whelau— U.  S.  Soldiers  Demolish  theCluircli  of 
St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul— Rt.  Rev,  P.  A.  Feehaii,  Third  Bisliop  of 
Nashville <>30 


CHAPTER  V. 

DI0CE9E  OF  MILWAUKEE. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Martin  Henni.  First  Bishop,  1853-1860. 

Consecration  of  Milwaukee's  Cathedral— Corner  Stone  of  Seminary 
Laid— The  Jesuits  Invited  to  tlie  Diocese— Capuchin  Novi- 
tiate—Indian Missiim  at  Kesheim— Twentv-tive  Churches  Dedi- 
cated in  One  Year— Wonderful  Growth  of  the  Diocese  637 


CONTENTS. 


xxvii 


CHAPTER  VI. 

DIOCE^S  OF   DUBUQUE. 

Kt.  Rev.  Mathias  Louis  Loras,  First  Bisliop,  1853-1858. 

An  Appeal  for  Moudv  St.  Bernard's  Seminarj- — The  Bisliop's  Fail- 
ing Healtli — A  Coadjutor  Appointed — Deatli  of  Bisliop  Loras 
—Bishop  Smyth  Convenes  the  Clergj'  in  Synod — He  Completes 
the  Cathedral— Blesses  a  Trappist' Abbot— Death  of  Bishop 
Smyth — Rt.  Rev.  John  Henuessy.  Third  Bishop  of  Dubuque. 


642 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

DIOCESE  OF  ST.    PAUL. 

Rt.  Rev.  Joseph  Cretin,  First  Bishop,  1853-1837. 
Mgr.  Cretin's  Earnest  Efforts  to  Advance  the  Interests  of  His  Dio- 
cese—His Aversion  to  Debt— Work  on  His  Cathedral — Indian 
Missions— He  Welcomes  the  Benedictines— Sudden  Death  of 
Bishop  Cretin— Rt,  Rev.  Thomas  L.  Grace,  Second  Bishop, 
1859-1866— Episcopal  Visitation— Father  Goiflfon's  Terrible 
ISxperience  -Indian  Massacre— Peace  Restored 


646 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

VICARIATE   APOSTOLIC  OF  NEBRASKA. 

Rt.  Rev.  James  O'Gorman,  Bishop  of  Raphanea,  First  Vic^r  Apostolic, 

1859-1866. 

Omaha  Chosen  as  the  Bishop's  Residence — First  Ordination  in 
Nebraska — Labors  of  German  Priests — Arrival  of  Sisters  of 
Mercy — Site  for  a  Cathedral  Purcnased 654 


CHAPTER  IX. 

VICARI.VTE   APOSTOLIC  OF   INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  B.  Mi^ge,  S.  J.,  Bishop  of  Messenia,  First  Vicar  Apos 

tolic,  1853-1866. 

Indian  Missions— Kansas  Rapidly  Settled— Labors  of  Father  Pon- 
ziglione  and  Van  Goch — Father  Lemkeaud  the  Benedictines- 
Church  Buildings — Carmelites  and  Sisters  of  Charity  Come  to 
the  Vicariate 657 

CHAPTER  X. 

DIOCESE  OF  SANTA  FE. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  B.  Lamy,  First  Bishop,  1853-1866. 
Bishop  Lamy's  Prudence — Opposition  Jlet  with — He  Goes  to 
Rome— Diocese  of  Santa  Fe  Erected— Mother  Slathilda  Dies 
on  the  Plains— A  Pleasant  Surprise — Lishop  Lamy  Secures  the 
Christian  Brothers — The  Gadsden  Purchase — Sail  Xavier  del 
Bac— Limits  of  the  Diocese  Increased— The  Church  at  Denver 
—Consoling  Growth  of  Catholicity 661 


XXVlll 


COXTENTS. 


BOOK  XL 

CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE   OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Most  Rev.  Amlionj-  Blanc,  First  Archbishop,  1833-1800. 

The  Iiicor^ioratt'd  New  Orienn-s  Catholic  Ft^e  Scliool  Association— 
The  \ellow  Fever  Scourge— Report  of  Bishop  Blanc  on  tlie 
Condition  of  the  Diocese— First  Provincial  Council  of  New 
Orleans- Hostility  to  Religion— Sudden  Death  of  Archbishop 
Blanc- Most  Rev.  Jnhn  Mary  Odin,  Second  Archbishop  of 
New  Orleans,  1860-l.-fi(5— His  Interest  in  Catholic  Soldiers 
During  the  Civil  War— Resulatious  Concerniuir  the  Temporal 
Management  of  Churches— Sustained  by  Rome— Church 
Robbed  and  Profaned— DitlicuUies  During  the  Civil  War 667 


CHAPTER  II. 

DIOCESE  OF  N.\CIIIT0CHE9. 

Rt.  Rev.  Augustus  Mary  Martin,  First  Bishop,  1853-1866. 

Discouraging  Prospects  for  tlie  New  Bishop — His  Interest  in  Poor 
Young  Negroes— His  Reply  to  the  Know-Nothings — New 
Churches  Built— St.  Jo.seph's  Collesre  Established— The  Civil 
War : 


675 


CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF  LITTLE  ROCK. 

Rt.  Rev.  Andrew  Byrne,  First  Bishop,  1853-1866. 

Long-neglected  Catholics— St.  Ann's  Convent— Anti-Catholic  Prej- 
udice—New  Churches— Death  of  Bishop  Byrne— Rt.  Rev.  Ed- 
ward Fitzgerald,  Second  Bishop,  1867— Only  Five  Priests  in  his 
Diocese 678 

CHAPTER  IV. 


DIOCESE  OF  NATCHEZ. 

Rt.  Rev.  James  Oliver  Van  de  Veldc,  Second  Bishop,  1853-1865. 

An  Afflicted  Diocese— Death  of  the  Bi.shop— Rt.  Rev.  William 
Il.iiry  Elder,  Third  Bi><ho]>,  1H57-1H66— His  Early  Life— Con- 
venes the  First  Svnod  of  Natchez— Churches  Dedicated — 
N'eed  of  I'riests— The  Cathedral  Dedicated— The  Civil  War— 
(teiieral  Slocuni  Refuses  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  th"ir  Hospital — 
(Jiiiera!  Brayman  E.xpelled  Bishop  i:iiUr  from  witliin  the  Lines 
—  p;:nd  of  the  War— A  Desolate  Diocese — Courage  of  the 
Bishop— Liglit  at  Last 680 


CONTENTS. 


XXIX 


CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE   OP  MOBILE. 

Rt.  Rev.  Michael  Portier,  First  Bisliop,  1852-1859. 

The  Scliool  Question— Yellow  Fever— Know-Notliing  Bigotrv- 
Germans  Build  a  Church— Death  of  Bishop  Portier— Rt.  Rev. 
John  Quinlan,  Second  Bishop,  1859-186«— Goes  to  Europe  in 
Quest  of  Priests— The  Civil  War— Cliurches  Burned— Father 
1  racy 's  Care  of  Prisoners  of  War 


685 


CHAPTER  VI. 

DIOCESE  OF  GALVESTON. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Mary  Odin,  First  Bishop,  1853-1861. 

The  Oblate  Fathers  and  Sisters  of  the  Incarnate  Word— Priests 
Needed— The  Yellow  Fever— The  Abbe  Domenech— Episco- 
pal Visitation— New  Churches  Erected— German  Missions- 
Bishop  Odin  Transferred  to  New  Orleans— Rt.  Rev.  Claude 
Mary  Dubuis,  Second  Bi-shop,  1862-1866— Zeal  of  Mgr.  Dubuis 
— Goes  to  Europe  for  Co-laborers 


689 


BOOK  XII. 

CHAPTER  I. 

DI0CE8E   OF  OKF.GON   CITY. 

McstRev.  Francis  Herbert  Blauchet,  First  Archbishop,  1853-1866. 

Removal  of  the  Portland  Cathedral— Archbishop  Blanchet  goes  to 
South  America  to  Solicit  Aid  for  his  Diocese— Returns  and 
Goes  to  Canada  on  a  Similar  Errand — Secures  Priests  and  Sis- 
ters—Indian Missions— Laborious  ■  Visitations — Increase  of 
New  Churches 095 


CHAPTER  II. 

DIOCESE  OF  NESQCALLY. 

Rt.  Rev.  A.  M.  A.  Blauchet,  First  Bishop,   1853-1866. 

Bishop  Blanchet's  Poor  Diocese- His  Indian  Jlissions— Difficulties 
in  the  Way  of  Missionaries — Narrow  Policy  of  the  Military 
Authorities— Labors  of  the  Ji/suits— New  Cluirches  Built  iii 
Spite  of  Poverty — Sisters  of  Charity  Arrive 


698 


XXX  CONTEXTS. 


BOOK  XIII. 

CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF   MONTEREY—  DIOCESE  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Most  Rev.  Joseph  Sadoc  Alemanv,  6econd  Bishop  of  Monterey,  1850- 
iyo3  ;  First  Archbishop  of  Suu  Francisco,  1853-1866. 

Boundaries  of  the  Diocese — Doiniaican  Convents  Established — 
Ecclesiastical  Seniinan'— Franciscans  and  Jesuits — Sisters  of 
Ciiarity  Arrive  from  Emmittsburg— A  Chinese  Priest— Sisters 
of  Mercy  and  Presentation  Xuns  Begin  Noble  Works — Titles  to 
Church'Prtjperly  Placed  on  Sound  Basis — No  Church  in  Utah 
— Diocesan  Synods 708 


CHAPTER  II. 

DIOCESE    OF    MONTEREY. 

Rt.  Rev.  Thnddeus  Amat,  C.  M.,  Third  Bishop,  1854-1866. 

The  Bishop  Establishes  himself  at  Santa  Barbara— Opens  an  Orphan 
Asylum — A  Theological  Seminarv  at  Santa  Inez — The  See 
Established  at  Los  Angeles— First  "Diocesan  Synod 709 

CHAPTER  III. 

VICARIATE    APOSTOLIC   OF    MARYSVILLE. 

Rt.  Rev.  Eugene  O'Counell,  Bishop  of  Flaviopolis,  Vicar  Apostolic, 

1861-1806. 

New  Vicariate  Fornud— Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  at  Marvsville— 
Passionists  at  Virginia  City— Sisters  of  Mercy  Found  Sacred 
Heart  Convent— Sisters  of  Charity  in  Nevada 718 

CONCLUDING  CHAPTER. 

THE    SECOND    PLENARY    COCNCIL    OF    BALTIMORE. 

Steadv  Growth  of  Catholicity  Reviewed— Most  Rev.  Martin  John 
.Spalding  Appointed  Delegate  Apostolic — Meeting  of  the  Second 
Plenary 'Council  of  Baltimore — The  Scheme  of  Work  done  by 
the  C«)uncil— The  Decrees  Pas«e(l— Erection  of  New  Sees — 
Acts  and  Decrees  Approved  at  Rome 715 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

View  of  Sixth  Provincial  Coun- 
cil of  Baltimore 29 

Cliurch  of  St.  AlphoDsus,  Balti- 
more      35 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  P. 
Kenrick,  Archbishop  of  Bal- 
timore      43 

Seal  of  Bishop  Kenrick,  Coad- 
jutor of  St.  Louis 64 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Michael 
O'Connor,    First    Bishop    of 

Pittsburjrh 66 

Signature  of  Bisliop  AVhclnu. . .     82 
Signature  of  Bishop  McGill  ...     84 
Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  John  Mc- 
Gill,   Third  Bishop  of  Ricli- 

mond 85 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Iirnatius 
Aloysius    Reynolds,    Second 

Bishop  of  Charleston 91 

Signature  of  Bishop  Revnolds..    93 
Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  F.  X.  Gart- 
land.   First  Bishop    of    Sav- 
annah   100 

Signature  of  Archbishop  HuRhes  105 
Pitrtraitof  Archbishop  Hughes, 

facing 106 

View  of  Mount  St.  Vincent's 
Mother  House  of  the  Sisters 

of  Charity ill 

Signature  of  Bishop  McCloskey 

of  Albany 128 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  ,Tohn 
Timon,  First  Bishop  of  Buf- 
falo   133 

Signature  of  Bishop  Timon. . .     136 

Seal  of  Bishop  Timon 144 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  John  B. 
Fitzpatrick,  Third  Bishop  of 

Boston 151 

Signature  of  Bishop  Fitzpatrick  154 
Signature  of  Bishop  O'Reillv. . .   168 
View  of  St.   Peter's  Cathedral, 
Cincinnati 171 

.NX 


PASB 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Amadeus 
Rappe,  First  Bishop  of  Cleve- 
land . . ; 184 

View  of  St.  Joseph's  College, 
Bardstowu,  Ky 191 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  John  S. 
Bazin,  Third  Bishop  of  Vin- 
ceniies 201 

Signature  of  Bishop  Bazin 202 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  James  M. 
Maurice  de  Saint  Palaia, 
Fourth  Bisliop  of  Viuceunes.  204 

View  of  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter 
and  Paul,  Detroit 211 

Seal  of  Rt  Rev.  P.  R.  Kenrick. 
as  Bishop  of  Drasis 224 

Portrait  and  Signature  of  Rt. 
Rev.  William  Quarter,  First 
Bishop  of  Chicago 226 

View  of  First  Cluirch,  Cliicago.  228 

View  of  St.  Mary's  Cathedral, 
Chicago 233 

Portrait"  and  Signature  of  Rt. 
Rev.  James  Oliver  Van  de 
Velde,  Second  Bishop  of  Chi- 
casro 235 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Richard  P. 
Miles,  First  Bishop  of  Nash- 

^^■ille 240 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Matliias 
Loras,  First  Bishop  of  Du- 
I'lique 243 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  John  :\Iar- 
tin  Hcnni,  First  Bishop  of 
Milwaukee 249 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Josepli 
Cretin,  First  Bishop  of  St. 
Paul 259 

Portrait  of  Rev.  Lucien  Galtier  261 

Signature  of  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop 
Cretin oq2 

Piutrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  John  B. 
Miegc.  Vicar  Apostolic  of 
Indiau  Territory 264 

^:i 


I 


xxxu 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


I  1 


TAQE 

Signature  of  Kt.  Rev.  Bishop 
Milage 265 

View  of  St.  Joseph's  Church, 
New  Orleiins 271 

View  of  Jesuit  Church  niui 
Scliool,  New  Orieuus 271 

Portrait  of  Ut.  Uev.  Andrew 
Bvrne,  First  Bishop  of  Little 
Uocii 284 

Sisruature  of  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop 
IJyrne 287 

View  of  Cathedral,  Galveston..  2'»1 

Signature  of  Rt.  Rev. '  John 
Michael  Menchero 296 

Sicnature  of  Very  Rev.  John 
Baptist  Guevare  300 

Signature  of  Very  Rev.  Dr.  Don 
Augustin  Fernandez  de  Sau 
Vineente 301 

Signature  of  Rt.  Rev.  Joseiih 
Anthony  Laureanode  Zubiria  304 

Signature  of  Verv  Rev.  John 
Philip  Ortiz...: 305 

Signature  of  Rt.  Rev  Joliu  B. 
Laniy 308 

Signature  of  Rt.  Rev.  John 
Raphael  Rascou  308 

Portrait  of  Jlost  Rev.  Francis 
W.  Blanchet,  First,  Arch- 
bishop of  Oregon  City 320 

Siitnature  of  Archbishoj)  Blan- 
chet    323 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Augustin 
M.  A.  Blanchet,  Bisl)op  of 
Walla  Walla,  and  subse- 
quently of  Nesqually 325 

Signature  of  Bishoj)  Blanchet . .  327 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Francis 
Garcia  Diego,  O.  S.  F.,  First 
Bishop  of  the  Californias 330 

Signature  of  Father  Junii)er 
Serra,  O,  S.  F 332 

View  of  Church  at  Tumacacori  340 

Signature  of  Bishop  Francis 
Garcia  Diego 353 

View  of  First  Church  in  San 
Francisco 356 

Signature  of  Bishop  Alenianv. ,  357 

Portrait  and  Signiiture  of  M'ost 
Rev.  Cajetan  Bedini,  Arch- 
bishop of  Tlicbcs 358 

Siirnature  of  Archbishop  Ken- 
rick 306 

Signature  of  Bishop  Neumann.  307 


PAOI 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  John  Nep- 
oniucerie  Neumann,  Fourtli 
Bishop  of  Philadelphia,  fac- 
ing   402 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  James 
Frederic  Wood,  Fifth  BLshop 
of  Philadelphia 406 

Medal  Struck  by  Bishop  Wood  412 

Seal  of  Bishop  N'eumanu 414 

Signature  of  Bishop  Domeuec.  423 

Siirnature  of  Bishop  O'Connor, 
of  Erie 424 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  P.  N. 
Lvnch,  Tldrd  Bishop  of 
Charleston '. 441 

View  of  Ruins  of  St.  Finbar's 
Cathedral,  Charleston 446 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Augustine 
Verol,  V.  A.  of  Florida  and 
Bishop  of  Savannah 454 

Siirnature  of  Bishop  Young,  of 
Erie 461 

Seal  of  Bishop  McCloskey,  of 
Albany 477 

Signature  of  Bishop  Conrov. . . ,  482 

Partrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Jolin  J. 
Conrov,  Second  Bishop  of 
Albany 483 

Portrait  and  Signature  of  Rt. 
Rev.  John  Loughlin,  First 
Bishop  of  Brooklyn 489 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Bernard 
O'Rielly,  Second  Bishop  of 
Hartford 519 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  P. 
McFarland,  Third  Bishop  of 
Hartford 523 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Louis  de 
Goesbriand,  First  Bishop  of 
Biirlinirton 529 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  David  W, 
Bacon,  First  Bishop  of  Port- 
land   534 

Signature  of  Bislio]*  Bacon,  of 
Portand 539 

Seal  of  Bishop  Bacon,  of  Port- 
land   539 

Portrait  of  Most  Rev.  John  B. 
Purcell,  First  Archbishop  of 
Cincinnati 540 

Seal  of  Bishop  Rappe,  of  Cleve- 
land   .558 

View  of  Cathedral  of  Louis- 
ville   560 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


XXXIU 


PAoa 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Fetor  John 
Liivialle,  Fourtli  Bisliop  of 
Biiriistowii  and  Louisville. ..     571 

Signiituru  of  Bisliop  Lavialle. . .  573 

Seal  of  Bishop  Spalding,  of 
Louisville 573 

Portiait  and  signature  of  Rt. 
Hev.  George  A.  Carrell,  First 
Bi.'ihop  of  Covington 574 

Seal  of  Bishop  Carrel), of  Coving- 
ton  578 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  P.  P.  Lefe- 
verc,  Administrator  of  Detroit  580 

Seal  of  Bishop  Lef evere 587 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Frederic 
Baraga,  Bishop  of  Am3-zonia 
and  Vicar  Apostolic 588 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  John  IL 
Luers,  First  Bishop  of  Fort 
Wayne 600 

Signature  of  Bishop  Luers 603 

Portrait  of  ]?t.  Rev.  Anthony 
O'Regan,  Third  Bishop  of 
Chicago 616 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  James 
Duggan,  Fourth  Bishop  of 
Chicago 621 


PAOI 

Signature  of  Bishop  Duggan. ..  624 

Portrait  of  lit.  Rev.  Henry 
Dainian  Juncker,  First  Bishop 
of  Alt  )n     62« 

Signature  of  Bishop  Miles,  of 
Nashville 630 

Signature  of  Bishop  Whelan.  of 
Nashville 632 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Clement 
Synith  Bishop  of  Dubuque..  644 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Thomas 
Langdon  Grace,  Second  Bishop 
of  St.  Paul  649 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  James 
O'Gormau,  Vicar  Apostolic  of 
Nebraska 653 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Jolin  B. 
Lamy,  First  Bishop  of  Santa 

,..Fe 660 

V  lew  of  Cliurch  of  San  Xavier 
delBac. 664 

Portrait  of  Most  Rev.  J.  M. 
Odin,  >rcli bishop  of  New 
Orleans 672 

Portrait  of  :Most  Rev.  Martin 
John  Spalding.  Archbishop  of 
Baltimore,  facing 716 


51 


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BOOK   I 

THE  PROVINCE  OP  BALTIMORE. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE    OF  BALTIMORE. 
MOST  REV.  S.IMUEL  ECCLESTON,  FIFTH  ARCHBISHOP,  1843-1851. 

Although  manifestly  menaced  with  exterior  vio- 
lence about  the  time  when  the  archbishop  and 
bishops  of  the  country  met  in  Provincial  Council  at 
Baltimore,  in  1843,  the  Catholic  body  could  oppose 
the  movements  against  them  only  by  a  calm  presenta- 
tion of  the  trutli,  by  patience,  and  by  prayer.  The 
Fathers  of  the  Council,  in  the  pastoral  Avhicli  they 
addressed  to  the  Catholics  of  the  United  States,  said : 
"To  you  we  trust  for  the  practical  refutation  of  all 
those  atrocious  calumnies  which  deluded  men,  sever- 
ally, or  in  odious  combinations,  constantly  circulate 
by  every  possible  means  against  our  holy  religion. 
Your  strict  integrity  in  the  daily  concerns  of  life, 
your  fidelity  in  the  fulfillment  of  all  engngements, 
your  peaceful  demeanor,  your  obedience  to  the  laws, 
your  respect  for  the  public  functionaries,  your  un- 
affected exercise  of  charity  in  the  many  occasions 
which  the  miseries  and  sufferings  of  our  fellow-men 
present ;  in  line,  your  sincere  virtue  will  confound 
those  vain  men  whose  ingenuity  and  industry  are 
exerted  to  cast  suspicion  on  our  principles,  and  evoke 
against  us  all  the  worst  passions  of  human  nature." 

S3 


24         THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Arrhbishop  Eccleston  continued  his  care  of  his  own 
diocese,  snuill  in  extent,  embracing  only  tlie  State  of 
^fiiryland  and  the  District  of  (/olunibia,  but,  for  its 
extent,  the  best  provided  in  churches,  priests,  literary 
and  charitable  institutions,  liaving  fiH  churclies,  U!) 
priests  on  tlie  mission,  31  engaged  in  education  or 
other  special  worlv,  2  tlieological  seminaries  with  their 
preparatory  institutions,  the  scliolasticates  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus  and  of  the  Congregation  of  tlie  Most 
Holy  Redeemer,  3  colleges,  and  2  academies  for  boys, 
(5  for  young  ladies,  5  orphan  asylums,  ;i  hospital,  a 
house  for  the  insane,  and  10  free  schools  to  meet  the 
wants  of  a  Catholic  population  of  8(),()()().  This  body 
gained  slightly  by  accessions  from  other  parts,  but 
mainly  by  natiu'al  increase.  Churches  had  been  built 
or  improved  in  the  western  pai-t  of  the  State  as  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  advanced.  Si.  Peter's 
Church,  and  St.  Patrick's,  enlarged,  were  dedicated 
in  Baltimore;  the  line  Gothic  church  of  St.  Alphonsiis 
was  rising  in  the  same  city  ;  a  church  erected  at 
Havre  de  Grace,  and  others  at  EUicott's  Mills,  Elk- 
ridge,  and  Paradise.  St.  Vincent's  Hospital  for  the 
Insane,  under  the  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  v.^liarity, 
had  been  so  successful  in  the  treatment  of  mental 
alienation  that  the  Sisters  purchased,  near  Baltimore, 
a  Protestant  institution,  known  as  Mount  Hope  Col- 
lege, with  extensive  grotinds,  and  there  continued 
their  benevolent  work.' 

Catholics  who  had  stood  prominent  in  the  ranks  of 
the  clergy  were  passing  away,  like  Very  Rev,  Louis 
A.  I)e  Barth,  at  one  time  administrator  of  Phila- 
delphia ;  Rev.  James  H.  N.  Joiibert,  of  St.  Sulpice, 

•  Scliaif,  "Chronicles  of  liiiltiniorf,"  p.  5()H  ;  U.  H.  ("nth.  Majrazinc. 
ii..  J).  700;  iii.,  \)p.  573,  M.i ;  iv.,  p.  IliW  ;  Catli.  lIciaKl,  xi.,  p.  'M't, 
824;  xii.,  p.  187. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMOliE. 


25 


tlie  apostle  of  the  colored  i>eoi)le  in  Bill ti more,  and 
founder  of  tiie  Oblate  Si.ster.s  of  Providence.  The 
death  of  the  Rev.  John  li.  Gildea,  who.se  zeal  and 
earnestness  had  jriveu  |,i,n  ^.i.^-it  inHuence,  was 
nionrned.  as  was  that  of  the  eloquent  Catholic  advo- 
cate William  (f.  ilead.' 

To  the  great  relief  of  Archbishop  Eccleston  he  had 
been  able  to  see  tlie  Preparatory  College  of  St.  Charles 
Borromeo  begin  its  work,  and,  addressing  his  clergy 
and  i»eople,  he  said  :   "  While  the  Cinirch  is  happily 
extending  her  boundaries,  the  number  of  laborers  does 
not  increase  in  proportion  to  the  harvest  which  is 
spreading  and   thickening   around    them.       In    this 
diocese,   as  elsewhere,    numerous   congregations    are 
either  entirely  destitute  of  pastors  or  are  visited  at 
distant  and   uncertain   intervals.      Not  oidy  are  we 
deprived  of  the  means  of  eidighteiung  the  thousands 
who  know  not,  and  therefore  blasi)heme  the  spotless 
spouse  of  Christ,  but  we  have  iu)t  iinfrequently,  from 
the  same  cause,  to  deplore  the  lukewarmness  or  pre- 
varication of  the  children  of  the  faith.     In  fact,  were 
it  not  for  the  co-op-ration  of  devoted  clergymen'  from 
foreign  lands,  still  more  lamentable  would  be  the  con- 
dition of  our  missions."     The  new  institution  would 

.  nourish  the  vocation  of  those  who  in  their  youth  felt 
themselves  called  to  the  holy  ndnistry. 
Meanwhile    churches   were  erected    or    rebuilt    at 

Pikesville,  Georgetown,  Rock  Creek,  Elkton,  West- 

'  Rev.  Jiimes  Hector  Nicliolns  Joub«-rt  was  l)orii  nf  St.  Jean  d'Angely. 
France,  Sept.  6.  1777,  and  arrived  in  Hallimore,  1804.  Entering  the 
Semiiiary  lie  was  ..rdained,  ami,  joining  thi.-  Si.ipitians,  became  professor 
and  vice-president  of  St.  Mary's  Colleg...  Devoting  hi.n.seif  especially 
to  li.e  colored  people,  lie  founded  ti.e  Sisters  of  Providence  1828  He 
<lie<l  piously  at  ti.e  Seminary.  Nov.  T>,  1843.  L'.  S.  Catli.  Magazine  ii  p 
..)8.     For  Kcv.  J.  B.  Gildea  and  Wm.  O.  Read,  see  iv..  pp    201   208  • 


I 


28 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


inlii.ster,  Oovanstown,  Ciimberluiid,  Laurel,  luul  other 
places  ill  the  diocese.' 

Aichbishop  Eccleston,  who  visited  the  District 
of  Columbia  iu  June,  1841^,  saw  Georgetown  Uni- 
versity display  its  progress  iu  science  by  the  erec- 
tion of  an  astronomical  observatory,  well  supplied 
with  telescopes  and  instruments  of  great  perfec- 
tion, \vhi(^h,  under  tlu^  care  of  Fathers  (!urley, 
8estiui,  Do  Vico,  Secchi,  and  other  scientilic  men 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  soon  acquired  a  national 
reputation. 

The  death  of  the  Tlon.  Mr.  Bossier,  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Louisiana,  in  Ai)ril,  1844,  was  followed  by 
Catholic  services  in  the  capitol.  llev.  Mr.  Van  Ilor- 
sigh  performed  the  funeral  services  in  the  hall  of  the 
Representatives,  assisted  by  ]{ev.  Messrs.  Doiielan 
and  Myers.  Very  Rev.  Father  Ryder,  Provincial  of 
the  Jesuits,  delivered  from  the  clerk's  desk  a  most 
eloquent  and  impressive  address." 

Acting  on  the  advice  of  the  late  Provincial  Council, 
tlie  Sulpitians  established,  about  1842,  The  Metropoli- 
tan Press,  with  the  view  of  issuing  Catholic  works,  at 
a  low  rate,  for  general  circidation.  liutler's  "Lives  of 
the  Saints"  and  other  standard  works  were  thus  issued; 
but  it  was  not  easy,  withoiit  some  organization  spe- 
cially adapted  for  the  purpose,  to  create  channels  for 
making  these  books  known  to  Catholics  throughout  so 
vast  a  country,  and  maintaining  a  circulation.  After 
some  years  the  Press  was  suspended  and  the  work 


'  Arclil)isliop  Eccleston.  ("in  ulnr,  Oct.  5,  1848.  Frccnmn's  .louriml, 
Oct.  38,  1848;  U.  S.  Calli.  MMpiziiic,  vii.,  ]).  (102  ;  viii.,  pji.  75-590  ; 
Pittsbiirg  Ciitholic,  v.,  p.  123;  vi.,  pp.  2H8,  284;  Frccnmii's  Jouruul, 
Mar.  31,  1849.     Uev.  8.  Obermycr  to  Arclibi.shop  Eccleston,  1850. 

"  Oeorfrotown  Kcconls  ;  U.  S.  Ciith.  Magazine,  Iv.,  p.  S'i'S ;  v.,  pp. 
231,  220,  281. 


DIOCKSK  < > F  BALTIMOn /<;. 


87 


was  left  to  the  regular  book  trade.  The  leading 
(.'athollc  publishers  at  this  time  were  Fielding 
Lucas  la  Baltimon',— whose  list  of  books  was  ihe 
largest  of  all,  -  Kugene  Cununiskey,  of  Philadel- 
phia; Edward  Duni^^iia,  and  1).  &  J.  Sadlier  &  Co., 
of  New  York.  Great  advaiuiea  hod  been  made  in 
the  tyix'graphieal  execution,  Illustration,  and  b.nd- 
ing  of  their  publications,  especially  iJibles  and 
Prayer- Hooks,  showing  an  increasing  demand  and  a 
higher  taste. 

The  community  of  Sisters  of  Charity,  founded  by 
Mrs,  Seton,  had  by  this  time  grown  so  largely,  and 
St.  Joseph's  Academy  prospered  so,  that  in  1844  a 
line  edifice,  232  feet  long,  in  English-Gothic  style, 
was  begun  and  was  ready  for  occupation  as  the  home 
of  the  Sisterhood  in  September,  184G.  At  this  time 
the  community  at  this  mother-house  numbered  111, 
and  257  others  were  employed  in  37  establishments, 
chielly  ori)han  asylums,  intirmaries,  and  free  schools 
throughout  the  country. 

After  laying  the  corner-atone  of  a  church  for  German 
Catholics  in  the  national  capital  on  the  25th  of  March, 
1840,  Archbishop  Eccleston,  who  had  recovered  from  a 
dangerous  accident,  issued  a  circular  letter  convoking 
the  bishops  of  the  proviiu^e  to  attend  the  Sixth  (Joun" 
cil.  It  was  to  be  held  in  the  Cathedral  at  Baltimore, 
on  the  fourth  Sunday  after  Easter.  Tho  prayers  of 
the  faithful  and  their  clergy  were  also  solicited  by  the 
Archbishop.  Bishoi)s  from  all  parts  of  the  Republic 
gathered  in  Baltimore  to  the  number  of  twenty-three, 
representing  nearly  every  diocese.  The  venerable 
form  of  the  Rt.  Rev.  Benedict  J.  Flaget,  Bishop  of 
Louisville,  was  no  longer  to  be  seen  ;  his  advanced  age 
prevented  his  attendance  ;  Rt.  Rev.  Benedict  J.  Fen- 
wick,  Bishop  of  Boston,  was  siidiing  under  a  fatal 


28 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


maIadJ^  It  wiis  hoped  tliat  the  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  N. 
Blanchet,  Vicar  Apostolic  of  Oregon,  though  not  a 
suffragan,  woukl  attend ;  but  though  invited,  the 
distance  in  tliose  days  of  slow  travel  prevented  his 
attendance. 

The  preliminary  meeting,  held  at  the  archepiscopal 
residence  on  the  9tli  of  May,  was  attended  by  the  Most 
Reverend  Archbishop  Eccleston  ;  Bishops  Portier,  of 
Mobile;  Purcell,  of  Cincinnati;  Chabrat,  of  Bolina, 
Coadjutor  of  Louisville ;  Blanc,  of  New  Orleans ; 
Loras,  of  Dubuque  ;  Hughes,  of  New  York  ;  Miles,  of 
Nashville  ;  De  la  Hailandiere,  of  Vincennes;  Chanche, 
of  Natchez ;  Whelan,  of  Richmond ;  Kenrick,  of  St. 
Louis ;  Odin,  of  Claudiopolis,  Vicar  Apostolic  of 
Texas;  O'Connor,  of  Pittsburgh;  Byrne,  of  Little 
Rock  ;  Quarter,  of  Chicago  ;  McCloskey,  of  Axiern, 
Coadjutor  of  New  York  ;  Tyler,  of  Hartford,  and 
Reynolds,  of  Charleston. 

The  first  session  on  Sunday,  May  10,  Avas  attended 
also  by  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  P.  Kenrick,  liishop  of  Phila- 
delphia; Rt.  Rev.  John  ^f.  Henni,  Bishoji  of  ^lil- 
waukee ;  Rt.  Rev.  John  B.  F^itzpatrick,  Bishop  of 
Callipolis  and  Coadjutor  of  Bostvon.  In  the  Council 
sat  the  heads  of  the  religious  orders  in  the  country  : 
Very  Rev.  John  Tinion,  Sui)erior  of  the  Congregation 
of  the  Mission  ;  Very  Rev.  Peter  Czackert,  Superior  of 
the  Congregation  of  the  Most  Holy  Redeemer  ;  Very 
Rev.  George  A.  AVilson,  Provincial  of  the  Order  of 
Preachers  ;  Very  Rev.  Peter  J.  Verhaegen,  Provincial 
of  the  Maryland  Province  of  the  Society  of  Jesus ; 
Very  Rev.  James  O.  Van  de  Velde,  Vice-Provincial  of 
the  same  society  in  Missouri  ;  and  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Raymond,  Rev.  H.  B.  Coskery,  and  Charles  I.  Wliite 
as  theologians  of  the  Metropolitan  Churdi.  To 
gratify  a   pious  desire   pervading  the  whole  United 


15 


o 


^ 

o 


•J 


the 


30 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


States,  tlie  Fathers  of  the  Council  petitioned  tlie 
Sovereign  Pontiff  to  ratify  tlieir  choice  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin  Mary,  conceived  without  sin,  as  Patroness  of 
the  United  States,  and  to  transfer  the  solemnization 
of  the  feast  to  the  following  Sunday. 

The  progress  of  the  Churcli,  as  has  been  seen,  was 
mainly  between  New  England  and  Maryland,  moving 
westward.  New  York,  with  part  of  New  Jersey,  had 
liitlierto  been  one  diocese,  and  Ohio  another.  The 
former,  at  the  commencement  of  the  year  1840,  con- 
tained a  Catholic  population  of  200,000,  with  109 
priests  and  114  churches.  Bishop  Hughes,  believing 
that  by  the  erection  of  new  sees  more  good  could  be 
effected,  solicited,  at  this  Council,  the  establishment  of 
a  bishopric  at  Albany  and  another  at  Buffalo.'  With 
the  same  view,  Bishop  Piircell,  who  had  in  his  diocese 
00  priests  and  70  churches,  with  0*^,000  Catholics,  be- 
lieved that  a  bishop  at  Cleveland  could  more  effectu- 
ally advance  the  cause  of  religion  in  Northern  Ohio 
than  the  Bishop  of  Cincinnati  could  by  retaining  juris- 
diction over  it.  These  proposals  were  adopted  by  tlie 
Fathers  of  the  Council.  This  the  Council  solicited 
from  the  Sovereign  Pontiff,  as  well  as  a  modification, 
of  the  oath  taken  by  bishops  in  the  United  States. 
The  decrees  of  the  Council  required  that  priests  or- 
<lained  for  any  diocese,  titulo  missionis,  should  not 
leave  it  without  the  written  consent  of  the  bishop  ; 
and  also  made  provision  for  the  regular  publication  of 
banns  of  marriage.  All  these  steps  were  duly  a])- 
proved.  Cardinal  Fransoni  moreover,  in  his  reply  to 
Archbishop  Eccleston,  urged  that  in  every  diocese 
where  German  Catholics  were  to  be  found,  care  should 

'  He  also  proposed  the  erection  of  a  see  at  Pliittsburg  ( letter  to 
Archbishop  Eccleston,  Nov.  24,  1845),  but  this  was  not  acted  upon  at  tlie 
Council. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


31 


be  taken  to  have  priests  able  to  liear  confessions  and 
preacli  in  German.' 

By  this  time  the  Provincial  Councils  liad  grown  to 
be"  imposing  by  the  number  of  bishops  and  attendant 
clergy.  General  interest  wjjs  excited  by  the  proces- 
sions to  and  from  the  Cathedral  and  by  the  eloquent 
sermons  delivered  during  the  Council  by  Bishops 
Rosati,  Purcell,  Hughes,  O'Connor,  Reynolds,  and  by 
Very  Rev.  Martin  J.  Spalding. 

Tlie  republic  of  Texas  had  been  annexed  to  the 
United  States  in  1845,  and  a  war  with  Mexico  followed. 
AVhen  volunteers  were  called  for,  the  feeling  of  hos- 
tility to  the  Catholic  Church  Avas  manifest,  and  boasts 
were  loudly  made  that  our  soldiers  were  to  enrich  them- 
selves  with  the  spoils  of  the  Catholic  churches.  The 
spirit  even  reached  the  regular  army,  and  Catholic  sol- 
diers near  tlie  frontier  were,  in  utter  disregard  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the  spirit  of  our 
institutions,  compelled,  under  threats  of  severe  jjun- 
ishment,  to  attend  the  services  of  the  Protestant 
religion,  established  in  the  United  States  Army,  and 
listen  to  violent  denunciations  of  their  own  faith. 
The  wanton  disregard  of  law  and  justice,  in  the  case 
of  men  actually  in  face  of  tie  enemy,  ready  to  lay 
down  their  lives  for  the  country,  liad  a  most  disastrous 
intluence,  as  the  Catholics  in  the  regular  army  num- 
bered more  than  1100,  and  was  loudly  condemned  by 
the  Catholic  press  throughout  the  country. 

The  Secretary  of  State,  Hon.  James  Buchanan,  to 
aflford  the  Catholic  soldiers  an  opportunity  to  practice 
their  own  religion,  applied  to  the  authorities  of  the 


'  Concilium  B.iltimorcnse  Piovincialo  vi,.  Imbitum  nnno  1846.  Balli- 
rnorc,  184T.  pp.  l-;i(i.     I'.  S.  t'litli.  .Ma.u'ii/.inc.  v.,  p.  !J41. 

■>  Fi-ecmiurs  Journul,  vi.,  pp.  333,  334,  331,  383  ;  Oath.  Advocate,  \k, 
p.  109. 


32        THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Cliurch  for  Ciitholic  cliaplains.  Two  Jesuit  priests, 
Father  Anthony  Key,  vice-president  of  Georgetown 
College,  and  Father  John  McElroy,  from  Frederick, 
were  selected,  and  at  once  set  out  to  join  Gen.  Taylor's 
arn)y  in  Texas.  Their  zeal  and  devotedness  excited 
universal  admiration,  and  when  the  army  advanced  to' 
attack  Monterey,  the  courage  of  Father  Key  was  en- 
thusiastically atteshni  by  many  officers.  lie  was  soon 
after  killed  by  a  party  of  Mexican  marauders.' 

When  Mrs.  Seton  founded  her  religions  community 
there  was  no  way  of  connecting  it  with  the  Sisters  of 
Charity  of  St.  Alncent  de  Paul  in  France.  The  Sisters 
of  Charity  of  St.  Joseph  at  Enimitsburg,  accordingly 
organized  under  a  rule  prepared  by  the  priests  of  St. 
Sulpice.  which  was  niodilied  in  some  particulars  and 
approved  by  Archbishop  Carroll.  The  hope  of  being 
in  time  united  wilh  the  community  in  France  had 
never  ceased,  and  about  this  time  it  was  determined 
by  the  superiors  in  this  country  to  bring  the  sphere  of 
the  labors  of  the  Sisters  in  this  country  into  greater 
liarmony  with  that  of  the  French  order.  'J'he  educa- 
ti(m  of  tlie  young,  even  of  their  own  sex,  formed  no 
part  of  the  plan  of  St.  A'incent  de  Paul,  as  communi- 
ties existed  in  his  time  in  France  having  that  end 
more  specially  in  view.  The  wants  of  the  Church  in 
this  countiy,  as  Dr.  Carroll  showed  Mrs.  Seton,  called 
for  religious  women  to  teach  the  children  of  ri'-h  and 
]H)or,  to  care  for  orphans,  and  undertake  other  works 
of  mercy,  wiiile  much  of  the  special  woik  of  the  Fi'ench 
Sisters  was  impossible  here.  At  this  time,  however,  it 
was  resolved  as  far  as  possible  to  give  U]>  the  care  of 
ori)han  asylums  and  schools  for  boys,  and  educational 


'  U.  8  Catli.  Mnpn/.inp,  v.,  p.  IWii  :  vi.,  p.  ri43-r(52 ;  'Woiidstock  Letters, 
xiv.,  p.  215,  07.");  .\v.,  p.  198.     Boston  Caili.  Olivcrvtr.  i.,  p.  112. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


83 


^'m 


work  of  a  higlier  character  for  young  ladies,  so  as 
to  leave  fewer  difficulties  to  a  union  with  tlie  order  in 
France.     As  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Joseph  la- 
bored in  several  dioceses  in  this  country,  the  order 
given  to  the  members  to  withdraw  from  orphan  asy- 
lums for   boys  and  other   institutions  caused  great 
embanassment  to  bishops  who  had  not  been  consulted, 
and  who  found  that  the  rule  of  the  Sisterhood  was 
to  be  changed  from  what  it  was  when  they  assumed 
charge  of  institutions  in  the  diocese.     Bishop  Hughes, 
of  New  York,  protested  vigorously  against  the  new 
regulations,  but  the  Mother  Superior  and  the  ecclesi- 
astical superior  persisted  in  the  plans  which  had  been 
adopted.     After  some  correspondence  and  discussion 
it  was  determined    that   the   ecclesiastical  superior 
siiould  offer  a  dispensation  to  all  the  Sisters  of  Charity 
then  on  duty  in  the  diocese  of  New  York,  who  wished 
to  remain  there,  and  to  recall  the  rest  to  Emmitsburo-. 
Of  the  fifty  Sisters,  thirty-one  preferred  to  remain,  and 
these,  on  the  8th  of  December,  1846,  organized  in  an 
independent  body  as  the   Sisters  of  Charity  of  St. 
Vincent  of  Paul,  retaining  the  ;ule  and  dress  adopted 
by  Mother  Seton.     The  i)lan  of  modifying  the  work 
of  the  Sisters  elsewhere  was  then  continued  by  the 
superiors  in  Maryland,  and  negotiations  were  opened 
with  the  Sisters  of  Charity  in  France  Avith  a  view  of 
union.    A  direct  petition  was  forwarded  in  1849.  sup- 
ported by  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Deluol,  and  approved  by 
Archbishop  Eccleston.     It  w\as  strongly  sui)ported  by 
a  bishop  from  this  country  then  in  France,  and  on  the 
2.")th  of  March,  1850,  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Joseph 
became  Daughters  or  Sisters  of  Charity,  Servants  of 
the  Poor ;  and  the  Superior  of  the  Congregation  of  the 
Mission  in  this  (UMintry  became  Superior-General  of 
the  Sisters  in  the  United  States.     The  rule  and  dress 


34        THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

of  the  Frencli  order  were  adopted  and  the  Sisterhood 
founded  by  Mrs.  Seton  ceased  to  exist  outside  of 
New  York. 

Sister  Mary  Etienne  Hall  was  Superior  at  the  time 
of  the  union  witli  France,  and,  under  her  administra- 
tion, asylums  and  schools  had  been  undertaken  by 
the  Sisters  in  Baltimore,  Wilmington,  Del.;  Albany, 
Troy,  Bulfalo,  Milwaukee,  Natchez,  Donaldsonville, 
Norfolk,  Boston,  and  St.  Louis.' 

The  works  of  education  heretofore  conducted  by  the 
Sisters  were  to  be  carried  on  by  others  specially  de- 
voted to  teaching.  On  the  13tli  of  November,  184G, 
Archbishop  Eccieston  announced  to  his  flock  that  the 
Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools  had  opened  a  school 
in  Calvert  Hall,  an  edifice  erected  on  the  site  of  Balti- 
more's first  church,  lirother  Leopold  being  director. 
A  novitiate  was  also  established  for  any  pious  persons 
who  wished  to  devote  their  lives  under  the  rule  of  the 
Blessed  John  de  la  Salle. 

Soon  after,  the  Brothers  of  St.  Patrick  of  Carlow, 
Ireland,  sent  a  colony  who  took  charge  of  St.  Patrick's 
school  on  the  invitation  of  Kev.  Mr.  Dolan.  The 
Iledemptorists  erected  a  schoolhouse  opposite  their 
fine  Church  of  St.  Alphonsus,  and  the  School  Sisters  of 
Notre  Dame  began  their  work  in  Afaryland.  A  visita- 
tion in  May,  from  St.  Inigoes  to  Frederick,  encouraged 
pastors  and  people. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year,  the  Rev.  John  Ilickey, 
one  of  the  priests  of  Baltimore,  was  summoned  to 
court,  to  testify  in  regard  to  stolen  property  which 
had  been  returned  through  him  by  a  penitent.     Wlien 


Ml 


r  - 
if'  [1 


'  White,  "Life  of  Mrs.  Eliza  A.  Seton,"  New  York.  IH.Vi.  pp.  457- 
4(W  :  HiLKsarcl,  "  Life  of  tlie  Most  Hev.  .loim  Hughes,  I).  D.,  Avchbisliop 
of  New  York,"  New  Yorii,  1800,  pp.  2Hi»-;!02. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


35 


called  to  the  witness  stand,  Rev.  Mr.  Ilickey  said, 
'•  1  am  a  priest  belonging  to  the  Catholic  Church,  and 
n  citizen  of  Maryland.  I  know  nothing  of  these 
papers  in  any  other  way  than  in  my  capacity  as  a 


-Hitaip::. -w— z^ 


ST.    ALPHONSLS  CIIL'HCII,    BALTIMOUE. 


priest.  I  am  unwilling  to  state  anything  that  is 
conimnnicated  to  nie  in  that  capacity.  I  know 
nothing  relative  to  the  matter  as  a  citizen."  The 
court    decided    that    under  t)ie    Maryhind    Bill    of 


3fi 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


i 

li 


Rights  no  further  inquiry  could  be  pressed  iu  such 
a  case.' 

Up  to  the  year  1843  tlie  Archbisliop  of  Baltimore 
was  the  only  metropolitan  in  the  United  States,  and 
the  Provincial  Councils,  convoked  by  Archbishops 
Whitfield  and  Eccleston,  were  attended  by  the  bishops 
of  sees  which  had  been  established  within  the  limits 
of  the  old  diocese  of  New  Orleans,  although  the  Bishop 
of  Mobile  alone  was  a  sulfragan  of  Baltimore.  The 
diocese  of  St.  Louis  had  no  fixed  limits  at  the  West, 
ai.d  was  regarded  as  extending  to  the  Pacilic  coast. 
Missionaries  were  sent  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
beyond.  J^ngland,  however,  claimed  the  tei'ritory  on 
the  Pacific,  and  the  Holy  See,  apparently  unaware  of 
the  ultimately  recognized  claims  of  the  United  States, 
treated  it  as  British  teiritor}',  and  on  the  1st  of 
December,  1843,  erected  the  Vicariate  Apostolic  of 
Oregon,  connecting  it  virtually  with  the  Church  in 
Canada.  In  July,  1846,  Oregon  City  was  made  an 
archiepiscopal  see,  and  suffragan  sees  were  erected  at 
AVallawalla  and  Vancouver's  Island,  while  other  dis- 
tricts were  laid  off  for  future  dioceses. 

The  Bishop  of  St.  Louis  thus  beheld  a  whole  eccle- 
siastical province  created  in  a  remote  part  of  what  he 
had  always  regarded  as  his  own  diocese.  When  the 
authorities  in  Rome  at  last  recognized  the  conse- 
quences of  their  action.  Pope  Pius  IX.,  on  the  8th  day 
of  October,  1847,  made  St.  Louis  a  metropolitan  see, 
with  Dubuque,  Nashville,  Chicago,  and  Milwaukee  as 
suffragans.' 

This    made   three   ecclesiastical    provinces   in   the 


'U.  S.  Cath.  Mai,'iiziiie,  v.,  p.  554,  686;  vi.,  pp.  105,  278.  896,  617; 
C'ath,  .\dv<K-ato,  xi.,  p.  363.     Boston  Catli.  ObservtT,  i.,  p.  181. 

*  Arch  bishop  IJIanrhet,  "Historical  Sketches  of  the  Catholic  Church 
inOrejjon,"  IHiW-lSTs,  p.  157. 


ES. 

I  ill  such 

-s 

Bultiniore 

4,' 

iites,  and 

f. 

shbisliops 

,4 

e  bishoiis 

'A 

he  limits 

le  Bisliop 

•4' 

)ie.     The 

'•^h 

lie  Wesf, 

tic  coast. 

^■i 

ains  and 

'" 

litory  on 

lawaie  of 

d  States, 

e   1st  of 

^ 

stolic  of 

^ 

hurch  ill 

'.J 

made  an 

rected  at 

ither  dis- 

ale  eccle- 

^^^H 

wliat  he 

r^^^B 

rijen  the 

e   conse- 

)  8th  dav 

itan  see. 

iiulcee  as 

1   in    the 

,   396,   617; 

181. 

3lic  Church 

DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


37 


United  States ;  and  the  provlnof:  of  Baltimore,  no 
longer  included  Tennessee,  Illinois,  or  Wisconsin. 
There  was,  however,  a  general  wish  that  the  Bishoi>s 
of  the  three  provinces  should  meet  in  a  council  embrac- 
ing the  whole  country.  To  carry  out  this  view.  Arch- 
bishop Eccleston  issued,  on  the  23d  of  September,  1848, 
letters  to  the  Most  Reverend  Archbishops  and  Right 
Reverend  Bishops,  convoking  a  Pleruiry  Council.  The 
original  plan  was  not  carried  out,  as  the  Archbishop  of 
Oregon  City  and  his  suffragans  represented  that  on 
account  ol'  the  great  distance  they  could  not  well 
attend.  The  Council  hehl  in  May,  1849,  was  accord- 
ingly styled  the  Seventh  Provincial  Council  of  Balti- 
more. 

Meanwhile  Pope  Pius  IX.  had  been  compelled  to 
leave  the  Eternal  Ci(y,  and  was  an  exile  from  his 
States,     Archbishop  Eccleston,  not  only,  in  pursuance 
of  the  decision  of  the  Council,  addressed  a  pastoral  to 
the  whole  Catholic  body  in  the  United  States  on  the 
sad  condition  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff,  and  stimulated 
the  faithful  to  generosity  in  reviving  the  old  contri- 
bution known  as  Peter's  Pence,'  but  he  invited  the 
afflicted  Father  of  the  Faithful  to  visit  this  country, 
and  receive  the  homage  of  American  Catholics  at  the 
coming  Council.     To  this  the  venerable  Pontiff  replied 
from  Gaeta,  on  the  8th  of  March,  1849,  praising  the 
zeal  and  devotion  of  the  Archbishops  and  Bishops, 
and  explaining  that  under  the  existing  circumstances 
it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  comply  with  the 
invitation." 


'  Circular  of  Archbishop  Ecclestou,  June  12,  1849.  U.  S.  Cnth.  Mag- 
azine, viii.,  p.  373.  The  collectiou  was  takeu  up  ou  tlie  first  Sunday 
of  July.  ' 

•^  Pope  Pius  IX.  to  Archbishop  Eccleston,  Mixrdi  8,  1849.  U.  S.  Cuth. 
M;igiizinc,  viii.,  p.  335. 


88 


THE  CHCmCH  m  Till':  rXITED  STATES. 


, 


Tlie  Council  convened  at  thwCiitliedriii  in  Bultimore, 
May,  1849.  It  was  atteiul»nl  by  tlie  Mo«t  Reverend 
Airlibisliops  of  l^iltiniore  and  St.  J^ouis,  the  liisliops 
of  Mobile,  I'liiladt'lpiiia,  (rmeinnati,  New  Orleans, 
Dubuque,  New  York,  Nashville,  Natchez,  Richtuond, 
tlie  liisliop  Administrator  of  Detroit,  the  Rishops  of 
Galveston,  Pittsburgh,  Albany.  Hartford,  Charleston, 
Milwaukee,  Hoston,  Cleveland,  Buiralo,  the  Bishop 
Coadjutor  of  Louisville,  the  Bishops  of  Vincennes  and 
Chicai,'o.  The  Rt.  Rev.  Andrew  Byrne,  Bishop  of 
Little  Rock,  alone  was  absent,  but  arrived  before  the 
close  of  the  Council.  The  Superiors  of  the  Sulpitians, 
Lazarists,  Benedictines,  Dominicans,  Augustinians, 
Jesuits,  and  Rederaptorists  were  also  present,  with 
the  theologians  of  the  Metropolitan  Church. 

The  preparatory  session  was  held  on  tlie  oth  of  May, 
1849,  and  it  was  resolved  to  solicit  the  Holy  See  to 
make  New  Orleans  a  metropolitan  see,  with  Mobile, 
Natchez,  Little  Rock,  and  Galveston  as  sulFragans; 
Cincinnati  an  archiepiscopal  see,  with  Louisville,  De- 
troit, Vincennes,  and  Cleveland  as  suft'ragans  ;  New 
York  also  an  archiepiscopal  see,  with  Boston.  Hartford, 
Albany,  and  Bulfalo  as  sufTragaus.  The  erection  of 
sees  at  Savannah,  Wheeling,  and  St.  Paul  was  also 
solicited,  and  tlie  estal)lishment  of  a  Vicariate  Apos- 
tolic to  comprise  the  newly  acixuired  territory  of  New 
Mexico,  with  a  Catholic  population  of  Spanish  and 
Pueblo  Indian  origin,  and  also  a  Vicariate  of  Indian 
Territory.  The  decrees  f)f  the  (Juuncil  gave  formal 
expression  to  the  universal  belief  of  the  hierarchy, 
clergy,  and  fnithfid  in  tlie  Immaculate  Concei)tion  of 
the  Blnssed  Virgin,  and  iM'titionnd  that  the  Church 
should  define  it  as  an  article  of  faith,  that  from  the 
first  instant  of  ht'r  existence,  h»-r  conception  in  her 
mother's  womb,  she  was  free  from  the  original  sin  of 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


89 


Ad.ain.  A  moditication,  in  certain  cases,  of  nominat- 
ing bishops  was  recjuested.  It  was  decreed  tliat  all 
cluinilies  and  other  ecclesiastical  i)roperty  donated  to 
tlie  Cliuirh,  or  resulting  from  collections  among  the 
faithful,  belong  to  the  Ordiiuiry  of  the  diocese,  unless 
it  appeared  by  written  documents  that  they  belonged 
to  some  religions  order  or  congregation.  Letters  dis- 
niissory  were  not  to  be  given  to  priests  until  there  was 
evidence  that  they  would  be  received  in  sonie  other 
diocese.  Priests  were  strictly  forbidden  to  officiate  in 
marrying  those  who  had  already  been  married  by  a 
non  Catholic  minister,  or  intended  to  be  so  mai'ried. 
The  last  decree  was  in  these  words  :  "It  seems  to  the 
Father  highly  desirable  that  a  National  Council  shall 
be  held  at  Baltimore,  by  the  authority  of  the  Apos- 
tolic See,  in  1850,  the  better  and  more  easily  to  provide 
for  the  advantage  and  benefit  of  religion  in  the  States." 
Pope  Pin?  IX.  replied  to  the  letter  of  the  Council  on 
the  21st  of  October,  1849  ;  and  Cardinal  Fransoni, 
on  the  9th  of  August,  1850,  notified  Archbishop  Eccle- 
slon  that  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  had  erected  the  eccle- 
siastical i^rovinces  and  dioceses,  as  solicited,  and  the 
next  day  wrote  that  the  Pope  approved  the  decrees, 
and  ordered  them  to  be  observed  in  the  United  States.' 

The  ecclesiastical  jjrovince  of  Baltimore  was  thus 
narrowed  down  to  the  dioceses  of  Baltimore,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Pittsburgh,  Richmond  and  Wheeling, 
Charleston  and  Savannah, 

During  the  year  1849  Archbishop  Eccleston  pursued 
his  round  of  duty,  laying  the  foundation,  among  others, 
of  a  church  at  Rockcreek  to  replace  the  now  totter- 


'  Concilium  Baltiinorens;;  Provincinle  vii.,  Imbituiu  anno  1840,  Biilti- 
more,  1851,  pp.  301-290  ;  U.  S.  Ciilli.  Muguzinc,  vii..  p.  543  ;  Pius  IX. 
to  Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  Portici,  Oct.  21,  1849.  Pittsburgh  Cath- 
olic, vi  ,  p.  a49. 


40 


Till-:  ciiuiicn  IN  Tffi'j  r\iri:i)  states. 


I' 

P.     1 


iuj?  shrine  erectntl  by  the  Rev.  .lohii  (.'ai  roll  (lining  tlm 
Ilevolufion.     Ht>  also  took  steps  to  give   the   Ciitl 


»e- 


(Iral  !i  lhor()ii<,'h  leparjition.  the  roof  and  towers  having 
yielded  io  the  elements.  The  second  tower  was  coui- 
pleted,  the  sanctnary  and  altar  were  elevated,  and  Ihe 
decoration  of  the  interior  as  well  as  the  portico  in 
front  were  commenced.  In  other  parts  of  tlie  city  St. 
Joseph's  and  St.  Michael's  churches  were  erected,  and 
also  a  church  on  Ross  Street. 

On  tlie  2d  of  ^[ay,  IS^O,  Archbishop  Eccleston  ded- 


icated a  new  church    in  Prince   ( 


leorge  County,  in 


honor  of  St.  Ignatius,  Rev.  Father  Ryder  preaching 
on  the  occasion.' 

Though  tall  and  commanding  in  person.  Dr.  Eccle- 
ston's  health  was  never  robust,  and  during  the  year 
liSoO    it   was    evidently  declining,     lie   withdrew   to 
Georgetown  and  took  up  his  residence  in  a  house  near 
the  ViNilalion  Convent.     In  the  spring  of  1851  his  dis- 
ease assumed  a  dangerous  character,  and  after  a  few 
weeks"  illness,   not withstan< ling  all   the  resources  of 
medical  skill  and  tender  care,  he  expired  on  the  22d 
of  April.     Tht^  unostentatious  and  unassuming  piety 
which  characterized  him  through  life  made  his  death- 
bed a  lesson  of  calmness,  patit-nce.  and  h()i)e,  as  elo- 
quent as  any  sermon   from    his   lips  in   the  ])ulpit. 
After  a  solemn  mass  of  requiem  offered  in  tlie  Visita- 
tion Chapel  by  Very  Rev.  Father  Hrocard,  Provincial 
of  the   Society  of  Jesus,  the  Archbisiiop's    remains 
were  conveyed  to  lialtimore  and  placed  befor  ■  ihe  high 
altar  of  the  Cathedral.     A   solemn  mass   was  offered 
by  Rt.  Rev.  F.  P.   Kenrick,  of  ]»hiladelphia,  assisted 
by  Bishop  O'Connor,  of  Pitt-sburgh,  ai   I  Hish       .\fc- 
Gill,  of  Richmond,  the  latter  paying  a  tribute  lu  tl 


le 


U.  S.  Cuth.  Miigttziiie,  viii  ,  p.  4(}l,<if.     Notts  of  Rev   ,1.  M.  Fiiioiti. 


DIOCKSE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


41 


personal  virtues  and  edifying  administration  of  tiie 
late  Ar(;lil)iHliop.  His  body  was  then  deposited  in  tlie 
vault  beneath  the  altar  near  most  of  his  predecessors.' 

VKUY  llEV.   HENUY   B.   C08KEUY,   ADMINIHTHATOIl. 

Arehbishop  Eceleston  designated  as  Administrator 
of  the  diocese,  the  Very  Rev.  11.  13.  Coskery,  and 
Pope  Pius  IX.,  on  the  Ifith  of  June,  1801,  committed 
the  government  of  the  diocese  to  him." 

During  the  period  covered  by  this  chapter  Mother 
Jose[)hine  Teresa  Lalor,  the  venerable  foundress  of 
the  Visitation  Nuns,  went  to  her  reward  on  the  loth 
of  September,   1840.     She  was  a   luitive  of  Queens 
County,  Ireland,  and   under  the  guidance   of  Very- 
Rev.   Leonard  Neale,  attemj)ted    to    found    a    com- 
munity at  Philadelphia.     She  subsequently  removed 
to    Georgetown,  and  formed  a  little  community  to 
follow  the  rule  of  the  Visitation  Nuns.     The  plan  met 
with  much  opposition,   and   it  was   not  till  Rev.  L. 
Neale    became  Archbishop  of    Baltimore,    that    the 
Sisters,  who  had  made  simple  vows  in  1813,  were  by- 
Papal   brief,   July  24,    1815,    fully  recognized.     The 
community    was    then    canonically    organized,    with 
Mother  Teresa  as  Superior ;   she  resigned  t)n  Ascen- 
sion, 1819.     She  lived  to  see  her  order  spread  to  Haiti- 
more,  Kaskaskia.  St.  Louis.  ;md  Mobile,   coniirmed 
anew  by  the  Sovereign  Ponuu,  and  the  spirit  and  life 
of  her  community  approved  by  nuns  from  a  French 
convent.     Her  death  was  like  her  life,  holy,  and  she 
was  laid  in  the  little  cemetery  under  the  convent 
chapel    near  Archbishop  Neale. 


'Ciith.  Mirror,  ii.;  Piltsburgh  Catholic,  viii.,  pi..  5'>-")H  ;  Frcpmnn's 
Journal.  May  3,  185i.  Pius  IX.,  "  L'niversi  Doiiiiiiici  Gregis,"  July  1!», 
1850;  Froeman's  .i  .unial,  Oct.  12-19,  1830;  Concilia  Proviiu'uilift 
Haltimori  lialuta,  l8'Jii-1849.     Haltiinoiv,  1851,  p.  281. 

^  Rescript  Iroiii  Cariliiiul  Baruabo,  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  viii.,  p.  821. 


u 


I  ■     ({I 


CHAPTER  11. 

DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 
RT.  REV.  FRANCIS  PATRICK  KENRICK,  THIRD  EISHOP,  1843-1851. 

TiiK  division  of  the  diocese  of  Pliiladelphia  by  the 
erection  of  a  see  at  Pittsburg  left  under  the  care  of 
Bishop  Kenrick  tlie  older  and  more  densely  populated 
I)ortion  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  with  Delaware 
and  Southern  New  Jersey.  In  the  diocese  as  thus 
reduced,  few  new  settlements  grew  up,  parishes  in- 
creased by  natural  growth  or  by  accessions  from 
immigration  easily  incorporated  in  organized  con- 
gregations till  they  required  division.  There  were 
fewer  marks  of  growth  by  the  erection  of  new 
churches.  The  increase  of  religion  was  manifest 
rather  in  stricter  ecclesiastical  discipline,  in  better 
I^rovision  for  the  spiritual  needs  of  the  faithful,  in 
educational  and  charitable  work.  Schools,  academies, 
asylums,  and  hospitals  were  established  in  order  to 
save  the  young  and  helpless  from  the  constant  and 
universal  attempts  of  proselytism. 

The  diocese  of  Philadelphia  as  reduced,  contained 
51  churches  in  Pennsylvania,  4  in  New  Jersey,  and 
3  in  Delaware,  attended  by  29  secular  priests,  7 
Jesuits,  4  Augustinians  ;  it  had  the  Theological  Semi- 
nary of  St.  Charles  Borromeo,  with  30  students,  which 
the  Bishop,  in  1841,  placed  under  the  direction  of  the 
Priests  of  the  Mission,  a  community  jjossessing  v3x- 
perience,  ability,  and  skill  in  training  young  eccle- 
siastics for  the  service  of  God  at  the  altar.  Rt.  Rev. 
Dr.  Kenrick  had  been  urged  to  adopt  the  system  es- 

4i 


m 


ItT.    KEV   Fll  ANCI8  P.    KENKICK,   UIBHOP  OF 
PHILADELPHIA. 


44        THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STA  TES. 

tablislied  at  Emniitsburg,  where  the  theological  stu- 
dents gave  part  of  their  time  as  teachers  in  the  college 
connected  with  the  seminary.  "But,"  Bishop  O'Con- 
nor tells,  "Bishop  Kenrick  would  not  listen  to  it, 
simply  because  it  was  not  tlie  plan  of  the  Church. 
The  Council  of  Trent  had  directed  bishops  to  establish 
seminaries,  in  which  those  destined  for  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal state  would  be  trained  apart,  in  a  manner  suited  to 
their  special  vocation.  On  this  plan  he  was  deter- 
mined to  found  his  seminary,  and  he  trusted  to  God 
for  support.  He  did  this  even  in  the  face  of  a  con- 
trary recommendation  by  the  clergy,  and  the  event 
has  justified  his  confidence.'" 

An  academy  for  boys  had  been  established  at  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  by  Rev.  P.  Reilly.  The  Ladies  of  the 
Sacred  Heart  were  successfully  conducting  one  for 
young  ladies  at  McSherrystown;  the  Sisters  of  Charity 
had  one  at  Wilmington,  as  well  as  a  day  school.  St. 
Joseph's  Church,  Philadelphia,  had  a  classical  acad- 
emy and  a  school  for  girls  ;  St.  Mary's  and  St.  John's 
churches,  schools  for  girls,  who  were  taught  by  the 
Sisters  of  Charity.  St.  Paul's  Church  had  also  a 
classical  academy,  and  the  Sisters  of  Charity  also 
directed  a  school  at  Pottsville.  There  were  two 
orphan  asylums  in  Philadelphia,  both  scenes  of  the 
devoted  labors  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  Although 
the  Catholic  body  in  the  diocese  did  not  number  one 
hundred  thousand,  these  institutions  were  evidently 
inadequate  to  meet  the  educational  wants  of  the  flock, 
or  care  for  the  orphan  and  afflicted. 

The  Augustinian  Fathers  showed  their  zeal  to  aid 
the  Bishop  in  the  necessary  progress,  by  undertaking 


'  FatluT  M.  O'Connor.  8.  J.,  "  Archbi-sliop  Kenrick  and  his  Work," 
Pliiludclpliiii,  1807,  p.  VS. 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


45 


the  establishment  of  a  manual  labor  school,  and  by- 
making  preparations  to  open  a  college  for  young  men. 
For  the  latter,  they  collected  in  Europe  the  nucleus  of 
a  line  library  and  scientilic  apparatus.  In  behalf  of 
the  manual  labor  school,  for  which  ground  had  been 
obtained,  the  eloquent  Father  Moriarty  appealed  to  the 
charity  of  the  faithful.  Meanwhile  churches  were  be- 
gun at  Ilollidaysburg,  Bellefonte,  Moyamensing,  East 
Berlin,  Smethport.and  Nicetown.  St.  Michael's  Church 
was  dedicated  at  Chester,  and  a  church  dedicated  to 
St.  John  the  Evangelist,  at  Lambertsville,  N.  J. 

Another  religious  body  was  now  to  conimence  its 
labors  in  Philadelphia.     By  this  time  a  second  church 
was  required  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  German  Catho- 
lics in  Philadelphia,  and  Bishop  Kenrick  resolved  to 
confide  the  care  of  the  new  congregation  to  the  Fathers 
oi  the  Most  Holy  Redeemer.     The  Gferman  Catholics 
sent  a  deputo>?'-n  with  a  letter  of  the  Bishop  to  Very 
Rev.  Alexa-  '  c  Czvitkoviciz,  in  Baltimore,  and  the 
Superior  u  u      ,odk  the  mission.      He  visited  Phila- 
delphia in  1843,  and  purchased  three  frame  houses 
on    Fifth    Street  and   Uirard    Avenue,   Kensington. 
These  were  soon  transformed  into  a  temporary  ^h   • 
tledicated  to  St.  Peter,  with  Rev.  S.  SJinderl  as  p.    tor, 
soon  to   be  succeeded   by  Father  George  Beranek.' 
The  little  congregation    began    with    real    harmony 
and   charity,    but    their    poverty    may  be    inferred 
from  the  fact  that  at  the  first  solemn  service  the 
collection  amounted  to  81.40."    They  soon  laid  the 

'  ,AI(?tr<)politiin  Catholic  Almanac  fortlieycni  1844,  p.  77,  etc.  "  Relatio 
Status  EcclcsiiL-  Pliila(leli)liifiisi,s,"  May  20,  1845.  Freeman's  Journal, 
iv'.,  p.  53,  Catholic  Herald,  xi.,  pp.  13.  195-96,  212,  219,  227,  301  332* 
413.     U.  8.  Cath.  Magazine,  ii.,  p  447. 

''  Berger,  "Lifeof  Ht.  Rev.  .John  N.  Neumann,  D.D.,"  New  York,  1884, 
p.  280.  Valleiie,  "Catholicity  in  Kiistern  Pennsylvania."  Catli'.  Rec- 
Di'l,  xiii.,  p.  210. 


46 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


corner-stone  of  a  fine  church,  to  be  76  feet  wide  by 

100  deep. 

On  the  29th  of  January,  1844,  Bishop  Kenrick  made 
another  step  toward  a  canonical  organization  of  the 
diocet.  .  by  dividing  the  city  of  Philadelphia  and  the 
adjoining  territory  "into  districts,  after  the  manner 
of  parishes,  conformably  to  the  decree  of  the  Council 
of  Trent,  and  to  a  statute  "  of  liis  synod.  Under  this 
arrangement  the  pastor  of  Trinity  Cliurch  and  the 
Redemptorist  Fathers  at  St.  Peter's  had  cluirge  of  the 
Germans  in  the  city  and  county;  the  Jesuits  and 
Augustinians  being  restricted  in  the  administration  of 
the  sacraments  to  persons  holding  pews  in  their  re- 
spective churches.  Rules  were  laid  down  for  the 
regular  attendance  of  the  inmates  of  the  almshouses, 
hospital,  and  penitentiary.' 

The  State  of  Pennsylvania  now  contained  two 
dioceses,  in  each  of  which  a  zealous  bishop  was  build- 
ing up  not  only  churches,  but  institutions  diocesan 
in" character.  On  the  20th  of  February,  1844,  a  law 
was  passed  by  the  Legislature  empowering  tlie  Catholic 
Bishop  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  Catholic  Bishop  of 
Pittsburg,  and  their  respective  successors,  to  take  and 
hold  real  and  personal  property  for  the  support  and 
maintenance  of  any  hospital,  almshouse,  seminary, 
church,  or  parsonage,  or  other  religious  or  charitable 
purpose.' 

While  this  act  manifested  an  honest  wish  to  let 
Catholics  manage  their  Church  temporalities  in  their 
own  way,  there  was  far  less  Christian  charity  or  fair- 
mindedness  in  regard  to  the  schools. 

As  his  petition  to  the   controllers  of  the  public 

>  Notice  to  the  clergy  and  laity  of  the  City  iiiid  County  of  Phiki- 
dflpliia.     Cath.  Herald,  xii.,  p.  42. 

'  Pamphlet  laws,  1844,  p.  Q'i.     Hi^'ecli  of  Kli  K.  Price,  March  21, 1835. 


ili. 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


47 


flchools  had  been  misrepresented,  and  made  the  motive 
for  a  violent  pamphlet,'  the  Bishop  of  Philadelphia,  in 
a  card  issued  on  the  12th  of  March,  said  :  "Catholics 
have  not  asked  that  the  Bible  be  excluded  from  the 
public  schools.  They  have  merely  desired,  for  their 
children  the  liberty  of  using  the  Catholic  version,  in 
case  the  reading  of  the  Bible  be  jn-escribed  by  the  con- 
trollers or  directors  of  the  schools.  They  only  desire 
to  enjoy  the  benefit  of  the  Constitution  of  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania,  which  guarantees  the  rights  of  con- 
science, and  precludes  any  preference  of  sectarian 
modes  of  worship.  They  ask  that  the  school  laws 
be  faithfull}^  executed  and  that  •'  the  i-eligious  pre- 
dilections of  the  parents  be  respected They 

desire  that  the  public  schools  be  preserved  from  all 
sectarian  influence,  and  that  education  be  conducted 
in  a  way  that   nuiy  eiuible  all   citizens   equally  to 


share  in  its  benefits,  without  any  violence  being 
oifered  to  their  religious  conviction."  The  Bishop 
further  stated  that  he  exi)ressed  the  views  of  the 
Catholic  community,  but  that  the  holding  of  public 
meetings  had  been  avoided,  '•  lest  Catholics  should 
share  in  any  degree  the  responsibility  of  the  public 
excitement,  which  has  been  caused  most  unnecessarily 
on  this  subject."" 

But  it  was  impossible  to  present  the  question  so 
that  the  public  would  view  it  calmly.  The  Native 
American  party,  already  organized,  caught  readily 
at  the  opportunity.  Meetings  were  held  in  which 
Protestant  ministers  took  an  active  part,  and  thou- 


'  "  A  Ucply  to  the  Allegations  nrul  Complaints  contni'icd  in  Bishop  Kcn- 
rick's  Letter  to  the  IJoard  of  Controllers  of  the  Public  Schools,"  by  l{ev. 
Walter  C»lton,  U.  S,  N. 

MJishop  Kenrick,  "A  Curd  to  the  Citizens  of  riiilndelphin  and  the 
Public  Generally."  March  \i,  1844,  Catholic  Herald,  .\ii.,  p.  84. 


48- 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


sands  were  induced  to  believe  that  Catholics  wished  to 
prevent  Protestant  children  from  reading  their  own 
Bible,  when,  in  fact.  Catholics  asked  merely  that  the 
Protestant  Bible  should  not  be  forced  upon  Catholic 
children. 

To  set  themselves  right,  however,  on  record,  the 
Catholics  and  the  Bishop  of  Philadelphia  again 
addressed  the  board,  clearly  stating  what  they  con- 
sidered their  grievances  ;'  but  the  board  would  not 
concede  to  Catholic  children  the  use  of  the  Catholic 
Bible. 

As  the  election  time  approached,  a  plot  was  evi- 
dently formed  to  provoke  a  disturbance  in  Phila- 
del[)hia,  and  under  cover  of  it  to  destroy  the  Catholic 
churches."  In  pursuance  of  the  scheme  of  the  con- 
spirators to  create  a  serious  riot,  a  Native  American 
meeting  was  called  on  May  C,  and  a  platform  was 
erected  adjoining  the  schoolhouse.  The  proceedings 
were  violent  in  language  against  the  Irish,  but  not  in 
acts,  till  a  storm  of  rain  compelled  those  assembled  to 
seek  refuge  in  a  neighboring  market-house.  In  the 
rush,  collisions  took  i>lace,  blows  were  struck,  and  fire- 
arms used.  The  meeting  continued  and  finally  closed. 
But  at  ten  o'clock  at  night,  the  Native  Americans 
gathered  a  mob  and  began  an  attack  on  the  houses  on 


'  Proceedings  of  tlie  Board  of  Controllers  of  the  Public  Schools,  U.  S. 
Gazette  ;  Catli.  Herald,  xii.,  p.  9.5, 

*[Rev.  Mr.  Goodman],  "The  Truth  Unveiled,"  by  a  Protestant 
and  native  Pliiladelphian,  Haiiimore,  1844,  says:  "Perhaps  no  con- 
spiracy— for  it  was  a  conspiracy,  not  a  sudden,  hasty  movement  on  the 
part  of  those  who  were  its  prime.  ihoui?h  secret  movers — perhaps  no 
conspiracy  against  not  only  swinl  order,  and  the  supremacy  of  our  e(piit- 
able  and  imparlial  laws,  but  ujralnsi  religion  itself,  was  ever  entered 
upon  with  a  greuter  disregard  to  truth  and  justice,  than  that  of  design- 
ing injury  and  wrong  to  a  particular  body  of  Christians,  through  falsitied 
representations  in  regard  to  the  Divine  volume." 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


49 


Fninklin  and  Second  streets  occupied  by  Irish  families. 
Tlie  inmates  lied,  and  tlie  mob,  after  destroying  all 
they  could,  set  lire  to  the  buildings,  wliich  were  soon 
consumed.  Some  attempt  was  made  by  those  at- 
tacked to  defend  their  lives  and  property,  and  here 
the  first  of  the  rioters  was  slain.  Then  the  cry  was 
raised :  "To  the  nunnery ! "  A  rush  was  made  by  the 
mob,  and  the  house  wliich  liad  been  occupied  by  a 
little  community  endeavoring  to  organize  like  Sisters 
of  Charity,  on  the  corner  of  Second  and  Phcenix  streets, 
was  next  attacked  by  the  Native  Americans,  but  a 
volley  from  a  few  defenders  drove  them  off  for  a  time. 
The  riot  thus  far  had  resulted  in  the  death  and  wound- 
ing of  several  and  the  wanton  destruction  of  property. 
Ever  a  friend  of  peace.  Bishop  Kenrick  had  the  fol- 
lowing, printed,  and  posted  conspicuously  throughout 
the  city  on  the  following  day  : 

To  THE  Catholics  of  tiik  City  and  County  of 
Philadelphia  : 

The  melancholy  riot  of  yesterday,  which  resulted  in 
the  death  of  several  of  our  fellow-beings,  calls  for  our 
deep  sorrow,  and  ii.  becomes  all  who  have  had  any 
share  in  this  tragical  scene  to  humble  themselves 
before  God  and  to  sympathize  deeply  and  sincerely 
with  those  whose  relatives  and  friends  have  fallen.  I 
earnestly  conjure  you  all  to  avoid  all  occasions  of 
excitement,  and  to  shun  all  public  places  of  assem- 
blage, and  to  do  nothing  that  in  any  way  may  ex- 
asperate. Follow  peace  with  all  men,  and  have  that 
Chauity  without  which  no  man  can  see  God. 
-f  Francis  Patrick, 

Bishop  of  Philadelphia. 

Philadelphia,  May  7,  1844. 

But  those  who  entered  upon  the  conspiracy  had  no 
wish  for  peace.     The  Native  Americans  tore    down 


CO 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


■'     H 


this  placard  wherever  they  could.  They  called  a 
meeting  of  their  adherents  that  day  in  the  State 
House  yard,  which,  after  being  roused  to  the  highest 
pitch  of  violence  by  the  speakers,  moved  in  a  body  to 
Kensington ;  there  they  attacked  the  Hibernia  hose 
house,  which  was  soon  destroyed,  with  its  contents ; 
and  the  houses  inhabited  by  Irish  i)eople  were  set  on 
tire,  till  twenty-nine,  and  the  neighboring  market,  were 
in  tiames. 

Sucli  was  the  condition  of  aiTairs  when  the  First 
Brigade,  and  two  conii)anies  of  the  Third  Brigade, 
under  General  Cadwalader,  appeared  on  the  scene, 
and  further  violence  was  presented,  but  the  lire 
department  made  no  effort  to  save  the  burning 
houses. 

The  next  day  a  mob  gathered  at  St.  Micliael's 
Church,  and  about  two  o'clock  Captain  Fairlamb,  in 
command  of  a  detacliment  of  militia,  demanded  of 
Rev.  William  Loughran,  tiie  pastor,  the  keys  of  the 
church  and  pastoral  residence.  Fimling  that  there 
was  no  one  there  to  defend  it,  the  military,  instead  of 
protecting  the  church,  allowed  three  of  the  mob  to 
enter  the  church  and  set  it  on  fire.  The  house  was 
then  broken  into,  the  furniture  demolished,  and  the 
house  tired.  No  attempt  was  nuule  by  the  militia  or 
firemen  to  check  the  tire  or  preserve  the  property. 

St.  Augustine's  Church  in  Fourth  Street  had  been 
tlireatened.  Here  some  show  of  protection  was  made. 
Mayor  Scott  stationed  the  city  watch  in  front,  and 
took  up  his  position  in  the  rear  with  a  posse  of  citi- 
zens. Undeterred  by  these,  the  mob  gathered,  and  in 
a  short  time  an  attack  was  nuule  with  bricks,  stones, 
and  other  missiles.  The  Mayor  was  knocked  down 
senseless,  and  the  watch  and  posse  were  scattered. 
Only  then  did  the  military  appear.     The  First  City 


DIOCrSE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


01 


Troop  rode  by  at  a  gallop,  but  made  no  effort  to  dis- 
perse the  mob.  The  church  was  fired  and  the  cupola 
was  soon  encircled  with  flames,  which  wreathed 
around  the  old  State  House  bell  that  first  rang  out  the 
tidings  that  the  Declaration  of  Independence  had 
been  made  by  the  Continental  Congress.  The  appear- 
ance of  the  destroying  flames  was  hailed  with  cheers, 
which  redoubled  when  the  cross  fell.  Firemen  were 
present,  but  made  no  effort  to  save  the  church  or  the 
adjoining  houses  of  Catholics,  though  they  exerted 
themselves  to  save  those  of  other  denominations.  The 
rectory  and  an  adjacent  building,  used  by  the  Augus- 
tinian  Fathers  as  a  residence,  seminary,  and  library, 
the  building  which  Rev.  Dr.  Hurley  had  voluntarily 
devoted  as  a  hospital  in  the  days  of  cholera,  were 
given  to  the  flames,  and  the  valuable  library  of  five 
thousaud  volumes  was  used  by  the  rioters  to  spread 
the  element  of  destruction. 

Between  four  and  five  o'clock  the  mob  gathered 
ngain  and  renewed  the  attack  on  the  house  of  the 
Sisters  at  Second  and  Phopnix  streets,  where  the  pious 
women  had  attended  Protestant  and  Catholic  alike  in 
the  days  of  pestilence.  That  building  too  was  soon  a 
blazing  mass.  Houses  occupied  by  Catholics  were  set 
on  fire  and  destroyed, 

Tlie  authorities  then  placed  guards  to  protect  St. 
Mary's  Church,  as  they  had  at  St  John's.  The  sacred 
vessels,  the  vestments,  and  other  sacred  objects  were 
removed  from  St.  Joseph's  Church  and  the  Church  of 
the  Holy  Trinity  to  private  houses.  The  Bishop,  with 
the  seminarians  and  many  of  the  clergy,  souglit  shelter 
in  the  houses  of  friends.  Even  the  orphan  asylums, 
\vifh  their  helpless  inmates,  were  not  deemed  safe 
iiom  the  mob,  which  pretended  to  be  impelled  by 
religious  motives. 


■  >      M 


i:   1     • 


02 


THE  CHURCH  AV  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  next  morning  detachments  of  troops  were  sent 
to  i)rotect  St.  John's  CImrch,  St.  Philip  Neri's,  St. 
Mary's,  Trinity,  and  the  orphan  asylums.  Proclama- 
tions from  Governor,  Mayor,  and  Sheriff  followed,  but 
with  his  flock  threatened  in  their  very  homes,  with 
the  menace  of  destruction  hanging  over  every  church 
in  the  city,  Bishop  Kenrick  felt  it  a  duty  to  do  what 
no  religious  body  had  ever  done  in  this  country,  sus- 
p^'nd  generally  its  public  services. 

To  THE  Catholics  of  tiik  City   and  County   of 
Piiiladklphia: 

Beloved  Children :  In  the  critical  circumstances  in 
which  you  are  placed,  I  feel  it  my  duty  to  suspend 
the  exercises  of  public  worship  in  the  Catholic 
churches  which  still  remain,  until  it  can  be  resumed 
with  safety,  and  we  can  enjoy  our  constitutional  right 
to  worship  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  our 
conscience.  I  earnestly  conjure  you  to  practice  unal- 
terable j>atience  under  the  trials  to  which  it  has 
pleased  Divine  Providence  to  subject  you  ;  and  re- 
member that  affliction  will  serve  to  ^lurify  us,  and 
render  us  acceptable  to  God,  through  Jesus  Christ, 
who  patiently  suffered  the  cross. 

+  FuANcis  Patuick, 

Bishop  of  Philadelphia. 

May  10,  1844. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  the  Catholic  body  in 
Philadelphia.  If  in  the  troubles  in  Kensington,  pro- 
voked by  men  bitterly  hostile  to  the  Catholic  Church, 
any  Catholics  were  guilty,  the  offenders  should  have 
been  arrested  and  i)unished.  It  did  not  ai)pear  that 
any  of  those  implicated  even  worshiped  at  the 
churches  or  occupied  the  houses  wantonly  destroyed  ; 
but  that  a  peaceful  community,  numbering  thousands, 
should  be  deprived  of  their  chur''hes,  and  of  every 
opportunity  of  assembling  for  tht  exercises  of  religion. 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


08 


in  a  State  professing  equal  rights  in  all  denominations, 
is  sometiiiiig  tiiat  no  sophistry  can  ever  explain.  It 
was  the  last  great  effort  of  Protestantism  in  America 
to  crush  the  Cluirch  of  God  by  open  violence ;  but  on 
the  blackened  walls  of  St.  Augustine's  Clnircli  stood 
out  clear  and  distinct,  the  words:  "The  Lord 
seetli." 

As  soon  as  calm  was  restored  the  Catholics  began 
to  rebuild  their  ruined  churclies.  By  the  feast  of 
Holy  Trinity,  June  2,  Rev.  T.  J.  Donaghoe  had  a  tem- 
porary chapel,  measuring  4/)  by  7u  feet,  erected 
on  tiie  site  of  St.  Michaers  parsonage,  with  bricks 
taken  from  the  ruins  caused  by  sectarian  hatred 
and  intolerance. 

A  grand  jury  was  packed  to  consider  tlie  riots 
Its  finding  falsely  ascribed  tliem  to  "  the  efforts  of  a 
portion  of  the  community  to  exclude  the  Bible  from 
tlie  public  schools."  It  represented  those  killed  while 
burning  house'^  as  "  unoffending  citizens,"  and  never 
mentioned  the  fact  that  two  Catholic  churches  and 
a  seminary  had  been  burned.  The  utter  mendacity 
of  their  statement  in  regard  to  the  schools  was 
proved  by  the  testimony  of  the  controllers  and 
teachers. 

Although  after  a  time  Philadelphia  became  quiet 
and  Catholics  ventured  to  open  the  churches,  and  the 
Bishop  and  his  clergy  resume  their  sacred  duties,  the 
calm  was  deceptive.  On  Friday,  the  5th  of  July  it 
was  learned  (liat  an  attack  would  be  made  on  St  Phi'jip 
Nen's  Churcli.  This  time  the  authorities  were  more 
active.  Tliey  deprived  the  church  of  all  means  of  le- 
fensH  and  the  sheriff  attempted  to  disperse  the  mob. 
Militia  were  ordered  to  the  scene,  but  the  rioters  hav- 
iiig  secured  two  cannon,  broke  into  the  church,  wliich 
they  attempted  to  set  on   fire    after  dislodgino-  tlie 


S4         TJiE  CHUliCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


m 


u 


I  ■ 


1  ■§ 


small  force  of  sokliers.  A  part  of  the  first  division, 
under  General  Cudwalador,  ariived  in  time  to  save  tlie 
building;  but  the  mob  attacked  the  soldiery,  so  that 
a  regular  battle  ensued,  cannon  and  snuiU  arms 
being  used  on  both  sidns.  Several  were  killed  and 
wounded,  but  the  rioters  were  linally  dispersed,  and 
though  they  gathered  again  on  Monday  were  at  last 
overawed.' 

In  this  "outpouring  of  frenzy  wliich  swept  over  tlds 
city  in  1844,"  says  Rt.  Rev.  Michael  O'Connor,  "which 
laid  in  ashes  some  of  our  churches  and  institutions, 
and  threatened  all  the  ref^t,  as  woll  as  the  lives  of  the 
clergy  and  people,  many  bhiuKMl  Bishop  Kf*nrick  for 
not  opposing  to  it  a  bolder  front.  He  considered  it 
more  conformable  to  the  spirit  of  the  gospel  to  bend  to 
it  and  suffer,  lie  thought  it  best  even  to  retire  for  a 
few  days  from  what  was  evidently  a  momentary  out- 
burst, lest  the  tiger,  tasting  blood,  might  become  more 
infuriated.  Events  justified  his  course.  The  torrent 
that,  if  resisted,  would  but  have  accumulated  its  wa- 
ters, and  eventually  swept  on  with  greater  fury,  rolled 
by  and  spent  itself.  His  order  to  suspend  divine  ser- 
vice   'in  the  churches  that   yet  remained,'  was  the 


'  For  the  Philiwlelpliia  riots,  see  ;  Cnlh.  Hcralcl.  xii..  May  0.  1844,  to 
Sept.  5,  1844  ;  New  York  Frt'cmiiii's  .lonnuil,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  8«4  to  420  ; 
Catli.  Advocate  ix.,  pp.  ia2-l.V.$.  "  A  full  luul  complete  Account  of  tlie 
lute  awful  lliols  in  PliiliiiU'li)lii(i."  [Hev.  :Mr.  Goodmnn.]  "  The  Truth 
Unveiled,  or  a  Calm  and  Impartial  Exi)<)Hition  of  tlic  Orinin  and  Imme- 
diate Cause  of  the  terrible  Riots  and  Kebellioii  in  I'liiladelpliia,  in  May 
and  July,  A.  D.  1S44."  nalliniore,  1H44  :  "  Ad<lress  of  the  Catholic  Lay 
Citizens  of  the  City  and  County  of  Philadelphia  to  their  fcllowcitizens, 
inrciily  to  the  Presentment  of  the  Orand  .lury,"  etc.,  Baltimore,  1844  ; 
Philadelphia,  1844.  Archbishop  Spaldiiij:.  "The  Philadelphia  Anti- 
Catholic  Riots,"  U.  8.  Cath.  Majiazin.',  iii.,  !>.  3;i»,  p.  5:{S  ;  Miscellanea, 
Ualliinore.  18fl>5,  p.  596.  ValletK-,  "  Cath.)licity  in  Eastern  Pennsylva- 
nia," Cath.  Record,  xiii.,  p.  218.  Letter  of  Si-ster  M.  (Jonzaga,  May  9, 
1844,  I.  C.  B.  U.  Journal,  xix.,  Xo.  30. 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


M 


severest  rebuke  the  fanatics  could  have  received. 
The  tramp  of  tlie  sentinel  pacing  before  the  House 
of  God,  deserted  on  tiie  Lord's  Day,  with  tills 
order  jmstcd  on  the  walls,  was  a  conuiiont  on  the 
spirit  that  had  then  taken  possession  of  ?he  'City 
of  Brotheily  Love,'  which  roused  the  bett.  r  minded. 
I't'ace  was  restored  on  a  more  solid  basis  than  ever 
before  existed,  and  Catholicity  assumed  a  higher 
position.'" 

Trials  followed  as  a  matter  of  coui-se.  Several  Irish 
Catholics  were  indicted  an(i  tried  for  murder  or  riot. 
But  the  glaring  fact  could  not  be  suppressed  that  the 
mobs  who  attacked  and  destroyed  clj  .  .'es  and  houses 
were  all  Native  Americans,  wlio  v>  nt  .i'tied  to  the 
work  of  havoc,  and  that  the  Irisi  f.ughl.  here  they 
unwisely  did  fight,  in  defense  of  :hur  livtot,  and  prop. 
eity. 

After  the  summer,  when  peace  reigned,  Bishop  Ken- 
rick  began  his  usual  visitation  at  Lancaster,  nnd  con- 
tinued it  for  some  time.  In  October,  the  Aug.istinian 
Fathers  were  able  to  open  for  the  worship  of  God  the 
Chapel  of  Our  Blessed  Lady,  Mother  of  Consolation, 
near  the  ruins  of  the  church  so  sacrilegiously  de- 
stroyed. The  Church  of  8t.  Peter  iiad,  during  all 
these  trying  days,  steadily  progressed,  and  was  dedi- 
cated by  the  Bishop  on  the  2!)th  of  December.  During 
the  next  year  corner-stones  of  churches  were  laid  at 
Reading,  to  replace  the  old  one  of  1791  ;  at  Port 
Richmond  and  Frankford,  required  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  St,  Michael's ;  and  new  churches  dedicated 
at  Pottsville.— where  the  church,  founded  in  1834, 
no  longer  sufficed,— To  wand  a,  and  Minersville.     The 


'  Rfv.  M.  O'Connor,  8. J.,  "Archbishop  Konrick  nnd  his  work.     A 
Lecture  Dclivcreil   ut   tlio  Aca  lemy  of  Music,  Phihidulphia    Jiui   17 
lyOT.        Pliiliulelphia,  I8(i7, 


r,t 


^ 


i  :\ 


m*^    Si 


66 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


new  temporary  church  of  St.  Michael  was  also 
dedicated.' 

In  April,  1845,  Bishop  Kenrick  set  out  for  Rome, 
visiting  Ireland  and  England  on  his  way.  He  was 
received  with  honor  in  the  Eternal  City,  and  in  a 
memoir  to  the  Congregation  de  Propaganda  Fide,  on 
the  condition  of  his  diocese,  he  represented  that  of 
a  population  exceeding  a  million,  the  Catholics  in  his 
diocese  scarcely  numbered  one  hundred  thousand. 
There  were  few  defections  from  the  faith,  but  where 
Catholics  from  abroad  settled  in  the  country  far 
from  churches  the  children  often  grew  up  in 
ignorance  of  the  faith  and  strangers  to  its  wor- 
ship. Children  whom  poverty  and  loss  of  parents 
sent  to  Protestant  or  State  institutions  as  a  rule 
were  perverted. 

The  diocese  contained  sixty  churches,  ten  of  them 
in  Philadelphia,  with  a  few  chapels,  none  of  them 
great  or  imposing  structures,  and  all  depending  on 
voluntary  contributions.  In  some  country  parts, 
where  the  faithful  were  few  and  scattered,  the  clergy 
obtained  a  living  with  difficulty.  His  priests  num- 
bered fifty,  and  the  Seminary  of  St.  Charlc^i  Borromeo, 
under  the  Priests  of  the  Mission,  had  twenty-six  pre- 
paring for  holy  orders.  The  Jesuits,  Augustinians, 
and  Redemptorists  were  laboring  earnestly  in  tlieir 
respective  fields,  and  tlie  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart 
and  Sisters  of  Charity  were  devoted  to  education  and 
works  of  charity.  Catholic  parochial  schools  were 
still  few,  though  the  necessity  for  them  was  more 
and  more  apparent,  as  there  seemed  to  be  no  hope 


'Cnth.  Herald,  xiii.,  pp.  285,  8j0  ;  xiii.,  pp.  116,  148,  245,  253,  26S, 
316.  Cath.  Cabinet,  p.  636.  U.  S.  C'alh.  Majrazine,  v.,  pp.  516.  680  : 
vi.,  pp.  50,  166.  Cath.  Ailvucatc.  xi.,  p.  359.  Loopoldinen  Stiftung, 
XX.,  p.  28.     Freenian'H  Journal,  vi.,  pp.  358,  406. 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


57 


that    tlie   public    schools  would  act   justly    toward 
Catholic  pupils.' 

Bishop  Kenrick's  stay  in  Konie  and  in  Europe  was 
very  brief.  By  the  18th  of  July  he  was  once  more  in 
his  Cathedral  conferring  the  sacrament  of  holy  orders, 
and  he  announced  the  programme  of  his  visitation' 
wliich  he  began  at  St.  Peter's,  Reading,  in  August! 
In  this  round  through  his  diocese  he  encouraged  the 
fiiithful  to  build,  or  rebuild,  churches  where  necessary, 
and  the  quickening  of  zeal  which  resulted  was  soon 
visible— St.  Mark's,  Bristol,  dedicated  in  September, 
1840,  being  one  of  the  signs  of  progress. 

A  much  greater  undertaking,  in  view  of  the  danger- 
ous character  of  the  times,  and  the  wanton  spirit  of 
destruction  which  animated  the  enemies  of  the  Churc's 
was  that  of  erecting  in    Philadelphia   a    cathedral 
worthy  of  the  city.     It  required  alike  faith  and  cour- 
age to  begin  the  erection  of  a  grand  and  expensive 
ediHce,  for  many  Catholics  had  left  Philadelphia  to 
seek  other  homes,  and  those  who  remained  had  not 
recovered  from  the  terror  of  the  recent  tragic  episode. 
Yet  Bishop  Kenrick  went  courageously  on.     The  site 
was  selected  on  Logan  Square,  spacious  and  ample  for 
tlie  grand  edifice,  of  which  architects,  under  his  in- 
spiration, had  prepared  the  plans.    On  the  feast  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul,  he  issued  a  touching  pastoral,  in 
which  he  announced  to  his  flock  that,  yielding  to  the 
repeated  solicitations  of  many  of  the  faithful,  he  had 
determined  to  undertake  the  erection  of  the  needed 
cathedral.      Bishop  Egan  and  Bishop  Conwell  had 
chosen  St.  Mary's  Church  as  their  pro-cathedral,  but 
had  been  virtually  driven  from  it.     The  throne  of 


'HcliUio  Status  Ecclesiie   Philadelphiensis. 
Propiigftiula  Fide  facta  ab  Episcopo  Philailelphiensi. 
1845  ;  Cath.  Herald,  xlii.,  p.  104. 


Sae.   Congi.   de 
Rome,  May  20, 


ill 


58 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


I: 

I 


Philadelphia,  set  up  for  a  time  in  time-honored  St. 
Joseph's,  was,  during  the  incumbency  of  Rt,  Rev. 
Dr.  Kenrick  as  bishop,  at  St.  John's  Church,  an  edi- 
fice utterly  inadequate  to  the  wants  of  the  Cathedral 
of  a  diocese  like  Philadelphia.  The  great  expense 
attending  the  erection  of  a  suitable  cathedral  liad  long 
deterred  Bishop  Kenrick,  but  he  overcame  his  fears, 
and  resolved  to  lay  the  foundation,  conlident  that  his 
flock  would  not  suffer  it  to  be  said  that  he  began  the 
work  and  could  not  bring  it  to  completion.  Accord- 
ingly, on  the  6th  of  September.  1846,  Bishop  Kenrick, 
having  robed  in  the  Seminary  of  St.  Charles  Borromeo, 
attended  by  the  clergy  of  the  city  and  the  students  of 
the  Seminary,  moved  in  procession  to  tlie  site  of  the 
altar,  which  was  designated  by  a  lofty  cross.  Here, 
after  the  opening  prayers,  Bishop  Kenrick  delivered 
a  touching  address,  dwelling  on  the  grand  object  con- 
templated in  the  erection  of  the  sacred  edifice— the 
glory  of  God  and  the  salvation  of  men.  He  con- 
cluded by  reminding  his  large  audience  that  the  suc- 
cess of  the  work  there  inaugurated  depended  solely 
on  their  generosity.  Then  the  corner-stone  was  laid 
with  the  accustomed  ceremonies. 

A  committee  was  formed  to  collect  means  through- 
out the  diocese  to  carry  on  the  projected  buildiuf 
The  result,  however,  was  not  encouraging,  and  the  work 
of  erecting  the  edifice  was  after  a  time  suspended.' 

The  Oxford  movement  in  England  led  many  to 
study  the  writings  of  the  early  Fathers  and  the  teach- 
ing of  the  primitive  church.  By  the  grace  of  God 
many  eyes  were  opened  and  many  souls  accepted  the 

I  Piistoral  Lfttor  of  Bisliop  Kfiirick,  .June  '29.  184fi  ;  Cntli.  FU'i-iild, 
xiii.,  pp.  IVi.  23«,  S.V2,  xiv  ,  pp.  •2W4.  '21»'i,  ilOi) ;  Fricmnirs  .Umrniil 
vii.i  21,  23.");  Pittsburgh  C'litliolir,  iii.,  pp.  KW,  211,  219;  U.  S.  Ciitli. 
Miijrnziiie,  v.,  p.  .'iOO. 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


59 


truth,  sacrificing  earthly  prospects  in  their  sincerity. 
Although  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
United  States,  the  offspring  of  the  Church  of  England, 
possessed  liere  little  of  the  dominant  influence  of  the 
latter,  there  were,  perhaps,  to  those  who  were  led  to- 
ward the  truth,  minor  obstacles.  Yet  few  cases  oc- 
curred where  much  was  not  sacrificed,  and  hardship 
and  difficulty  the  resulting  consequence  of  embracing 
the  Catholic  faith. 

Among  the  converts  connected  with  Pennsylvania 
was  Mr.  Geoi'ge  Strobel,  who  had  been  United  States 
Consul  at  Bordeaux,  and  who,  renouncing  the  world, 
l)roceeded  to  Rome  to  study  for  the  priesthood  and 
labor  long  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  Another  was 
an  Episcopal  clergyman,  Rev.  Henry  Major. 

When  a  universal  Jubilee  was  proclaimed  to  the 
Catholic  world  by  Pope  Pius  IX.,  on  his  elevation  to 
the  chair  of  Peter,  Bishop  Kenrick  hastened  to  an- 
nounce it  to  his  flock  ;  in  his  pastoral  letter  he  ex- 
horts them  to  profit  by  the  great  spiritual  advantages 
held  out  by  the  Church,  and  not  to  allow^  the  season  of 
grace  *^o  pass  without  complete  reconciliation  with 
God  through  the  sacraments.' 

By  the  laws  of  Pennsylvania  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia was  liable  to  the  owner  for  property  destroyed 
by  a  mob  ;  but  all  the  chicanery  of  the  law  was  re- 
soited  to,  especially  in  the  case  of  St  Augustine's 
Church,  to  dti'eat  the  claim  of  the  Catholics,  so  that 
years  slipped  by  before  remuneration  was  made.' 


'  Pnstonil  Letter  of  the  Bishop  of  Philmlelphiiianiiouncing  the  general 
Jubilee  procliiimed  by  liin  Holiness  Pope  Pius  IX.,  Philudelphiii,  Feb.  13, 
1847. 

■•' Frceiimn's  Journal,  vi.,  p,  110;  Cath.  Herald,  xiv.,  pp.  61,  67, 
1222;  Pitt.sburgh  C'atholie,  iii.,  p.  34;  Freeman's  Journal,  vi.,  jip.  18, 
276,325,  Oct.  14,  Nov.  11,  ]«48;  U.  S.  Cath.  Magazine,  vii.,  p.  53. 


60 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


!l 


ii 


On  Sunday,  October  3,  1847,  Bishop  Kenrick  con- 
vened, in  the  pro-cathedral  of  St.  John  tlie  Evangelist, 
the  Third  Synod  of  the  diocese  of  Philadelphia,  after 
the  forty  priests  who  attended  it  had  made  a  spiritual 
retreat  under  the  direction  of  the  eminent  Jesuit 
Father  John  McElroy.  By  the  constitutions  then 
adopted  the  decrees  of  the  Fifth  and  Sixth  Councils 
of  Baltimore  were  formally  promulgated.  \  yearly 
account  was  to  be  made  of  the  affairs  of  each  church, 
and  the  clergy  were  cautioned  against  borrowing  from 
members  of  tlie  flock  or  receiving  money  on  deposit. 
The  proclamation  of  banns  and  other  steps  to  prevent 
unlawful  marriages  were  enjoined.  The  clergy  were 
exhorted  to  dress  in  a  manner  becoming  their  sacred 
ministry.  The  Fathers  of  St.  Augustine's  and  St. 
Joseph's  chui'ches  had  been  restricted  hitherto  in  the 
administration  of  the  sacraments  to  those  holding 
pews  in  those  churches,  but  districts  were  now  as- 
signed to  them  like  other  churches,  and  all  the  Ger- 
man population  was  divided  between  the  Redemptorist 
Fathers,  who  were  to  attend  the  north  ;  and  the 
clergy  of  Holy  Trinitj',  on  wliom  the  care  of  those 
in  Philadelphia  proper  and  the  southern  district 
devolved.' 

During  the  year  1848  a  colony  of  Visitation  Nuns, 
an  order  which  had  won  success  by  its  Christian  and 
accomplished  training  of  young  ladies,  came  back  to 
Philadelphia  to  revive  the  efforts  begun  by  Alice 
Lalor,  under  tlie  guidance  of  Tlev.  Leonard  Neale. 
They  opened  an  academy  at  Eleventli  and  Spruce 
streets,  Philadelphia,  which  soon  had  43  pupils.' 


'  Constitntiones  Dlarcsfinip  in  Synodis  Pliiliulelphk'nsibiis,  nnnis 
1832,  1842,  1847,  1853,  el  1855,  laUv  et  proimilgaUc.  Pliilmlclpliia, 
18.55,  pp.  25-28. 

»  Boston  ('mil.  Observer. 


It  I  I 

i    >  h 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


61 


New  Jersey,  which  in  the  last  century  liad  been  so 
painfully  traversed  by  missionary  priests  from  Penn- 
sylvania, had  been  divided  by  the  Propaganda,  which 
assigned  part  to  the  diocese  of  New  York  and  part  to 
tliat  of  Pliiladelphia.  A  bisliop  in  the  State  would 
have  united  priests  and  people,  infusing  zeal  and 
courage.  Asa  mere  appendage  to  two  dioceses  New 
Jersey  did  not  evince  much  spirit.  In  1848,  however, 
we  see  th'U  Bishop  Kenrick  was  making  exertions. 
Corner-stones  of  churches  were  laid  at  Gloucester  and 
Salem,  and  soon  after  the  Church  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist,  on  Broad  Street,  in  Trenton,  the  capital  of 
tlie  State,  was  dediciited  August  27,  1848,  by  Very 
Rev.  P.  X.  Gartland,  V.  G. ;  but  it  was  necessary  to 
enlarge  it  five  years  later.  On  the  12th  of  August,  in 
the  following  year,  St.  Paul's  Church,  Burlington,  an 
ancient  structure,  once  tenanted  by  British  soldiers, 
was  dedicated  to  the  service  of  Almighty  God.  A 
little  Gothic  chapel  erected  at  Cape  May  by  Mr. 
Tompkins,  was  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  Star  of  the 
Sea,  and  placed  during  the  summer  under  the  care  of 
Very  Eev.  E.  Sourin.' 

While  at  York  on  his  visitation  in  1849,  Bishop 
Kenrick,  in  a  pastoral  to  his  flock,  announced  his  in- 
tention to  resume  work  on  the  Cathedral,  which  had 
been  suspended  while  the  Catholic  body  were  straining 
every  nerve  to  rebuild  the  churches  of  St.  Augustine 
and  St.  Michael,  as  well  as  to  erect  a  new  one  on 
Spring  Garden  Street.  A  widows'  asylum  had  been 
opened  and  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  was  prospering. 

Bishop  Kenrick  lioped  to  comi)lete  his  cathedral  in 
two  years  at  an  outlay  of  $150,000,  but  in  the  Provi- 


'  U.  S.  CiilU.  Masrazine,  vii.,  pp.  543,  006,  660,  800  ;   viii.,  pp.  476,  540; 
Uiiuin's  "  History  of  the  City  of  Trt'iiton,  N.  J.,"  1871,  p.  134. 


I . 


I 


03      •  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

dencc  v-f  irod  the  realization  of  his  desires  was  reserved 
for  other  hands. ' 

The  Seminary  of  St.  Charles  Borromeo,  in  which 
Rev.  Thaddeus  Aniat  had  succeeded  Father  Tornatc-i  e 
as  rector,  was  iniprov  ^i  and  enlarged  to  twict  il.s 
former  length  on  Race  Street,  at  a  cost  of  nearly 
86000.' 

In  the  autumn  of  1849,  Bishop  Kenrick  welcomed 
to  his  diocese  a  colony  of  the  Sisters  of  our  Lady  of 
Charity  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  from  -\iigers,  cousist- 
iiig  of  ^[other  Mary  des  Anges,  witli  Sisters  St.  Boni- 
face, St.  Patrick,  and  St.  Augustine.  Till  ,;  suitifble 
establishment  for  their  special  vvork  was  leady  in  ISf)!, 
they  directed  St.  Ann's  Asylum  for  widows.  'I'hey 
began  ^'C'::\x  benetuent  work  for  the  reformation  of 
fallen  woi  it-n  a.!  Front  ar  1  George  streets.' 

The  Chmvh  o;'  tini  Holy  Trinity  suffered  again  from 
the  action  or  I'le  trustees,  who  refused  to  pr?y  any 
salary  to  the  olergyman  appointed  by  the  Bishop,  but 
I)r.  Kenrick  ;)( ted  lirndy,  and  reported  the  affair  to 
the  authorities  in  Rome.' 

Wiien  the  death  of  Archbishop  Eccleston  left  the 
g/eat  metroi^olitan  see  of  Baltimore  vacant,  the  I'^ov- 
eieign  Pontiff  determined  to  lioiu^r  and  reward  the 
services  which  Bishop  Kenrick  had  rendered  to  his 
diocese  by  his  administration,  and  to  the  Catholic 
world  by  his  learned  writings.     The  Rt.  Rev.  Francis 


'  Rt.  Rev.  F.  p.  Kenrick,  Piistoral,  Corpus  Christi,  1849.  A  meeting 
was  licld  May  27, 1850,  ami  an  organization  fonnetl.  Pittsburgli  Catlio- 
lic,  vii.,  p.  107. 

■'Historical  Sivctcli  of  tlte  Piiiladcipliia  Theologicul  Seminary  of  St. 
Ciiavles  Horroinco,  PiiilM(lcl|)liia.  IHltl,  jip.  24-'2.">. 

'  Krw'innn'i  Journal,  Oit.  lU,  is^'.t  ;  l»itisl)urgii  Catholic,  vi.,  p.  259. 
Metropolitan,  iv.,  p.  486. 

*  H?-ho5»  Kiiurlck  to  tlie  Kector  of  tlic  Irish  College   in  Rome,  Oct.  30,. 

law. 


j:. 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


m 


Patrick  Kenrick  was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Baltimore 
oil  the  3d  of  August,  18/51.  Tlie  tidings  caused  general 
grief  and  disnuiy.  Under  him  for  the  hrst  time  the 
diocese  had  become  organized  and  animated.  Institu- 
tions had  grown  up  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  faith- 
ful. Clergy  and  people  united  to  express  their  sense 
of  the  great  loss  they  were  to  sustain.  In  his  reply 
he  commended  to  them  especially  the  Cathedral  and 
tlie  Seminary.  "My  departure  from  among  them 
was  not  without  pain  to  my  feelings  ;  but  it  has  been 
my  study  to  follow  the  guidance  of  superior  authority  ; 
and  I  felt  that  wlien  I  was  called  upon  to  ascend  to  a 
liighev  place,  I  was  virtually  admonished  to  aspire  to 
the  perfection  which  becomes  it.  Prom,  tion  in  the 
Church  implies  an  increase  of  responsibility,  with  a 
stricter  obligation  tc  present  to  others  the  example  of 
sublime  virtue.  Although  my  pastoral  relations  to 
my  former  tlock  have  ceased,  I  shall  always  cherish 
respectful  esteem  for  the  devoted  clergy,  and  affection- 
ate attachment  for  the  pious  laity  of  tlie  Philadelphia 
diocese."' 


VERY   REV.    EDWARD   J.    SOURIN,    ADMINISTRATOR, 

1851-53. 

Bisliop  Kenrick  left  Philadelphia  on  the  9th  of  Octo- 
ber, and  the  administration  of  the  dircese  during  the 
vacancy  of  tiie  see  devolved  on  Very  Rev.  Edward  J. 
Sourin,  who,  on  the  14th,  directed  especial  prayers 
until  a  bishop  was  appointed."  As  it  was  unlerstood 
that  the  bulls  nominating  the  fourth  Bishop  of  Phila- 
delphia would  soon  arrive,  few  changes  were  made, 


'  Address  of  Very  Rev.  E.  .1.  Sourin  and  others,  Oct.  19.  1851. 
ply  of  Arclihishop  Ken.lck.     Pitlshurirh  Catliolic,  viii.,  p.  208. 
■'  II).,  p.  258.     AVoodstock  Letters,  .wii.,  p.  3. 


Re- 


f 


nf 


64 


THE  CHURCH  ly  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


and  the  new  churches  at  ColPee  Run  and  Dovvnington 
marked  this  period  of  quiet  and  order,  the  result  of 
Bishop  Ivenrldv's  prayers  and  hibors.  The  Very  Rev. 
Edward  J.  Sourin  gladly  relinquished  the  charge  on 
the  aiipointnient  of  Bishop  Neumann,  a?id  after  years 
of  fruitful  ministry  in  the  diocese  of  Philadelphia, 
entered  the  Society  of  Jesus.     He  died  May  20,  1888. 


8EAL  OF  BISHOP   KENUUK,    COADJUTOR 
OF   ST.    LOUi». 


W}  .   .,.„„ 


CHAPTER   III. 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 
RT.  BEV.  MICHAEL  O'CONNOB,  FIBST  BISHOP. 

As  Catholicity  grew  in  Western  Pennsylvania  where, 
under  the  French  ting,  Recollect  friar  and  Jesuit  father 
Jiiul  labored,'  the  difficulty  of  Episcopal  visitation  was 
gieat.  Bishop  Egan,  after  his  elevation  to  the  see 
of  Philadelphia,  traversed  the  State,  in  1811  ;'  Bishop 
Con  well  made  at  least  one  visitation  to  the  Western 
district,  and  age,  less  than  factious  troubles,  prevented 
his  subsequently  encouraging  priest  and  people  by  his 
presence.'  He  did  a  great  work,  however,  in  appoint- 
ing Rev.  Demetrius  Augustine,  Prince  Gallitzin,  as 
vicar-geiieral  of  Western  Pennsylvania. 

Soon  after  becoming  coadjutor  to  Blsliop  Conwell, 
and  administrator  of  the  diocese,  the  Rt.  Rev.  Francis 
Patrick  Kenrick  made  a  thorough  visitation  of  the 
diomse,  finding  in  many  parts  tlie  need  of  a  strict  su- 
pervision. At  an  early  date  he  urged  the  erection  of 
a  new  see  at  Pittsburgh,  offering  to  assume  in  person 
the  task  of  organizing  the  Western  diocese.*  He  re- 
peatedly brought  the  matter  before  the  assembled 
Fathers  of  the  Church  in  council  at  Baltimore,  but  on 


'  For  the  labors  of  tlie  French  priests  see  Catholic  Cliurch  in  Colon'al 
Days.  pp.  01:J-14. 

•Life  and  Times  of  Archbisjio])  Carroll,  p.  654.     Catholic  Church 
1815-1843,  p.  212. 

'  11).,  ii|).  252,  558,  etc.;  Lambing,  "  A  History  of  the  Catholic  Church 
in  the  Dioceses  of  Pitlsburi!;h  an<i  Alle.ffhaiiy,"  p.  45. 

*  Catlioiic  Church,  1815-43,  pji,  .'m9,  etc. 

65 


J".U 


1  »" 

•  it 


Kl'.    KKV,    MI(  !!  VEL  OtONNOH,    UISII      ■  OF  PITTSItl  UOll. 


1     **~-ct»-  ■■"■'rffj 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH 


67 


every  occasion  Bishop  England,  of  Charleston,  raised 
objections  whicli  prevented  tlie  division  of  tlie  diocese. 
It  was  only  at  the  Council  of  Baltimore'  lield  in  1843, 
that  tlie  hierarchy  of  the  United  States  formally  solic- 
ited the  erection  of  a  see  at  Pittsburgh,  To  prepare 
for  the  organization  of  the  new  diocese,  Bishop  Ken- 
rick  sent  to  Pittsburgh,  as  vicar-general,  the  learned 
Rev.  >n^hael  O'Connor,  who  had  been  superior  of  liis 
diocesan  seminary. 

His  Ilolinest  Pope  Gregory  XVI.  yielded  to  the 
wish  of  the  American  bishops,  and  on  the  30th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1843,  Canlinal  Fransoni  wrote,  announcing  the 
erection  of  a  see  it  Pittsburgh,  and  the  election  of 
Rev.  Michael  O'Connor  as  first  bishop.  The  Pope  liad 
already,  on  the  11th  of  Ano:ust,  h  his  brief  "Uni- 
versi  Dominici,"  erected  the  see  of  itsburgh,  assign- 
ing as  its  diocese  Western  Pennsylvania^  according  to 
the  limits  recei\  d  in  the  civil  division  of  the  Stut«. 
St.  Paul's  Church  was  by  the  terms  of  the  brief,  made 
the  Cathedral  Church."  With  no  thought  of  aspiring 
to  a  mitre,  Rev.  Michael  O'Connor  had  gone  to  Rome 
to  solicit  fi'oni  tlie  Sovereign  Pontiff,  to  whom  he  was 
personally  1-'io"i,  permission  to  enter  the  Society  of 
Jesus.     But  '  forbidden  to  rise  till  he  promised 

to  accept  the  see  of  Pittsburgh.  "You  shall  be  a 
bislioi'  st,  and  a  Jesuit  afterward,"  said  Gregory 
XVI.  He  wa-  user  ited  in  the  Church  of  St.  Agatha 
at  Rome,  on  Ifith  oi  August,  Cardinal  Fransoni 

being  ronseerator.' 

Rt.  R<  r.  Mi(  hiipl  O'Connor,  to  whom  the  direction  of 
the  lew  diocese  was  committed,  was  a  remarkable  man. 


'  Coii'ilium  Provincinlo  Baltiniorense  v.,  j     10. 
'Bullarium  do  Proiiasraiulii  Fide  Rome,  v.,  Ai.'x?ndix,  p.  27.    Herniicz, 
"Colcocion  (le  Bulu.*;,"  Bms.sds,  1879,  ii.,  p. 
H'liili.  Ik'iald,  .\i.,  p.  823. 


.  i- 


i<r- 


68 


THE  CHUHCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Born  near  Cork,  Sei»tenjber  27,  IHIO,  he  was  went  at  nil 
early  age  to  Fraiuu'  and  then  entered  the  College  of 
the  Propaganda.  His  defense  of  his  theses  di.sj)lay<Hl 
such  learning  and  ability  that  it  was  a  general  topic  of 
discourse.  Cardinal  Wiseman,  tlienin  lioine,  attested 
the  ability  of  the  young  Irish  seminarian,  who  was 
ordained  June  1,  ''nJ3.  He  was  immediately  ap- 
jtointed  Professor  of  Holy  Scripture  at  the  Propa- 
ganila,  an<l  was  soon  vice-rector  of  the  Irish  Col- 
lege. While  parish  priest  of  Fermoy,  in  1839,  he  ac- 
cepted the  invitation  of  Bishop  Kenrick,  and  became 
professo"'  In  the  Seminary  of  St.  Charles  Borromeo. 
He  did  lu-t  shrink  from  mission  work,  attending  Mor- 
ristown,  and  erecting  the  Church  of  St.  Francis  Xavier 
at  Fairmount. 

After  his  consecration  in  Rome,  Bishop  O'Connor  pro- 
ceeded to  London,  whence  he  addressed  the  Leopold 
Verein,  explaining  the  condition  of  his  diocese,  his 
want  of  priests,  plate,  and  vestments.'  He  also  visited 
Ireland,  obtaiuinu  (jight  seminarians  for  his  diocese  at 
Maynooth,  and  ;i  colony  of  Sisters  of  Mercy,  from  the 
l)ious  foundress  of  that  order.  With  these  auxiliaries 
he  reached  Pittsburgh  on  the  3d  of  December, 

The  designation  of  the  limits  of  the  diocese  was 
vague,  but  it  was  agreed  that  the  new  bishopric  should 
embrace  Bedford,  Huntington,  Clearfield,  I»icKean  and 
Potter  counties,  with  all  west  of  them.  In  this  dis- 
trict there  were  33  churches ;  19  of  them  brick  or  stone, 
the  rest  frame  or  log  structures.  His  priests  num- 
bered 14,  and  the  Catholic  population  was  estimated 
at  45,000,  12,000  being  German  by  origin.  The  Re- 
demptorist    Fathers    were    organizing    the    German 

'  Bishop  O'Connor  to  Archbishop  of  Vienna,  Sept.  26,  1843,  Berichtc 
der  LeoiK)ldinen-Stiftung,  xvii.,  p.  11. 


».jK.»^»  WhUWT^IUfci  -i 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTS BUIiOH.  69 

Oiifholics  of  Pittsbmxli,  at  the  Factory  Church,  and 
Sisters  of  Charity  iiad.cii'ir^re  „f  St.  Paul's  Academy, 
as  whII  as  an  orphan  asylum  and  day  school.' 

After  celebrating  the  midnight  mass  of  Christmas 
in  the  Factory  Churcii,  Hishoi)  O'Connor,  on  the  4th 
of  February,  ordained  the  first  priest  of  the  diocese 
in  tiie  Cathedral.  This  was  Rev.  Thomas  McCuUagh, 
who  had  followed  inm  from  Maynooth,  and  who  has 
left  an  enduring  memory  for  his  untiring  zeal  and 
devotedness." 

Schools  for  the  Cathedral  parish,  and  a  commodious 
residence  for  the  Hishoi)  and  his  clergy  were  soon  in 
progress.  Dr.  O'Connor  felt  it  to  be  his  duty  to  con- 
vene his  clergy  as  soon  as  possible,  and  from  their 
knowledge  of  the  actual  condition  of  the  diocese  to 
establish  statutes  for  its  proper  government.  He  ex- 
pressed the  wish  that  the  Blessed  Virgin  should  be 
honored,  in  liis  diocese,  by  special  devotion,  and 
directed  the  feast  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  to  be 
celebrated  with  solemnity,  and  made  a  day  of  extra- 
onlinary  piety  for  the  faithful.  He  established  a 
council  of  priests,  a  chancery  office,  examiners  of  the 
priesthood,  regulated  faculties,  and  prepared  the  way 
for  permanent  rectorshi  ps.  To  provide  for  a  succession 
of  clergy,  he  appointed  five  priests  to  make  collections 
for  a  diocesan  seminary.  His  statutes  include  specific 
directions  in  regard  to  societies,  rules  for  the  titles  of 
ecclesiastical  property,  the  erection  or  enlargement  of 
chdrches,  andthe  regular  return  of  annual  accounts. 
The  exact  keeping  of  parochial  registers  was  enjoined, 


'  Liunbinff,  pp.  flO-fl'.> ;  Ciitli.  .Vlmanac,  1844.  p.  84.  His  selection  by 
tlu!  Prnpiigimilii  is  .said  to  liuvc  been  communiculod  to  Philadelphia  by  a 
carrier  pigeon,  Catli.  Herald,  xiii.,  p.  'im. 

»  lit.  I^•v.  T.  Mullen,  "  Heniini-iccnees  of  the  Rev.  Tliomas  McCul- 
lagh,"  New  York,  1801  -.U.S.  Cath.  Magazine,  1844.  p.  303. 


n 


M 


■ill 


Ik 


^M 


70 


THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


and  besides  inculciiting  the  necessitj'  of  proper  cute- 
ohiziiig  iuul  religious  instruction  of  the  young,  Bishoj- 
O'Connor  urged  that  Catholic  schools  should  be  estab- 
lished wherever  possible.  The  instructions  for  admin- 
istering the  sacraments  were  clear  and  careful.  These 
statutes  were  promulgated  in  the  Synod  in  .lune, 
184-L'  He  had  already  ordained  other  priests  for  his 
diocese,  and,  attentive  to  the  wants  of  all  classes, 
opened  a  chapel  for  the  colored  Catholics  of  Pitts- 
burgh, began  a  circulating  library,  established  the 
Pittsburgh  Catholic,  and  was  gratified  to  see  progress 
made  in  other  parts  of  the  diocese.' 

St.  Michaers  Seminary  was  opened  in  a  small  build- 
ing at  the  corner  of  Smithlield  Street  and  Virgin  Alley, 
Rev.  Dr.  Richard  II.  Wilson  being  Superioi'.  Humble 
as  it  was,  the  Senunary,  struggling  with  difliculties, 
trained  many  good  priests  for  mission  work." 

One  of  the  attempts  at  Catholic  colonization  was 
made  about  this  time  at  St.  Mary's.  VAk  County,  where 
Messrs.  Mathias  Henzinger  and  J.  Eschbach,  of  Balti- 
more, purchased  a  large  tract  and  founded  an  octag- 
onal town.  Settlers  soon  gathered  from  Germany, 
who  were  from  the  first  attended  by  the  Redemptorist 
Fathers,  but  though  well  managHd,  and  encouraged 
by  the  lunirty  approval  of  tiie  Bishop,  the  town  never 
attained  any  considerable  size.* 

'  Stiilutii  I)i(i>('csis  Pittshurf^unsis  hitii  in  Sj'iiodo  (lificcsaim  Imbita  A.  D. 
1844,  etc.     Piltsl)iii-,!rli,  18.54. 

"  Lamlnu!,'.  p.  02  ;  Di'diniliim  at  lloUidiiystiiiig,  U.  S.  Catli.  Miiga/.iiR', 
iii.,  p.  2(l;i.  Tin.' colored  Ciiapi'l  of  Iho  Nativity  ol'  the  lllessed  Virgin 
prospenMl  till  the  ciicinics  of  triitli  iicr^iiadcd  \lw  \wnr  \n'n]ih'  that  the 
Catholics  a  isemblcd  tlio  negroes  only  to  sell  tlitin  into  slavery  at  the 
.South  !     I.aniliing,  p.  II'"). 

3  Lamhin,',  p.  IW  ;  Piltshtir^'h  ('.iiholie,  v.,  p.  V.Vi. 

*  Die  Colo.iie  St.  Maria  in  Fenii-ylvanien,  N.  .Vnierica.  Hesrensbnrg. 
U.  8.  Cath.  Mairazine,  iv.,  pp.  W'}.  Sd.j  ;  lieriehte  der  Leopoldinen  .Slif- 
tung,  xxiii.,  p.  3'J;  .\xiv.,  pl).  05, 'Ja. 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 


71 


There  was,  liowever,  a  steady  increase  oC  Catliolic 
l).),)ulatioii  tlirougUout  the  diocese,  and  the  spiritual 
wants  of  his  Hock,  now  more  apparent  than  ever  to 
llishop  O'Connor,  induced  him,  in  the  autumn  of  1845, 
to  visit  Europe,  Very  Rev.  J.  A.  Stil linger  acting  as 
administrator  during  his  absence.     His  stay  abroad 
was  a  brief  one.     He  was  again  in  his  cathedral  on  the 
i;3t,h  of  December,  having  brought  from  Cork  a  colony 
of  Presentation  Brothers,  lioping  to  h   ihl  up  a  com- 
munity to  take  charge  of   tlie  Catholic  scliools  for 
boys.     This  order  did  not  prosper,  however,  and  after 
the  sud(k'u  de;Uh  of  two  of  tlie  Brothers  by  liglitning, 
tlie  Presentation   Brothers  left  the  diocese.'      New 
cliurclies  were  starting,  either  to  accommodate  Cath- 
olics who  had  gathered,  or  to  give  more   room   to 
increasing    congregations.      Such    was    tlie    case    at 
(fieeiisburg,  Indiana,  McKeesport,  and  Brady's  Bend. 
On  the  19th  of  June,  Bishop  O'Connor  set  out  on  a 
visitation  of  his  diocese,  which  began  at  St.  Peter's 
Cluu'ch,  Butler,  on  the  21st,   and  was  continued  till 
late  in  the  autumn. 

Citholioity  was  active  in  Pittsburgh.  A  beneficial 
society.  The  Brotherhood  of  St.  Joseph,  had  been  or- 
ganized in  March  and  did  excellent  work.  When  the 
ciry  authorities  altered  the  grade  of  streets  in  a  way 
that  made  the  Cathedral  insecure,  meetings  of  Catli- 
olics  were  held  in  order  to  t.ake  steps  to'secure  the 
old  l)uilding  if  possible,  or  to  replace  it.  The  Sisters 
of  .Mercy  were  prospering  so  that  the  project  of  a 
hospital  was  taken  up,  the  Sisters  offering  to  receive 
patients  in  their  liouse  till  a  building  w;  ,  secured  ;  yet 
the  community  was  able  to  send  off  a  colony  to  Chicago, 
in  September,  under  Sister  Mary  Frances^Vard. 


'  L'.  S.  t'utli.  Miigaziue,  iv.,  ji.  UIO  ;  Lambing,  vi.,  pp.  04.  473. 


72         THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


i 


if 

li, 


On  tlie  30tli  of  SHptember,  Bisliop  O'Connor  again 
assembled  his  clergy  in  a  synod,  which  closed  the  next 
week  with  a  solemn  high  mass  celebi'ated  by  Very 
Rev.  Mr.  Stillinger,  and  a  sermon  by  Very  llev.  Thomas 
Heyden.  Many  of  the  clergy  who  took  part  in  the 
spiritual  retreat  and  synod  attended  the  dedication 
of  St.  Philomena's  Church,  on  the  4th  of  October,  on 
which  occasion  Rt.  Rev.  R.  V.  Whelan,  of  Richmond, 
preached.' 

Important  and  wide-reaching  in  its  results,  not  only 
for  the  diocese  of  Pittsburgh,  but  for  the  Catholic 
Church  in  the  United  States,  was  the  arrival  at  Pitts- 
burgh, on  the  30th  of  September,  of  the  lienedictine 
monk  Dom  Boniface  Wimmer.  Rev.  Peter  Lemcke, 
a  German  priest,  had  been  laboring  for  sev<'ral  years 
in  the  mission  of  Pennsylvania.  His  life  had  been  a 
strange  and  varied  one.  Born  in  Mecklenburg,  of 
Lutheran  parents,  he  grew  up  attached  to  their  sect, 
trained  piously  by  those  who  still  clung  to  the  great 
doctrines  of  Christianity.  Drafted  into  the  army,  he 
fought  under  BIucIhm-  at  Waterloo,  and  returning  to 
his  home  resolved  to  become  a  Lutheran  minister. 
To  his  astonishment  and  dismay  he  found  the  pro- 
fessors to  be  men  who  in  their  classes  ridiculed  every 
religious  point  that  he  had  been  taught  t.>  i)rize.  lie 
was  led  to  study,  and  a  thorough  mastery  of  th<^  works 
of  Luther  convinced  him  that  Almighty  Uod  never 
could  have  chosen  such  a  man  to  work  any  good  in 
his  Church.  Tie  went  to  Bavaria,  where  he  began  to 
study  Catholic  doctrines,  and  was  received  into  the 
Church  by  Bishop  Sailei-.  Having  resolved  to  become 
a  priest,  he  Avent  through  a  course  of  study  and  was 
ordained.     Coming  t;   America  in  18:34,  he  was  sent,  in 

'  I'ill><liiirirli  ('atlidlic.  iii..  pp    liX'  HOO  ;    I'.  S.  Caili.  Mugnziiic,  v.,  p. 
3»o  ;  LiiiiiWng,  190,  3i»!t,  4'Jm,  ot,  IIMI,  .  ic. 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 


73 


time,  as  assistant  to  Prince  Gallitzin,  and  labored  in  the 
missions  of  Western  Pennsylvania.     As  early  as  1885 
he  appealed  in  the  Catholic  papers  of  Germany  to  the 
Benedictines  to  come  to  the  United  States.     He  re- 
turned to  p:iirope  in  1844,  mainly  to  obtain  German 
priests  for  tlie  missions  of  the  diocese  of  Pittsburgh. 
At  Munich  he  met  Dom  Boniface  Wimmer,  a  ]33ne- 
dictine  monk  of  the  ancient  abbey  of  Metten  in  Ba- 
varia, a  religious  whose  thoughts  had  already  turned 
to  the  American  mission.    Rev.  Mr.  Lemcke  offered  him 
a  farm  of  400  acres  which  he  owned  at  Carrolltown. 
Correspondence    with    Bishop    O'Connor    followed. 
Dom  Boniface  could  not  secure  any  jjriests  of  his  or- 
der, but  he  obtained  4  students  and  14  lay  brothers. 
Their  project  was  liberally  aided    by  the    Ludwig 
Verein,  the  Prince  Bishop  of  Municli,  the  Bishop  of 
Linz,   and  others.     After  conducting  his  colony  to 
Carrolltown,   Father  Wimmer  paid   his  respects  to 
Bishop  O'Connor.     That  pi-elate  urged  him  to  accept 
the  estate  at  St.  Vincent's  which  Father  Brouwers 
had  left  to  the  Church  in  the  last  centurj-,  rather  than 
establish  his  monastery  at  Carrolltown      A  visit  to 
the  spot,  accompanied  by  the  Bishop,  decided  Dom 
J^oniface.     The  place  contained  a  brick  church  erected 
by  Rev.  Mr.  Stillinger,  and  dedicated  in  1830,  with  a 
two-story  brick  house  wliich,  tliough  put  up  as  a  pas- 
toral residence,  had  been  an  Academy  of  Sisters  of 
>rercy.     Here,  on  the  19th  of  October,  the  first  com- 
munity of  Benedictine  monks  was  oi-ganized  i.i  the 
school  house.     Father  Wimmer  took  ch:.rge  of  the 
neighboring  congregation  and  was  soon  atlendiitg  sev- 
eral stations.     His  students  were  gradual!  v  ordained, 
and  in  a  few  years  St.  Vincent's  was  declared  by  tlie 
Holy  See  an  ind.^pendent  iiriorv,  and  was  duly  incor- 
porated May  10,  1853.     Prior  Wimmer  showed  great 


!    11 


74         THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ability  and  zeal,   and  from  the  outset  confineil  his 
labors  as  much  as  possible  to  German  congregations.' 

With  the  beginning  of  tlie  year  1847  the  Mercy 
Hospital  opened  in  care  of  the  Sisters,  although  some 
of  the  Protestant  ministers,  jealous  to  see  a  long- 
needed  institution  begun  by  Catholics,  had  set  on 
foot  a  movement  for  a  similiar  institution  of  their 
own.  The  press,  however,  honestly  conjinended  tliose 
who  were  really  doing  God's  work  for  the  sick  and 
afflicted. 

On  the  181  li  of  March  Bishop  O'Connor  proclaimed 
the  Jubilee  granted  to  the  Christian  world,  with  an 
earnest  appeal  to  his  Hock  to  sanc^tify  the  season  of 
Lent  by  a  return  to  God  through  the  avenues  of  grace 
so  freely  olfered.' 

An  interesting  report  of  Bishop  O'Connor  to  the 
Leopold  Association,  pictures  the  contlition  of  his 
diocese  at  the  commencement  of  the  year  184fs,  of 
what  progress  there  was  to  console  ;ni  :ipostolic  lieniM, 
as  well  as  the  difficulties  which  discouraged.  The 
Rodemptorist  Fathers  were  laboring  moi-c  acceptably 
among  the  German  Catholics  ;  the  Beiieflictiiie  priory 
at  St.  AMncent's,  with  8  priests,  10  scholastics,  and 
HO  lay  brothers,  gave  an  earnest  of  future  useful- 
ness, lie  had  in  all  40  priests  in  his  diocese  and 
his  seminary  was  under  the  direction  of  \'ery  Kev.  J. 
E.  Mosetizh,  who  was  also  i)rofessor  of  theology. 

The  aid  received  from  the  Association  had  been 
judiciously  expended  where  the  need  was  greatest.' 

Throughout  his  diocese  not  only  were  churches 
increasing,  but  with  religious  commuuities,  and  zeal- 


'  Fnllicr  ()>\viil(l  Moosimillcr,  "St.  Vinccnz  in  I*('iiii>_vlvaiii('n."    New 
York,  1S7:{.  pp.  2.VJU      .'..ainlniig.  pi).  ;$7;!-;{7!». 
^  Mishop  O'Connor  I'itstoral,  Piitsl)uii.'li  CiUliolic,  iii.,  |>.  4Vi. 
•Ucriflili' (liT  Iii'()pi)lilinin  SiifiuML',  .wii.,  |)  ^'2. 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 


75 


oiis  secular  priests,  the  I'aitliful  were  better  guarded 
in  their  I'aitliand  excited  to  tlie  practice  of  their  Chris- 
tian duties. 

By  tlie  spring  of  1848  a  new  and  commodious  hos- 
pital had  been  erected  on  Stevenson  Street,  near  Penn- 
sylvania Avenue.  A  spirit  of  vile  biogotry  had  en- 
deavored to  prejudice  the  public  against  the  Sisters  of 
Mercy  and  their  hosi)ital,  but  the  people  at  large  had 
seen  Sister  Xavier  Tiernan  lay  down  her  life  attend- 
ing the  sick  au'l  were  convinced.  The  hospital  was 
124  feet  wide  with  two  wings,  each  of  50  feet,  the 
dei.th  being  22  feet.  The  architect,  Haden  Smith, 
Esq.,  has  left  a  reputation  for  skill  in  many  cliurches 
of  tue  diocese.  He  was  a  convert,  whose  entrance 
into  the  fold  of  priests  was  singularly  x>i"ovidential. 

Tils  Irish  Protestant  father,  to  his  last  hour,  had  im- 
bued him  with  prejudices  against  the  Catholics  and 
their  church.  He  warned  him  against  all  intercourse 
or  contact  with  them.  Taking  up  his  residence  in 
one  of  the  Pennsylvania  towns  where  feeling  against 
Catholics  was  extremely  bitter,  he  seemed  as  safe  as 
his  father  could  have  wished.  A  copy  of  Prince 
Gidlitzin's  '•  Defense  of  Catholic  Principles,"  fell  into 
his  hands.  Led  by  curiosity  to  read,  he  became  con- 
vinced, and  was  received  into  the  Church. 

When  Dr.  O'Connor  was  disappointed  in  his  hopes 
of  building  a  comniunity  of  Presentation  Brothers  to 
conduct  the  par(H;hial  schools  for  boys,  he  applied  to 
the  Archbishop  of  Tuam.  Six  B'-otliers  of  the  Third 
Order  of  St.  Francis,  from  the  communities  of  Clifton 
and  Koundstone,  came  over  in  1847  and  began  their 
labors  at  Loretto.  Here,  on  the  27th  of  August,  1848, 
the  corner-stone  of  a  suitable  monastery  was  laid  by 
the  B.shop,  and  on  its  coniplerion  an  academy  was 
opene;V      The   Brotiiers   proved    themselves  able   in- 


.\>sm| 


'M 


J: 


I  r 


\ 


76 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


structors.  Tlieii  coiumunity  piosperetl,  the  academy 
was  incor])orated  as  a  college  in  1854,  and  the  Brothers 
continued  to  do  good  service  in  parochical  schools.' 

Movements  had  been  made  for  churches  in  Alle- 
ghany. St.  Mary's  Church,  a  frame  structure  intended 
for  the  Gernums,  was  erected  by  Very  Rev,  John  E. 
Mosetizh,  V.  G.,  and  dedicated  on  the  17th  of  Decem- 
ber, 1848.  A  lot  was  also  purchased  at  the  corner  of 
Canal  and  Cedar  streets,  by  Rev.  J.  J.  O'Connor,  to 
erect  a  church  for  English-speaking  Catholics.  This 
church  was  solemnly  dedicated  under  the  name  of  St. 
Peter's  in  April,  1850.  Corner-stones  of  churches 
Avere  laid  during  the  year  at  Birmingham,  Sharpsburg, 
Butler,  Ebdusburg,  Carrolltown,  and  a  little  church 
erected  in  Shade  Valley.  The  School  Sisters  of  Notre 
Dame  began  their  work  in  parochial  schools. 

Attempts  were  made  about  this  time  in  Pittsburgh 
to  provoke  Catholics  to  violence  by  vile  denunciations 
in  the  market-house  and  in  the  streets.  Failing  in 
this,  one  of  these  disturbers  of  the  peace  actually  en- 
tered the  Cathedral  on  Sunday,  and  began  to  declaim 
against  images.  But  the  Catholic  body  wisely  re- 
strained themselves,  and  the  authorities,  seeing  the  ob- 
ject of  the  men,  brought  the  nuitter  before  the  Grand 
Jury  of  the  county.  Somewhat  mysteriously  the 
roof  of  the  Cathedral  took  lire  this  same  year,  and 
it  was  suggested  by  some  that  boys  had  probably 
thrown  matches  up  there,  a  feat  which,  considering 
the  height  of  the  diurch  ami  its  elevation  above  the 
sti'eet,  would  have  been  extraordinary.' 


'  l*itt!sbiir};li  Catholic,  v..  p]).  r>'>.  Wi,  106;  Lambing,  pp.  270,  475; 
Ih-owiison's  "  Lifi'  of  PriiKx'  Galiilziii,"  pj).  311-13, 

•-■  l'ittshui-,i,'li  Catliolic,  v.,  jip.  IIHI,  'HT^.  -y.)'!  ;  Lambing,  pp.  259,  345.  31(1, 
441,  4S1),  I'  S.  Caih.  Mni^aziiii',  vii  ,  ji.  43(i,  4S!)  ;  Ho^loii  Calii.  Obsoivcr, 
ii. ,  !>.  'J3  ;  Lambing,  p.  (17.     'I'lu;  burning  of  tlii'  cross  in  the  cinn'iciy  in 


It 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 


77 


During  the  montli  of  November,  1848,  the  Oblates 
of  Mary  Imnmcuhite,  Father  Tehiiou  being  Sui)erior, 
toolc  charge  of  the  diocesan  seminary,  and  a  meeting 
of  tlie  clergy  was  iieUl  at  tlie  Seminary  in  Birmingliam 
on  file  ^2d  of  November.  Resolutions  were  adopted 
tlien  and  similar  ones  later,  to  take  active  measures  to 
sustain  the  institution.  The  Oblate  Fathers  did  not, 
however,  succeed  in  their  numagement  or  renuiin  in 
the  diocese.' 

AiTairs  in  Europe  had  resulted  in  the  imprisonment 
of  the  Pope  in  his  palace  and  his  flight  to  Gaeta. 
Bishop  O'Connor  on  the  5th  of  January,  1849,  in  a 
pastoral,  called  upon  his  clergy  to  offer  a  special 
prayer  for  the  Pope  in  every  mass,  and  ui-ged  the 
faithful  of  the  laity  to  offer  their  prayers  to  God  that 
he  might  speedily  remove  the  calamity  from  His 
Churcli. 

In  February,  1849,  the  exiled  Sovereign  Pontiff 
issued  an  encyclical  in  which  the  successor  of  St. 
Peter  announced  the  steps  taken  in  regard  to  the 
definition  as  a  dogma  of  faith  of  the  universal  belief 
in  the  exemption  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  from  the  stain 
of  original  sin,  and  his  desire  that  every  bishop 
throughout  the  work!  -il'o'ild  make  known  to  him  as 
soon  as  possible  what  de^ifAon  was  entertained  by  the 
clergy  and  people  toward  the  Co;ice])tion  of  the  Im- 
maculate Virgin,  and  what  desire  nuight  >\ti.^t  ^or  the 
<leliniti()n.  On  receiving  the  lettei',  Bi'^-hop  0'Co!;nor, 
who  had,  from  the  erection  of  the  se  ^  ot  Pittslargli, 


1X50  ( Pit  tsbiii-Lrli  ('Mlliolic,  vii,  2:S0.)  was  ii  clciir  imlicntlo''  ;f  a  prevailing 
-pirit,  of  evil  liostilily,  kepi  alive  by  pretended  ex-monks  and  similar 
impostors. 

'Proeeediiiirs  at  I5irn>in,u:liam,  Xov.  22,  1S4S;  at  lIollidaystinr!.'li,  Dec. 
6,  184S.  l'ittsllllr^'ll  Catholie,  v..  jip.  300,  ;i24,  304  ;  Lambinir,  471  ;  Rt. 
Hev.  M.  O'Connor,  Feb.  3,  lS4i'  =n  Beriehte  der  Leopoldiuen  Stiftuug, 
xxv,,  p.  71. 


'in,.;i 


I  .1 


i 


78 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


deilic.'ited  tlie  diocese  to  the  Ulessed  Vir,s>in  Tmmani- 
hite,  issued  a  i)ast()rjil  full  of  piety,  invoking  the 
prayers  of  his  Hock  that  God  would  guide  His  vicar 
on  earth.' 

At  tlie  Council  of  Baltimore  in  May,  Bishop  O'Con- 
nor attested  the  faith  of  his  tlock  and  clergy  in  this 
privilege  of  Mary.  As  some  doubts  existed  in  regard 
to  the  exact  line  of  division  between  the  two  dioceses 
in  Pennsylvania,  a  definite  decree  was  solicited  from 
Rome,  and  Cardinal  Fransoni  as  Prefect,  in  time, 
transuutted  a  decree  of  the  Sacred  Congregation  de 
Propaganda  Fide,  by  which  Bedford,  Huntingdon, 
Blair.  Cleartield,  Elk,  McKean,  and  other  counties, 
and  all  lying  west  of  them,  were  assigned  to  the 
diocese  of  Pittsburgh." 

Very  Rev.  Mr.  Mosetizh  visited  Europe,  and  brought 
back  three  secular  priests  and  a  Carmelite  Father  to 
labor  on  the  German  missions,  with  aid  in  money  and 
other  articles.' 

During  the  ensuing  years  the  diocese  continued  to 
gain,'  but  the  insecurity  of  the  Cathedral  led  to  active 
measures  for  rebuilding  it.  A  system  of  collections 
was  instituted,  and  the  faithful  responded  so  gener- 
ously that  in  the  siimmer   of  1850  the  architect  sub- 

'Bishop  O'Connor,  Pastoral,  Pillslniffili  ("iitliolif,  v.,  p.  340  ;  j:ncy- 
cVu-.a  of  Pope  Pius  TX.,  vi.,  p.  2:5  ;  Pitstonil,  April  T).  1S4!»,  p.  2H. 

''  Dern'tnm  S  foni,'.  dv  Propiiu'iindii  Fide  circa  Piiiliuiiiphii-nRis  el 
Pittsbiirffensis  dia-cescon  tines.  Aujr.  10,  IS-W.  Concilium  Provinciale 
vii.  Hiltimori  Imbitn  Halliin.ire,  IHol.  j).  201.  In  .luly,  tlie  Peter's 
Pence  collected  in  the  diiM-ese  of  l*ittsl)urgn  iunoutited  to  about  ^1000, 
Pittshurjrli  Catholic,  vi..  p.  IfO. 

n'ery  Hiv.  .1.  K.  Mosetizh,  March  20,  1851,  Herichteder  I.eopoldiiien 
Stifturiir.  xxiv.,  p.  50. 

■•  Churches  at  .Sharii-lmrir.  Wilderness,  Brady's  Heiid.  Suniniitville, 
I'niontown,  Gallitzin,  Elk.  Prceport,  Kii/.aheth,  Warren;  I'ittshur.irli 
Catholic,  vi.,  pp.  44.  00,  131.  '^52,  :101  ;  vii.,  p.  181 ;  viii..  p  lT:i ;  Land' 
in;:,  pp.  201,  241,  :i:«>,  425,  etc. 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 


Id 


mitted  plans  for  the  new  edifice.     It  was  to  be  a  Gotliic 
struct iiiv,  plain  rather  than  ornate,  but  grand  in  its 
proportions.    It  was  well  that  the  movement  was  begun 
in  time,  for  on  Tuesday,  May  f  7  SHI,  flames  and  smoke 
were  seen  issuing  from  the  ro., !  of  the  old  Cathedral. 
A  high  wind  made  it  impossible  to  control  the  lire. 
By  the  elforts  of  the  liremen,  theological  students,  and 
clergy,  the  vestments  and  altar  fui-niture  were  saved, 
but  all   else  was   lost.     The  IJishop's  residence  was 
preserved  with  difficulty.     There  was  but  a  trilling  in- 
surance on  the  church,  and  the  faithful  set  to  work  to 
remove  the  ruins  so  as  to  rear  a  new  Cathedral  worthy 
of  their  city.     The  corner-stone  was  laid  on  Trinity 
Sunday,  June  lo,  the  inscription  and  articles  placed 
l)y  Fatlier  Maguire  in   the    old    corner-stone   being 
l)laced  in  the  new  one,  with  others  fitting  the  occasion.' 
A  large  assemblage  gathered  on  the  occasion,  who 
were  addressed  by  A'ery  Rev.  P.  E.  Moriai-ty,  O.  S.  A., 
and   Father   Francis  Seelos,  C.  SS.  R.     The  remains 
of  the  ])ioneer  priests,  Rev.  Messrs.  Maguire,  Kenney, 
McCaffrey,  and  Hoy,  who  had  been  laid  beneath  the 
old  church,  where  they  ministered,  were  reverently 
removed   to   fitting  tombs  in   St.  :Mary's  Cemetery. 
Work  was  at  once  zealously  begun  on  the  new  cathe- 
dral, but,  as  the  means  came  slowly,  it  proved  a  work 
of  years  to  erect  it. 

An  orphan  asylum  under  the  Franciscan  Brothers 
was  opened  about  this  time  at  New  Bedford,  but  was 
subsequently  transferred  to  Sisters  from  Cleveland. 

On  the  21st  of  April,  IS.^S,  the  diocese  sustained  a 
loss  in  the  death  of  Mother  Josephine  Cullen,  Superior 
of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy.  Slic  was  one  of  the  original 
colony  who  came  from   Carlow  in  1843,  and,  though 

'  Pittslxiijri,  Cailiolic,  vii..48,  85,  110;  Fieemuiis  Journal,  June  28, 
l.S")l  ;  Lumbinjr,  pp.  OT-OS,  403. 


>}x 


'••    '1 


80 


THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


gentle  and  meek,  showed  groat  ability,  so  that  at  her 
death  she  had  been  ni  the  head  of  eveiy  institution  in 
the  diocese,  as  well  as  of  the  whole  conununity.       ler 
ability  had  been  displayed  especially  in  the  succeosfu 
direction  of  the  Mercy  Hospital. 

The  increase  of  Catholicity  in  the  western  counties 
of  Pennsylvania  had  convinced  Bishop  O'Coiuior 
that  a  division  was  necessary.  Churches  wen-  still 
going  up,  as  at  Sununitville,  Johnstown,  Meyersdale, 
through  the  zealous  exertions  of  his  priests,  but  niucli 
was  still  to  be  done  in  every  mission  foreducatitm  an<' 
charity.  On  the  IVth  of  March,  IS.Vi,  Bishop  O'Con- 
nor delivered  a  lecture  on  "The  Intluence  of  Catho- 
licity on  the  Civil  Institutions  of  the  United  States." 
This  grand  effort  roused  the  lovers  of  darkness  and 
error.  A  Rev.  Mr.  McOill  attempted  to  answer  tin 
Catholic  orator,  but  only  to  be  crushed  in  a  second 
lecture  on  the  2lst  of  April.'  When  the  Archbishops 
and  Bisliops  of  the  United  States  assembled  in  a 
Plenary  Council  at  Baltimare.  in  May.  18r)2,  Bishop 
O'Connor  proposed  to  the  assembled  Fathers  the  erec- 
tion of  a  see  at  Erie,  and  on  the  13th  of  May  it  was 
resolved  to  pe,titu)n  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  to  erect  a 
see  there,  ikrdinal  Fransoni,  in  his  letter  of  August 
12,  185'^  r.J'UOiinced  that  the  see  of  Erie  had  been 
created,  .(.;■{  that  Rt.  Rev.  Michael  O'Connor  was 
transferred  to  it.  The  Rev.  Josue  M.  Young  was 
elected  Bishop  of  Pittsburgh.' 


•  PittshurKh  rnlliolic.  ix.,  j).  fil  ;  xvii.,  40. 

•■'Coiicilimn  Plciinriiim  Totius  AiixTiriv  S.pt.  Fa>il.  IJiiltiinori   liubi- 
tutn  Anno  \K>'i.  Haltimorc,  1853,  pp.  28,  «a-01. 


f 

i 


r'IIAP"'ER  IV. 


iiiiw- 


4 


DIOCESE  OF  RICHMOND. 
111.  I!EV.  RItHARD  VINCENT  WHELAN,  SECOND   BISHOP,     S43-18fiO. 

WiTw  th-'  I     4e  State  of  Virginia  as  his  diocese,  an<l 
a  spar.x    aud  slender    number  of  Catholics,  Bi> 
Whelan  felt  the  necessity  of  obtaining  candidat- 
the   priesthood  at   home,    wliere   tlieir  future 
would  be  clearly   before  them.     In   1845,   he  i 

\.nle,  "Th.       oe  still  in  our  seminary  near  Richuioud 
I    ir  students  in  theology,  one  in  philosophy,  and  five 
Iters  pursuin«r  tlMJr  preparatory  studies'';  but  the 
next  year  he  was         celled  to  suspend  it.     The  eccle- 
siastical students  '     ,iie  diocese  were  then  trained  at 
Sr.  Mary's  Semiiuiry.  Baltimore,  and  at  Drumcondra. 
St.   Peter's  Church  in  Richmond  was  already  too 
small  for  the  Catholic   body,   so  that   the   Germans 
begun  to  raise  a  fund  for  a  church  of  their  own.     St. 
.lost'ph'.s  Female  Academy  was  thriving  under  the  care 
of  the  Sisters  ol  Charity,  avIio  also  cared  for  the  or- 
plmns.     During  the  year  1845  a  church  was  dedicated 
:ir  Wytheville,  and   the  energ.  ric  priest.   Rev.   Mr. 
Downer,  was  transferred  to  Staunton.     In  a  visit  to 
AVheeling,  Bishop  AVhelan  saw  that  an  active  clergy- 
Miitn  was  needed  there  to  in  fuse  new  life  into  the  Hock, 
erect  a  new      urch,  and  establisli  srhools. 

I'rging  the  faithful  in  a  i)astor;u  to  a  spirit  of  pen- 
ance :uid  ])rayei',  he  recommended  in  a  spe-  ial  majiner 
recourse  to  the  Immaculate  Mother  of  (  ur  Lord,  and 
invited  all  to  enter  the  arc hcon fraternity  of  the  Holy 

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82         THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

and  Immaculate  Heart  of  Mary,  for  the  conversion  of 

sinners.' 

Tlie  condition  of  affairs  at  Wheeling  soon  summoned 
the  Bishop  to  the  western  frontier  of  his  diocese. 
Here  he  saw  that  Catholicity  promised  to  increase, 
but  zeal  and  energy  were  needed  to  build  churches, 
academies,  and  schools.  He  set  to  work  at  once  on  a 
new  church  in  Wheeling.  It  was  to  be  a  massive 
Gothic  structure  of  brick  and  stone.  The  corner-stone 
was  laid  on  the  2d  of  May,  184G,  Bishop  Purcell 
coming  from  Cincinnati,  to  preach  on  the  occasion. 
Adjoining  the  new  church  was  the  mansion  of  Henry 
Morse,  in  which  he  placed  a  colony  of  eight  Visitation 


SIGNATUUE  OF  BISHOP  WHEI.AN. 

Choir  Nuns,  with  several  novices  and  outsisters,  who 
came  to  Wheeling  under  Mother  Mary  Eleanora 
Walsh  as  Superior.  Meanwhile  the  work  on  the 
church  was  pushed,  so  that  on  the  26th  of  November, 
1848,  was  dedicated  the  noble  structure,  138  feet  long 
by  76  in  width,  the  Bishop  of  Cincinnati  again  occu- 
pying the  pulpit ;  the  Visitation  Nuns  and  their 
pupirs,  in  a  room  of  their  convent,  being  separated 
from  the  sanctuary  by  an  iron  grating. 

A  small  brick  church  at  Parkersburg,  a  rising  place, 
a  hundred  miles  down  the  Ohio,  was  soon  begun  by 
the  Bishop. 

In  the  East  the  Sisters  of  Charity  opened  their  or- 
phan asylum  at  Norfolk  in  1848;  at  Wheeling  their 


•  Very  R<!v.  II.  F.  Parke,  in  CatU.  Mirror,  Oct.  20,  1888 ;  U.  S.  Cath. 
Magazine,  iii.,  p.  010;  iv.,  p.  009. 


DIOCESE  OF  RICHMOND. 


83 


school  iM'osperetl  and  had  encouraging  prospects. 
The  Cathedral  at  Richmond  was  menaced  with  de- 
struction on  Good  Friday,  a  candle  having  fallen 
against  some  loose  drapery  at  the  repository,  and  set 
fu-e  to  the  combustible  material.  Rev.  T.  O'Brien 
and  an  acolyte  Avere  badly  burned  in  extinguishing 
tlie  flames.  About  this  time,  too,  Rev.  Mr.  Braun 
collected  the  Germans  and  attempted  to  form  a  sepa- 
rate congregation.' 

Convinced  tluit  the  western  part  of  the  State,  differ- 
ing in  its  natural  features,  showed  greater  induce- 
ments for  Catholics  to  settle,  slave-labor  being  com- 
paratively rare,  and  the  country  rapidly  developing. 
Bishop  Whelan,  on  proceeding  to  the  Seventh  Provin- 
cial Council  of  Baltimore,  found  the  Archbishop  and 
his  suffragans  iiiclined  to  urge  the  erection  of  a  new 
see  at  Wheeling.  He  submitted  without  opposing  or 
approving  the  measure  and  the  Fathers  of  the  Coun- 
cil applied  to  the  Holy  See  to  carry  out  their  wish. 
Tlie  see  of  Whteling  was  accordingly  erected  on  the 
2;3d  of  July,  I80O. 

After  the  close  of  the  Council,  Bishop  Whelan  made 
a  visitation  to  Warrentown,  AVinchester,  Harpers 
Ferry,  Marti usburg,  and  Bath. 

On  receiving  oflicial  notice  of  the  erection  of 
the  see  of  Wheeling,  and  his  own  translation 
to  it,  Bishop  Whelan  was  duly  installed.  Dur- 
ing his  nine  years'  term  as  Bishop  of  Richmond, 
tlie  number  of  the  faithful,  of  priests,  and  churches 
had  doubled ;  schools  and  academies  had  been 
established. 


'  Bisliop  AVljelnn  to  Archbishop  Ec-chwton,  May  5,  1848  ;  Very  Rev. 
H.  F.  Piirko,  "  DiiBois  series  iii."  U.  8.  Cnth.  Magazine,  vi..  p.  898- 
vii.,  pp.  159,  104,  Pittsburch  Catholic,  v.,  pp.  63,  318;  Freeman's 
Joiinml,  Dec.  33.  1848;  Keiley,  p.  11. 


% 


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r?5T 


84        THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


RT,    KP:V.    JOHN   M  gill,    third   bishop   of   RICHMOND, 

1850-53. 

By  the  action  of  the  Holy  See  tlie  diocese  of  Rich- 
mond was  restricted  to  the  eastern  part  of  the  State, 
and  the  valley  formed  by  tlie  Alleghany  and  Blue 
Ridge  mountains,  as  far  as  Monroe  County,  where 
it  crossed  the  valley  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  following  the 
limits  of  Monroe,  Giles,  and  Montgomery  counties, 
and  thence  along  the  Blue  Ridge  to  the  State  line." 

The  priest  selected  to  become  third  Bishop  of  Rich- 
mond was  the  Rev.   John  McGill,  of  the  diocese  of 


<:^y^)i^  ^ 


^^<^.^;=::> 


%\ 


SIGNATURE  OF  BISHOP  M'GILL. 

Louisville,  trained  by  the  venerable  Bishop  David. 
He  was  a  native  of  Philadelphia,  born  there  November 
4,  1809,  his  parents,  natives  of  Ireland,  iiaving  niade 
that  city  their  iirst  home.  Tliey  removed  to  Kentucky 
in  1828,  and  two  years  afterward  John  entered  St. 
.loseph's  College.  After  being  graduated  he  studied 
law,  and  seemed  to  possess  all  qualitications  for  suc- 
cess in  his  profession,  but  he  renounced  all  and  en- 
tered the  diocesan  seminnrJ^  As  pastor  (tf  St.  Pe. 
ter's,  Lexington,  and  assistant  at  St.  Louis'  Church, 
Louisville,  he  won  esteem  for  his  faitliful  and  zealous 
ministry.  Becoming  editor  of  the  Catholic  Advocate, 
he  made  a  reputation  as  a  clear,  convincing  writer. 


'  U.  S.  Calli,  Maira/.ine,  viii.,  j).  550  ;   V\\W\.  Alniaiiuc,  ]H51,  p    l-,'0. 


Il         t 


UT.    ItKV.    JOIUN    MOOILL,    TJUJIU  UltiUor  OF  lUCJIMOKD. 


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86        THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

He  drove  from  the  field  Ji  league  of  Protestant  minis- 
ters, wrote  an  able  (M'iticisni  on  Macanlay's  England, 
and  by  a  translation  of  Audin's  Life  of  Calvin,  made 
acceptable  to  English  readers  the  real  life  of  the 
founder  of  Presbyterian,  Congregationalist,  Reformed 
German,  and  Dutch  churches. 

At  the  time  of  his  appointment  to  the  see  of  Rich- 
mond he  was  vicar-general  of  the  Diocese  of  Louis- 
ville. He  was  consecrated  by  Archbishop  Kenrick,  of 
St,  Louis,  on  the  10th  of  November,  1850,  in  St. 
Joseph's  Church,  Bardstown,  where  he  had  made  his 
first  communion  and  received  the  holy  orders. 

Bishop  McGill  found  in  tlie  diocese  placed  under 
Ills  care  ten  churches  and  eight  priests,  one.  Rev. 
Edward  Fox,  who  had  labored  with  great  zeal  and 
proilt  at  Lynchburg,  having  died  on  the  3d  of  August. 
But  he  liad  earnest  and  tried  workers  in  Revs.  D. 
Downey,  Thomas  Mulvey,  Francis  Devlin,  and  Joseph 
H.  Plu'idvett. 

The  Jesuit  Fathers  from  Georgetown,  among  others 
Rev.  John  E.  Paulhuber,  had  charge  of  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Richmond,  erected  for  the  Germans,  of  whom 
there  were  seven  or  eight  hundred  in  the  city.  The 
Bishop  found  the  Cathedral,  residence,  and  Sisters' 
house  loaded  with  heavy  debts,  claimed  to  be  due  to 
the  resident  priest.  This  presented  a  financial  diffi- 
culty for  which  lie  was  unprepared  and  without  re- 
sources to  meet,  while  he  felt  that  the  wants  of  the 
faithful  in  other  i)arts  of  his  diocese  needed  care  and 
assistance.' 


'  Bishop  McGlll  to  Archbishop  Ecclcston.  Dec.   19,  1850 ;  CaUi.  Al- 
niunac,  IST)!,  pp.  120-21. 


CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE  OF  WHEELING. 
RT.  REV.  RICHARD  VINCENT  WHELAN,  FIRST  BISHOP.  1850. 

As  erected  by  the  bull  of  July  23,  1850,  the  Diocese 
of  Wheeling  comprised  that  part  of  the  State  of  Vir- 
ginia lying  v.-est  of  Maryland  and  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  north  of  Monroe  County,  and  thence  fol- 
lowing the  lines  of  Monroe,  Giles,  Montgomery,  Floyd, 
and  Grayson  counties.  This  district  had  two 'priests,' 
and  there  were  four  churches— St.  James's,  Wheel- 
ing, which  became  the  Cathedral ;  the  church  nearly 
completed  at  Parkersburg,  and  already  used  ;  St 
Patrick's,  at  Weston;  St.  John's,  at  Summers'ville! 
There  was  also  a  log  chapel  near  the  Gernuin  settle- 
ment of  Kingwood.  The  Convent  of  the  Visitation, 
with  its  prosperous  academj',  was  the  great  educa- 
tional institution  of  the  diocese. 

Bishop  Whelan  opened  a  seminary  in  his  house, 
and  soon  had  six  theological  students.  A  boys' 
soliool  was  established  at  the  Cathedral.  Churches 
and  chapels  were  projected  at  Taylor  County,  at 
Braxton  Courthouse,  Union,  Sweet  Springs,  and  Taze- 
well Courthouse.  The  whole  Catholic  population  of 
the  new  diocese  was  estimated  at  only  5000.  For 
this  flock  not  much  was  apparently  required,  but  the 
earnest  bishoi)  J^uilt  and  planned  for  the  future.  It 
was  his  favorite  policy  to  plant  priests  and  schools  in 
young  and  growing  towns,  securing  eligible  sites  be- 
fore prices  ran  up. 

87 


88 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Til  IS;')!  he  onlaitied  Rev.  John  Brazill  unci  Rev.  IT. 
F.  Parke,  wlio  resided  at  the  Cathedral,  the  former 
attending  the  I*an  Handle  district,  the  latter  the  lower 
Ohio  Valley,  German  settlers  were  gathering  in 
Preston,  Doddridge,  and  Marshall  counties,  and  Irisij 
settlers  soon  took  up  their  residence  in  the  adjoining 
counties.  These  latter  missions  were  soon  i)laced 
under  the  care  of  Rev.  Bartholomew  Stack,  who  took 
np  his  residence  at  Weston,  while  tlie  Rev.  Stephen 
Iluber,  attached  to  the  Cathedral,  attended  the  Ger- 
man missions.  Rev.  H.  F.  Parke  was  soon  placed  at 
Wytheville  with  the  care  of  the  Catholics  for  a  hun- 
dred miles  along  tlie  Virginia  and  Tennessee  railroad. 
His  mission  extended  to  several  other  counties.  Tn 
Carroll  County  he  found  that  Colonel  John  Carroll, 
who  had  given  his  name  to  the  county,  and  repre- 
sented it  for  fourteen  years  in  the  Liegislature,  had 
not  lost  the  faith,  but  had  not  lived  up  to  his  duties. 
The  Colonel  had  never  married,  his  aged  sister,  Miss 
Margaret,  keeping  house  for  him.  In  the  fall  of  1863, 
on  las  return  from  his  third  quarterly  visit  to  the 
Sweet  Springs  Mission,  on  reaching  Tazewell  Court- 
house, Mr.  Parke  found  a  sick  call  awaiting  him. 
The  letter  was  from  Colonel  John  Carroll,  wlio  stated 
that  Miss  Margaret,  his  sister,  was  about  to  submit  to 
a  dangerous  surgical  operation,  but  wished  first  to 
receive   the  sacraments. 

The  letter  had  been  forwarded  from  Wytheville  to 
Tazewell  Courthouse  during  the  pastor's  absence, 
ninety  miles  from  the  latter  point.  No  time  was  lost : 
the  other  seventy-five  miles  of  road  were  soon  got 
over;  the  lady  found  alive,  but  sinking.  An  altar 
was  rai-sed,  tlie  last  rites  administered,  and  at  her 
request  a  slave  man.  William,  prepared  by  her,  was 
admitted  to  baptism.     His  .sponsors  were  Miss  Carroll 


DIOCESE  OF  WHEELING. 


89 


i.ncl  anotlier  slave  man,  Alexander,  who  had  also  been 
l)rei.ared  by  her  and  admitted  to  baptism  in  Wvthe 
ville  by  Rev  M.  TnfFer,  S.  J.  Salvation  that  da/ htl 
rernrned  to  the  Carroll  house.  At  Mr  Parke's  next 
visit  Its  brightest  light  was  no  longer  visible-the 
slaves  wej.t  the  neighbors  wept-the  dispenser  of 
boundless  chanties  and  kindly  acts,  Miss  Margaret 
had  expired.  °        ' 

Soon  after  Rev  Mr.  Mosblech  began   to  plan   the 
erection  of  a  church  for  the  Germans  in  Wheeling.' 

'  Cjm..  Almanac,  1851,  pp.  122-134  ;  VoTR^H^^kT^Ti^i^. 
|ml     .n«.t  Whehu,   Bishop."  v..  vi.  ;    -.Glimpsc-s  into  tl.e  Histor^of 
he  Ol.l  Donnnion  fhurch,"  etc.  ;  Frecnmn's  Journal    June  2"   1850 
Pittsburgh  Ciitliolic,  vii.,  p.  12a.  '    °^"  ' 


.■  ■  i 


Ml 


■  i , 


CHAPTER  VT. 

DIOCESE    OP   CHARLESTON. 

BT.  REV.  IGNATIUS  ALOY8IU8  llEYNOLDH,  D.  D.,  SECOND   DISHOP, 

1844-1852. 

TiiK  priest  selected  to  occupy  the  see  of  Cliarlestoii- 
as  successor  to  the  great  Bishop,  lit.  Rev.  Joliu  Eng- 
land, was  the  Very  Rev.  Ignatius  Aloysius  Reynolds, 
vicar-general  of  the  diocese  of  Louisville.  He  was  a 
native  of  Kentucky,  born  of  Maryland  parents  a  few 
miles  from  Bardstown,  August  22,  171)8.  After  coni- 
mencing  his  divinity  studies  in  the  theological  semi- 
nary of  the  diocese,  he  proceeded  to  St.  Mary's,  Balti- 
more, and  on  completing  his  course  he  was  ordained 
by  Archbishop  Marochal,  October  24,  1823.  Bishop 
Flaget  made  the  young  priest  president  of  St.  Jo- 
seph's College,  and  sub.sequently  called  him  to  occupy 
the  chair  of  theology  in  the  seminary,  vacant  by  the 
promotion  of  I)r.  Kenrick.  To  his  duties  as  president 
anil  professor  he  added  mission  work,  and,  in  times  of 
dangerous  disease,  was  untiring  in  his  ministry.  His 
selection  as  vicar-general  of  the  diocese  shows  how 
highly  Bishop  Flaget  appreciated  his  learning,  ability, 

and  zeal. 

Bishop  Reynolds,  of  Charleston,  and  Bishop  Henni, 
of  Milwaukee,  were  both  i-onsecrated  in  the  Ctithedral 
of  Cincinnati,  on  the  feast  of  St.  Joseph,  March  IS), 
1844.  Rt.  Rev.  John  B.  Purcell,  Bishop  of  Cincin- 
nati, was  consecrating  Bishop,  assisted  by  Rt.  Rev. 
Richard  P.  Miles,  of  Nasliville,  and  Rt.  Rev.  Michael 
O'Connor,  of  Pittsburgh.     The  venerable  Bishop  Fla- 

90 


m^'i 


nX,    UEV.    IGNATIUS   ALOYSIUS   HKVNOI.Df! 


SIXOXD  It! 


OF  CIIAIILKSTON. 


AV' 

M 

nr 

li 

t,\ 

•■■v 

93 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


get  owupi^'d  !i  pliK^H  ill  the  .sjinctiiiii'y.  and  iit  tlie  rloae 
of  the  services  iiddressed  the  cungregatioii  on  the 
growth  of  the  Cliurch,  whicli  he  hud  witnessed  in  tlie 
West. 

Bishop  Ueynohls  pnxreeded  sit  once  to  his  new  fiehl 
of  hibor.  lie  iirriv'tnl  in  Charleston,  where  lit;  was  wel- 
comed by  the  vestries  of  the  chnrches  and  by  the 
clergy.  The  next  day  being  Maundy  Thursday,  he 
celebrated  the  pontifical  high  mass  in  the  Cathedral, 
and  blessed  the  holy  oils.  The  Ursulines  and  Sisters 
of  Our  Lady  of  Mercy  also  received  his  encouraging 
visit.  In  his  pastoral  he  alluded  touchingly  to  Jiisiio]* 
England,  "our  illustrious,  venerated,  ever  to  be  re- 
niend)ered,  and  ever  lame  ued  predecessor.  Though 
unworthy,  we  succeed  to  his  ministry,  and  to  his  au- 
thority among  you.  Oh,  that  when  he  ascended  to 
his  rest,  the  mantle  of  his  virtues  and  the  gift  of  his 
eloquence  had  fallen  upon  us!" 

The  general  condition  of  the  diocese,  and  of  the 
churches  and  institutions,  required  his  first  care. 
Great  fis  had  been  the  exertions  of  Bishop  Kngland, 
and  of  Very  Rev.  Mr.  leaker,  the  condition  of  alTairs 
was  disheartening.  There  was  still  a  debt  of  >;14, ()()() 
besides  annuities.  The  cathedral  could  hold  but  a  few 
hundred  people,  and  with  its  site  was  not  appraised 
at  ^lO.OOO  by  competent  men.  Many  of  the  churches 
were  of  the  poorest  description.  With  the  Catholics 
of  three  States  looking  to  him  for  encouragement  and 
guidance,  he  felt  the  weight  of  the  burden  impostnl 
upon  him.  lie  dedicated  St.  PauT.s  Church,  New 
Berne,  November  10.  1H44,  visited  Washington  and 
Wilmington,  also  in  North  Carolina.  His  spi-ing  vis- 
itation, upon  whi(!h  he  set  out  March  24,  1845,  began 
at  Savannah,  was  continued  at  Macon,  Augusta,  and 
Columbus,    in   (Georgia,  in    June;   extended   through 


■  1 


DIOCESE  OF  CHARLESTON.  08 

North  Carolina  in  the  following  month.  He  tledi- 
rated  clinrclics  in  Lincoln  County,  N.  C  •  Cheraw 
S.  (J.,  and  \Va!k..rlmio.,gh.  The  poor  and  Mtniirt-linM- 
('on,UTe«ation.s  in  xNorth  Carolina  welcomed  hin.  in  the 
early  autumn  months,  when  lie  visited  Raleigh  F-iv- 
etteville,  Warsaw,  and  Wilnun-ton.'  "The'tliree 
States  eomi>risinir  this  dioeese  cM.tain  a  population  of 
^',u()(M)()(),  lucludin- persons  of  color  and  slaves  ;  and 
ot  fins  population  not  more  than  15>,()()0  are  C-.th- 
..li.'s  rountinjr  children,  slaves,  and  colored  persons 
Ot  the  Catholics,  very  few  are  wealthy,  and  of  these 
\^ss-.  some,  alas!  are  only  nondnal  n.end,ers  of  the 
Church.       Catholics  in  that  State,  and  in  the  diocese 

8I0NATUUE  OK  UISIIOI'  HICVNOLDS. 

of  Charleston,  ha<l   lost  a  pillar  of  strength  by  the 
death  of  Hon.  William  Gaston,  the  utddendshed  jud.re 
ot  the  Supreme  Court,  who  died  January  %\  ]844      hi 
(leorgia  the  prospect  was  more  encouragin.r      Rev   J 
F.  0-Neill  erected  a  line  orphan  asylum  and  Mchool,"  of 
winch  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  assumed  the  charge  in  the 
•spring  of  1845,  with  Mother  Mary  Vincent  as  Superior 
Although  encouraged  by  the  acquisition  of  a  church 
at  St.  Mary's,  Ga.,  and  the  erection  of  others  at  New 
Jierne,  N.  C,  and  Washington,  Ga.,  Bishop  Reynolds 


'  Oath    A(lvoc«le.   x..  p.  8.57;   I{,.v.  J.J.  OTonnell.  "  Calliolidtv 

til.'  ( .ii-chims  aiul  GcofKia."  New  V,.,k,  187!)   p    105  p„.  ^ 


iu 


•  in  lH4(i  Ins  esliinatc  was  l„w,.r.  yooo  to  10.000  Catholics 
<l(i-  Lcopoltliiifii  Stiftung,  x.\i.,  p.  :>3. 


, ,'  I  V.I 


Borichte 


94        THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

saw  that  help  from  abroad,  in  priests  and  means,  was 
necessary  to  keep  the  faith  alive,  one  of  his  priests, 
Rev,  Thomas  Maloney,  dying  soon  after  his  arrival. 
His  visitations  confirmed  this  opinion. 

The  Bishop  of  Charleston  accordingly  resolved  to 
visit  the  Old  World  and  appeal  to  the  organizations, 
clergy,  and  faithful  of  the  Catholic  lands  for  aid.  He 
reached  Paris  in  July,  1845,  and  at  once  devoted  him- 
self to  the  object  of  his  voyage.  He  met,  however, 
with  very  little  en'rouragement  or  success.  By  Octo- 
ber he  was  in  Maryland,  and  after  making  a  spiritual 
retreai,  he  addressed  lus  tiock.  If  means  could  not  be 
obtained  to  effect  all  the  good  he  saw  possible,  he  must 
be  content  to  accomplish  what  lay  in  the  power  of  his 
zeal  and  industry.  He  invited  his  clergy  to  a  spiritual 
retreat  in  December,  to  draw  down  on  all  their  labors 
the  blessing  of  God.  In  the  Synod  which  followed 
he  would  have  renewed  the  statutes  promulgated  by 
Bishop  England  in  1831,  but  no  copy  could  be  found. 
The  Councils  of  Baltimore,  and  the  Constitution  of 
the  Catholic  Church,  adopted  by  Bishop  England, 
were  to  be  observed.  Tlie  necessity  of  erecting  a  suit- 
able cathedral  and  of  sustaining  the  Catholic  Miscel- 
lany were  taken  up,  and  the  Bishop  announced  his 
intfUtion  of  collecting  and  publishing  the  writings  of 
Bisliop  England,  aided  in  editing  them  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Lynch.' 

We  trace  Bishop  Reynolds  in  his  constant  visita- 
tions during  the  year  1846 :  at  Savannah  in  March, 
and  continuing  till  November,  when  l)e  H^licated  the 
church  at  Beaufort,  due   in  a  great  measure  to  the 


'  Ciitli.  Advociitc,  ix.,  pp.  68-37S  ;  x..  p.  387  ;  U.  S.  Cath.  Miiirnzlno, 
iv..  pp.  W,  2(18,  338.  541,  745  ;  Ciitli.  Henilil,  xii.,  pp.  55,  100,  180.  300, 
3(i3,  397  :  Frceiimit's  Journal,  iv.,  p.  317  ;  v.,  p.  ISO  ;  vi.,  pr  109,  530. 
I  cniinot  tliid  that  the  Synod  of  1845  was  over  printed. 


w 


DIOCESE  OF  CHARLESTON. 


95 


Christian  zeal  and  generosity  of  Michael  O'Connor, 
Esq.  But  he  overtasked  his  strength,  and  was  pros- 
trated by  a  dangerous  illness.  To  his  consolation,  he 
recovered  sufficiently  to  celebrate  a  low  mass  in  pri- 
vate on  Christmas  Day. 

Feeling  that  the  religious  communities  could  not 
succeed,  Bishop  Reynolds,  in  1847,  persuaded  the  Ur- 
suline  Nuns  to  remove  to  Covington,  Ky.,  where  they 
acquired  the  Montgomery  mansion  and  opened  an 
academy.      The  community  at  this  time  comprised 
7  professed  Sisters  and  2  novices.     Tlie  Catholics  of 
Cliarleston  diocese  with  great  sorrow  saw  the  nuns 
dei)art,  bu:  the  Bishop  deeniod  it  necessary  to  con- 
centrate all  the  means  and  resources  of  the  diocese  in 
the  erection  of  a  suitable  cathedral.     In  May,  1847, 
he  assembled  his  priestj      jr  a  retreat,  and,  in  the 
Synod  which  followed,  urged  them  to  strenuous  exer- 
tions to  this  end  and  to  the  support  of  the  Catholic 
Miscellany.     The  Leopold  Association  gave  him  aid  to 
sustain  his  seminary  and  go  on  with  his  cathedral. 
The  last  of  these  projects  seemed  to  absorb  all  his 
energy,  yet  it  was  not  until  the  30th  of  July,  1850, 
that  he  was  able  to  lay  the  corner-stone  on  the  site 
secured  by  his  predecessor.     Bishop  Reynolds  was 
attended  by  Rev.   Drs.   Lynch  and   Corcoran,  eight 
other  priests,  and  the  students  of  the  diocesan  semi- 
nary.    The  new  edifice  was  to  be  under  the  invocation 
of  St.  John  the  Baptist  and  St.  Finbar.     A  sermon 
was  delivered  on  the  occasion  by  the  eloquent  Augus- 
tinian,  Very  Rev.  P.  E.  Moriarty.' 

Although  struggling  with  great  difficulties.  Bishop 
Reynolds   oi)posed    souih  of  the  popular  modes  of 


'  Ficciniins  Journal,  vi.,  p.  302  ;    U, 
S97,  507  ;  ("iilli.  Advocate,  ii.,  p.  ;{»7. 


S.  CalU.  Magazine,  vi.,  pp.  .'il. 


90 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


raising  money  for  churcli  purposes,  and  laid  down 
strict  rules  for  the  nuiiuigeuient  of  fairs,  wliicli  he 
regarded  as  tlie  least  objectionable  method. 

In  the  year  1850,  at  the  solicitation  of  tlie  Seventh 
Council  of  Baltimore,  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  relieved 
Bishop  Reynolds  of  part  of  his  large  diocese  by  erect- 
ing an  episcopal  see  at  Savannaii,  with  jurisdiction 
over  the  State  of  Georgia  and  of  Florida,  lying  east  of 
the  Appalachicola  River.  The  two  Carolinas  became 
henceforward  the  diocese  of  Charleston,  with  a  popu- 
lation estimated  at  8000.  There  were  difficulties  at 
Augusta  and  Savannah  which  required  a  bishop  in 
that  State. 

When  the  infamous  Leahy  visited  Charleston  to 
•  deliver  his  revolting  and  cijlumnious  lectures  against 
tiie  Church,  accusing  the  Catholic  clergy  and  religion 
of  gross  immorality.  Bishop  Reynolds  inserted  in  the 
Charleston  Mercury  a  circular  to  his  people,  begging 
them,  through  the  charity  of  Christ,  to  bear  this  insult 
offered  to  their  devoted  clergy,  to  themselves,  their 
wives  and  daughters, — dearer  to  them  than  life  itself, 
— with  Christian  meekness  and  sentiments  of  kindly 
compassion  for  tlie  one  wiio  offered  it.  He  besought 
all  to  remain  away  from  tlie  lectures,  to  avoid  contro- 
versy, and  do  nothing  which  could  alford  a  pretext  for 
distui'bance.' 

In  May,  Rev.  T.  Birmingham  was  approadiing  Ab- 
beville. S.  C,  in  his  regular  mission  tour,  when  lie 
perceived  a  great  crowd,  and  heard  that  a  man  was 
about  to  be  hung.  He  hastened  to  the  spot  and  ob- 
tained leave  to  minister  to  the  wretched  man.  Find- 
ing that  lie  was  contrite  and  well  disposed,  he  next 

'  Hi'hop  Ri-ynolds  to  .\rclil)islii)[)  Ecclcston.  .luiip  29,  1H.50:  Boriclitc, 
xxiii.;  Frcciimii's  .loiinial,  Atiir.  10.  1850:  .Imic  2!{.  1H49  ;  ^[iircli  27, 
1852;    Ul.  Hi'V.J.  A.  Hc'Viiolds.  Ciniiliir,  Marcli  l.j,  18.52. 


OCESE  OP  CHARLESTON. 


97 


iiiquirea  whether  he  hail  ever  been  baptized  On 
learning  that  lie  luid  not,  he  gave  him  the  neces- 
sary instruction  and  baptized  him.  The  nnfortunate 
man,  when  lie  reached  the  scaflFold,  had  asked  for  a 
minister  of  religion  to  attend  him,  and  God  in  His 
providence  sent  one  at  the  very  moment  of  need 
The  devotedness  of  the  Catholic  priest  was  the  best 
answer  to  the  calumnies  of  worthless  men,' 

Bishop  Reynolds,  in  1851,  found  it  impossible  to 
maintain  the  Seminary  of  St.  John  the  Bai)tist,  which 
had  furnished  sixty  priests  to  the  diocese.     The  stu 
dents  were,  after  that  time,  sent  to  institutions  in  the 
Lnited  States  or  abroad. 

Conversions  encouraged  bishop  and  priests  in  their 
laborious  missions.     The  family  of  C.  B.  Northrop 
embmced  the  faith,  Mrs.  Bellinger,  adanghter,  being 
the  hist.     Two   of  the   family  became   priests,   one 
now  wearing  the  mitre  of  Charleston.     General  A  H 
Brisbane,  who  commanded  a  company  of  Catholic  vol- 
unteers in  Florida,   struck  by  their  faith  and  their 
preservation,  was  led  to  the  Church.'    A  more  curious 
conversion  was  that  of  Thornton,  a  colored  man  who 
acted  as  the  servant  of  Bisliop  Reynolds  during  the 
week.     Being  a  bright,  intelligent  man,  he  had  become 
a  preacher  among  his  own  people.     His  plan  was  to 
listen  every  Sun.lay  to  the  clear,  slowly  delivered  ser- 
mons of  the  Bishop,  and  repeat  them  in  the  evenino- 
lor  his  own  congregation.     When  there  was  anythin"- 
tliat  he  could  not  understand,  or  which  clashed  with 
what  had  been  taught,  he  went  to  the  Bishop  for  an 
.'xplanution  and  frequently  for  an  argument.     Bishop 
Keynohls^ook  pains  io  make  the  doctrines  of  the 

'  F.y.'mMn's.Iour„alJu„e  12,  ISSsTRe^l^i^liTc^rrol?;;,;;^^ 
1.    H..1      Fn.o,„,.ms   lourn.l.  vi.,  p.  803;    U.  S.  C,,,!,.  Almanac,  1848. 
I>  l.)l  :  ni-nc'hte  der  Leopoliliucn  Siiftiinjx,  xxi.,  p.  20. 


film 

II' 


' 


98 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Church  clear  and  distinct,  and  before  long  Preacher 
Thornton  asked  to  be  fully  instructed  and  baptized. 
His  edifying  li- j  proved  the  solidity  of  his  faith. 
For  Bishop  Reynolds  he  had  the  deepest  venera- 
tion, and  he  left  all  he  had  to  help  to  complete  the 
Cathedral.'  Another  convert  was  the  gifted  poet, 
Howard  Hayne  Caldwell. 

'  O'Connell,  "  Catholicity  in  tlie  Cnrolinas  and  Georgia,"  pp.  109,  111, 
117,  181,  203. 


f 

ii 

I  I'M  li. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

DIOCESE  OF  SAVANNAH. 

RT.  REV.  FRANCIS  XAVIER  OARTLAND,  D.  D.,  FIRST  BISHOP 

1850-1862.  ' 

On  the  19th  of  July,  1860,  Pope  Pius  IX.,  at  the 
solicitation  of  the  Fathers  of  the  Seventh  Council  of 
Baltimore,  divided  the  diocese  of  Charleston,  and 
erected  an  episcopal  see  at  Savannah.  The  new 
diocese  comprised  the  State  of  Georgia  and  eastern 
Florida,  extending  from  the  j»  ^.lantic  to  the  Appa- 
lachicola  River.  The  ancient  realm  of  Florida— which 
had  been  successively  part  of  the  dioceses  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba,  Havana,  New  Orleans  ;  tlien  of  Mobile,  the 
city  erected  by  the  French  to  rival  St.  Augustine ; 
next  of  Charleston— thus  became  at  last  a  dependence 
of  a  see  erected  in  that  very  Georgia  whence  Ogle- 
thorpe's charter  excluded  Catholicity,  as  he  hoped, 
f  orevei". ' 

This  new  diocese  of  Savannah  contained  twelve 
ehurclies,  or  rather  chapels,  at  Savannah,  Augusta, 
Locustgrove,  Washington,  Macon,  Atlanta,  Columbus, 
and  St.  Mary's  in  Georgia ;  three  in  Florida,  at  St 
Augustine,  Key  West,  and  Tallahassee.  The  institu- 
tions were  an  academy  and  an  orphnn  asylum  at 
Savannah  under  the  Sisters  of  Mercy ;  a  day-school 
and  asylum  at  Augusta  under  Very  Rev.  John  Barry 


'  ronciliu  Provinciftlia  Baltimori  liabitii  1829-1849.     Baltimore   lSr>\ 
p.  289.    CaiiHnal  Fransoni  to  Arclibishop  Ecclcston,  Aug  9,  1850. '  Hcr- 
nacz.  ■'  Coleccioii  de  Bulas,"  ii.,  p.  809. 

00 


'  :■*! 


rrV-- 


m 


I 


RT.    nEV.    F.    X.    QARTLA^SD,    FIUST  BIBHOP  OP  8AVANNAU. 


DIOCESE  OF  SA  VA  NNAH.  loi 

The  Chnrcli  in  Suvannali  had  been  built  up  bv  the 

Jvi  T\  '^«^"^«^!"«««  "f  «ev.  Jeremiah  Francis 
OXeil,  &r  a  native  of  County  Kerry,  Ireland,  who 
had  labored  there  from  about  the  year  1832,  erecting 
tlie  substantial  brick  church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist 
and  making  himself  poor  and  homeless  to  build  a 
house  for  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  and  their  orphans  ■ 

The  clergyman  Hi-st  selected  for  the  new  see  was  the 
Very  Rev.  John  0  Dvvyer,  of  the  Order  of  St.  Au-us 
tine,  whose  virtues  and  talents  seemed  to  fit  him^for 
the  successful  organization  of  the  Church  in  Georcri-i 
Betore  his  consecration,  however,  he  was  struck  with 
a  mental  malady,  which  made  it  necessary  to  place 
liim  in  an  asylum.     A  new  choice  had  to  be  niade 
and  Rev.  F.  X.  Gartland,  one  of  the  three  recommended 
by  Bishop  Reynolds,  was  selected  at  Rome  ' 

The  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  Xavier  Gartland,  thus  chosen 
by  the  Pope  to  organize  the  new  diocese,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Dublin,  born  m  that  city  in  1805.     Coming 
with  his  parents  to  the  United  States,  he  was  left  an 
orphan  at  an  early  age     The  family  was  a  pious  one. 
One  brother  died  in  the  novitiate  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus;  a  sister  died  in  the  community  of  Mrs    Sp 
ton,  eminent  for  her  virtue  and  labors.     Francis'  was 
Phiced  at  Mount  St.  Mary's.     Rev.  Dr.  BrutMn  some 
inomoran.la  of  the  students,  described  young  Gart! 
an<    as  full  of  ability,  talent,  piety,  and  good-will ; 
ni.ld,  obedient,    exemi,lary.      He   regarded   the   boy 
as  one   whose  vocation  was  certain.'     Having  gone 
through  the  theological  course,  Francis  Gartland  was 
on  a,„ed  priest  in  1832  by  Bisliop  Conwell,  of  Phila- 
<lelplua.     He  was  appointed  assistant  to  Rev.  John 

■  0'Co„,„.ll.  ••  Catholicity  i„  the  Carolina.,  and'oe^^^TpTw^-^u" 
'^  Bishop  Heynol.Is  to  Car.linal  Pivfcrt,  April  25   18.W 
'  Uev.  8.  O.  Brute  to  Archbishop  .Alar.'thal,  Feb.,  1821. 


a  I 


102      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

lluglies,  who  had  erected  St.  John's  Church,  Pliila- 
deli)hia,  and  succeeded  liim  as  pastor.  From  1845  he 
was  vicar-general  of  the  diocese. 

The  exile  of  Pope  Pius  IX.  from  Home  delayed 
action  in  regard  to  the  see  of  Savannah,  but  the  bulls 
were  at  last  forwarded  in  August,  1850.  The  Very 
Rev.  Mr.  Gartland  prepared  for  his  consecration, 
which  took  place  in  his  own  church,  St.  John's,  on 
the  10th  of  September,  1850.  The  Archbishop  of  Bal- 
timore, Most  Rev.  Samuel  Eccleston,  was  consecra- 
tor,  assisted  by  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  Patrick  Kenrick 
of  Philadelphia,  and  Rt.  Rev.  Michael  0  Connor,  of 
Pittsburgh.' 

Bishop  Gartland  at  once  proceeded  to  his  diocese, 
and  by  a  personal  visitation  acquired  a  knowledge 
of  its  actual  condition,  its  prospects,  and  necessities. 
Two  churches  about  to  be  sold  for  debt  were  re- 
deemed. Tiie  next  year  he  visited  the  Northern 
States  and  Europe  to  endeavor  to  obtain  priests  and 
means,  which  his  diocese  could  not  supply.  Five 
students  at  All  Hallows  were  secured  and  aid  obtained 
from  the  Leopold  Association.  On  his  return  he  es- 
tablished a  house  of  Sisters  of  Mercy  at  Augusta,  and 
by  organizing  pious  associations  endeavored  to  foster 
a  spirit  of  piety  and  devotion.  He,  in  a  manly  letter 
in  the  Savannah  Republican,  expo.sed  the  notorious 
Achilli.  He  also  founded  an  orphan  asylum  foi' 
boys  in  Savannah.  After  attending  the  First  Plen- 
ary Council  of  Baltimore,  he  enlarged  his  cathedral, 
which  he  solemnly  dedicated  on  the  20th  of  June, 
1853.  His  liock  was  increasing  and  he  stimulated  the 
erection  of  three  new  churches,  but  he  was  not  des- 
tined to  a  long  term  of  labor.     In  the  summer  of  l';^,')4 


'  Uev.  E.  J.  Souriii  in  Catb.  Herald  ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  vii. 
\iii.,  pp.  113-14. 


291; 


DIOCESE  OF  SAVANNAH.  103 

tile  yellow  fever  broke  out  in  Savannah.  Bishop 
(liirthuul  devoted  liiiuself  to  the  care  of  the  afflicted- 
lie  was  iintiriiig  in  liis  visits  to  the  sick  in  their 
homes,  in  the  hospitals,  and  teinporary  refuges.  While 
the  city  was  thus  scourged  a  hurricane  burst  upon  it 
unroofing  the  Cathedral  and  Bishop's  house,  where 
Bishop  Barron  also  lay  at  the  i)oint  of  death  He 
was  removed  to  the  house  of  Mr.  Michael  I'render- 
gast,  where  lie  expired  September  12.  Bishop  Gart- 
hind  did  not  long  survive.  The  deadly  fever  seized 
him  amid  his  labors,  and  he  ex])ired  on  the  2oth  a 
martyr  of  chai-ity.  ' 

Rt.  Kev.  Edward  Barron,  Bisliop  of  both  Guineas 
a  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Winton  Bari-on,  of  AVaterford' 
.vasan  alumnus  of  the  Propaganda,  and  after  years 
ol   service  in   Pennsylvania,  was  sent  to  Liberia  in 
1841,  with  Rev.  John  Kelly,  of  New  York,     lie  was 
made  Bishop  of  Eucarpia  two  years  after,  but  in  a 
r.'w  years  death  and  sickness  prostrated  him  and  his 
little  band  of  priests.     The  mission  was  then  coiilided 
to  a  religious  order,  and  Bishop  Barron  returned  to 
the   United  States.     Here  he  labored  zealously  but 
unobtrusively.      When   he  heard  of    the  pestilence 
raging  at  Savannah,  regardless  of  his  feeble  health  he 
hastened  to  the  aid  of  Bishop  Gartland,  but  was  soon 
stricken  down.     Of  the  clergy  of  the  city,  only  Rev 
Edward  Quigley,  facing  all  danger,  escaped  the  pesti- 
lence.    The  two  devoted   bishops  were  laid   side  by 
side.     The  sister  of  Bishop  Gartland  endeavored  but 
in  vain,  to  have  his  remains  taken  North  ;  Savannah 
c^ung  to  the  body  of  her  martyr  bishop  as  a  holy  rolic' 

'  OConnell.  "  Catlioliclty  ia  the  Cuiolinns  and  Georgia,"  pp.  500-525. 


:'■ 


I 


,ji  ' 


BOOK  II. 

PROVINCE  OP  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  I. 
DIOCESE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

BT.  REV.  JOHN  HUGHES,  FOUUTH  BISHOl'  01'  NEW  YORK,  1843-1860. 

Bishop  Hitoiies  returned  from  Europe,  October  7, 
1843,  haviiii?  failed  in  his  projected  i)l{in  of  a  general 
loan  to  diminish  the  heavy  interest  on  the  mortgaged 
churches  of  his  diocese.  Early  in  December  he  de- 
livered a  lecture  on  "The  Mixture  of  Civil  and  Eccle- 
siastical Power  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  treating  his 
subject  with  marked  ability.  New  York  is  the  great 
port  for  the  iinmigratiou  to  the  United  Stafe.s,  and  liis 
lecture  was  for  tljc  benefit  of  the  Irish  Emigrant 
Society,  an  organization  to  protect  the  inexperienced 
from  fraud  and  iuipositiou.  This  society  led  the 
State  of  New  York  to  establish  a  general  Emigration 
Board,  which  produced  great  reforms,  and  enabled  the 
Catholic  clergy  to  labor  among  immigrants  from  al"! 
nations.' 

The  application  of  the  Bishop  for  a  coadjutor  had 
beeu  acted  upon,  and  bulls  arrived  apjjointing  the 
Rev.  John  McCloskey  Bishop  of  Axiern  and  Coadju- 
tor of  New  York,  He  w.-is  cons^'crated  in  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral  by  Rt.  Rev.  .lohu  Hughes,  on  the  loth  of 


'  He  lectured  during  tlie  winter  in  Bidliinore  and  Philndelpliin. 

10« 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK.  Idf, 

yUivch,  1844,  Rr,.   Rev.    Richard  Vincent  Whelan  of 
Riclunoiul  and  Rt.  Rev.  Benedict  J.  Fenwick  bein^ 
assistant  bishops.      With  hi.n  were  consecrated  two 
other  priests  of   the  diocese  of  Now  York  who  lia(i 
been  elevated  to  the  episcopal  dignity,  Rt.  Rev   An 
drew  Byrne,   Bisliop  of  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  and  Rt. 
Rev.  Wdham  Quarter,  Bishop  of  Chicago.     The  cere 
monial  was  imposing  in  the  Inghest  degree,  the  effect 
heightened  by  the  eloquent  discourse  of  Very  Rev 
John  Power.' 

The  newly  consecrated  Coadjutor  remained  pastor 
of  St.  Joseph's  Church,  New  York,  but  aided  Bishoi, 
Hughes  m  the  affairs  of  the  diocese.     One  of  his  lirst 

SIGNATURE  OP   ARCHBISIIOP   miOIIES 

episcopal  acts  was  the  dedication  of  the  noble  Church 
ot  the  Most  Holy  Redeemer  on  Third  Street,  New 
Aork,wh.ch  the  Redemptorists  had  erected  f^r  the 
German  Catholics. 

There  were  prejudices  against  Catholics,  and  Bishop 
rughes,  in  a  series  of  lectures,  sought  to  dispel  then  , 
••..the  Native  American  party,  organized  on  hatre 
o  he  true  faith  as  its  basis,  was  bent  on  mischief. 
W  hen  Catholics  believed  it  merely  a  war  of  misrepre- 
sentation and  falsehood,  they  were  startled  by  the 
news  from  Philadelphia  that  Catholics  had  been  shot 
clown  their  houses  given  to  the  iiames,  and  even  their 
<ln.rches  destroyed  before  the  eyes  of  apathetic  or 
<'ollusive  civil  authorities.     The  position  in  New  York 


m 


'  Freemnn's  Joiinml,  iv.,  p.  8oo. 


^r-J 


10(5       TtIK  CinmCll  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


'If 


was  criticuil.  Tlit^  ??fttivH  Anu'iican  party  Inul  «'l('cl('(l 
jis  mayor  one  of  fh«  jmblishers  of  Muiiu  Plonk's 
h(n>.  and  lio  was  to  assiime  office  in  a  few  .lays. 
Conti<i.nt  in  tli^  support  of  tlin  cliicf  niaKistratc,  tlio 
Native  American. -«  oalled  a  public  mt't'ting.  Its  ol)jtuM 
was  arson  and  mu.der.  Bisliop  Ilugiies  was  a  man  of 
decision  and  firmness.  Wlien  appealed  to  for  advice, 
he  asked  whether  the  laws  of  New  York  provided 
comiiensation  foi-  damaj^e  done  by  rioters.  .\  lawyer 
assured  him  that  they  did  not;  then  h»' said  tersely: 
"The  law  intends  that  citizens  shall  defend  their  own 
property."  Tiie  Fneman's  .Journal  immediately 
issued  an  extra,  in  which  it  said:  "if,  as  it  has  al- 
ready ai)peareil  in  l'hila<lelphla,  it  should  be  a  i)art 
of  Native  Americainsm  to  attack  their  houses  <»r 
churches,  tlien  it  behooves  them,  in  case  all  other  pro- 
tection fail,  to  (hd'end  both  with  their  lives.  Inlhis 
they  will  not.  be  acting  against  the  law.  but  for  tlu> 

law l?ut  in  no  case  let   them   sulfer  an  act  of 

outrage  on  their  property  without  rei)elling  tlie  ag- 
gression at  all  hazards." 

The  l)old  words  told.  The  leading  Native  Ameri- 
cans, from  their  position  of  menace,  became  supidiants. 
They  ruslied  to  the  outgoing  mayor,  Morris,  to  solicit 
protection.  They  found  that  he  had  made  i)rovision 
to  quell  any  riot  by  stern  and  decisive  measures,  in 
an  liour  the  city  was  placarded  with  posters  revoking 
the  call  for  a  meeting  that  afternoon,  wlien  they  pro- 
posed commencing  their  deadly  work.  New  York 
escaped  a  terrible  danger,  for  a  large  Irisli  .ociety, 
with  divisions  throughout  the  city,  liad  resolved  that 
in  case  a  single  cliurch  was  attacked.  I'nildings  should 
be  lired  in  all  pa)ts,  and  the  great  iiiy  in\ulved  in  a 
general  contiagration. 

On  the  17th  of  May  Bishop  Ungues,  after  receiving 


i  I 


:':\ 


l()(i 


77//-   ( 


A    illl;   i'\'T!:.It  STAThS 


r« 


w.is  criti*  :ii.      Tiin  Native.  Aineiiiiuli  \<nvty  liad  elected 


as   uiiiyof    >ne   •> 


f   tlie   pultUshers  of  Maria  Monl;'s 
u<   !(■   .•;-^iiiue  offu'e  ill   a  lew  days. 


I'M 


clti.  I    .M;i,i!;isl:mte,  t!i' 


li'>ok.    Mini    li''    '■■■:i^   I 

(   )tilideiir  ill  liie  SUV 

Native  Americana  citlled  ii  public  nieeting.     Its  object 

was  ;;.rsoii  ;iiid  tmtrdev      Bisliop  lliii:he.s  was  a  man  <u' 

decision  nnu  iiriun- 

lie  Jisked    wlietln 

comf>eiHatii)U  '■    • 


A'lien  appealed  to  for  advice. 
i.ins  of!  NVw  York  juovideii 


loters. 


A  li 


iws  e 


as- 


II  ta.u 


'1' 


I!  he  saiil  tersely  : 
Ii'l'i'iid  fli.'ir  ouM 


propertv. 
is.sileii 
r<^ivdy  sipp 
of  Nat'" 
fhurcin 
tection  fai' 
11) 


ininediatt 


eis 


.1; 


hef!,  r 


•^  ii  has  a! 
uiii  hf"  a  par' 
'*■•   lionsey    i>r 

,!!  (.rlier  pri- 


lltM-  lives. 


in  III 


ev  will    ii   I 


II'    .  'Mi.. 


it  I',' 


Ja'v 

OUi 


nut  U)  Uii  •  n> 


their  I'lo} 

ml  ii;r/.:i!'is 


(*\ 


Vim  ixdd  word- 
catis.  from  their  pi )*>; 

Tlie'    -  i-h.'  !  ii>  the 


v  a." 


f«c:t 
wi' 

in  e;.-> 

be  tie  -H  ir.   ill 


Mlii 


Kfi* 


ttaura! 


•  ii    the   1  i\v.  but  for  tin 

: '  "i;    -  iffer  an  act;  of 

pel  ling  the  a.K- 

:  lig  Native  Amer''- 

))i  caiiu'  Siippliani-- 

■    Morris.  ((>  solic.i! 

•  '  iiiMii'-  provision 


rtve  measures. 


I  posters  revoking 
n.  H  i.eii  1  'ii'\'  ]>;'o- 


l-il    Si)e|etV 


solved 


thi 


U 


uiirs  siioui 
iv</lved  in 


■r  I'l-ceivill!.' 


..  :ti 


.m 


/^<  ^v;-^   ' 


K^^^-  y'^'^/ 


■     i« 

i 

■% 

h 

'."-^l-f 

v 

1 

'  ;*' 

^jgM 

J^ 

ili 

■ 

!I  ; 


an 

tic 
Ai 
In 
th( 
l)e( 
wii 
an 
the 
anc 
me 
qui 
tru 
can 
dre 
the 
api 
cliii 


on  ^ 
the 
nun 
wer 
of  S 
fah> 
anir 
in  t 
gert 
al'te 


repo 
Mesi 
Inat 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


107 


an  anonymous  letter  tlireatening  him  with  assassina- 
tion, addressed  a  letter  to  James  Harper,  the  Native 
American,  wlio  liad  entered  on  his  duties  as  mayor. 
In  this  the  Catholic  Bishop  showed  the  real  state  of 
the  case,  and  arraigned  the  press  of  New  York,  es- 
pecially James  Gordon  Bennett  and  William  L.  Stone, 
with  constant  and  malignant  perversion  of  facts.     He 
arraigned  them  at  the  bar  of  public  opinion  :  "  Now, 
therefore,  James  Gordon  Bennett,  William  L.  Stone' 
and  ye  other  deceivers  of  the  public,  stand  forth  and 
meet  Bishop  Hughes.     But  then  come  forth  in  no 
quibbling  capacity— come  forth  as  honest  men,  as 
true  American  citizens,  with  truth  in  your  hearts  and 
candor  on  your  lips."    This  letter,  and  another,  ad- 
dressed to  William  L.  Stone,  were  read  throughout 
the  country  and  produced  an  immense  effect.     The 
appeal    for    facts    and    evidence    instead  of    vague 
charges,  told  on  the  minds  of  honest  men  in  all  parts. 
Bisliop  Hughes  and  Bishop  McCloskey  soon  set  out 
on  visitations,  the  former  to  the  western,  the  latter  to 
the  northern  part  of  New  York  State.     They  found 
numbers  in  all  districts  prepared  for  confirmation,  and 
were  consoled  by  signs  of  progress  in  the  dedication 
of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Troy,  and  a  new  church  in  Buf- 
falo; but  an  indication  of  the  hostile  spirit  which 
animated  some  against  the  Church  was  seen  in  August 
in  the  attempt  made  to  destroy  St.  Mary's,  at  Sau- 
gerties,  by  fire.     The  edifice  was  saved  with  difficulty 
after  mucli  damage  had  been  caused.' 

The  Rev.  John  Raffeiner,  apostle  of  the  Germans, 
reported  the  labors  among  his  countrymen  of  Rev. 
Messrs.  Schneider,  at  Albany ;  Schwenniger,  at  Utica ; 
Inarna,  at  Salina,  the  Redemptorists  and  the  Prancis- 


'  Frecmau's  Journal  Extra,  May  9,  1844, 


!  i 


108       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


S 


cans  of  St.  Peter's  Chiircli,  at  Rochester,  and  could  de- 
clare that  i)eace  i)revailed  in  the  long  distracted  con- 
gregation at  St.  Louis,  Buffalo.  Father  Inania  liimself 
told  how,  with  the  encouragement,  he  was  attempting 
to  elect  a  German  church  at  Salina. 

In  a  letter  to  the  Leopold  Association,  Bishop  Hughes, 
thanking  them  for  a  donation  of  4000  florins,  called 
attention  to  the  progress  of  the  Church  from  1837, 
when  the  diocese  had  but  20  churches  and  43  priests,  to 
its  condition  in  1846,  when  it  contained  114  churches, 
109  jiriests,  a  seminary,  and  a  college.' 

The  petitions  of  the  Catliolics  in  regard  to  their 
school  rights  led  eventually  to  the  overthrow  of  the 
Public  School  Society,  and  the  extension  of  a  system 
of  State  Schools  to  New  York  City.  Ostensibly  an 
act  to  render  all  equal,  this  was  but  a  delusion.  As 
County  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Dr.  Reese,  one  of 
the  most  virulent  assailants  of  the  Catholic  religion 
and  Catholic  people,  was  appointed.  He  at  once  as- 
sumed autocratic  and  dictatorial  powers.  When  the 
school  officers  in  certain  wards  decided  that  the  com- 
pulsory reading  of  the  Protestant  Bible  was  religious 
sectarian  te.iching  prohibited  by  law,  he  ordered  the 
teachers  to  read  it  in  defiance  of  the  local  authorities 
and  reported  the  schools  as  having  forfeited  all  right 
to  draw  any  of  the  public  money.  The  Board  of 
Education  seemed,  however,  to  consider  that  State 
proselytism  had  for  the  time  gone  far  enough,  when 
it  allured    Catholic  children  from    Catholic  schools 


'  Freemnn's  Journal,  v.,  pp.  5-45;  61,  118;  Ciitli.  Advocate,  ix.,  p. 
234;  Borichtc  der  Lfopoliiiiipn  Stiftuii!?,  xviii.,  p.  44;  xix.,  pp.  57,  62; 
XX.,  p.  7.  Rev.  Ainbro.se  Maiialian  in  a  letter  to  t'anlinal  Fransoni,  Oct. 
12,  1842,  e.sliniated  the  Calh'jJie.s  in  New  York  City  at  10(),()0<) ;  the  dio- 
<"cse  had  80  prie.st.-*  and  about  as  man}-  eliurehes  ;  the  seminary  had  20 
students. 


H  ''  J    ! 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK.  109 

unci  Catholic  teacliers,   and   that  it  would  be  poor 
po hey  to  drive  tlie.n  away.'    It  was  thus  made  pa'n 
fully  evident  to  Catholics  that  the  schools  under    he 
new  law  would  be  used,  even  in  defiance  o     a  v,  to 
weaken  the  faith  of  Catholic  children.     TJiis  in  i us  ice 

rf  L:;ri^sr  '^'''''  --'-'  ^^  ^-^^ 

Bishop  Hughes  resolved  to  proceed  to  Europe  in 
oule  ,  If  possible,  to  obtain  a  Community  of  the 
Brothers  ot  the  Christian  D.octrine,  who  were  fitted  to 
organize  and  extend  parochial  schools  for  boys  and 
a  community  of  religious  women  to  take  charge  of  the 
orphan  asylums  and  open  hospitals,  for  which  he  saw 
he  cou  d  no  long  depend  on  the  Sisters  of  Char  % 
while  the  schools  for  girls  would  employ  fully  all  th^ 
dn.ighters  of  Mother  Seton  whom  he  couM  .M^      " 

Bishop  Hughes  obtained  a  colony  of  the  Sisters  of 

h'vi^:iML'"'7?  '"^  *''^''^"  their  beneficent  work 
HI  Apnl,1846,  and  have  continued  it  for  nearly  half  a 

oentury._  Though  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Do       ne 

umved  in  Ociober,  they  showed  less  aptitude  for 

en  enng  on  their  appointed  work,  and  the  academ; 

uhich   they   opened    near    the   Cathedral  was  soon 

J^  uZ  ""i^^  ''^''''"^^'  ^"  ^^'^  ^y^^^^  J»therto  pur- 
sued by  I.e  Sisters  of  Charity,  which  were  going  on 
at  hrnnutshuvg  Bishop  Hughes  saw  that  he  could  no 
'.mch  longer  depend  on  those  Sisters  to  direc  the 
Wible  institutions  in  his  diocese.  The  Sisters  o? 
Chanty  were  in  his  opinion,  too  far  from  the  mother- 
I'ouse,  and  deprived  of  that  intercourse  which  s 
necessary  to  maintain  a  community  spirit  In  1846 
theVe^y  Re^^W^eluol  notified  Bishop  Hughes  tlmi 

'Fret'innn'sJoiiniiil,  v.,  p.  21T. 


iz1k£  m^BHMm^B 

"  ^  ^jcSmMmBW 

>  V  ^'  M  WBb^m 

r  .  '  ^p^^&^HI 

'  ^  ^^  ^''-  ^tfyMi 

wj'-S^^Wi^B 

''it  iSfll^^lBB^H 

'riH^^^^^^^^I^I 

riHHH 

^^»i»iflB^H 

J  iiEKIjB^^^^B^^^K 

\*  wHEH^^^^HIi^^H 

,      -Bm^MMMH^^^^H 

''^■^HH 

.    r  7  wrSai^MB 

t"-^Yr**fflBf^^Jn 

''•'''4^HB 

^  ^'' '  fe^^^^MH 

V  il'  j^j^^KBjKKm 

'!^-i^Hn 

,  -  jUjifHww^^MH^M 

1 10       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

the  Sisters  of  Ciiarity  would  be  withdrawn  from  the 
cure  of  the  orphan  asylums  for  boys,  in  his  diocese  ; 
that  the  orphan  boys  must  be  removed,  or  the  Sisters 
would  leave.  The  Bishop  of  New  York  suggested  a 
division  of  the  communit3%  but  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Deluol 
resolved  to  recall  all  the  Sisters  on  the  20tli  of  July  ; 
Bishop  Hughes,  however,  would  not  advise  or  encour- 
age any  to  remain  in  disobedience  to  their  Mother 
Superior,  but  he  made  his  solemn  protest  against 
the  step.  At  last  the  SujM^riors  in  Maryland  recalled 
from  New  York  such  of  the  Sisters  as  wished  to  ad- 
here to  the  government  at  Emmitsburg,  and  offered 
a  dispensation  from  their  vow  of  obedience  to  such 
Sisters  as  might  be  disposed  to  remain  in  the  diocese 
of  New  York,  and  continue  their  work  there. 

Acting  under  this  dispensation,  the  greater  p.irt  of 
the  Sisters  of  Charity,  who  were  doing  God's  work  in 
New  York  (thirty-five  out  of  forty-live),  renuiined. 
Bishop  Hughes  introduced  no  new  rules  or  regulations. 
The  Sisters  reorganized  under  the  rule  of  Mrs.  Seton, 
as  approved  by  IJishop  Carroll,  retaining  the  same 
dress,  and  since  the  Sisters  of  Emmitsburg  relin- 
quished that  rule  and  dress,  those  in  New  York  alone 
represent  the  foundation  of  Mrs.  Seton. 

The  Sisters  of  Charity  in  New  York  chose  Sister 
Elizabeth  Boyle  as  Superior,  and  organized  as  a  dis- 
tinct community,  with  about  34  professed  Sisters.  A 
suitable  place  for  a  mother-h.ouse  was  obtained  at 
Mcdowan's  Pass,  on  107th  Street,  betwerui  Fifth  and 
Sixtli  avenues,  and  took  the  uame  of  Mount  St.  Vin- 
cent. Here  the  first  mass  was  said  May  2,  1847,  and 
an  academy  for  young  ladies  was  opened.  The  Sis- 
ters had  under  their  care  select  schools  for  young 
ladies  near  the  Cathedral,  St.  ^fary's  and  St.  Peter's 
churches,  the  Orphan  and  Half  Ori)han  Asyinms  in 


i 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Ill 


New  York ;  St.  Piiurs  Oii)han  Asylum,  Brooklyn ;  with 
free  schools  Jit  St.  Peter's  and  St.  Mary's  churches 
New  York,  and  St.  Paurs,  Brooklyn."  Postulants 
soon  applied  for  admission,  and  the  community  grew 
till  in  1801  it  numbered  more  than  a  thousand"  mem- 
bers. The  Bishop  obtained  for  them  all  privile'.-es 
ever  granted  to  the  Sisters  at  Emmitsburg.  " 

The  Bishop's  pastoral,  in  February,  1847,  appealed 
to  the  clergy  and  faithful  to  show  their  liberality  in 


MOUST  8T.  VINCENT'S  MOTHER  HOUSE  OF  THE  SISTERS  OP  CHAUITy. 

supporting  the  Seminary  and  College,  and  to  aid  the 
Sisters  of  Charity  and  Mercy  in  their  varied  works  of 
zeal.  Tiiis  was  soon  followed  by  one  proclaimin.r  the 
Jubilee  granted  by  Pope  Pius  on  his  accession  to  the 
Apostolic  See.' 


'  Bishop  riuglies  to  Cardinnl  Fransoni,  May  14,  1847  Hassan! 
"Life  of  Ihu  Most  Ruv.  John  Huphcs."  Now  York,  1860,  pn  SSO-;!!)"' 
Bishop  Hughes  to  Arclil)ish<.p  Eeclcston.  Oct.  11  30  1840  O-.th' 
Ahninme,  1848  ;  Deseriptive  an.l   Ilis.ori.ai  Sketcli  of  the  Academy  of 

i^-h.  10,  1847;  March  3,  1847;  Works,  ii.,  pp.  7()r,-71(5. 


I"' 


\   *'•  111 


g.«H 

?H 

112       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


■ 


,;]„ 


The  erection  of  Ji  neat  little  church  at  Canandaigua; 
the  dedication  of  St.  John's  Churcli,  Patersc^n,  after 
its  enlargement  by  Rev.  James  Qiiinn ;  the  laying  of 
the  corner-stone  of  the  Church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
— the  third  for  the  German  Catholics  in  New  York, 
— attested  the  increase  of  his  Hock ;'  and  soon  after 
a  church  at  Yonkers,  where  the  Jesuit  Father  John 
Ryan  began  a  mission  at  this  period. 

The  burial  place  for  the  Catholic  dead  of  the  great 
city  now  required,  apparently,  a  vast  extent  of 
ground.  The  little  plot  around  St.  Peter's  Church 
luid  been  the  first,  but  a  nook  in  Trinity  Church 
yard  held,  and  still  holds,  some  Catholic  dead. 
Then  the  ground  around  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral 
was  used,  and  in  time  a  cemetery  was  purchased  on 
Eleventh  Street.  These  had  all  proved  insufficient. 
Rishop  Hughes  looked  beyond  the  limits  of  the  city 
for  a  spot  not  likely  to  be  reached  for  many  years  by 
the  rapid  growth  of  population,  yet  comparatively  easy 
of  access.  Tiiirty  acres  of  the  Alsop  farm,  on  Newtown 
Creek,  Long  Island,  were  purchased,  and  the  ground 
was  solemnly  blessed  by  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Hughes,  as 
Calvary  Cemetery,  July  27,  1848,  and  in  a  few  days 
the  first  interment  took  place.  The  ceuietery  has 
been  enlarged  by  subsequent  purchases,  till  it  now 
contains  more  than  a  hundred  acres." 

A  diocesan  seminary  had  been  maintained  for  some 
years,   but  its  existence  was  inecarious,  and  Bishoi) 


'  Freeman's  Jouriml,  vii.,  i>p,  230.  253.  202.  300;  Aug.  5,  1848.  Sliri- 
iicT,"  History  of  the  Catholic  C'hurcli  in  Putersoii,  N.  J.,"  Patcrson,  1883, 
p.  24;  The  Catholic  Church  in  N.  Y.  City,  etc.,  New  York,  1878,  p. 
413.  Cornell,  "  The  Beginniuirs  of  the  IJonian  ('Mlliolic  Church  in  Yon- 
kers," Yonliers.  1883,  p.  0. 

*  Foster,  "  The  Visitor's  Guide  to  Calvary  Cemetery,"  New  York, 
1876  ;  Freeman's  Journal,  Aug.  5,  1848. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK.  113 

!Sv  of  l?''h-  T  '•"''  ^'"^  ^^"'«  ^"  -t^Wish  one 
Z     '.   r         ."''''^'"'  comn.itted  to  lum.     On  the 
2>th  o    July,  1844,  he  issued  a  letter  to  the  clergy 
amlla.ty  unnouncino;  his  resolution,  with  the  Divine 
.lessings  to  undertake  the  establishment  of  a    h^o- 
()i,ncal  diocesan  seminary  near  the  episcopal  see  and 
for  the  D.ocese  of  New  York.     With  the  decislv;ness 
0  aractenstic  of  him,   he  said:  ''I  do  not    nqutre 
whether  j^u  will  contribute  for  the  foundation    f  tie 
.;^ew  York  Diocesan  Theological  Seminary       But  I 
inquire  whether  you  will  contribute  prompUy,  gener- 
ously, and  nniversally,  according  to   your  means  - 
He  appealed   to  all,   rich  and    poor,  lo    contXte 
according  to  their  means.     He  wL  not  disappo  n  ed 
1"   lis  expectation  ;  the  money  was  raised  spo^ tane 

Apul,  1845,  he  laid  the  corner-stone  of  St.  Joseph's 
Shall'.  "  ''"  ^"""'^  ^'  ^'-  ^°'"''«  College  a? 

Yet  while  lie  was  tlius  endowing  liis  diocese  with 
an  institution  absolutely  necessary  to  train  cergy men 
rom  among  those  called  by  God  out  of  his  ffock  a 
deep  disgrace  caused  the  Catholics  of  JN^ew  York  to 
bh.sh.  Trustee  sm  worked  out  its  own  shame  and  its 
oun  utter  condemnation.  St.  Peter's  Churcr  the 
.-adle  of  Catholicity  in  the  city  and  diocese,  had  been 
so  mismanaged  bv  tnistpp«  fl.^t  if  k  .. 

h-iiikriM.t      Ti,     .    ""siees  that  it  became  actiia  y 
bankiupt.      riie  trustees,   unable  to  meet  the  ,1ebi 

■'"","'•■'«  "y  tl>«i'-  -travagance  ami    „l  y      t 

October  1844,  tlwassug^es  advertised  that  the  oldest 

lut  uioctse.     Lcllcrto  Propaganda,  Jlay  14,  1847. 


■ 


1 14       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Hi 


i    ' 


Catholic  chinch  in  New  York  vvoiiid  be  sold  at  nuc- 
tion  for  the  benefit  of  the  creditors.'  It  was  by  no 
means  easy,  however,  to  find  a  purcliaser  wliose  bid 
woiihl  enable  tlie  creditors  to  obtain  any  part  of  their 
claims. 

To  avert  such  disasters  from  other  chnn^hes  the 
IJishop,  on  the  4th  of  Jmu-,  1845,  issued  rules  for  the 
administration  of  churclit-s  that  had  no  trustees. 
Tiider  these  the  pastor,  with  two  confidential  and 
pious  members  of  the  congreg  ition,  competent  for  such 
a  task,  one  as  treasurer,  the  orlier  as  secretary,  were  to 
receive  pew  rents  and  collections.  A  salary  for  the 
pastor  w^as  tixfil  ;  regular  reports  were  to  be  made  to 
the  IJishop  from  time  to  time,  to  enable  him  to  know 
the  liuancial  condition  of  each  church. 

A  permanent  system  was  to  b(  ♦^he  growth  oi'  time 
and  exi)erit'nce,  but  some  measures  were  required  as 
churches  multiplied.  St.  Columba's  and  the  Church 
of  the  Nativity,  churches  at  Saratoga  Springs,  Utica, 
and  Rochester,  New  Brighton  and  Cold  Springs, 
att»^sted  the  pi'ogress  in  184.") ;  growth  was  shown,  too, 
in  the  increasing  number  of  clergy  at  many  churches, 
which  proved  larger  cf)ngregaticii ,  and  greater  fre- 
quentation  of  the  sacraments. 

During  the  year  1840  the  diocese  mourned  the  loss  of 
the  Carthusian  Father,  Alexander  Mupietti,  who,  pass- 
ing through  New  York,  was  induced  to  remain,  and 
who  for  five  years,  though  suffering  from  incurable 
disease,  produced  on  all  minds  the  deepest  impressions 
of  sanctity  by  his  untiring  labors  and  heroic  virtues. 
He  died  March  20,  1840.  Rev.  John  Ilarley,  a  young 
priest  of  remarkable  ability,  learning,  and  power  to 
inspire  respect  and  affection,  who  had,  as  president  of 


AUverllseint'iit  in  FruenianK  Jouriinl,  v.,  pp.  157,  ITtJ. 


DIUCKSE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

St.  John's  Colh.g,.,    Foi-dhnin,  tliorouglilv  orMnnized 
that  young  seat  of  leuriiiiig,  died   Decenih.u- 8    1.S40 
Another  k>ss  was  that  of  the  amiabh*  and  gifted  i.oet" 
John  Augustus  Shea,  whose  attaohnient  to  his  faith 
breathes  througli  so  many  of  his  fugitive  pieces  ' 

One  of  tlK.se  unfortunate  young  inunigrants  who 
hmd  here  witii  little  knowledge  of  tiieir  religion,  less 
moral  training,  and  therefore  a  ready  pivy  for  i)i-(,s- 
elytn.g  harpies,  oneNicholas  Murray,  was  brought  up 
by  fanatical  Protestants  and  educated  for  the  Presby- 
terian ministry,     dialing  at  the  obscurit  v  of  a  countiv 
church,  he  sought  notoriety  by  publishing  a  series  of 
artices  as  "  Kirwan's    Letters   to   Bishop  Hughes" 
Ihe  Bishop  would  not  enter  into  any  controversy  with 
an  anonymous  calumniatorof  the  Church,  but  he  pub 
hshed  a  series  of  papers  on  "  The  Importance  of  bein--- 
in  Communion  with  Christ's  One,  Holy,  Catholic,  and 
Apostolic  Church."     After  eight  clear  vigorous  papers 
had  appeared,  Murray   felt  compelled    to  avow   his 
authorship,  and   the  Bishop,  in  a  series  of  letters  en- 
titled "  Kirwan  Unmasked,"  full  of  wit  and  point,  ex- 
posed  the   ignorance,    inconsistency,    bad   faith,  and 
reckless  assertion  of  the  fallen  man." 

The  Church  advanced.  St.  Bridget's  Church,  and 
St.  Ali)h(msus',  the  second  church  of  the  Tledemptor- 
ists  for  the  Germans,  were  erected  ;  the  church  at  Ver- 

A.igus.,  lH4o,  at  tl„.  as.,  of  f.,rty.tw„.  He  w,vs  a  nativo  of  Cork  and 
oanu.  ,0  tins  ....untry  in  1829.  Cuth.  A.lvoeato.  xi..  p.  m.  Patrick 
Ku^tk.I.l  (  anserly,  a  remarkable  classical  scholar  and  successful  teacher 
ranslalor  of  Lon.ijinus ;  author  of  a  Latin  Prosody,  ami  other  school 
'JM.ks;  translator  of  the   "  Liith,  Garden  of  Hoses."  etc..  bv  Thonr.s  ,\ 

<  ,.dit!>n;ia '"*  '''"■"  ^'  '"''•     "''  '""  *^"'''""'  "'"  ""■  «•  ^'^'""'-  f'"'" 

N.^.rWk"^S4"'w'' ,:"'■•  "•''"•  ""-••^"^■•i  "Kirwuu  Unmasked." 
istu   ^ork,  184(  ;  NVorks,  i.,  pp.  .'JT.S-tKM. 


1 

I 


118       THE  CHURCH  IS  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


planfk's  Point,  hf^iin  in  1844  by  llcv.  Fflix  \'ilum8, 
was  jit  liisf  cl«Hlicat»'(l.'  In  Ni'w  .IcrsfV,  a  ciiurch 
erected  by  Rev.  H.  J.  McCinaid,  at  Monistown,  was 
dedicated  in  Marcli,  1H4H ;  ciiuirhes  liavin^  been 
already  erected  at  Dover  and  Hoonton  Falls,  and  the 
corner-stones  of  others  were  laid  at  New  Hrunswickand 
Princeton.  On  the  line  of  the  North  Jtiver,  shrines 
of  religion  rose  nt  Newburg,  Rondoiit,  Ilaverstraw, 
Stnatsburg,  so  that  from  distance  to  distance,  as  yon 
ascended  the  river,  cross-crowned  spires  caught  the 
eye.' 

In  1847  the  great  diocese  of  New  York  was  divided, 
and  Pope  Pius  TX.  erected  the  sees  of  Albany  aiul 
Buffalo.  The  lU.  Rev.  Jolin  ^fcCloskey,  Hisliop  of 
Axiern,  and  Coadjutor  of  New  York.  \\as  transferred 
to  Albany  ;  and  the  Very  Rev.  .lohnTiinon,  Visitor  of 
the  Congregation  of  the  ^fission,  was  appointed  Bisliop 
of  Buffalo.  His  bulls  arrived  in  August  and  he  was 
consecrated  in  8t.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  New  York,  on 
the  17th  of  October,  1847,  by  Bishoj)  Hughes,  assisted 
by  Rt.  Ib-v.  William  Walsli.  liishop  of  Halifax,  and 
Rt.  Rev.  John  M(!Closkey,  Bislioj)  of  Albany. 

By  the  erection  of  the  new  bishoprics,  the  diocese 
of  New  York  was,  after  an  existence  of  thirty-nine 
years,  redu(u>d  to  the  counties  in  New  York  State 
south  of  the  42d  degree,  and  the  eastern  part  of  New 
Jersey.  After  this  division.  Bishop  Hughes  had  88 
]n-iests,  a  theologiciil  sendnary  with  2'J  stiulents. 
Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  witli  a  college  and  a 


'  Prcpmnn's  .Toiirnal,  .Ttil.v  29,  Aiietist  12,  1848  ;  f'ntliolic  C'linrclics 
ill  New  York  City,  pp.  I'W,  224. 

*  Frcciimn'M  .louriiiil,  Miircli  17,  June  'M,  1849  ;  I'.  S.  Calli.  >Iii!rnzino, 
vii.,  p.  :JT«;  viii.,  pp.  ISO,  445,  581,  TiOS,  .5«9.  'VUv  H.)ii(loiit  Cliiircli 
WHS  due  to  tlif  zeal  of  Itcv.  Miles  Mii.xwell,  wlio  died  soon  after,  Sei)t. 
1,  lS4!t. 


I'lOCESE  Of 


YORK. 


117 


clns.^.cal  Holiool  ;  Liulies  of  tlie  Sacred  Heart,  with  an 
armleujy,  Sist..rs  of  M».,ry.  Si.sters  of  ClKi-ity  with  11 
m.stitutioi.s,  Incl.uli.ig  school,  and  a.ylun.s.  New 
Yorlc  City  done  had  17  ciiurelies,  whidi  were  far 
fro...  sufflc.e,.t  for  the  ninnber  of  Catholics,  although 
•several  clergy meji  were  attached  to  almost  all  ' 

We  have  seen  the  failure  of  Bishop.   I)„Hols  and 
..gi.es  to  secure   for  the   diocese  a  co.nn.unity  of 
Mn>fl.ers    who  could    successfully    direct    parochial 
t!^t^  »;;>y«..a'nl,  in   Hn.e,    higher  institutions. 
\et   u  1848,  Prov„U.n.-e,  by  indirect  means,  endowed 
the  diocese  with  the  sons  (.f  the  Blessed  .I(,hn  Bai>- 
t.st  de  la  Salle,  the  Bn.thers  of  tlie  Christian  Schools 
I  here  had  long  l.e^n  a  conshlerahle  body  of  French  in 
^ew  \ork,  somewhat  rraMshMit  in  character,  and    un- 
ortunately  in  many  case,  indiffe.r.nt  tothei-  religion 
U  hen  the  Church  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  was  bLun 
.a  IMI   in  consequence  of  the  earnest  appeals  of  the 
(ountde  iMubin  Janson,   Bishop  of  Nancy,  a   school 
waspn,jected      To  direct  it,  the  pastor,  iif  the  sprhlg 
-t  1848  introduced  a  colony  of  Brothers  of  the  Chris" 
li:ni  Schools,  who  took  up  their  residence  in  Canal 

FwnL'f    iT?    )'■'"!    ''"^■''■''''    ^1*^'-'^^"'^'    ""Vices. 
It  was  a  feeble   beginning,  but  with  the  blessing  of 

<'"<l  »t  prospered.     The  School  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
proved  (he,r  ability  as  teachers,  and  their  skill   in 
adapting  their  course  to  the  exigencies  of  the  country 
lie  emigration  from  Ireland  caused  by  famine  and 
political  troubles  in  1848  caused  the  overcrow.] ingo 
ships  with  passengers  already  predisposed  to  disease  ; 
tl."   errib  e  ship  fever  came,  which  swept  away  thou- 
sands in  Americ-an  and  Caua.lian  ports.     Two  devoted 
pn..s,sof  New  VorlOlev.   Marl^Iurphy,anrKe;! 


'  Cath.  Aliiiiiimc,  1H48. 


'1.1  rji 


K  1 


1*I:(;U  I 


118       THE  CHURCH  W  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Mr.  Smith,  died  martyrs  of  charity,  taking  the  deadly 
disease  from  the  unfortunate  exiles  whom  they  at- 
tended. 

A  retreat  of  the  clergy  of  the  diocese  of  New  York 
Avas  held  at  St.  Joseph's  Seminary  in  October,  1848, 
and  at  its  close  on  the  21st  the  second  Synod  of  the 
diocese  was  held  to  regulate  some  points  of  discipline.' 

As  the  year  1848  closed,  the  mails  brought  tidings  of 
the  condition  of  danger  in  which  the  Sovereign  Pon- 
tiff was  placed.  Like  the  Archbishop  of  Baltimore, 
Bishop  Hughes  called  on  his  clergy,  communities, 
and  people  to  offer  up  earnest  prayers  for  his  deliver- 
ance. After  the  Council  he  eloquently  urged  liberal 
contributions  of  Peter's  Pence  for  the  relief  and  sup- 
port of  the  afflicted  Pontiff. 

On  the  14th  of  April,  1849,  the  Very  Eev.  John 
Power,  pastor  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  vicar-general  of 
the  diocese,  and  more  than  once  administrator,  expired 
after  Ji  long  illness,  heroically  borne.  Full  2500  peo- 
ple visited  the  church  to  take  a  last  look  at  one  so 
long  and  zealously  connected  with  the  Church  in  New 
York.  His  body  was  borne  by  friendly  hands  to  the 
Cathedral,  where  Rt.  Rev.  Br.  Hughes  pronounced  a 
discourse  on  his  thirty-two  years'  service  at  St.  Pe- 
ter's.    He  died  possessed  of  no  earthly  goods. 

When  Pope  Pius  IX.  solicited  from  the  bishops  of 
the  Church  Universal  an  expression  of  their  belief 
and  that  of  their  flocks  in  the  Immaculate  Conception 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  her  absolute  freedom  from  the 
stain  of  original  sin  from  the  Hrst  instant  of  her  ex- 
istence, Bishop  Hughes  called  on  his  people  to  unite  in 

"^  Freonmn's  JournaT  J»ny  8,  1848;  Slay  5,  1849;  U.  8.  Cath.  Maga- 
7AIW.  viii.,  p.  'MX;  n<>»ton  Cath.  Observer,  ii.,  p.  24;  FreeniiiiM 
.Jimriml,  Oct.  7,  21,  Dec.  21,  23.  1S4H;  June  2;?,  1H41).  The  aet^  aiiil 
statutes  of  this  Synod  were  not  primed.  C'ireuhir  of  Bishop  Hughes. 
Dee.  21,  1H4S. 


DIOCESE  OP  NEW  YORK.  119 

prayer  in  order  to  honor  the  glorious  Mother  of  God 
to  invoke  the  liglit  and  grace  of  Heaven  on  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  coming  Council  at  Baltimore,  and  to 
luiplore  the  divine  mercy  in  behalf  of  the  Sovereign 
Pontiff.     In  the  Council  he  soon  took  part,  his  opili- 
ions  always  carrying  weight,  and  his  eloquence  in  the 
pulpit  on  one  of  the  solemn  occasions  enchaining  all.' 
The  State  of  New  York  had  for  years  been  r^ceiv- 
ing  head  money  from  incoming  passengers  from  other 
countries  to  a  large  extent,  Catholics.     It  had  never 
Whed  this  fund  to  the  relief  of  the  immigrants  or 
their  children,  but  it  distributed  it  liberally  to  Protes- 
tant  institutions,  white  and  colored.      The  Citv  of 
^VU^C^.t'v""^  i'nitated  the  example  set  by  the  State, 
riie  Ca  hohcs  of  New  York  felt  that  they  had  been 
wronged  and  the  money  unjustly  and  improperly  used. 
They  asked    he  Common  Council  for  a  leLe  of  citv 
ands  on  Pi  th  Avenue,  then  a  street  of  uncertain  fu- 
ture, in  order  to  shelter  the  children  of  these  verv 
immigrants,  whom  loss  of  parents  left  destitute     The 
claim  was  recognized,  a  lease  was  made,  and  Bishop 
Hugl;es  proceeded  to  erect  an  asylum  on  the  ground 
issuing  an  appeal  in  its  behalf.'  ' 

After  their   establishment  in    St.  John's  Colle-e 
Fordham,  the  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  wei4 
authorized    by  the   Bishop  to  begin   a  church  and 
schoo    in  New  York.     They  secured  a   Protestan 
chui^h  on  Elizabeth  Street,  which  was  dedicated  as 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Name.     A  classical  schoo 


•M  "S;"'S     •    T'r- '''"  '  ''•  ''''•     ^'•^— '^  •T-"-.al.  April 
:  n  ?      ,r         "''  ""^''"-''  '"  '■^'•'^•''"■^''"P  Efclcst,,,,.  April  10   1849 
•B.sh„piruglu.s,  Circular,  Mny  25,  184!);  May  11    ,8o0      A  th  .^L 
scan.!,  was  nm.  e  by  the  writ.-r  at  the  tin.e  in  the  State  nn.l  Ci,    2 
men.s  an.l  Ins  long  list  of  .nisappropriutions  was  used  before  ,      cZ 
nion  C  ouiicil.  <-oui. 


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120       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


the  niicleus  of  a  future  college,  was  opened,  and  all 
seemed  to  promise  beneficent  results,  but  fire  broke 
out  and  the  church  was  soon  a  mass  of  ruins,  January 
28,  1848.  An  academy  was  subsequently  opened  on 
Third  Avenue,  which  led  in  time  to  the  erection  of 
the  College  and  Church  of  Saint  Francis  Xavier  on 
Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  streets.' 

Rev.  Mr.  Bayley,  a  pupil  of  Rev.  Samuel  Farmer 
Jarvis,  had  been  led  to  the  Church  by  the  study  of  the 
early  Fathers.  Others,  guided  in  the  same  direction 
by  the  teachings  of  the  Tractarians  in  England,  re- 
nounced worldly  prospects  to  enter  the  fold  of  Christ. 
Rev.  Messrs.  Forbes,  Preston,  Jedediah  V.  Hunting- 
ton, F.  E.  White,  Donald  McLeod,  with  many  others, 
became  Catholics,  sacrificing  human  prospects,  shun- 
ning notoriety,  anxious  only  to  serve  God  and  do  his 
work.  The  effect  of  these  conversions  was  great,  for 
all  saw  that  the  submission  to  the  authority  of  the 
Church  was  an  act  of  moi"al  heroism — this  resolve  to 
accept  in  the  face  of  popular  prejudice  a  most  un- 
popular faith,  from  pure  motives  of  conviction  and 
duty. 

Other  conversions  had  preceded  these,  notably  of 
Isaac  T.  Ilecker,  of  Rev.  A.  F.  Hewit,  of  Cluirlestor. 
who  had  been  an  Episcopalian  minister  in  Maryland  ; 
Rev.  Clarence  Walworth,  son  of  Reuben  Hyde  Wal- 
worth, Cliancellor  of  the  State  of  New  York.  Tliese 
last,  after  entering  the  Church,  were  received  into  the 
novitiate  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Most  Holy  Re- 
deemer and  were  ordained  about  this  time  in  Eng- 
land, and  in  January,  18i50,  another  convert,  Edgar 
P,  Wadliams,  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood.'    All 


Wn 


'  Boston  Cath.  Observer,  li.,  p.  8  ;  Wofxlstork  Ijeffcrs.  iii.,  p.  137-144. 
Frecniiins  Journiil.  July  15,  Oct.  20,  1849  ;  Jim.  26,  1850  ;  Dec.  8,  29, 
1H49  ;  March  15,  1851. 


ll 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


121 


tliese  labored  most  profitably  in  the  State  of  New 
York. 

The  giad  tidings  of  the  return  of  the  Sovereign  Pon- 
tiff to  Rome  reached  New  York  in  May,  1850,  and 
Bishop  Hughes  celebrated  a  special  service  of  thanks- 
giving on  the  11th,  delivering  on  the  occasion  a  sermon 
of  great  eloquence  and  force,  which  was  followed  by  a 
Te  Deum. 

A  Catholic  hospital  had  long  been  a  necessity  in 
New  Y^ork,  and  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  under  their 
new  organization,  made  it  one  of  their' first  works  to 
establish  one  in  1849.     There  were  no  fairs,  no  general 
collections,  no  appeals,  but  Sister  Angela  Hughes  ob- 
tained  the  lease  of  Washington  Institute  on  Thir- 
teenth Street,  and,  fitting  it  up  under  the  direction  of 
a  medical  staff,  opened  the  doors  to  the  sick,  with  her 
little  band  of  Sisters  attending  them ;  adjoining  houses 
were  soon  needed  and  secured.     The  hospital  work, 
enlarged  and  extended,  still  continues  and  increases  ' 
The  establishment  of  this  Catholic  institution  was 
timely,  for  the  ravages  of  the  cholera  in  1849  had 
shown  how  much  it  was  needed.     It  was  remarkable 
from  tile  fact  that  a  distinguished  convert  had  been 
disinherited    by  his  grandfather,   James    Roosevelt, 
and  the  large  property  intended  for  him  was  devoted 
to  found  a  hospital  under  Protestant  auspices.     The 
venerable  New  York  citizen  could  not  forgive  his 
favorite  grandson  for  following  the  dictates  of  his 
conscience  and  his   highly  cultivated  reason.      But 
the  vitality  of  the  Church  cannot  be  destroyed,  nor 


'  Ficcnmn's  Jonrtml,  Dec.  8.  1849 ;  Jan.  20,  1850  •  Ibid  Oct  6 
1«4!);  Nov.  24;  Notice,  Jun,  26,  1850;  Call,.  Almanac,  1850,  n  184- 
Havlcy.  "History  of  tlie  Catliolic  Chuicii  on  the  Island  of  New  York  " 
1>.  IW.  ' 


;  I 


Ku 


122       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

its  progress  long  impeded  by  withholding  from  it 
worldly  wealth.     Its  greater  treasures  are  the  poor. 

The  Seventli  Council  of  Baltimore,  considering  the 
great  increase  of  tlie  Catholic  flock,  had  solicited  the 
Holy  See  to  erect  new  provinces  within  the  domain 
which  once  formed  the  Diocese  of  Baltimore.  The  ac- 
tion of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  was  delayed  by  the 
troubles  in  Italy  ;  but  his  pious  heart  was  consoled  by 
this  encouraging  intelligence,  that  the  Church  was 
gaining  in  the  New  World.  New  York  was  erected, 
by  Pope  Pius  IX.,  on  the  19th  of  July,  1851,  into  an 
archiepiscopal  see,  with  metropolitan  powers,  the 
Bishops  of  Boston,  Hartford,  Albanj',  and  BuiTalo 
being  made  the  suffragans. '  Thus  the  Northern  States, 
which  of  old  proscribed  Catholicity  by  public  opinion 
and  penal  laws,  became  an  ecclesiastical  province, 
with  all  the  liturgy,  rites,  and  ceremonial  of  the 
Churdi  that  prevailed  when  the  Catholic  Northmen 
came  or  the  Catholic  Columbus  sailed. 

On  receiving  the  official  notification  of  his  promo- 
tion, Archbishop-elect  Hughes  proceeded  to  Europe  and 
received  the  pallium  from  the  hands  of  the  Sovereign 
Pontiff  himself.  The  prominence  wliich  the  Arch- 
bishop had  attained  led  to  the  report  that  our  gov- 
ernment, which  then  had  a  representative  in  Rome, 
liad  solicited  his  appointment  as  Cardinal,  and  it 
.seems  certain  that  the  authorities  in  Washington 
had,  through  their  minister,  suggested  to  the  Sovereign 
Pontiff  the  advantage  of  having  this  country  repre- 
sented in  the  great  council  of  the  Pope.' 

•  Brii'f,  "  UniviTsi  Dominici  Orei,'ia."  Rome,  July  10,  1850 ;  Letttrs 
of  Cardinal  Frunsoni  in  Freeman  s  .rmirnal,  Oct.  12.  For  greater  coii- 
veuieucc  ill  grouping  dioceses  we  have,  in  the  arrangement  of  Uiis  vol- 
ume, anticipated  this  division  of  the  province  of  IJaltimore. 

«  llassard,  p.  338;  Freenmu's  .lourual,  June  28,  Oct.  10,  Nov.  12, 
l»ol. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


123 


After  preaching  a  series  of  controversial  sermons  in 
tlib  Church  of  St.  Andrea  delle  Prate,  he  received  tlie 
pallium  from  the  hands  of  Pope  Pius  IX.  on  the  3d  of 
April,  and,  returning  by  way  of  Austria  and  England, 
reached  his  see  on  tlie  22d  of  June. 

Received  with  honor  by  his  flock  and  fellow-citi- 
zens.  Archbishop  Hughes  was  soon  involved  in  a  dis- 
cussion with  Horace  Greeley  as  to  Kossuth,  the  Hun- 
garian, whose  experience  in  America  the  Archbishop 
had  foretold  most  graphically.  He  also  delivered  a 
remarkable  lecture,  "The  Catholic  Chapter  in  the 
History  of  the  United  States." 

Tlie  faithful  soon  after  were  rejoiced  to  see  two  great 
religious  orders  advance,  the  Redemptorists  by  lay- 
ing the  corner-stone  of  the  Church  of  the  Most  Holy 
Redeemer  in  Third  Street,  and  the  Jesuits  by  opening 
for  service  the  Church  of  St.  Francis  Xavier.  Outside 
the  city  Yonkers  dedicated  its  church,  and  Tarrytown 
began  one.' 

Thougli  the  Church  was  progressing,  old  prejudices 
old  forms,  and  intolerance  were  adhered  to  obstinately' 
''Jathoiics  suffered  in  the  army.     James  Duggan,  a  soV 
dier  in  a  company  of  United  States  artillery  stationed 
at  Governor's  Island,  was  tried  by  court-martial  for 
refusing    to  attend    Protestant    services,   convicted 
fined,  and  compelled   to  stand  on  a  log  for  several 
hours.     General  Walb.ich  refused  to  act  in  the  matter, 
but  General  Wool  combined  the  sentence.     The  dis- 
graceful quibble  raised  by  the  officers  was  that  Dug- 
gan and  others  were  not  punished  for  refusing  to 
attend  Protestant  services,  but  for  refusing  to  ask  per- 
mission to  stay  away.     The  Secretary  of  War,  Hon. 
C.  M.  Conrad,  when  the  matter  was  laid  before  him, 

'Freenmn's  Journa\,  July  26,  1851^  April    19.  86.  July  13   Oct    25 
^ov.  29.     CitholicChurcli.sof  XowYoik.  pp.  356,  295.  '        '       ' 


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124       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

promptly  rebuked  General  AVool;  but  that  com- 
mander of  the  Eastern  Division  merely  issued  an  order 
remitting  the  unexecuted  portion  of  the  sentence,  sul- 
lenly maintaining  the  right  of  officers  to  violate  the 
Constitution.  A  former  commandant  at  Governor's 
Island,  Colonel  Harry  Brown,  had  addressed  Bishop 
Hughes,  promising  that  if  a  priest  were  sent  to  min- 
ister to  the  Catholic  soldiers  on  the  island  he  would 
give  such  facilities  as  were  in  his  power,  and  that  he 
would  see  that  all  attended ;  but  a  new  reign  of  in- 
tolerance followed,  and  relief  from  religious  perse- 
cution was  not  obtained  till  Hon.  John  McKeon  took 
up  the  case  of  the  soldiers. ' 

The  Archbishop  was  increasing,  when  possible,  the 
number  of  city  churches.  In  February,  1852,  a  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  Astor  Place  was  purchased,  and 
WPS  soon  after  dedicated  under  the  invocation  of  St. 
Anne,  the  convert  Rev.  John  Murray  Forbes  becom- 
ing pastor.  This  gave  New  York  Catholics  twenty- 
two  chui'ches,  six  churches  which  Protestants  could 
no  longer  support  having  been  at  one  time  or  another 
purchased  and  at  once  filled  with  Catholic  worshipers. 

With  the  increase  of  Catholics  it  became  necessary 
to  solicit  the  passage  of  a  law  under  which  Catholic 
Church  property  could  be  held  and  managed  with 
better  security.  None  whatever  was  afforded  by  the 
old  Trustee  law,  which  had  proved  so  disastrous  to 
congregations  and  their  creditors.  As  usual  fanati- 
cism was  aroused,  and  petitions  were  sent  to  thwart 
the  law.  Archbishop  Hughes  was  urged  to  have 
Catholic  petitions  sent  to  advocate  the  bill,  but  in  a 
circular  issued  in  March,  1862,  he  said,  "For  my  own 
part,  I  should  prefer  that  the  bill  should  be  rejected 

'Freeman's  .louriml,  Aug.  9,  (o  Sept  13.  1851 ;  PiUsburgh  Catholic, 
viii..  pp.  114,  170.  208. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK 


126 


on  Its  own  demerits,  than  that  it  should  seem  to  have 
been  carried  by  any  amount  of  petitions."  The  Arch- 
bishop and  his  suffragans  were  anxious  to  be  relieved 
of  the  responsibility  of  holding  this  property,  as  in- 
dividuals, lu  trust,  but  it  was  not  easy  to  convince 
non-tatholics,  or  the  uncatholic  set  at  Buffalo  that 
the  proposed  law  would  decrease  the  power  of  the 
bishops.' 

About  this  time  he  appealed  to  the  people  to  unite 
in  an  "Auxiliary  Church  Building  Association,"  to 
aid  in  the  erection  of  churches,  for  though  the  num- 
If'/'L*^/^^'*'*^  ^'^•«<'es  increased,  the  number  of 
tlie  faithful  grew  more  rapidly.  An  organization  was 
tormed,  but  it  was  not  long  sustained." 

SIGNATtrnE  OF  SISTEU  TEllESA   I-ALOR. 


Ulassard,   pp.  353-53.     Freeman's  Journal,   Feb.  21    185"      The 
dic.cc..se  of  New  York   lost  a  great,  learned,  and  devoted  priest,  Very 

s    s-f 'J'""  "  V"""t''  ^"°  ^'•^^  "^  ®^-  ^"g"^'""'-  Florida  Felf 

8,  1803.     He  was  born  in  Havana,  Nov.  20,  1788,  l.is  father  being 

Lanilenant  .n  the  Colonial  Infantry.     As  a  devoted  priest,  able  control 

vers.al.st  fluent  wr.ter,  he  did  great  service  to  the  Church  in  the  United 

bta.cs.    He  was  long  Vicar-General  of  the  diocese,  his  learning  and 

Zrr'Vr  ,'"''  ,"'■"  "?'  "'''"•  '"^  ^'^"°P  ^^  »«'«  ""^  Archbishop 
Hughes     He  also,  by  works  in  Spanish,  aided  to  counteract  irreligious 
tendenc.es  ,n  his  native  Cuba.     As  his  health  failed   he  went  to  St 
Aug..sti..e  ;  though  he  i.nproved  for  a  time,  he  gradually  sank,  and 
d.ed  a  holy  death  attended  by  Rev.  Edmond  Aubril,  8.  P.  M.    Ro<lrigia'z 
Vida  del  Presbitero  Don  Felix  Varela."  New  York   1878  *=  "-^• 


SV-'  ' 


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4 


CHAPTER  II. 


DIOCESE  OF  ALBANY. 
RT.  REV.  JOHN  McCLOSKEY,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1847-1852. 

The  diocese  of  Albany,  created  in  1847  by  His  Holi- 
ness Pope  Pius  IX.,  conii)rised  that  portion  of  the 
State  of  New  York  lying-  north  of  the  42d  degree  and 
east  of  Cayuga,  Tompkins,  and  Tioga  counties.  It 
therefore  embraced  the  counties  of  Albany,  Rensselaer, 
Washington,  Essex,  Clinton,  Franklin,  St.  Ltiwrence, 
Jefferson,  Oswego,  Onondaga,  Broome,  Delaware, 
Ulster,  Columbi:?,  Greene,  Schoharie,  Chenango, 
Oneida,  Lewis,  Herkimer,  Montgomery,  Saratoga,  and 
Schenectady.  It  was  a  district  with  a  past  famous  in 
tiie  annals  of  the  Church  and  of  the  border  wars. 
Here  Brother  Rene  Goupil  and  Father  Isaac  Jognes 
laid  down  their  lives ;  here  Catharine  Tegalikwita 
was  baptized  and  began  her  career  of  perfection  and 
sanctity.  Here  the  Jesuits  had  for  years  labored  to 
convert  the  Mohawks,  Oneidas,  and  Onondagas,  a  little 
band  descended  from  their  converts  remaining  at 
St.  Regis.  The  diocese  contained  about  twenty-five 
churches,  attended  by  thirty-four  priests,  but  had  no 
institutions  except  an  Orphan  Asylum  at  Albany,  and 
one  at  Utica  under  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  with  free 
schools  at  Utica  and  East  Troy.' 

Dr.  McCloskey  was  already  invested  with  the  epis- 
copal dignity  as  Bishop  of  Axiern.     On  receiving  the 


'  Cath.  Aliimnuc,  1848,  p.  185.     U.  S.  Cath.  Miigazine,  vi,  p.  501. 

Iii6 


DIOCESE  OF  ALBANY. 


127 


bulls  ci-eating  the  new  see  and  transferring  him  to  it 
lie  proceeded  to  Albany  and  was  duly  installed  by 
Bishop  Hughes  on  Sunday,  September  19,  1847  cel- 
ebrating a  pontifical  high  mass,  at  which  the  Bishop 
of  New  York  preached.  In  the  afternoon  he  began 
his  hibors  by  laying  the  corner-stone  of  St  Joseph's 
Church,  the  third  Catholic  shrine  in  Troy,  and  the 
next  day  of  a  church  at  Watertown.' 

Before  the  close  of  the  year  he  laid  the  corner-stone 
of  a  church  at  Cohoes,  where  mass  was  said  for  the 
iirst  time  in  October,  1847,  in  a  carpenter's  shop  but 
where  the  faithful,  under  the  impulse  of  their  zealous 
pastor,  Rev.  Mr.  Van  Reetli,  began  to  erect  a  church 
Land  was  given  by  Alexander  Claxton,  Esq.,  son  of 
the  commodore  of  that  name,  and  a  tine  brick  church 
soon  rose.  Here  gathered  a  congregation,  English 
spe^iking  and  Canadian,  who  were  regularly  instructed 
in  English  and  French. 

Bishop  McCloskey  soon  began  regular  visitations, 
acting  as  missionary  and  bishop,  giving  confirmation, 
and  studying  more  thoroughly  tlie  condition  of 
ciiurches  and  congregations." 

The  Bishop  determined  to  proceed  at  once  to  the 
erection  of  a  cathedral  in  Albany,  and  secured  a  fine 
site  at  the  head  of  Lydius  Street.  On  the  feast  of  the 
\  isitation  of  our  Lady,  July  2, 1848,  lie  laid  the  corner- 
stone of  the  Cathedral  of  the  Immaculate  Conception 
surrounded  by  a  full  delegation  of  his  clergy  and  a  mul- 
titude of  the  laity.  On  this  occasion  Bishop  Hughes 
pronounced  an  eloquent  discourse.  The  edifice  was 
to  be  in  the  Gothic  style  of  the  eleventh  century 

— :_.^^l^ilL^'!^   "1  ^^*'''  ^^°>^   ^'-'^^^  been  de- 
'  Boston  CiUh.  Observer,  i.,  pp.  149  151  ~  " 


'  !> 


M 


128       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATED. 

stroyed  by  fire,  but  the  fiiithful  proceeded  at  once  to 
rebuild,  tiie  Bislio])  laying  a  corner-stone  here,  and 
another  at  Hudson.' 

Rev.  Peter  Ilavermans  was  earnestly  endeavoring 
to  complete  St.  Josei»h's  Church  on  Jackson  Street, 
Troy,  and  near  St.  Mary's,  in  that  city,  the  Sisters  of 
Charity  from  Emmitsburg  were  establishing  an  acad- 
emy and  projecting  a  hosi)ital.' 

In  his  visitation  near  the  Canada  frontier  Bisliop 
McCloskey  was  attended  by  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Migneault, 
of  Chambly,  the  apostle  of  the  Canadians  in  North- 
ern New  York.  At  every  station  tliey  aided  in  the 
confessional.  Malone,  Plattsburgli,— where  Rev.  Mr. 
Rogers's  church  liad  replaced  the  old  red  store  of 
Rev.  P.  McGilligan,— Hogansburg,  Massena,  Averethus 
visited.    At  Waddington  the  Bishop  dedicated  a  line 

SIGNATURE  OP  BIBIIUI*  McCI.OSKEY,   OK  ALBANY. 

Gothic  Stone  church,  erected  by  the  energetic  congre- 
gation, guided  by  Rev.  Mr.  Mackay,  It  was  dedi- 
cated to  the  Blessed  Virgin,  and  was  for  some  time 
under  Rev.  Dr.  Hugh  Quigley,  author  of  the  "Cross 
and  Shamrock,"  and  "The  Prophet  of  the  Ruined 
Abbey."  Then  Ogdensburg,  Rosiere,  Redwood,  with 
its  neat  stone  church,  dedicated  about  1850,  on  a  site 
given  by  Fox  &  Livingston,  large  manufacturers,  and 
Constable ville,  where  Rev.  Mr.  Howard  liad  erected 
a  cliurch,  were  next  visited.  St.  Peter's  Church  at 
Rome  was  dedicated  on  Sunday,  September  15,  1848. 


'  Ibid.,  vii,,  pp.  437,  489;   CaUi.  Almanac,  1840,  p.  109;   Freeman's 
Journal,  Au)f.  5,  1848;  Oct.  20,  1849;  Boston  Cath.  Observer,  ii.,  p.  28. 
»  Freeuiau's  Journal,  Aug.  12,  1848. 


il'- 


DIOCESE  OF  ALBANY.  129 

Then  by  way  of  Oswego,  Mexico,  and  Manlins,  he  came 
to  Nalina  and  to  Syracuse,  with  its  German  Church  of 
tile  Assumption. 

At,  Waterford,  where  Rev.  John  Kelly  celebrated 

he  holy  sacrihce  for  the  first  time  in  a  hired  hall,  the 

Mitiful   some  seventy  families,  under  Rev.  Anthony 

-arley  had  purchased  ground,  and,  the  corner-stone 

being  laid  by  the  Bishop,  they  were  rapidly  complet! 

Hig  a  neat  church.     It  was  dedicated  as  St.  Mary's  in 

the  summer  of  1850.     Lansingburgh  had  its  church, 

bouglit  of  tlie  Lniversalists  in  1842.     The  Church  of 

the  Assumption  at  Albany  was  soon  dedicated,  and 

the  grand  Cathedral  was  rapidly  rising  ' 

When   the   Rt.    Rev.    Bishop  of  Albany  met  his 
' ro  H-en  in  the  episcopate  and  the  metropolitan  at 
altimore  m  May,  he  could  speak  encouragingly  of 
the  progress  of  religion  in  his  newly  formed  diocese, 
^oon  after  his  return  he  resumed  his  tours  of  duty 
extending  his  charity  even  to  Vermont.     In  Septeml 
ber  he  dedicated  to  Almighty  God,  under   the   in- 
vocation of  St.   Michael,   a  church   purchased  of  a 
Protestant  denomination   at  Antweri..      In    Octohp.- 

tJie  10th  of  December  the   beautiful  church    of  St 

Peter  in  the  city  of  Troy  wherp  R*.v  p^f^,.  u 

has  labored  so  long.  '  ^^'  Havermans 

The  presence  of  a    bishop  was    thus  stimulating 

s?a  J  ^R        J"  ^S'P^'"^  "'■    '^^^y  t^^J^    ^    ^lefinite 

n7w    ,       .  ^''  "^^'^'•'"•'^"^  bought  a  site  on  Hill 

and  Washington  streets,  and  the  city  of  Troy  granted 

'  Freeman'8  Journal.  Oct.  14.  1848,  to  Oct.  20. 1849-  Bo7ti)ir?,;tir7.r 
server,  .i.  p.  95  ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic  vi..  p.  50  Tlev  J  T  Smi  "  ■  A 
Hutory  of  the  Diocese  of  Ogdensbur.."  nJw  York  pp.'91  ,47  185.'297 


■      ^f 


'fit 

1    I'f 


'  M 


w 


Ui 


13()      THK  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


the  ground  a  suitable  sluipe.  The  site  thus  enlarged 
was  2(M)  feet  by  130.  Here  the  corner-stone  of  Troy 
Hospital  was  laid  August  15,  184S),  by  Gen.  John  E. 
Wool,  U.  S.  A.,  and  then  duly  blessed. 

At.  St.  Regis,  Rev.  Francis  Marcoux  attended  the 
Indians,  doing  his  best  to  check  the  efforts  of  prose- 
lytizers  who  sought  to  win  them  to  Protestantism. 

The  German  Catholics  of  Albany,  though  struggling 
with  difficulties,  were  soon  rearing  a  neat  Gothic 
church  on  Hamilton  and  Philip  streets,  25  feet  by 
100.' 

Addressing  the  Tjeojwld  Society  in  January,  to 
acknowledge  their  generous  aid,  Hishop  McCloskey 
estimated  the  Catholic  population  of  his  diocese 
at  70,000,  including  10,CKH)  Germans.  He  had  62 
churches,  11  of  them  for  Germans.  He  had  no 
l)riests,  having  gained  in  two  years  15  priests  and 
20  churches.  He  was  laboring  to  give  Albany  a 
cathedral  worthy  of  the  capital  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  where  ir),(K)0  out  of  a  population  of  50,000  were 
alread  y  Ca  thol  ics . " 

He  could  soon  add  to  the  number  of  his  churches, 
one  at  Ausable  Forks  and  one  at  Dayenville.  due  to 
the  zeal  of  Rev.  William  Howard — Irish,  German,  Ca- 
nadian, and  American  uniting  to  erect  it.  Stimulated 
by  the  examples  around  them,  the  Catholics  of  Sara- 
toga Springs  began  a  new  and  finer  church,  and  the 
Germans  in  Albany  completed  th^  Church  of  the 
Holy  Cross,  which  was  dedicated  November  2'.i.  1851. 

Soon  after  Bishop  McCloskey  made  his  appointed 
visit  to  Rome,  where  1;»*  could  report   *he  unexcep- 


'  Freeman's  .lournnl,  Auj?.  25  to  Dec,  29,  1849  ;  Juii.  19,  i8!H)  .  Pitts- 
biiij^h  Catholii.  vi  ,  pp.  197,  307;  Smith,  "  Ilintory  of  the  Diocese  of 
Uj?(len8bur>t,  "  p.  "291. 

'  Bericlitu  del-  I^<i|)olciii>i  ii  Stiftung,  xxiii.,  p.  51. 


i  > 


DIOCESE  OF  ALBANY, 


181 


tioniilly  favonible  condition  of  lijs  diocesL-,  full  of 
life  uiid  Imnnony,  with  no  hostility  within  or  with- 
out. He  returned  to  take  purt  in'the  first  Plenary 
Council  of  Baltimore.' 


'  Frt-enmir^  Journal.  Oct.  B.  Nov.  16,  18S0  ;  Aug.  2  to  Miiy  22  ia^3 
In  N..vc.n.!H.r,  1851,  three  Innmti-s  of  the  Albai.y  Ahi.shouse  were  con^ 
f1ne.l  on  l.r.N..l  nn.l  wat.-r  for  refuRinRon  two  succesnive  Sun.h.VH  lo  join 
iM  I  i-ote.tanl  worship.  Hut  the  higher  nutliorities  at  once  put  a  clacii 
lo  tills  siuuneful  lyranuy. 


CHAPTER  III. 


i'\ 


DIOCESE  OF  BUFFALO. 
RT.  REV.  JOHN  TIMON,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1847-1852. 

TiiK  see  of  Buffalo  was  established  on  the  23d  of 
April,  1847,  by  Pope  Pius  IX.,  who  detached  from 
the  diocese  of  New  York  all  the  part  of  the  State 
lying  west  of  the  eastern  limits  of  Cayuga,  Tomp- 
kins, and  Tioga  counties.  It  therefore  embraced  the 
counties  of  P]rie,  Niagara,  Orleans,  Monroe,  Cayuga, 
Seneca,  Tompkins,  Tiogii,  Chemung,  Steuben,  Ontario, 
Livingston,  Genesee,  Alleghany,  Wyoming,  and  Cat- 
taraugus. 

It  contained  sixteen  priests  and  the  same  numlfer 
of  churches,  though  many  might  rather  have  been 
styled  huts.  There  were  four  schools  under  secular 
teachers ;  no  religious  order  of  men  except  the 
Kedemptorists,  who  had  houses  "in  Rochester  and 
Buffalo;  no  community  of  women  except  one  of 
Sisters  of  Charity,  who  directed  St.  Patrick's  Orphan 
Asylum  in  Roches! er. 

For  this  new  see  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  selected  the 
Very  Rev.  .John  Timon,  Visitor  of  the  Congregation 
of  the  Missions,  a  priest  of  lenrning,  energy,  and  ex- 
perience, who,  as  Superior  of  a  body  of  missionaries, 
and  as  Prefect  Ajiostoiic  of  Texas,  had  displayed 
great  ability.  He  had  refused  the  mitre  of  more 
important  and  promising  dioceses,  but  he  was  now 
required  to  yield.  He  was  a  native  of  (Vjnewago,  Pa., 
where  he  was  born  February  1:?,  17'.)7.  his  parents, 
Janies  Timou  and  Margaret  L'nldy,  having  emigrated 


;  »«. 


•  PI 


•:'4 

M 

'^  r r 


)•  ::i' 


'  Pi 
I. 


BT.   HEV.    JOIUS-  TIMON,    BISUOP  OF  BUFFALO. 


134      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


iifili 


from  tlie  County  Cavan,Irelnn(l.  He  was  first  enp;agecl 
in  coiniuercial  affairs,  and  in  time  removed  to  St. 
^oiiis,  Mo.  There  he  felt  tliat  God  called  him  to 
liigher  things,  and,  like  St.  Matthew,  he  left  the 
counting-desk  to  follow  our  L(/rd.  In  18213  he  entered 
the  Lazarist  Seminary  at  the  Barrens.  From  his 
ordination  to  the  priesthood  in  1825,  he  was  con- 
stantly emplo\'ed  on  laborious  mission  duty,  generally 
with  Rev.  J.  M.  Odin  as  a  companion.  His  excursions 
extended  from  Illinois  to  Arkansas.  In  1835  he  was 
appointed  Visitor  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Missions ; 
by  his  skillful  nianagetiient  he  saved  the  Lazarist  Col- 
lege and  roused  his  religious  from  utter  despondency. 
In  1838  he  was  sent  to  Texas  by  the  Poi)e  to  examine 
the  condition  of  religion  in  that  rei)ublic.  After 
refusing  an  appointment  as  bishop,  he  was  made 
Prefect  Apostolic  of  Texas.  On  the  5th  of  Sej)- 
tember  he  received  his  bulls  as  Bishop  of  Buffalo. 
He  set  out  from  St.  Louis  with  no  worldly  posses- 
sions except  a  scanty  wardrobe  in  a  small  trunk. 
The  very  money  to  pay  his  traveling  expenses  was 
bori'owed. 

His  diocese  was  large,  ill-supplied  witli  priests  and 
churches,  but,  what  was  worst  of  all,  the  enemy  of 
man's  salvation  had  created  and  maintained  there  a 
spirit  of  disaffection,  revolt,  and  disobedience.  He 
was  consecrated  on  the  17th  of  October,  1847,  in  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  New  York,  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  John 
Hughes,  Bishop  of  New  York,  with  Rt.  Rev.  Wil- 
liam Walsh.  Bishop  of  Halifax,  and  Rt.  Rev.  John 
^fcCloskey,  Bishop  of  All)any,  as  assistants.  The 
consecration  sermon  was  ])reache(l  by  Rt.  Rev.  Fniii- 
cis  P.  Kenrick,  Bishop  of  Philadelphia.  After  his 
consecration  he  proceeded  to  his  see,  where  he  was 
dulv   installed   in   St.   Louis'   Church  on  the  22d  of 


DIOCESE  OF  BUFFALO. 


185 


October.'    He  took  up  his  residence  at  this  church 
with  Rev.  Mr.  Gutli,  paying  him  board;   but  after 
he  liad  consecrated  the  cliurch  the  trustees  showed 
the  real  spirit  of  Protestantism  and  infidelity  which 
animated  them.     They  notified  the  Bishop  that  tliev 
did  not  like  to  have  him  there,  and  actually  turned 
liim  out  of  doors.     Expelled  from  the  German  church 
Bishop  Timon  erected  St.  Patrick's  Church,  on  the 
coiner  of  Ellicott  and  Batavia  streets,   where  tliose 
whose  faitli  and   piety  were  strong  soon  gathered 
'•A   bisl.op,    perhaps,   never   began    under    circum- 
stances more  discouraging,"   Bishop  Timon    subse- 
quently wrote. 

Ill  order  to  know  his  clergy  he  at  once  invited  th-m 
to  a  spiritual  retreat,  at  the  close  of  which  on  the 
1  nil  of  November,  he  held  his  first  diocesan  synod  in 
ilie  Church  of  St.  Patrick. 

The  Bishop  then  began  a  visitation,  or  rather  a 
•   nes  of  missions.     He  visited  Rochester,    Sheldon 
jkport,  Lancaster,  Auburn,  including  the  Catholics 
HI  the   State  prison,  Seneca  Palls,  Geneva,  Jefferson 
where  a  church  just  purchased  from  the  Presbyterians 
was  dedicated  by  him.     Ithaca  ar-l  ^     eo-o  were  next 
inspected,  but  while  endeavoring  t.   reach  Elmira  his 
sleigh  upset  and  he  was  badly  cut  in  the  head      He 
kei)t  on,  however,  to  Bath,  Scio,  and  Hornby  House 
During  this  visitation  he  confirmed  1724,  a  large  num- 
ber being  adults.' 

On  the  20th  of  November  he  issued  liis  first  pas- 
toral:     "In  your  new  diocese,   the  fullness    of  tlie 


'  U.  8.  C.U1..  Magazine,  vi.,  pp.  556,  ClO ;   IJoston  Catli.  Observer  i. 

p.  loo,  ■  '      • 

Paitl.;  xii!t  25.'"°'"""'  '"  '  ^'  ^'^  •  ^^"""''  °^  ""  ^''""P^'Saiion  of  ,he 


'*i     IT  i. 


136       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

divinely  organized  ministry  of  God's  church  is  with 
you,  belongs  to  you,  for  your  sanctiiication,  for  that 
of  your  children,  and  of  your  children's  children  till 
the  consummation  of  time.  And  the  city  of  Buffalo 
receives  an  unfading  name,  an  ever  abiding  rank  in 
the  Catholic  world  ;  in  this  sacred  order,  not  subject 
to  the  mutations  of  earthly  things,  the  pre-eminence 
of  Buffalo  as  an  episcopal  city  shall  remain  forever. 
What  grateful  adoration,  then,  owe  we  not  to  our 
God."  After  exposing  the  necessity  of  training  can- 
didates for  the  priesthood,  he  appointed  an  annual 
collection  at  Pentecost  to  maintain  them.  He  called 
attention  to  great  wants,  in  Buffalo,  where  there  was 
no  Catholic  work  of  mercy— no  home  for  the  orphan.' 
Bishop  Timon  estimated  his  flock  at  40,000  souls, 

SIGNATURE  OF  BISHOP  TIMON. 

half  of  whom  were  Germans  attended  by  five  secular 
priests  and  five  of  the  congregation  of  the  Most  Holy 
Redeemer.' 

He  obtained  candidates  for  the  priesthood,  two  of 
them  Germans,  and  opened  a  seminary  in  a  large 
house  which  he  had  rented  near  St.  Patrick's  Church. 

Bishop  Timon  soon  found  that  the  trustees  of  St. 
Louis'  Church  were  determined  to  resist  him,  as  they 
had  the  Bishops  of  Nev/  York.     It  had  become  ex- 


'  Bishop  Timon.    "  Miasions    in   Wostern  New  York   mid   CliurcU 
History  of  the  Diocese  of  BufTalo,"  BufTalo.  1862,  pp  235-244  ;  Dciitlier. 
"  The  Life  and  Tinus  of  tlie  Rt.  I{ev.  Jolin  Timon,  D.  D.,  first  Romaii 
Catholic  Bishop  of  tlie "diocese  of  Buflfalo,"  Buffalo,  1870,  pp.  1-117 
244  ;  C'ath.  Magazine,  vii.,  p.  42. 

"  Berichte  der  L<,>opoldinen  Siiftung,  x\il.,  p.  21. 


1'  t 


DIOCESE  OF  BUFFALO. 


137 


clusively  German,  other  nationalities  being  driven 
out  Daring  liis  absence  they  had  begun  an  enlarge- 
ment of  tlie  church,  already  sufficiently  large,  and 
drew  up  a  petition  to  the  Common  Council  to  obtain 
exclusive  control  of  the  Catholic  cemetery,  excluding 
all  other  churches.  ° 

The  Bishop  then  proceeded  to  Baltimore  to  obtain 
Sisters  of   Charity  for  a  hospital  and    an    orphan 
asylum.     Six  sisters  arrived  in  Buffalo  on  the  3d  of 
June,  1848     Bishop  Timon,  by  great  efforts,  obtained 
a  house  where  he  installed  those  who  were  to  conduct 
tlie  orphan  asylum.     His  hospital  encountered  diffi- 
culties   based  on  unjustifiable  bigotry.    A  Catholic 
Louis  Le  Conteulx,   gave  a  lot  to  the  trustees  of 
the    Buffa  o  Orphan    Asylum,   on  which  they  pro- 
posed to  build,   and  Bishop  Timon  purchased   the 
ormer  property.     They  had  shown  their  hostility  to 
the  Church  by  refusing  to  allow  a  Catholic  priest  to 
attend  the  orphans  in  sickness  or  in  health     Now 
hnding  that  they  were  to  be  succeeded  by  Sisters  of 
Clianty,  they  made  vexatious  delays,  till  the  Bishop 
acted  peremptorily.  ^ 

The  hospital  had  scarcely  been  opened  when  Buf- 
falo was  visited  by  the  cholera.  The  Sisters  received 
134  patients,  of  whom,  under  their  assiduous  care,  82 
recovered  and  the  medical  faculty  recognized  the 
value  and  importance  of  the  Sisters,  for  in  the  citv 
institutions  less  than  half  the  patients  recovered  ■ 

St.  Joseph's  College,  Buffalo,  began  in  two  houses  on 
Niagara  Street,  and  the  College  of  the  Sacred  Heart 

the  Bi^iop W^forjjducation  ;  but  the  death  of  the 

•  Bishop  Timon.  "Missions  in  Western  New  Y^,;^"^^^,;7^9:^^^^ 
^roomun-s  Journal,  ix..  p.  5.  Jul,  15. 1848;  June 9,  1849     Z^^Zx' 
ical  Journal,  v.,  pp.  319,  333.  "uuaio  aie<\. 


•j; 


II 


138      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


'   i 


!    I 


able  president  of  the  Rochester  College  unfortunately 
checked  its  prosperity. 

During  the  summer  Bishop  Timon  visited  Youngs- 
town,  Lewiston,  and  Niagara  Falls,  where,  after  offi- 
ciating in  an  old  Methodist  meeting-house,  he  se- 
cured a  lot  for  a  church.  At  Pendleton  he  preached 
to  the  congregation  of  Germans  in  their  own  language. 
After  reviving  faith  at  Transit  and  Ellicottville  "he 
visited  the  Seneca  Indians,  but  thotigh  the  chiefs 
accepted  crucifixes,  all  kiu)wledge  of  the  faith  once 
preached  to  them  had  died  out.  Randolph,  Cherry 
Creek,  and  Maysville  were  the  next  places  where  he 
officiated.  In  these  hours  of  duty  he  set  up  his  altar 
in  court  or  schoolhouse  or  Protestant  church  ;  but  in 
some  towns,  as  in  Jamestown  and  Dunkirk,  he  could 
not  find  any  room  or  building  for  the  purpose.  Thus, 
as  a  laborious  missionary,  he  kept  on  to  Fredonia, 
Angelica,  and  the  Tonawanda  Indian  reservation. 

In  November  Bishop  Timon  accepted  the  invitation 
of  his  old  associate.  Bishop  Odin,  to  attend  the  con- 
secration of  his  cathedral  at  Galveston.  Before  his 
departure  he  issued  a  pastoral  letter  on  the  7th,  in 
which  he  urged  the  necessity  of  sustaining  his  little 
seminary,  which  now  had  nine  students,  and  ap- 
pointed two  days  for  a  general  collection  in  the 
diocese.  He  also,  while  returning  from  Texas,  issued 
directions  for  prayers  for  the  Sovereign  Pontiff 
throughout  the  diocese.' 


|S'  i 


'  Bishop  Timon,  "  Missions  in  Western  New  York."  pp.  254-258  • 
Freeman's  .Journal,  .l.ily  22,  Oct.  18.  Nov.  11.  Doe.  2,  1848.  Cireulnr,' 
Dec.  24.  licv.  .lulinii  Delauiie,  of  the  (Hocesc  of  St.  Brieiix,  France,  came 
to  ilie  Indiana  mission  in  1839  ;  was  active  in  eslablisliinfr  academies  and 
scJKKils;  in  1846  was  president  of  St.  Mary's  Colleire,  Kentucky.  He 
died  in  Paris,  May  4,  1849,  after  an  unavailing  surgical  operation.  Free- 
man's Journal,  July  7,  1849. 


DIOCESE  OF  BUFFALO. 


139 


Tlie  priests  of  the  diocese  had  greatly  increased  in 
number,  and  his  seminary  was  promising;  the  next 
great  care  of  the  Bisliop  was  to  establish  Catholic 
schools.' 

Tlie  spring  of  1849  showed  the  energy  of  the  Bishop 
visiting  Rochester,  Brockporfc,  Albion,  Madison' 
Scottville,  Lima,  Lancaster,  Seneca  Falls,  and  Lock- 
port,  preaching  in  English,  French,  or  German  as  the 
occasion  required,  for  no  nationality  was  neglected 
even  in  those  days. 

On  thftTth  of  June,  1849,  a  little  band  of  Ladies  of 
the  Sacred  Heart  reached  Buffalo.  A  line  edifice  in 
a  healthy  situation  had  been  obtained  and  here  they 
opened  their  ar ademy. ' 

The  feeble  Diocese  of  Buffalo  responded  generously 
to  the  general  call  for  contributions  to  relieve  the 
Sovereign  Pontiff. 

On  JJ.e  17th  of  June,  1849,  the  clergy  of  the  diocese 
of  Buffalo,  who  now  numbered  forty,  includincr  two 
recently  ordained,  met  again  in  a  diocesan  synod. 

Brothers  of  St.  Joseph  soon  took  charge  of  the 
school  at  Lancaster. 

In  the  autumn  of  1849  we  find  Bishop  Timon  visit- 
ing the  district  of  Rev.  T.  McEvoy,  of  Java,  through 
whose  exertions  five  churches  had  been  built  and 
nearly  as  many  begun. 

Bishop  Timon  by  this  time  knew  his  diocese,  his 
clergy,  and  people  well.  What  he  could  do  unaided 
he  had  accomplished,  but  the  work  to  be  done  was  ap- 

'Bishop  Timon  to  Arcl.l.islu.p  of  Vienna.  Sept.,  1849,  Hericlite  der 
Lenpoldincn  Stiftuntr,  xxii.,  p.  24. 

•Mkunanl  Fullerton.  -'Life  of  Mn.lanio  Duchesne,"  1879  p  396 
mere  V  .nentions  .J.e  Buffalo  loumiation.  Freenmn's  .Tournal.'.Iune  30." 
Jul)  .'8,  Oet.  6,  Vov.  17.  Ouh.  Almanac,  IH.'.O,  p.  Vi9-  U  8  C^.th 
Magazine,  viii.,  p  430  ;  Boston  Calh.  Olis.Tver,  iii.,  p.  195]      '     " 


140      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

palling.     In  a  pastoral  issued  on  the  lOtli  of  Novem- 
ber  he  mado  known  his  intention  of  visiting  Europe 
and  commended  to  his  flock  the  seminary,  hospital' 
and  orphan  asylum.  ' 

Bishop  Timon  reached  Rome  just  in  time  to  witness 
the  return  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff,  Pius  IX.,  to  his 
capital.     In  a  discourse  which  the  Bishop  of  Buffalo 
pronounced  a  few  days  later  (April  14),  in  the  Church 
of  St.  Louis  of  the  French,  before  the  French  troops, 
he  said :    "On  Friday  evening  I  was  near  the  Visible 
Pastor,  when,  at  St.  John   Lateran's,  he  prostrated 
himself  before    the    Eternal   Pastor,  hidden  in    the 
sacrament  of  his  love.     I  saw  the  tears  which  poured 
down  the  face  of  the   Sovereign  Pontiff,  who,  after 
days  of  excessive  grief,  found  himself  again  in  the 
midst  of  his  flock,  which  he  had  never  ceased  to  love 
And  I  saw  the  profound  emotion,  the  filial  sympathy 
of  that  immense  crowd,  which  surrounded  its  pastor 
and  which  before  the  Invisible  Pastor  of  the  Church,' 
mingled  its  tears  with  the  tears  of  its  bishop." 

Bishop  Timon  seized  that  auspicious  moment  to 
solicit  a  Plenary  Indulgence  for  the  members  of  the 
Association  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith. 

During  the  Bishop's  absence  in  Europe  a  minister 
named  Lord  attacked  the  devoted  Sisters  of  the  hos- 
pital, warning  Protestants  that  they  were  helping  a 
nunnery,  and  then  launching  off  into  all  the  stale 
charges  against  the  Church  from  the  days  of  the 
so-called  Reformation.  Rev.  Bernard  O'Reilly  an- 
swered, and  a  controversy  ensued  from  which  little 
benefit  resulted. 

The  Bishop  signalized  his  return  to  his  diocese  by 
solemnly  dedicating  in  August  the  grand  church  of 
St.  Mary,  on  Batavia  Street,  186  feet  long  bv  86  wide 
In  a  pastoral  letter,  dated  on  the  1st  of  August  he 


DIOCESE  OF  BUFFALO.  141 

announced  the  consoling  results  of  his  visit  to  Rome 
and  the  selection  of  the  feast  of  the  Patronage  of  St' 
Joseph  as  the  patronal  feast  of  the  diocese       He 
obtained  indulgences  for  the  Good  Samaritan  Society 
an  association  to  aid  in  maintaining  the  hospital     He 
moreover  obtained  a  dispensation  from   the  law  of 
abstinence  in  favor  of  all  soldiers  and  sailors  in  the 
arn.y  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  who  were  hence- 
torvvard  required  to  abstain  from  flesh  meat  only  on  the 
three  last  days  of  Holy  Week,  on  Ash  Wednesday, 
the  vigils  of  Christmas  and  the  Assumption  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin, 

During  his  visit  to  Europe  he  obtained  several 
German  priests,  as  well  as  church  plate,  vestments 
puintings,  and  books  for  his  more  needy  churches' 
lie  announced  that  as  the  statutes  of  the  Diocesan 
bynod  had  been  approved  by  the  Pope,  he  would 
print  them  for  the  use  of  his  clergy 

Bishop  Timon  overlooked  no  part  of  his  flock ;  he 
collected  the  French  Canadians  of  Buffalo,  numbeHng 
120  families,  established  schools,  and  revived  piety 
among  them,  obtaining  for  them  the  old  German 
Catholic  Church  till  they  were  able  to  build  for 
themselves.' 

Believing  that  the  time  had  come  when  the  erection 
of  a  suitable  cathedral  ought  to  be  attempted,  Bishop 
Iimon  on  the  feast  of  All  Saints,  1850,  issued  a 
pastoral  inviting  the  faithful  of  his  diocese  to  con- 
tiibut^  to  the  erection  of  St.  Joseph's  Cathedral,  each 
according  to  Ins  means,  and  to  unite  in  prayer  that 
the  project  might  be  successfully  carried  out  for  the 

'Freeman's  Journal,    Aur.    10,  24,   Sent    28   Oct    '^^ml^^^ 
Timon,   Pa.stora..    Feas.    „f    8,.    Peter    „d    y  „cu  a      'i  !  85oT 

:2':'^^t'''^-''''^'^  i-Berichtcier  ^oJ^^S^, 


142       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

glory  of  God.  He  Imcl  been  encouraged  by  Pope 
Pius  IX.  to  begin  this  great  work,  but  the  fund  did 
not  grow  rapidly.  The  corner-stone  was  laid  on  the  0th 
of  February,  1851,  a  cold  and  stormy  day,  in  a  tine  site 
on  Franklin  Street.  St.  Joseph's  Cathedral  was  to  be 
a  Gothic  structure,  after  designs  by  Patrick  C.  Keely, 
architect.  It  was  to  be  '.>0  feet  wide  and  236  feet  in 
depth,  with  a  transept  of  126  feet.  The  Bishop  offici- 
ated at  the  consoling  ceremony,  surrounded  by  his 
clergy,  the  Catholic  charitable  societies,  and  a  mul- 
titude of  the  faithful.  As  he  saw  that  his  diocese 
could  ill  afTord  to  bear  the  burden,  the  Bishop  ap- 
pealed to  the  faithful  throughout  the  country,  and 
subsequently  visited  Mexico.  Meanwhile  he  was 
erecting  the  spiritual  editice,  his  clergy  were  increas- 
ing by  the  ordination  of  priests  trained  by  himself, 
and  the  exercises  of  the  Jubilee  produced  the  most 
extraordinary  fruits  in  his  diocese.' 

The  Church  of  St.  Louis  remained  the  only  spot 
where  in  the  board  of  trustees  a  spirit  of  schism  and 
revolt  was  maintained.  The  Bishop  wished  to  plac.» 
the  church  in  charge  of  the  Jesuit;  Fathers,  but  th.' 
trustees  refused  to  admit  them.  They  issued  libels 
against  the  Bishop,  charging  him  with  designing  to 
take  their  church  from  them  and  give  it  to  the  Irish. 
Bishop  Timon  issued  an  address  to  the  congregation 
on  Easter  Sunday,  but  the  trustees  replied  in  a  docu- 
ment full  of  misstatements  and  untruth.  The  Bishop 
called  upon  the  congregation  to  show  their  fidelity  to 
the  discipline  of  the  church,  warning  them  that  if  they 
sustained  the  trustees  they  must  cease  to  be  Catholics'. 
A  majority  remained  in  the  church,  till  the  trustees 


'  Freeman's  Journal.  Nov.    16,  1850  ;   Feb.   15,  Mar.   23,  1851  ;   St. 
Joseph's  Cathedral,  Buffalo,  N    i'.,  Buffalo,  1H38. 


DIOCESE  OF  BUFFALO.  143 

re-entered,  expelled  the  pastor,  nnd  then  for  some 
Sundays  profaned  the  cliurch  with  forms  of  service 
unauthorized  by  the  Catholic  religion.  Bishop  Timon 
accordingly,  on  the  14th  of  June,  1851,  placed  the 
church  under  an  interdict,  warning  the  faithful  to 
take  no  part  in  the  unhallowed  rites. 

His  visitations  in  the  spring  had  consoled  Bishop 
Timon  by  the  numbers  who  approached  the  sacra- 
ments,  and  the  careful  preparation  of  the  candidates 
for  confirmation.  On  his  return  to  Buffalo  he  held 
(July  2-10)  another  syn'-.l  of  his  clergv,  and  on  the 
feast  of  our  Lady  of  Mount  Carmel  he  issued  a  pastoral 
to  the  faithful  of  the  diocese. 

After  continuing  his    visitation    he  dedicated   St 
Mary's,  PortageviUe,  on  the  19th  of  August,  and  still 
extending  his  tour  of  duty,  blessed  on  the  17rh  of 
December  the  church  at  Ellicottville,  erected  almost 
entirely  at  the  expense  of  the  Devereux  family. 

It  had  long  been  the  desire  of  the  Bishop  to' confide 
his  seminary  and  the  college  to  some  religious  com- 
munity. He  was  delighted  to  succeed  in  obtaining 
the  aid  of  the  Oblate  Fathers  of  Mary  Immaculate 
To  his  great  consolation  he  was  able,  on  the  19th  of 
August,  to  install  Rev.  E.  Chevalier  and  two  other 
Oblate  Fathers  in  St.  Joseph's  College.' 

In  his  Lenten  Pastoral,  \s:^2,  he  made  a  new  special 
catechism,  the  only  English  one  to  be  taught  in  his 
diocese.' 

Thus  in  the  early  part  of  1852  the  diocese  of  Buffalo 
coidd  show 70  (•hurches,-nuniy,  indeed,  wooden  struc- 
tures,—with  58  priests;  an  Eccles Mistical  S-minarv 
under  the  Oblate  Fathers,  with  12  students;  St.  J,;. 


'  Fm.mMn's  .I„u,na!.  .Inly  lit.  An-.  •,',  \KA  ;   .Tan.  17,  Feb    7   185-^  • 
DiutluT,  •Lifeof  IJishopTiinon,"  |,i,.  10O-157. 


I    I    ■ 

■■■%l 


'  ■■  m 


m 


"  n 


if''^' 


'n.i 


itf;! 


ifl 


if     M 

ill: ; 


i  t 


144      THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

seph'fi  College  under  tlie  sunie  fiiMiers,  wlio  opened  it 
on  the  28th  of  April,  in  the  Webster  House  ;  nu  ncud- 
eniy  under  the  I^idies  ut'the  Sacred  Heart ;  u  hospital, 
doing  great  good;  with  threeorphan  asylums,  all  under 
Sisters  of  Cluirity,  nnd  parochial  schools  at  Jiuffalo, 
Rochester,  Lockport,  Lancaster,  and  elsewhere.' 


'  Catb.  Aluukuuc,  \^i,  pp.  1015-171. 


SEAl,    or    UISHol*  TIMOX. 


;  i 


'«J 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF  hOSTON. 
KT,   REV.   BENEDICT  J.   FENWICK,    SECOND    BISHOP    l8i,  ,«4fl 
RT.  REV.  JOHN   B.  FITZPATRICK.  BISHOP  OF  CALWPOUh 
COADJUTOR.  ' 

Rkmevkd  0  the  care  of  the  southern  part  of  the 
ongina  d.oces^  of  Boston,  and  aided  by  the  aimoint! 
mentof  a  coadjutor  in  >m.s  labors,  which  began  fo"  I 
upon  hnn  Bishop  F.  .ok  .night  to  consolidate  he 
m-k  of  his  .piscoi  ■■.te.  U  diocese  still  embraced 
^ie  brte  of  Maine,  ml  m,  Jatholics  and  5  priests 
.^e^v  Hampshire,  187o  ('.M.r.acs  and  2  priests     vlr 

:;;ii  M  8^  ^T^  ■  r-^^-  -^  ^^-ali « 

\Mtn  r)i,87^  tatholicc  and  21  priests 

On  the  8.1  of  March,  1844,  the  church  for  the  Ger- 
n..-n.s  U..S  blessed,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Roloff  for  the  fiSt 

On  the  24fh  of  the  same  month  Bishop  Fenwick 
on.secrared  his  coadj.itor,   lit.   Rev.  John  B    F  tt 
>;.rnck,  Bishop  of  Caliopolis,  in  the  cliapel  of    he 
\  .  itation  Convent,   at  Georgetown,    D    C     BislLm 
n  l.ehin    of  Richmond,  and  Bishop  Tylei    'of        rt 
i'»<l;  assisting.'     Tlie   throne  of  tlie  coadjutor  was' 
erected  ,n  the  sanctuary  of  the  Cathedral  of  the  Hoi v 
Cross  on  Palm  Sunday.    He  was  soon  visi,  ng  oon 
.^voa  ,o„s  and  conhrming  as  far  as  Vernonf     A 
anchester  the  Catholic  body  was  large  enough  t 
"'-"tum^cjmrch^^  ^^f^^^^ 

'  Georgetown  Reconls.  Mar.  24,  1844^  ^ 

us 


■>ii 


i;  s- 


•:r 


im 


146      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


iM.'li 


chased  one  in  which  Bishop  Fitzpatrick  confirmed 
twenty-nine.  Saxonville  also  was  projecting  a  chnrch. 
In  November  Rev.  Dr.  O' Flaherty  bought  land  on 
Bridge  and  Howard  streets,  in  Salem,  to  erect  a 
church. 

The  Church  was  growing  in  minds  without  the  fold. 
There  had  been  conversions,  some  of  them  remarkable, 
from  the  days  of  Bishop  Cheverus.     Now  a  man  of 
vigorous  and  stalwart  mind,  who  had   tested  New 
England  forms  of  Christianity  and  found  them  all  fail 
to  satisfy  the  demands  of  the  human  intellect  and  the 
cravings  of  the  human  heart,  turned  to  the  Catholic 
Church.     His  "Views"  liad  shown  the  trend  of  his 
mind ;  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1844  he  had  estab- 
lished a  quarterly  review,  bearing  his  name,  but  he 
reached  the  point  where  he  found  that  the  only  ques- 
tion was  Church  or  no  Church,  a  body  teaching  with 
supernatural  power,  able  to  help  mankind  by  super- 
natural aids,  or  absolute  nothing.     On  the  28th  of 
May,  1844,  he  called  upon  Bishop  Fenwiok,  and  for 
two  hours  discussed  with  him  the  points  which  had 
become  so  vital  to  liis  eternal  welfare.     Otiier  visits 
followed,  and  before   the  end   of   June  Orestes  A. 
Brownson  acknowledged  the  One,  Holy,  Catholic,  and 
Apostolical  Church  to  be  the  true  Church  established 
by  Jesus  Christ.     He   then  prepared  to  be  duly  .id- 
mitted,  and  in  October,  1844,  received  the  sacraments 
of  baptism  and  confirmation  at  the  hands  of  Bishop 
Fitzpatrick. 

Brownson's  Review  continued,  with  its  able  articles 
on  philosophy  and  political  economj%  the  theologira! 
studies  of  the  editor  now  guided  by  an  unerring  au- 
thority. I  became  the  next  year  a  Catholi(!  review, 
read  and  studied  by  the  clearest  and  soundest  minds 
in  the  country.    Catholic  truth  was  presented  to  many 


DIOCESE  VF  BOSTON'. 


147 


in  the  form  best  adapted  to  meet  their  wants  and 
influence  tlieir  intellect.' 

At  Salem  J)r   T,  J.  O'Plaherty,  acting  with  great 
caution,  received  several  converts,  and  earnestlv  la- 
bored for  the  good  of  religion  with  his  voice  and  pen 
but  he  died  after  a  brief  illness  in  March  1846     At 
this  time  there  was  no  church  between  St    Mary's 
Salem,  and  Boston,  to  the  south,  Lowell  on  the  west' 
and  Dover  on  the  north,'  ' 

Bishop  Fenwick's  health  had  been  frilino-  and  in 
the  summer  of  1844  he  visited  Maryland  to  iSok  once 
more  on  the  places  associated  with  his  earliest  mem 
ones-the  house  where  he  was  born,  the  chapel  where 
.10  was  baptized,  and  first  saw  the  holy  sacritice  offered 
He  was,  however,  depressed  by  tl.p  general  air  of 
neglect  and  decay  which  prevailed. 

Before  the  close  of  the  year  new  cliurches  had  been 
dedicated  at  Middlebnry,  Vt.,  and  Pittsfield,  Mass 
The  diocese  now  lost  two  priests,  Rev.  Mr.  Demilier 
and  Rev.  P.  Byrne,  and  several  churches  were  tempo- 
i-anly  vacant.'    Lay  persons  of  note  also  passed  awiv  • 
Dr  Andrew  Carney- whose  name  is  still  treasured' 
and  who  had  but  recently  induced  Bishop  Fenwick  to 
sit  for  his  portrait  to  Pope,  the  artist-and  Miss  Jenni- 
son,  a  venerable  convert. 
JI^Iiere^N^s^some  trouble  in  the  church  at  Waltham,' 

■  Bishop  Fenwick,  "  Memoran.ia  of  U.e  Dioce«r,^f  "bos^oT^^ 
n.un  s  .Journal,  v..  p.  47.     Brovvnson's  Quarterly  Review   lS     'J, 
•■  Ske.che.,  of  tl.e  Establishment,  of  the  C.u.rd     „  NetEn.t^^.d  ^  n"" 

'  V.  8.  ClUh.  Magazine,  iii.,  p.  574 ;  iv    p  06 

*  Tlie  troubles  at  Waltlmm  continued  for  some  vear,      Tn  v 


>  I 


:i! 


148       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

but  the  great  difficulty  was  in  the  German  congrega- 
tion, from  which  two  priests,  Rev.  Messrs.  Roloff  and 
Phithe,  successively  retired.  Bishop  Fenwick  placed 
there  temporarily  the  Abbe  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,— 
who  had  been  received  by  Bishop  Fitzpatrick,— subse- 
quently known  for  a  strange  history  of  Canada,  and 
later  still  for  antiquarian  and  linguistic  studies  in 
Central  America. 

Addressing  the  Prefect  of  the  Propaganda,  Cardinal 
Fransoni,  in  January,  1845,  Bishop  Fenwick  spoke  of 
the  conversions  to  the  faith  and  to  the  increase  of  the 
Catholic  body,  which  he  estimated  at  60,000  souls. 
Within  the  last  ten  years  he  had  erected  2o  churches, 
6  of  which  were  in  the  recently  established  diocese 
of  Hartford.  Many  of  the  churches  were  large,  cost- 
ing from  $6000  to  $20,000,  and  capable  of  containing 
1500  to  2000  people.  Nine  churches  were  in  progress 
in  the  diocese  of  Boston,  St.  Peter  and  Paul's,  Soutli 
Boston,  being  dedicated  in  Jiilj^  1845,  and  St.  John's, 
Worcester,  a  year  later.  During  the  decade  he  had 
ordained  19  priests.' 

The  property  acquired  by  the  bequest  of  Rev.  John 
Thayer  and  collections  among  the  faithful  to  estab- 
lish an  Ursuline  Convent,  remained,  since  its  destruc- 
tion by  a  mob,  untenanted,  and  as  the  Ursuline 
Community,  failing  to  reorganize,  had  .jicken  up  and 
left  the  diocese,  he  solicited  permission  to  use  it  for 
other  needed  works  of  education.  He  told  of  the 
Native  American  organization  and  its  terrible  doings, 
but  he  added  aa  the  general  opinion  "  that  fiercely  as 


indicted  for  forcibly  entering  the  cliurcli,  to  enable  tlie  pastor  to  say 
mass  for  the  congregation.    Tliis  and  other  vexatious  litigations  on  tlieir 
part  led  to  the  closing  of  the  church,  which  was  destroyed  by  an  incen- 
diary fire  in  1848.    Fitton.  p.  164. 
'  Bishop  Fenwick  to  a  Cardinal,  Jan.  10, 1845. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON.  US, 

they  sought  war  on  us  for  a  time,  and  mtich  as  we  may 
suffer  m  person  and  in  loss  of  property  and  of  our 
churches,  we  shall  tnumph  in  the  end.  '  Si  Deus  nro 
nobis,  quis  contra  nos  ? '  "  '  ^ 

At  the  close  of  December,  1845,  Bishop  Fenwick, 
who  had  been  indisposed  for  the  last  two  months 
becarne  seriously  affected.      Prom  the  beginning  of 
January,  ]846,  he  was  unable  to  lie  down.     From  the 
beginning  of  January,  1844,  he  was  unable  to  say 
mass;  sleep  and  rest  became  impossible;   but  he  re 
niamed  cheer  ,.1      On  the  8th  of  August  the  physl" 
crnns  declared  h.s  condition  dangerous.     He  received 
the  intelligence  with  remarkable  presence    of  mind 
and    resignation,  expressing   all    confidence   in    the 
niei^cy  of  God  and  manifesting  great  reliance  on  the 
protection  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.      He  prepared  him 
self  immecUately  for  death  with  perfecfrTX    "; 
and  after  his  confession   received  the  holy  viaticum 
and  extreme   unction  from  the  hands  of  his  coadh^ 
^)r,    he  clergy  of  the   house   assisting  in    surplice 
He  then  sank  gradually,  erysipelas  se     -.     and  he 
seemed  to  fall  into  a  state  of  torpor.      M...  wa«  soM 
in  his  room  and  some  of  his  ordinary  daily  devotions 
were  recited  for  him.      Wiien  three  Hail  Marys  v^ere 
omitted  he  noticed  it,  and,  rousing,  asked    to  W 
them  said.     On  the  11th  the  prayers  for  the  depart^! 
;"oul  were  recited,  and,  when  asked  whether  hedd" 
.e  replied,  "Yes,  perfectly."    A  few  moments  bt 
ore  his  death  he  said,   "In  te  Domine  sperav    non 

irt/inf  7""''-"^''  "^^'^^"^  th^  last  .Co 
int.on  and  indulgence   in   articulo    mortis,    expired 

sitting  in  his  arm-chair,  for  he  had  not  been  able  to  lb 

down  an  instant  during  the  last  eight  months. 

'  Citth.  Herald,  xiii  ,  ,,.  oj^r, .  ^.^    ^  ^oo. 


i  <''-#J 


I'll 


150       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


I 


,*■ 


After  tlie  solemn  requiom  mass  offered  by  Bishop 
Fitzputrick,  at  which  Bishop  Hughes  of  New  Yorlc 
was  present,  and  a  discourse  delivered  by  Rev. 
Nicholas  J.  O'Brien,  the  body  of  the  second  Bishop 
of  Boston  was  conveyed  to  the  Worcester  depot,  fol- 
lowed by  the  clergy,  Sisters  of  Charity,  and  all  the 
Catholic  societies.  His  remains  were  deposited  at 
Holy  Cross  College,  which  he  had  founded,  and  which 
by  his  last  act  lie  gave  to  Georgetown  College,  in  the 
dying  hope  that  Massachusetts  would  one  day  be  just 
to  Catholic  institutions.  At  the  month's  mind  in  the 
Cathedral  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Bishop  Hughes  pi-o- 
nounced  a  noble  eulogy  on  the  successor  of  Cheverus.' 

Bishop  Penwick  had  conquered  so  much  hostile 
feeling  that  the  municipal  authorities  and  the  cidzens 
vied  with  each  other  lo  guard  from  molestation  the 
dying  bishop  in  his  hours  of  sickness  and  suffering. 
Bishop  Penwick  felt  deeply  grateful  for  it,  and  when 
he  was  no  more.  Bishop  Pitzpatrick  issued  a  card  to 
express  his  thanks.' 

RT.  REV.  JOHN  BERNARD    FITZPATRIOK,  THIRD   BISHOP,  1846-1852. 

When  Rt.  Rev.  John  B.  Pitzpatrick  occupied  the 
♦episcopal  throne  as  Bishop  of  Boston  on  the  ICth 
of  August,  1840,  Catholicity  was  manifesting  a  devel- 
oping strength.  About  one-fourth  of  the  popula- 
tion of  Boston,  some  82,()()(),  were  Catholics.  A  new 
church  had  beet;  dedicated  in  honor  of  St.  Joseph  ; 
churches  were  in  progress  or  dedicated  in  Worcester 
and  other  growing  towns.     A  Baptist  church  was  soon 

'Notes  of  Bishop  Fit/putrick;    Frfcman"s  .lourniil,  vti.,  pp.  42,  97  ; 
U.  S.  Calh.  Magiiziiu',  iv.,  p.  .510  ;  l'iltHl)ur},'li  Catholic,  iii..  p.  171) ;  Cath.' 
Advocate,  xi.,  p  284.  Dr.  Browiisoii  ou,  Ibid.,  p.  290.     Cutli.  Herald 
xiv..  pp.,  268,  280,  305. 

•Cath.  Herald,  xiv.,  p.  277. 


'•■•trflttrv  w  >*r.-nift-,  sa 


KT.    liliV.    JOHN    ,!.    riTZPATlUCK,    UISUOI-   OF   iloSTO-N. 


i/,  'I 


rif 


'f| 


-7i 


152       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

purchased  in  Springfield  after  some  loss  caused  bj- 
the  Federal  government,  and  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity  was  dedicated  in  Sussex  Street.  Boston.'  On 
all  sides  there  were  indications  thut  IsTew  Eitdand. 
till  witiiin  a  few  years  as  unprojuisint;  a  field  for 
the  Church  as  the  Southern  States,  was  to  ,-^oe  the 
apostles  of  truth  bring  in  with  joy  the  .^jl.eaves  of  the 
spiritual  liarvest. 

John  E«n-nard  Fitzpatrick  was  born  in   Boston  of 
Iri^li  parents  on  the  .1st  of  November,  1812.     He  was 
trained  in  iho  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  went 
through  the  iamous  Latin  school   with  distinction, 
appreciated  by  all  for  Isi.s  talentH,  love  of  stndy,  and 
ml\\  virtue.      His  merit  was  r.>.'ognized  bv  Bislioj) 
Fenwick,  who  encouraged  his  incliaatiojv  'o  tiie  priest- 
hood,  and  who  sent  liim  in  1829   to   the  Sulpitian 
S.'i:  inary  m  Montreal.     After  completing  his  theo- 
logii  :.\  studies  at  the  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  Paris, 
.:)•}  was  i»rdained  priest  on  the  IStn  of  June,  1840.     In 
the  autumn  he  returned  to  Boston,  became  assistant 
at  the  Cathedral,  served  at  St.  Mary's,  was  pastor  at 
East  Cambridge,   evincing  in  every  position  piety, 
ability,  self-control,  and  a  power  to  direct  and  guide! 
His  selection  as  coadjutor  was  one  the  fitness  of  which 
all  recognized.     Bishop  Fitzpatrick  had,  during  the 
disability  of  Bishop  Fenwick,  attended  the  Sixth  Pro- 
vincial Council  of  Baltimore  in  1846. 

Soon  after  he  became  Bishop  of  Boston  he  wel- 
comed William  Henry  Hoyt,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  who,  led  by  the  Oxford  movement, 
had  gradually  been  led  to  recognize  the  validity  of  tlie 
claims  of  the  Catholic  Church.     He  was  personally 


'Fitlon.   "Sketches  of  tlie  EsiMblishnitut  of  the  Church  in  New 
England,"  Boston,  1873,  pp.  146,  313. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON.  153 

a  friend  of  Bishop  Hopl;ins,  was  beloved  by  his  flock 
at  St.  Albans,  had  a  devoted  wife  and  family  but  he 
did  not  liesitate.  By  the  power  of  grace  he  made  the 
sacrihce,  and  was  received  into  the  Church  on  the 
2oth  of  July,  1846,  by  Rev.  Jol-n  Richard,  a  convert, 
at  Montreal.  His  wife,  already  convinced,  followed 
las  course.  Their  new  life  at  St.  Albans  was  not  only 
most  edifying,  but  active,  the  church  dedicated  in 
1S19  having  been  due  greatly  to  his  exertions  ' 

In  October  the  devoted  Very  Rev.  P.  M.  Migneanlt 
gavp  missions  to  the  Canadians  at  Burlington  and  St 
Albans  ill  Vermont.     "This  worthy  ecclesiastic,"  says 
Bishop  Fitzpatrick,  "  had  for  years  back  been  of  great 
service  to  the  diocese  of  Bosion  by  his  apostolic  labors 
in  his  frequent  journeys  through  the  State  of  Vermont 
ahvayc  at  his  own  expense,  and  without  remuneration 
except  the  pleasure  of  doing  good."      Bishop  Fitz- 
Patrick  gladly  confirmed  the  powers  of  vicar-general 
granted  by  his  predecessor. 

When  some  large  manufacturing  firms  started  the 
town  of  Essex,  and  Catholics  gathered  there,  land  was 
secured  and  a  church  erected  by  the  still  vigorous 
Dominican  Father  Charles  D.  Ffrench,  a  pioneer  in 
A ew  \ork  and  IS^ew  England. 

Bishop  Fitzpatrick's  visitations  in  1847  extended 
over  nearly  all  his  diocese. 

Petty  attempts  to  op./ess  Catholics  and  deprive 
then,  of  their  right  to  freedom  of  worship  had,  as  we 


'Bishop  .10  Gm.sbrian<l.  "  (;„,hoIic  Memoirs  of  Vermont  and   New 

«n.n..K.Ho..s.  w.;i,e  ^.^;^l;^  Z  i's  E-'cZc^^:::^ 

^  ork   ,iu.  stroke  of  death  came.  Deeeml.er  8.  1883.     He  o^  ,hV^.^ 
.rnaeL.  sa>d  the  Mise.ea.ur  and  Indul,en,iam.  .ave  himSlf  hi 

va.icum.  and  sank  down  before,!,,.    •   ever  to  recover  conscbLi' 


•!  ■  ■■ 

J'    ' 

it  :■ 

u» 


164      THE  CHURCH  m  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

have  seen,  occuiTed,  unfortunately,  from  time  to  time. 
About  this  time  Lieutenant  Baker,  U.  S.  N.,  refused 
to  attend  tlie  religious  services  held  by  the  govern- 
ment chaplain  on  the  "Falmouth,"  to  which  he  was 
attached.  The  captain  wishetl  to  enforce  his  attend- 
ance, but  Lieutenant  Baker  maintained  his  ground 
and  i)roved  his  right  to  enjoy  the  freedom  which  the 
Con.'ttitution  of  the  Unitpd  States  guarantees. 

A  worse  case  occurred  in  Massachusetts  toward  the 
closi^  of  the  year  1846.  The  superintendent  of  the 
alms  louse  at  Fitchburg  refused  to  allow  a  Catholic 
priesl  to  see  a  dying  inmate.  However,  one  secured 
admission  and  asked  to  see  the  jierson,  and  was  ad- 
mitted. He  then  asked  to  be  left  alone  with  the 
dying  Christian.     "  Why  ? "  he  was  asked.     "  I  am  a 

8IONATURK    OF   III8HOP   FITZPATIltCK. 

Catholic  priest,  and  my  functions  as  such,  to  be  per- 
formed for  the  man,  require  that  we  should  be  alone." 
The  superintendeTit  replied,  "Fll  allow  no  Paddy 
superstition  to  go  on  in  a  house  under  my  control." 
But  the  i)riest  retorted,  "'  Til  allow  no  infidel  or  bigot 
to  debar  me  from  the  exercise  of  my  office."  When 
the  superintendent  threatened  violent  expulsion,  tlie 
priest  expressed  his  determination  to  do  his  dutv 
whatever  might  be  the  consequences,  and,  moreover, 
threatened  i)ublic  exposure  and  an  appeal  to  higher 
authority.  His  firmness  and  perseverance  triumphed. 
The  keeper  retired  and  the  poor  man  was  prepared 
for  death. 

Eiirly  in  the  year  1847  the  Boston  Catholic  Observer 
appeared,  under  the  editorial  management  of  Rev. 
Nicholas  O'Brien  and  Rev.  G.  F.  Haskins,  the  latter 


mi 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON. 


165 


a  convert,  who  was  manfully  struggling  to  deliver  his 
free  church  from  debt.' 

Catholics  might  be  denied  their  religious  rights 
in  public  institutions,  and  many  covertly  encouraged 
attacks  on  their  reputation  and  property,  but  when 
there  was  a  national  call  for  volunteers  for  the  w-ir 
against  Mexico,  none  thought  of  excluding  them  from 
tlie  ranks.  A  company  of  Irish  volunteers,  raised  in 
Boston,  attended  high  mass  in  a  body  on  the  17th  of 
January  and  Bishop  Fitzpatrick  exhorted  them  to  pre- 
pare for  the  campaign  by  receiving  the  sacraments 
worthily  Kev.  Mr.  O'Brien,  of  East  Cambridge,  soon 
alter  said  mass  for  them  on  a  vessel  in  the  harbor 

The  diocese  lost  about  this  time  a  most  estimable 
convert,  who  had  long  been  a  friend  to  the  Church 
Tins  was  Colonel  Hyde  of  Burlington,  who  had  aided 
the  clergy  by  Ins  advice  and  means.     He  attended  the 
Catholic  church,  taught    catechism  to  the  children 
made  himself  useful  to  the  body  in  many  ways  •  he 
even  openly  and  constantly  professed  the  Catholic 
faith.      Yet  something   held  him   back  from   beine 
actually  received.     After  some  fifteen  years'  delay,  he 
hnally,  by  the  mercy  of  God,  did  all  that  was  neces- 
sary, and  about  1845  became  a  Catholic  in  every  sense 
of  the  word.     His  life  was  all  that  could  be  edifying 
and  in  his  last  illness  he  received  the  last  sacraments 
and  died  in  the  best  dispositions. 

The  conversion  of  Captain  Chandler,  General  Super- 
intendent of  the  House  of  Industry  at  South  Boston 
was  another  instance  of  unseen  influence  produced  by 
the  Church.  Early  in  June  he  was  taken  down  with 
ship  ever,  and,  being  in  danger  of  death,  repeatedly 
"sked^e  of  his  friends  to  send  for  Rev.  Mr.  Pitz- 

'  Boston  Cath.  Observer,  1.,  pp.  149,  151. 


'"^ 


hi 


I't 


156       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Simmons,  the  Catholic  priest  of   the  Church  of  8t. 
Peter  ami  St.  Paul.     They  nil  neglected  to  do  so,  but 
when  an  Irishman,  for  some  ;.urpose,  entered  the  sick 
room.  C.  ].f.;in  Chaiuller  seized  the  opportunity  and 
implorr  I    hiiu  to  sumnuui  the    priest.      When    the 
clergymitu  arrived  Mr.  Chandler  said  that  he  wished 
to  speak  to  him  on  important  nuitters.     His  friends 
lold   Kev.  Mr.   Fitzsimmons  that  he  was  out  of  his 
head.     He  instantly  replied,   ''1  am  not  out   of   my 
head  ;  but  I  do  not  wish  to  go  to  hell,  and  only  the 
priest  with  bapti-  ;u  ;iaa  'An.',  sacraments  can  save  me." 
His   wife  nametl  a  Protestant  clergyman,  suggesting 
tliat  he  might  do  all  that  was  necessary.      "No,''^ 
replied  Ciuiudler,  "that  man  has  told  me  that  there 
is  no  obligation   to  return    ill-gotten  goods."      Rev 
Mr.  Fitzsimmons  then  proceeded  toinstnu-r  him,  an<l, 
finding  him  fully  convinced,  received   his  abjui'atioii 
and  during  the  following  days  administered  all  the 
sacraments. 

This  conversion  caused  much  excitement.  Native 
meetings  were  held  to  provoke  Catholics  to  a  breach 
of  the  peace.  A  Catholic  temi)erance  so^ety  was 
driven  from  a  hall  which  they  had  hired,  so  that 
Bishop  Pitzpatrick  sent  his  priests  around  to  urge  the 
people  to  avoid  all  controversy  and  ^  par  the  ]  •  )- 
ciaion  in  silence.  Failing  to  excite  a  disturbance,  the 
enemies  of  religion  then  ston  d  St.  Mary's  Church 
and  the  liousey  of  Catholics,  if  ijie  authorities  had 
no  respect  lor  the  rights  and  feelings  of  Catholics, 
they  regarded  the  1  .'uking  of  glass  as  serious,  and 
offe  cd  to  pay  the  ^      der's  Im'Is. 

Tlie  Bunker  HilJ  celebration  brought  out  Oraage 
and  no  Popery  flags.  All  this  could  be  borne,  but  the 
authr,;ir,i.H  struck  a 'low  which  Catholics  felt  by  re- 
fusing their  clergy  adndssion  to  the  Poor  Hous.    and 


f;l*  fr 

•i' 


l-liJJIALL 


DIOCESE  BOSTON.  \r^7 

to  the  Hospital  for  Kmigmnts   sick   with  the  fever 
on  Deor  Islarul.      JJishop  Fitzpatrick  applied  to  the 
Mayor  for  relief,  but  was  referred  to  the  Committee 
of  Aldermen.     This  cruel   and  barbarous  policy  was 
maintained,  and  the  only  satisfaction  that  the  Bishop 
could  obtain  was  a  promise  to  send  for  a  priest  wlien 
necessary.     What  tlie  necessity  was  may  be  judged 
from  the  fact  that  when   Rev.  Mr.    McCallion  sue- 
ceeded  in  reaching  the  sick  on  Deer  Island,  June  24 
a  fellow  priest  being  excluded,  he  heard  one  hundred 
confessions  and  administered    extreme    unction    to 
tliirty-two  who  were  actually  dying. 

Hishop  Fitzpatrick's  zeal  was  not  "limited  to  those 
who  reached  our  shores  struggling  with  fatal  disease  • 
he  issued  on  the  0th  of  February  a  strong  and  stir' 
ring  appeal  in  behalf       those  starving  in  Ireland 

As  the  best  answer  lo  the  calmness  and  hostility  of 
tl..^  enemies  of  the  church,  a  series  of  lectures  was 
given  by  Dr.  O.  A.  Brownson,  Kev.  Jolin  Larkin  S  J 
Rev.  Dr.  Ambrose  Manahan,  Rev.  Dr  J  W  Cuni' 
niiiigs.  Rev.  Charles  C.  Pise,  and  others.  '  These 
attracted  many  honest  hearers  and  produced  the 
happiest  results. 

retreat  of  the  clergy,  and  the  exercises  of  the 

•n   'ee,  roused  the  devotion  of  the  people  to  such  an 

extent  that  there  were  15,()(X)  communions  in  Boston 

'thoiicity  had  grown  slowly  in  and  around  Salem 
inu  between  1846  and  18/50  the  establishment  of  fac- 
tories an-  the  building  of  railroads  brought  in  thou 
samls,  and  a  great  majority  of  them  were  Catholics 
Kev.  James  Conway  of  Ballinamore,  Leitrim   Ire 


'  Rt.  Rev.  Jolm   B.   Fit 
Observer,  i.,  p.  18,    no,  ett 


'^K   Pastoral;     Diury ;    Boston 


■i  ■' 


r  I 


IfiS      THE  CHURCH  IN  THK  UNITED  STATES. 

land,  set  to  work  to  provide  for  his  inoreasing  flock. 
He  enlarged  old  St.  Msiry's,  erected  a  church  in  honor 
of  St.  James,  purchased  and  opened  a  Catholic  ceme- 
tery. xVlive  to  the  imiwrtance  of  religious  education, 
he  introduced  the  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  and  opened 
a  school.  By  ISfiO  a  second  priest  was  needed  in 
Salem. 

Th.  .hurch  in  Waltham  was  indeed  destroyed  by 
fire,  but  there  was  progress  elsewhere.' 

The  boundary  line  between  the  State  of  Maine  and 
the  British  iiossessions  had  long  been  a  matter  of  dis- 
pute. It  was  finally  settled  by  treaty.  Under  this, 
a  strip  known  as  the  Madawaska  was  recognized  as 
American  territory,  and  within  the  State  of  Maine. 
It  had  been  settled  by  Acadian  fugitives,  who  escai)ed 
from  the  cruel  and  unjust  confiscation  of  their  prop- 
erty and  deportation  of  so  many  in  17;")^.  To  take 
steps  for  their  spiritual  welfare.  Bishop  Fitzpatrick 
visited  N- w  Brunswick  and  conferred  with  Bishop 
Dollard,  of  St.  John. 

The  Bishop  then  made  a  visitation  in  Maine,  where 
Augusta  and  Plast  Afachias  had  new  churches ;  in 
Trescott  he  found  a  church  up  but  unfinished.  Ar 
Worcester  the  Canadians  usetl  the  old  church  while 
preparing  to  build  for  themselves,  but  their  pastor, 
Rev.  M.  Leveque,  was  forced  by  ill  health  to  leave 
the  mission.  Here  the  Bishop  in  October  confirmed 
125.  During  the  years  1840-1847,  churches  were  dedi- 
cated at  Roxbury,  Springfield.  Lowell,  the  church  at 
Salem  enlarged,  and  that  at  Watertown  completed. 
At  Fitchburg  the  Catholics  purchased  a  lot  and 
erected  a  temporary  frame  building,  but  it  was  at- 


'  Walsh.  "Origin  of  the  Cnlliolic  Church  in  Salem."  noston,  1890. 
pp.  49-55.     Boston  Cath.  Observer,  ii.,  pp.  79.  91. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON.  Ifil) 

tacked  by  fmmtirs,  tlie  wiiulovvs  broken,  and  other 
injury  (lone.  'I'lireats  were  openly  made  that  it  would 
be  destroyed  by  tire. 

The  year  1848  had  scarcely  opened  when  the  Cath- 
olics mourned  the  loss  of  Dr.  Henry  B.  C.  Green 
"one  of  our  best  Catholics  and  most  useful  members  "' 
wrote  Bishop  Fitzj)atrick.     He  was  a  native  of  South 
Berwick,  Me.,  a  graduate  of  Harvard,  a  distinguished 
physician  at  Saco,  when  a  love  of  truth  led  him  to  the 
Church.     Barred  from  a  professorship  on  account  of 
his  religion,  he  came  to  Boston,  where  he  soonacquired 
a  large  practice,  and  was  pre-eminently  the  physician 
of  the  poor.     In  every  good  work  he  was  foremost 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  St.  Vincent's  Orphan 
Asylum,   got   up    the  series   of  lectures   before   the 
\oung  Catholic's   Friends'  Society,  was  one  of  the 
originators  of   the  Society  of  St.   Vincent  de  Paul 
Klecfed  for  several  years   to  the  Legislature  of  the 
Stare,  he  made  most  eloquent  arguments  in  favor  of 
payment  by  the  State  to  the  Ursulines  of  Charlestown 
He  received  the  last  sacraments  from  the  hands  of  the 
liishoi.,  and  died  January  31,  1848,  a  model  of  resig- 
nation and  piety.      At  his  funeral    the  church  was 
crowded  with  Protestants,  who  listened  with  deep  at- 
tention  to  the  discourse  pronounced  by  Bishop  Tyler 
of  Hartford.' 

A  convert  of  an  earlier  day,  Thomas  Walley  friend 
of  Cheverus  and  Matignon,  of  Bishop  Fenwick  and 
Bishop  Fitzpatrick,  died  August  2,  1848,  at  the  age 
of  eighty.  Highly  cultivated,  he  embraced  the  faith 
after  studying  its  doctrines  and  seeing  their  influence 
in  the  lives  of  Catholics.     Once  in  the  enjoyment  of 


'Hishop  Fitzpatrick.  Diary;  Boston  Cath.  Observer,  f..  pp  21  34  87- 
V.  S,  Cnth.  Magazine,  vi.,  p.  441).  ^^       '      '      ' 


\Hi 


'^f 


160 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


great  wealth,  reverses  liatl  reduced  him  to  compara- 
tive poverty,  but  he  bore  the  change  with  Christian 
equanimity. 

St.  Peter's  Church,  Cambridge,  was  completed  dur- 
ing the  summer,  but  on  the  8th  of  September  the 
Church  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  in  South  Boston,  a 
beautiful  granite  building,  which  had  been  erected 
only  about  live  years,  caught  lire,  perhaps,  from  a 
building  burning  on  Sea  Street.  The  fire  department 
arrived  promptly,  but  could  not  save  the  finest  Catholic 
church  in  the  diocese.  Although  partly  insured,  the 
loss  was  a  heavy  one  for  the  Catholic  body  to  bear. 

During  the  year  the  Purchase  Street  Unitarian 
Church,  a  tine  granite  structure,  was  acquired,  and 
dedicated  as  St.  Vincent's  Church,  IV[ay  14,  1848.' 

In  his  visitation,  begun  after  the  summer,  Bishop 
Fitzpatrick  visited  Montpelier,  Burlington,  St.  Albans, 
and  Burlington  in  Vermont,  encouraged  to  find  con- 
gregations growing  and  schools  established.  He 
blessed  the  church  at  Springfield,  October  29,  and  on 
the  8th  the  corner-stone  of  St.  Bernard's,  Fitchburg, 
had  been  laid  by  Rev,  M.  W.  Gibson.' 

Early  in  1849  the  matter  of  the  incorporation  of 
TToly  Cross  College  came  up  before  the  General  Court 
of  Massachusetts.  The  institution  had  been  seven 
years  in  existence,  its  corps  of  instructors  being  larger 
than  in  any  other  similar  instituti(.n  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State.  Dr.  O.  A.  Brownson  and  Father 
Early  were  examined  by  the  committee.  The  major- 
ity of  the  committee  on  education,  headed  by  Erastus 
Hopkins,  reported  against    the  petition    of    Bishop 


'  Boston  Ciith.  Observer,  ii  ,  ])p.  n.,  1'2;J :  Hisliop  Fitzpatrick's  Dinrv. 
'Hisliop  Fii /.pat rick.  Diary;  Ho.stoii  Catli.  Observer,  ii..  pp.  ua,  15U, 
162.     Fri(;inairs.Iounial,  Oct.  as,  lH4,s  ;  Fitton,  p.  147. 


II!  i 


4il5f<l' 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON.  161 

Fitzpatridc,  but  Charles  W.  Upham,  J.  Lothrop  Mot- 
ley, ami  R.  H.  Williams,  in  a  calm  minority  J-eport 
advised  that  the  State  should  incorporate  a  well-' 
managed  nnd  successful  college.  Hopkins  spoke 
earnestly  against  the  bill,  and  the  house,  by  a  vote  of 
117  to  8^,  refused  to  incorporate  a  Catholic  colle-e 
speeches  and  report  showed  the  legislators  of  en" 
hg htened  Massachusetts  to  be  "  very  ignorant  of  the 
Catholic  religion,  of  v.-  -ch  they  seemed  to  have  no 
k,Hnvledge  but  such  as  was  derived  from  the  tales  of 
their  grandmothers."  ' 

Yet  the  Church  was  gaining  steadily.  At  this  very 
time  a  Universahst  church  passed  into  the  hands  o^ 
the  Ca  holies,  ancl  buildings  were  purchased  at  Chel- 
sea and  Lyiin  to  be  transformed  into  temporary  chap- 
els  Early  in  849  a  Universalist  church  in  Xew  Bed- 
lord  was  purchased  by  Rev.  Thomas  McKulty  In 
August  the  corner-stone  of  a  church  at  St.  Albans  was 
hud  by  Bishop  McCloskey  of  Albany 

The  next  year  a  church  was  begun  at  Black.tone 
Mmss.,  which  was  dedicated  in  1852.' 

At  the  commencement  of  that  year  the  diocese  of 
Boston  had  72  priests,  73  ch.irches!  with  ma  ly  o  Ue^ 
m  progress,   a  college,   an  orphan   asylum,  ^seer. 
schools  and  the  House  of  the  Angel  Guardiui   a  lef 
uge  and  teniporary  house  for  destitute  boys.     It  ™ 
he  work  of  Rev.  G.  F.  Haskins,  who  before  he  en  eml 
the  Church  had  been  attracted  to  labor  for   l^t  chs 


'ii-Ui  ■  Frcemun's  .lournal.  Aug   U  1840  '"•.  PP. 

•■  Bishop  Fitzp,,,ric.k'..   Diary;   Wsh.u   CatI     OLsen-cr    ili     „    ix^ 
tacnunsJourual,  July  14.  1849;  F\mn,  ^y>.  U'd.-dU  '  ' 


''     1 


-■M 


162       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Hi 


The  constitution  of  New  Hampshire  had  remained 
one  of  the  least  tolerant  in  the  United  States.     By 
its  terms,  the  governor,  senators,  and  representatives 
were  required  to  be  Protestants,  and  every  town  was 
authorized  to  levy  taxes  "for  the  support  and  main- 
tenance of  public  Protestant  teachers  of  piety,  religion, 
and  morality."     In  March,  1850,  a  convention  was 
held  to  amend  the  constitution.     Judge  Woodbury 
strongly  advocated  the  abolition  of  this  restriction  of 
eligibility  to  a  particular  body  of  Christians,  and  of 
the  town  support  of  ministers.    Amendments  covering 
this  ground  were  adopted  after  heated  discussion ;  but 
when   submitted  to  the  people  in  March,  I80I,  they 
were   rejected,    the  Democratic   votes  being  against 
them.     The  question  was  submitted  to  the  people  a 
year  later,  but  illiberality  prevailed,  and  New  Hamp- 
shire adhered  to  its  system  of  excluding  all  Catholics 
from  the  Legislature  and  the  gubernatorial  chair.' 

'"Franklin  Pierce  and  Catliolic  PcrsccuiiDn  in  New  Hninpsliire." 
Speecli  of  William  E.  Uobiiisou,  New  York,  1852. 


r  i 


•  »ww««a»«-^*eanc^ 


CHAPTER  V. 

DIOC^ESE  OF  HARTFORD. 
RT.  REV.  WILLIAM  TYLER,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1844-1849. 

PoPK  Gregory  XVI.,  at  the  solicitation  of  the  Fifth 
Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore,  by  Jiis  Letters  Apos- 
tolic of  November  28.  1843,  erected  the  see  of  Hart- 
ford, and  assigned  to  it  as  its  diocese  the  States  of 
Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  which  had  for  more 
than  thirty-five  years  formed  part  of  the  bishopric  of 
Boston.     As  the  first  bishop  of  the  new  see  the  Rev 
William  Tyler  was  elected.'     He  was  born  in  Derby' 
Vt.,  June  5,  1806,  his  mother  being  a  daughter  of  the 
Rev,  Daniel  Barber,  whose  family  all  embraced  the 
faith.     AVilham's  parents,  with  liis  orothers,  all  be- 
came Catholics,  and  on  the  removal  of  the  famil-  to 
Claremont,  William,  then  sixteen  years  of  age,  nmde 
Ills  classical  studies  under  his  uncle.  Rev  Vir.al  H 
Barber.     When  the  latter  uas  sent  to  the  Indian  mis- 
mm  m  Maine,  young  Tyler  proceeded  to  Boston  to 
make  the  studies  for  his  admission  to  holy  orders   his 
zeal  and  piety  prompting  him  to  devote  himself  to 
God  s  service      He  made  his  course  chiefly  under  the 
TV.     I't'^'  ^'-n^vick.    He  was  ordained  priest 
on  the  J3d  of  December,  1827,'  and  was  employed  at 
tlie  Cathedral,  with  the  excei^ion  of  short  missions  at 
Canton  and  in  the  Madawaska  country.     Bishop  VUz 
Patrick  says  :  "  His  talents  were  n(,t  brilliant,  nor  was 
Ins  learning  exten.sive,  though  quite  sufficient.     But 


'  nullaiium  .!.•  PropngandH  Fide,  v.,  Appx.,  p  31 
•iiiiiiKlcUiihis,"  Hnisscis,  1H79,  ii.,  p.  707. 
■  Uisliop  l-Vnwick,  "  Mt-moraiKln." 

103 


Hi'i-iiiifz,  "(.'o 


m 
-.1 

m 


JIM 


I« 


i'  " 


i 


! 

ill! 


Nil 


il4     i 


164      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

he  possessed  great  moderation  of  character,  a  sound 
judgment,  uncommon  prudence,  and  much  firmness. 
His  life  as  u  priest  was  truly  a  model  for  ecclesiastics. 
Not  an  hour  was  given  to  idleness  or  vain  amusements 
or  visits.  He  was  methodical  in  the  distribution  of 
his  time,  and  everr  portion  of  it  was  well  spent.  Zeal 
for  the  glory  of  God  and  the  salvation  of  souls,  true 
humility,  total  indifference  to  popular  favor  or  ap- 
plause, and  a  perfect  spirit  of  poverty  were  his  pe- 
culiar virtues.  His  aversion  to  honors  and  distinctions 
of  every  kind  was  so  great  that  he  could  hardly  be 
induced  to  accept  the  episcopacy  to  which  he  was 
appointed  in  1843.  Nothing  but  his  great  deference 
for  the  will  of  Bishop  Fen  wick,  whom  he  revered  as  a 
father,  and  the  formal  decision  of  Father  Dzierozinski, 
under  whose  direction  lie  made  a  retreat  at  the  time, 
could  have  extorted  his  consent.' 

He  had  proceeded  to  Frederick.  Md.,  to  make  liis 
retreat,  and   Bishop  Fenwick  went  on   to  Baltimore 
and  consecrated  him  in  the  Cathedral  of  that  citv  mi 
the  17th  of  March,  1844,  R^  Ilev.  Richard  V.  AVlielan. 
Bishop  of  Richmond,  and  Rt.  Rev.  Andrew  Byrne. 
Bishop  of  Little  Rock,  being  assistants.    Bishop  Tyler, 
after  acting  as  p.ssistant  in  the  consecration  of  Bi.shoj) 
Fitzi)atrick,  i^roceeded  to  his  diocese  and  was  installed 
in   the  Cliurch  of  the  Holy  Trinity  <m  the  14th  of 
April.     The  church  was  handsomely  decorated,  and  a 
throne  erected.     During  the  stdemn  high  mass,  cele- 
biated   by   the   Rev.   Jolm    Brady,  Bislioj)   Fenwick 
l)reached,  and  in  the  course  of  his  discourse  congratu- 
lated the  people  of  Hartford  upon  their  having  a  new 
bishop  and  the  formation  of  a  new  diocese.' 


■  ;"!isliop  Filzpntrick's  Diary:  Frcpmnn's  .Toiinial.  iv.,   p.  309;  U.  S. 
Cath.  Miiga/iue,  iii.,  p.  !.'(W  ;  C'litli.  lltnild,  xii.,  p.  U3. 


^'•fl 


DIOCESE  OF  HARTFORD.  ]  65 

The  Diocese  of  Hartford  at  this  time  contained  a 
Catholic  population  of  about  10,000,  a  little  more  tiian 
hal    being  in  Rhode  Island.     There  were  churches 
at  Hart  orcl,  Aew  Haven,  New  London,  Bridgeport, 
^ewpor.  Providence,  Pawtucket,  and  one  nearly  co.n- 
pleted  at  A\  oonsocket ;  a  lot  had  been  purchased  also 
at  Muldletown,  on   which   the  faithful   had   already 
commenced  the  erection  of  a  church.     These  churches 
and  the  dependent  stations,  were  attended  by  Rev' 
.ye...rs   William  Wiley,  James  Fitton,  William  Ivers" 
John  Brady,  James  Smyth,  and  Michael  Lynch 

As  Providence  contained  the  largest  Catholic  popu- 
lation, and  two  Catholic  churches.  Bishop  Tyler  se 
lected  It  as  his  residence  and  made   the  church  of 
St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  his  pro-cathedral.     One  of  his 
first  duties  was  to  make  a  visitation  of  his  diocese 
beginning  with  Providence.     He  saw  want  of  means 
on  all  sides  to  accomplish  what  was  absolutely  neces- 
sary to  maintain  the  faitli,  and  he  appealed  success- 
fully to  the  Leopold  Association  in  Vienna.     The  aid 
ho  received  enabled  him  to  n.aintain  two  seminarians 
at  AH  Hallows,  Ireland,  and  one  at  Holy  Cross  Colle-e 
His  next  great  object  was  to  provide  for  Ci.risti"m 
education    by    introducing  Sisters    of    Charity    and 
Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools  ■ 
In  May    1840,   Bishop  Tyler  attended    the   Sixth 
rmmc.a  Council  of  Baltimore,  and  laid  before  his 
fellow  bishops  the  condition  of  his  diocese 

Laboring  const.ntlj  in  missionary  duties  liimself, 
Bishop  lyler  soon  found  that  a  severe  cold,  contracted 
about  the  time  of  his  consecration,  was  assun.ing  a 
d^uigercmsfoi-m.  ^^^Hle_thi.s  pivven^ed  lo.^HirnJys? 
'Cath.  Almanac.  1844,  p.  90;  Bishop  Fenwuck.  ~"  yivxn^^^^^^ZT:, 
Bon,.,.,.  .,«■  Leopoldi....  S.ifn.,..  .viii..  p.  3  ;    xi;,  ..S^^-l.., 


hi 


;  '^fffllflm 

i 

ci  bchcmBB 

mr- 

^^^ 

hjH 

IMiJLrtlMIBi 

ma     II  |i  '^' 
nf  m      if   I      ■) 


111 


fill 


I 


ni 


I     i  H 


166       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

he  did  not  suspend  his  care  or  attention  to  liis  flock. 
He  enlarged  his  pro-cathedral  to  nearly  twice  its 
former  size,  and  thus  gave  room  for  the  congregation, 
in  which  the  baptisms  had  doubled  in  a  decade.  It 
was  dedicated  anew  on  the  lltli  of  April,  1847.  Bishop 
Fitzpatrick  celebrating  the  pontifical  mass  and  Father 
Ryder  preaching  on  the  occasion.' 

The  Catholics  at  Waterbury,  Conn.,  had  increased 
sufficiently  to  enable  them  in  the  summer  of  1847 
to  purchase  a  church  capable  of  acconimodating  800 
persons,  which  had  belonged  to  the  Episcopalians. 

In  November  of  the  next  year.  Bishop  Tyler  dedi- 
cated the  Church  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  at 
Pawtucket,  erected  by  the  energetic  priest,  Rev.  Mr. 
McNamee.  On  the  17th  of  January  a  Presbyterian 
meeting  house  on  Church  Street,  purchased  by  the 
Catholics  to  replace  their  former  church,  destroyed 
by  fire,  was  dedicated  by  the  Bishop.  The  zeal  and 
energy  of  the  faithful,  and  of  their  pastor,  Rev.  Philip 
OVReilly,  were  shown  in  riie  promptness  with  which 
they  replaced  their  lost  church.' 

Bishop  Tyler  was  now  rapidly  sinking.  lie  at- 
tended the  Seventh  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore  in 
May,  1849,  only  to  solicit  his  brethren  to  induce  the 
Sovereign  Pontiff  to  accept  his  resignation  or  name  a 
coadjutor.  On  his  homeward  journey  he  was  seized 
with  rheumatic  fever,  and  when  he  attempted  to  offer 
the  lioly  sacrifice  in  his  Cathedral  on  Whitsunday 
was  unable  to  do  so.     Bishop  Fitzpatrick,  learning 


'  Fitton,  pp.  225,  282  :  Connecticut  C'ath.  Year  BfKik,  Hartfnril,  IHTT, 
pp.  9-13  ;  U.S.  Catli.  Magazine,  vi,  p.  280;  Fieeniiin's  Journal,  vii., 
p.  H49. 

'Boston  Catli,  Observer,  i..  p.  107  ;  ii.,  pji.  175.  1!W  ;  U.S.  Cath. 
Majiuzine.  vii.,  p.  :W0 ;  Pitishi:ra:Ii  Catiiolic.  v..  p.  12;t.  Tlie  clu^rcli  at 
New  Haven  was  liiini!  on  Sunilay  iii>:lii,  .)iih    11,    1848. 


ii^k 


ih^i 


DIOCESE  OF  HARTFORD.  167 

liis  condition,  hastened  to  Providence  and  gave  him 
lioly  viaticum  on  the  13th  of  June.  He  soon  grew 
much  worse  and  was  in  a  delirium,  but  at  night  on  the 
15th  his  mind  became  clear,  and  the  Bishop  of  Boslon 
administered  extreme  unction,  which  he  received  with 
the  most  edifying  disposition,  and  in  the  perfect  use 
of  his  reason.  He  expired  on  the  afternoon  of  the 
18th,  his  last  audible  words  being  pious  ejaculations. 

Bishop  titzpatrick  celebrated  the  requiem  mass  a 
sermon  being  delivered  by  Rev.  Mr.  AViley,  a  tin'ie- 
long  friend  of  the  late  prelate. 

Bishop  Pitzpatrick,  during  the  vacancy,  and  even 
betore  it,  gave  his  aid  to  the  Hartford  diocese,  layino. 
the  corner-stone  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Name  a" 
Iseu-port  on  the  14th  of  June,  and  one  at  Hartford 
soon  niter,  as  well  as  by  administering  the  sacrament 
of  conhrmation.  The  diocese  was  governed  durino-  the 
vacancy  by  Bishop  Pitzpatrick.  During  this  period 
churches  were  dedicated  at  JN^ew  London  and  Warren.' 

BT.  REV.    BERNARD    O'REILLY,   SECOND    BISHOP  OF    HERTFORD 

1850-1852. 

At  the  request  of  Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  Tyler  the  Patheis 
of  the  C  .L,noil  of  llnltimore  had  forwarded  to  Rome 
the  name  c"'  v  ,ry  Rev.  Bernard  O'Reilly,  vicar-gen- 
era of  the  cuocese  of  Buffalo,  as  coadjutor  of  the 
Bishop  of  Hartford.  The  troubles  in  Italy,  however 
prevented  any  action  •.:;  the  time,  ai.l  it  was  not  till 
he  9th  of  August,  1850.  ti.  vt  the  buHs  appointing 
him  Bishop  of  Hartford  Wbrc  is.  ued 

Although  many  Irish  pri..s;j  had  labored  in  New 
hiigland-and  a  large  proportion  of  the  Catholics  were 


1 1.1.0,  F,t/,pa. nek's   Diary  ;  Boston  Cath.  Observer    iii     /  ififi  ■ 
FiKsburgh  Catholic,  vi..  p.  ViT, ,  vii    n    loO  •   viii     „    m-     v  ' 

•'•H-rnal,  June  23,  July  H.  1849        "  '  '   '    ^^'  '   ^'•'^•-''""» « 


f 


I 

t 
I 
I 


i  ti. 


■'ti 


ill 


.1 


168       THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

from  Ireland— building  up  churches  and  institutions, 
Dr.  O'Reilly  was  the  first  native  of  that  country 
appointed  to  an  episcopal  see  in  that  part  ol'  tlie 
United  States.  He  was  born  in  the  County  Longford 
in  1803,  and,  wishing  to  devote  himself  to  the  missions 
of  this  country,  came  to  America  in  1825  and  entered 
the  Sulpitian  Seminary  at  Montreal.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  his  course  there  and  in  Baltimore  he  was 
ordained  in  New  York,  October  13,  1831.  After  la- 
borious mission  duty  in  that  city  during  the  cholera 
ravages,  he  was  appointed  in  December,  1832,  to  St. 
Patrick's  Church,  Rochester.  Here  he  showed  his 
zeal  and  energy,  but  in  1847  Bishop  Timon  summoned 
him  to  Buffalo  and  made  him  vicar-general.     On  re- 


{/riauL^. 


//^4^ 


SIONATCRE  OF   BI8U0P  OKEILLY. 

ceiving  the  bulls  of  his  appointment  he  prepared  for 
the  high  office  and  was  consecrated  in  St.  Patrick's 
Church,  Rochester,  on  the  l(»th  of  November,  1850. 
He  was  soon  installed  in  his  diocese,  and  on  the  2(1 
of  December  issued  a  pastoral  letter  in  which  he 
earnestly  urged  the  necessity  of  a  Catholic  education 
of  the  young,  and  the  care  of  the  orphans,  that  they 
might  not  lose  the  faith.  He  also  announced  the 
Jubilee  proclaimed  by  iiis  Holiness,  Pius  IX.  His 
visitation  gave  a  new  impulse  to  the  devotions,  while 
his  eloquent  and  impressive  instructions  were  fol- 
lowed with  deep  attention. 

The  dii^)cese  of  Hartford,  when  Bishop  O'Reilly  was 
installed,  contained  a  Catiiolic  population  of  20,000 
souls,  the  churches  had  increased  to  12  and  the  clert-v 


m 


ii  ■<!«■ 


DIOCESE  OF  HARTFORD. 


169 


to  14,  and  7  ecclesiastical  students  were  preparing  to 
aid  in  the  good  work.'  * 

Under  his  impulse  St.  Patrick's  Church,  Hartford, 
was  dedicate      In  December,  1851,  and  a  church  a 
Uarreri  the  next  month. 

Tlie  Catholic  population  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode 
Island  was  estimated  at  this  time  at  40  000  Tlie 
diocese  of  Hartford  had  28  priests,  23  clerical  stu- 
dents, 2  academies,  several  free  schools,  and  1  orphan 
asvlum."  ^ 


''  Calh.  Almanac,  1852,  p.  174. 


I  ■  f 


'I    i  J 


BOOK  III. 

PROVINCE  OF  CINCl.N  n  ATI. 


CHAPTER  T. 

DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI. 
RT.  IlEV.   JOHN   BAPTIST  PUKCELL,   SECOND  BHUOP,  1843-1860. 

Peksonally  laborious  as  a  "missionary,  Bishop 
Purcell,  relying  on  tlie  future  grovvtli  and  M>eans  u{ 
liis  flock,  stimulated  them  to  erect  church*  .  where 
tliey  could  receive  the  sacraments,  and  train  -ii 
children  to  the  worship  of  God.  After  proclaim  in  , 
the  Jubilee  in  1842,  he  dedicated,  on  the  3d  of  Jul. . 
the  fj;rand  Church  of  St.  Mary's  Annunciation,  ei  -te'l 
by  the  German  Catholics  under  Rev.  .lohn  Martin 
Henni,  the  venerable  priest  Budin  taking  part  in  the 
T'Temonial.  Rev.  John  P.  MachebcBuf  was  erecting  a 
l/ue  stone  church  in  honor  of  the  Holy  Angels 
a  {id  a  residence  at  the  old  French  jjost,  Sanduskj\ 
Chi'rches  were  dedicated  at  Ripley  and  Meigs'  Creek, 
and  one  begun  at  Messillon.' 

The  College  of  St.  Xavier  was  prospering,  with  170 
pupils.  The  German  missions  and  schools,  aided  by 
the  Leopold  Association,  were  increasing  in  numbers 
and  influence.  Rev.  Amadeus  Rappe  had  transformed 
a  Presbyterian  meeting-liouse  in  Toledo  into  a  Cath- 


'Cath.   Tfli-grapli.    xi.,   pp.    174,   223,  231,  270,   ■,'79,   2«6.      Coth. 
Herald,  xi.,  pp.  142-252. 


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172      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


olic  church.  There  was  similar  activity  shown  at 
Vernon,  Newark,  Zanesville,  and  Portland.  The 
clergy,  of  many  nations,  Americans,  German,  French, 
Irish,  Italians,  Belgians,  and  Spaniards,  were  all  de- 
voted. The  seminary  under  the  Lazaiists  had  twelve 
students ;  parochial  schools  were  increasing  in  num- 
bers and  efficiency.' 

Cincinnati,  in  1843,  made  u  large  addition  to  the 
Orphan  Asylum  directed  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity. 
Progress  was  manifest  in  all.  Columbus  had  in  seven 
years  inc.-eased  from  a  hundred  poor  families  to  a 
population  of  800,  and  found  a  new  cliurch  necessary  ; 
Eev.  Mr.  MachebcBuf  had  1100  in  Sandusky  and  its 
missions.  Rev.  Mr.  Lamy,  in  his  large  district,  erected 
four  churches,  frequently  swimming  his  horse  across 
the  swollen  streams,  and  once  nearly  perishing  in  the 
waters  of  the  Mohican.  With  similar  zeal  Rev.  Mr. 
Olivette  had  built  three  churches  in  his  district  within 
four  years.  At  St.  Dominic's,  near  Somerset,  a  fine 
Gothic  cliurch  stood,  nobly  marking  the  spot  where 
Catholicity  In  Ohio  began  with  a  log  chapel,  St, 
Vincent's  Church  at  Akron,  St.  Francis  de  Sales'  at 
Newark,  Our  Lady  of  the  Lake  at  Cleveland,  the  ef- 
forts of  the  Catholics  at  Mount  Vernon  to  rebuild  their 
ruined  church,  the  harmonious  efforts  of  German  and 
English  speaking  Catholics  at  Chillicothe  to  erect  a 
church,  all  consoled  the  Bishop  in  his  visitations. 

He  also  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  an  end  of  a 
schism  at  Nor  walk,  where  a  band  of  seceders  from  the 
church  at  Peru,  led  by  Rev.  Joseph  Freygang,  had,  in 
defiance  of  his  authority  and  prohibition,  erected  a 


B  im\ 


1,'! 


'  During  tlic  yciir  1843  the  baptisms  in  Cincinnati  niunlwrcd  ll.'.O 
(T.  S.  Cath.  Masriizinc,  iii.,  p.  134),  and  tlic  Hi>*liop estimated  tlie  Catholics 
of  liic  city  at  13,000.  ncrichte  der  Leopoldineu  Hliftuug,  xvii.,  pp.  1,  3  ; 
Catli.  Herald,  xi.,  pp.  130,  331. 


DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI 


173 


church.     But  he  was  menaced  with  schism  even  in 
Cincinnati.      Some  malcontents  there  applied  to  the 
Ohio  Legislature  to  be  incorporated  as  "The  German 
Catholic  Congregation  of  Cincinnati."     A  meeting  of 
the  real  Catholics,  after  listening  to  the  earnest  woids 
of  Bishop  Henni,  Rev.  Messrs.  Ferneding,  Tusch,  and 
Luhr,  took  active  steps  and  defeated  the  schismatics.' 
The  diocese  of  Cincinnati  received  in  1843  a  valua- 
ble  accession,  a  colony  of  seven  priests  of  the  Congre- 
gation of  the    Most    Precious  Blood,   led   by  Rev 
Francis  de  Sales  Brimner.     After  a  long  and  tedious 
voyage  by  way  of  Xew  Orleans,  this  humble  and 
laborious  colony,  destined  to  accomplish  much  for 
God's  glory,  reached  Cincinnati  on  the  1st  of  Ja-  u- 
ary,  1844,  having  been  invit  d  to  the  diocese  by  the 
Bishop,  who  had  met  them  at  Havre.      He  offered 
Father  Brunner  and  his  associates  the  difficult  mis- 
sion of  Peru,  with  the  charge  of  Xorwalk  and  scat- 
tered stations  in  the  neighboring  counties.     It  was  a 
district  where  the  devoted  zeal  of  the  disciples  of  St 
Alphonsus  Liguori   had  failed.     The  labors  of  the 
Priests  of  the  Precious  Blood  were  signally  blessed 
and  the  healthy  growth  of  the  churcir  in  'that  part 
of  Ohio  must  be  ascribed  mainly  to  these  excellent 
pnests.     In  December,  1844,  Father  Brunner  estab- 
hslied  a  convent  of  his  Fathers  at  New  Riegel ;  an- 
other the  next  year  at  Thompson,  and  in  1848^  one 
at  Glandorf.      Each  of  these   became  the  centre  of 
religious  influence  for  a  large  district. 

Francis  Sales  Brunner  was  born  at  Mumliswil. 
bwitzerland,  January 'lo,  l79o.  After  a  pious  youth 
he  was  attracted  toward  the  monastic  life  in  the 'order 


'  Fret-mim's  Journal,  iv..  p.  240;  Cath,  Magazine,  lii.,  pp.  541   fiTO  • 

1;!!     "T''!' ."■•''■ '"^  •"'••''■  ^••''   '^ii.  pp.  49-83,  300,  395;   xi.i..  p". 
~i-  ;  tallj.  Advocate,  iv.,  \i,  SUT  ;  x.,  \).  181. 


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174       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

of  St.  Benedict  or  of  Citeaux,  but  on  completing  his 
studies,  he  was  ordained  priest  by  Bishop  Guisoland, 
of  Lausanne,  February  lo,  1816.  Wliile  hiboring  earn- 
estly for  the  good  of  souIb  he  foit  called  to  the  Com- 
munity of  the  Priests  of  tlve  Frecious  Blood,  founded 
by  the  Ven.  Gaspar  di  Bufalo.  He  entered  the  con- 
gregation in  1838,  and  after  taking  part  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  community  in  Switzerland,  formed  the 
project  of  a  mission  in  America.' 

In  April,  1845,  Bishop  Purcell,  with  a  large  gathering 
of  the  clergy,  societies,  ecclesiastics,  and  pupils  of  the 
schools,  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  German  church  of 
St.  John  the  Baptist  on  Green  Street,  Cincinnati.     In 
his  address  he  alluded  to  the  early  struggles  of  the 
Catholics  in  that  city.     "When  they  sought  to  pro- 
cure a  lot  whereon  to  raise  a  little  church,  they  met 
with  contumely  and  reproach.     They  were  told  to  go 
beyond  the  corporation  line,  to  seek  the  brickyards  ; 
there  they  might  find  a  place  sufficiently  good  for 
them.     The  followers  of  a  meek  and  lowly  Saviour, 
they  bore  all  with  patience  and  resignation.     They 
went  beyond  the  limits  of  the  city,  rented  the  small 
square  now  known  as  the  old  graveyard   on  A'inc 
Street,  raised  a  small  frame  building,  in  which  they 
devoutly  assembled  to  adore  the  God  of  their  fathers. 
Their  numbers  increased,  their  lives  were  exemplary  : 
prejudice  was  removed,  bigotry,  heartless  as  it  is,  ac- 
knowledged their  virtues,  and  candor  freely  confessed 
that  their  religion  was  not  the  horrible  thing  that 
ignorance  or  hate  would  fain  represent,  but  a  some- 

'  Leben  und   Wirkeii  tics  hocliwttrdigen   P.    Fmnz  Siiles   Biunnor. 
C'luthnsicna.  1852,  pp.  58,  etc.;  Houck,  "The  Church  in  Northern  Ohi) 
ami  in  tlie  Diocese  of  Cleveland,"  New  York,  1887,  p.  12  ;  Ut.  Rev.  J.  B 
Purcell  in  .Vnniils  of  tlie  Propajration  of  tlic  Faith.  1845,  p.  416  ;  U.  S. 
CftUi.  Magazine,  iii.,  p.  640  ;  Cath.  Cabinet,  ii.,  p.  3T9. 


DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI. 


175 


thing  divine,  a  religion  of  tnitli  that  rendered  men 
good  Cliristians,  good  citizens,  good  patriots.     Thev 
soon  had  no  difficulty  in  procuring  a  lot  in  the  very 
heart  of  the  city,  and  in  their  hour  of  exultation  they 
were  not  unmindful  of  the   little    church  of    their 
poverty  ;  they  had  it  rolled  into  the  city  and  placed 
on  the  capacious  lot  on  Sycamore  Street,  where  now 
stand  the  St.  Xavier  College  and   St.  Peter's  Cathe- 
dral.     Oh  !  as  we  passed  that  old  graveyard  and  the 
deeply  solemn  chant  arose,  I  thought  'and  the  bones 
that  are  humbled  shall  rejoice';  I  thought  there  was  a 
stir  among  the  graves.     I  thought  the  moldering  bones 
of  tliose,  our  Catholic  ancestors  in  the  faith,  leaped 
with  exultation."  ' 

Before  the  year  closed  Bishop  Purcell  gave  Cincin- 
nati even  a  greater  sight  in  the  dedication  of  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  Peter,  on  Sunday,  November  2   as 
thou^ri.  '.is  thoughts  were  still  that  "the  bones  of 'the 
humbled  might  rejoice."  '    He  announced  this  great 
ceremony  in  a  pastoral  issued  on  the  29th  of  Septem- 
ber, and  preluded  it  with  a  general  retreat  of  his  clen>-v 
The  Archbishop  ol  Baltimore,   eight    bishops    from 
Louisville,    Nashville,    Xew  York,    Milwaukee,    and 
Mobile,  with  priests  soon  to  wear  the  mitre,  like  Very 
Rev.  M.  J.  Spaldi.ig,   J.  F.  Wood,  A.  Rappe,  with 
nearly  sixty  priests,  among  them  Father  N.  D.  Young 
who  had  accompanied  Father  Edward  Fenwick  as  a 
pioneer  to  Oliio,  all  gathered  at  the  great  function 
Bishop  Portier,  of  Mobile,  one  of  the  oldest,  offered 
the  holy  sacrifice;    Rt.  Rev.  John  McCloskey,  coad- 


Cath.  Herald,  xiii..  p.  115.     U.  S.  Cath.  Magazine,  iv..  p.  801 
'BislK.p  Purcell  to  Arehbishop  Eecleston,  Nov.   21,  1845  •    Studer 
'■Columbus,  Ohio."  Columbus.  1873.  p.  1.18;  U.  8.  Catli.  Magazine   iv  ' 
PP    709-801;    Cath.  Herald,  xiii.,  pp.  3.1,  863.  395;    Cath.^Ad'oi 


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176      THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


jutor  of  New  York,  one  day  to  sit  in  tlie  College  of 
Cardinals,  deUvered  the  sermon  from  the  text,  "How 
lovely  are  tiiy  tabernacles,  O  Lord  Ciod  of  Hosts." 

The  Clinrch  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  was  dedicated 
the  day  before  by  Bishop  Henni,  of  Milwankee,  who 
had  done  so  much  for  the  German  Catliolics  of  Cin- 
cinnati.' By  this  time  Catholicity  could  claim  75,000 
adherents  in  the  diocese,  with  70  churches,  60  priests, 
Dominicans,  Jesuits,  and  Pries^ts  of  the  Precious 
Blood,  live  orphan  asylums,  and  schools. 

Tlie  Germans,  who  were  among  the  earliest  Catholic 
settlers  in  the  State,  had  their  own  churches  and 
l)riests.' 

In  the  summer  of  184/),  corner-stones  were  laid  for 
new  temples  of  divine  worshii)  at  Canton.  Fulton,  and 
Tiffin,  and  for  Holy  Cross,  at  Columbus,  by  Rev.  Wil- 
liam Schonat.  The  next  year,  churches  were  dedicated 
at  Piqua.  Ciiillicothe,  and  Circleville.' 

The  diocese  gained  by  the  establishment  of  convents 
of  religious  women  devoted  to  the  cause  of  education. 
In  1839  Bishop  Purcell,  while  in  t^uropt .  kindly  took 
charge  of  two  young  girls  on  their  way  to  the  Ursuline 
Convent,  at  Boulogne,  in  France,  an  institution  dating 
back  to  1624,  and  revived  after  the  revolutionary  tor- 
nado by  Mother  St.  Maxime  in  ISK).  The  Sisters  and 
their  chaplain,  Rev.  Amadeus  Rappe,  were  tired  with 
a  holy  enthusiasm  to  labor  in  Ohio,  and  on  his  side 
Bishop  Purcell  saw  how  much  a  community  of  Ursii- 
lines  could  accomplish  in  his  diocese.  Yet  desire 
was  easier  than  fuUillment,  and  it  w.-js  not  till  184*") 
that  a  little  colony  of  four  nuns  from  Beuulieu  Careze 
and  three  lay  Sisters,  with  Sister  Julia  of  the  Assump. 


'  Berichto  dcr  Lcopoldincii  Stifluns,  xix.,  |>.  S3. 
*  U.  S.  Cuth.  .Mairaiiiif,  iv.,  p.  400  ;   v.,  pp.  2:il,  690. 


DIOCESE  OP  CINCINNATI.  177 

tion  a  novice  and  a  postulant  from  Boulogne,  gathered 
at  Havre,  and  under  the  direction  of  Rev  J  P  M'lche 
bivnt  reached  New  York  on  the  3d  of  June,    'a  small 
.rick  bulk  ing  erected  for  a  theological  seminary  near 
I'uyetteville,  Jirown  County,  became  St.  Martin's  Ur 

'rl'T«  ?i'ri'[\  ''!"''''  "''^'^^"'^^^d  with  Mother  Julia 
(thafield)  of  the  Assumption  as  superior,  has  pros- 
pered to  this  day,  rendering  essential  service  to 
tatliohcity  and  affording  Archbisnop  Purcell,  in  the 
reverses  of  his  last  days,  a  home  full  of  sympathy  and 
Clinstian  tenderness.'  ^ 

A  community  of  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  were  alreadv 
a  part  of  the  educational  force  of  the  diocese      TheV 
cnn.e  fmn.  the  community  of  Namur,  founded  by 
Mother  Julia  Billuirt.     Bishop  Purcell  had  solicited 
a  colony  in  183!),  but  delays  ensued,  and  it  was  no 
ti  1  September  9,  1840,  chat  a  colony  of  eight  Sisters 
wu  1  Sister  Louis  de  Gon^ague  as  superioi^  embarked 
al  Antwerp.     They  were  soou  established  in  Sycamore 
btreet,  opposite  the  Cathedral,  and  opened  their  schools 
on  the  18th  of  January,  1841.     Within  three  years  the  v 
were  compelled  to  acquire  property  and  erect  two  new 
biuldiiigs  to  accommodate  their  pupils  " 

The  progress  of  the  Church  was  not  "unobserved  bv 

lose  trained  from  the  cradle  to  hate  and  oppose  if 

llio  flames  which  on  Passion  Sunday  enveloped  the 

scarcely  completed  church  of  the  Ascension  it  Ea  t 

Lueipool,  were  a  luminous  proof  of  the  unchristian 


•Mi'iici.  Phi|,uU-l|)lii,i,  l8r,S,  0.245-    i:   S    r,.ti,    Al         •  -^"Ml'« 

v..  p.  m  ;  Cath    Ilcral.l/xiii.    p   407  "  ''"'""'   ''•  P'  '''^ ' 

H'ath.  Tdoijrapli ;  Call,.  AUvocale,  x.,  p.  07. 


'?!« 


'-  1     v'?ii 

Jn't"»| 


178       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bishop  Piircell's  visitations  convinced  him  that  the 
Catholic  body  was  increasing,  so  that  old  churches 
needed  enlargement  or  rebuilding,  and  new  editices 
ought  to  be  begun  in  many  parts,  though  Defiance  and 
Providence  and  Fremont  were  exerting  themselves  in 
the  cause  of  religion  in  the  district  under  Rev,  Messrs. 
Rappe,  De  Goesbriand,  and  Machebanif.  The  Sisters 
of  Notre  Dame  about  this  time  extended  their  labors 
to  Toledo.  St.  Joseph's  Church  at  Tiffin  was  dedicated 
June  21.  Later  in  the  year,  under  an  auspicious  rain- 
bow, the  corner-stone  of  St.  Philomena's  Church  for 
the  Germans  was  laid  at  Cincinnati.' 

With  his  episcopal  see  at  the  southern  boundary 
of  the  State,  Bisliop  Purcell  felt  that  the  time  had 
come  for  the  erection  of  a  new  diocese  to  embrace  the 
northern  part  of  Ohio.  As  the  day  for  holding  tli.* 
Sixth  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore  approached. 
Bisho})  Purcell  made  his  views  and  wishes  knoun 
to  the  Metropolitan.'  Wlien  the  Council  convened 
in  May,  1840,  the  Fathers  approved  the  plan  and 
solicited  from  the  Holy  See  the  erection  of  a  see 
at  Cleveland.  The  Sovereign  Pontiff  accordingly 
created  tlie  new  bishopric,  embracing  all  the  State  of 
Ohio  north  of  a  line  drawn  across  the  State  at  40°  41'. 
Practically  This  division  of  the  State,  following  no 
county  boundaries,  proved  very  inconvenient  and 
troublesome. 

As  reduced  by  tlie  bull  erecting  the  see  of  Cleveland, 
the  diocese  of  Cincinnati  comi)rised  80  churches  and 
chapels,  nine  of  them  in  the  city  of  Cincinnati ;  77 
priests ;  ten  ecclesiastical  students  under  the  Jesuit 

'  Pittsbiirjrli  Ciilholic.  iii.,  pp.  151,  lOa,  195,  213;  Ilouck,  pp.  14!>- 
154  :  Ciith.  Magiiziiie,  v.,  pp.  5ti7.  69<) ;  Freeman's  Jouinul,  vi.,  p.  35H. 

*Bisli.)|)  PuiTi'lI  to  ArcliMsliop  Kc<'le.st()n,  Feb.  11,  June  1(1,  1S4(1: 
Cardinal  Fran.soni  to  same,  July  3,  1847. 


DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI.  179 

Fiitliers ;   tlie  Convent  of  the  Fsitliers   Preachers    in 
IVrry  County,  with  six  priests,  and  seven  in  deacon's 
.sulxleacon's,  and  minor  orders ;  the  college  in  Cincin- 
nati, directed  by  the  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  • 
the  Priests  of  the  Precious  Blood  at  Minster,  Domin- 
ican Sisters  at  Somerset,  Sisters  of  JN-Qtre  Dame  at  Ciu- 
ciiinati,  Frsuline  nuns  near  Fayetteville,  and  a  com- 
munity of  the  same  order  from  South  Carolina  at  Cov- 
inulon.  Ky.;  Sisters  of  the  Precious  Blood  in  Mercer 
County,  all  directing  academies  and  schools ;  an  orphan 
asylum,  and  free  schools,  with  a  Catholic  population 
of  from  8(),()()0  to  1()(),00().     Besides  the  southern  part 
of  Ohio,  Covington  and  Newport,  in  Kentucky  were 
also  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Bishop  Purcell  ' ' 

During  the  year  1848  progress  was  seen  in  the  erec- 
tion and  dedication  of  St.  Joseph's  and  St.  Philomena  s 
in  Cincinnati,  Holy  Cross  in  Columbus,  and  the  be- 
ginning of  a  church  at  Canal  Dover.'    The  impressive 
event  of  the  year  was,  however,  the  removal,  on  the 
VM\x  of  March,  of  the  remains  of  the  devoted  mission- 
ary and  bishop,  Rt.  Rev.  Edward  Dominic  Fenwick 
from  St.  Xavier's  Church  to  the  new  Cathedral      The 
coffin  lay  in    the   sanctuary  at  the  former  church 
winch  was  draped   in  black,   and  was    then  borne 
tlirough    the    streets  by   four  gentlemen    who    had 
kiioun  the  good  bishop,  while  the  chant  of  i)salms 
resounded  mournfully.     At  the  Cathedral  a  pontifical 
high  mass  was  offered  by  F    hop  Purcell,  the  Domini- 


;  LKtcr  of  Bishop  Purcell,   Dec.   8.  1847.  Borichtc  ,lcr  Lcopol.linon 
^.■f.uu.^  XX,..  p.  1  ;    Cath.  Almanac,  1848.  p.   14,3,   etc.  ;  Rev    F    P 

(1:;;;;;^;.,^^^'  '"'•  '■  ''■    '^  ^^^^'^  calculations.  Piusburg,; 
•Pittsburd,  Catholic,  v..  pp.  21,  99;  U.  S.  Cath.  Magazine,  viii.    p 
10, ^Boston  Cath.  Observer,  ii.,  pp.  12.  04  ^  p^eenmn-s  Journal,  Nov.  1 


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180       rilE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ran  Father  Young,  nephew  nnil  compaiiiDn  of  Rishop 
Fenwii'k,  being  assi.stsmt  i)riest.  Hishop  I'uicell,  in 
a  touching  discourse,  depicted  tiie  ])ioneer  labors  and 
the  devoted  episcopal  career  of  his  predecessor. 

The  visitation  of  Bishop  Purcell,  in  1848,  embraced 
Portsrnontli,  where  the  congregation  was  growing  by 
the  settlement  of  French  and  Germans;  St.  Lawrence's 
Church  near  Pine  Grove  Furnace,  where  a  new  church 
was  needed;  Gallii)olis,  for  which  tlie  Propaganda  once 
established  a  prefect  with  special  powers,  but  wher*' 
there  was  now  no  church,  no  congregation,     A  daugh- 
ter of  Mr.  Vincent,  M.  C,  a  granddaughter  of  one  ol' 
the  colonists  who  came  with  I)om  Didier,  was  received 
back  into  the  church  of  her  ancestors.     At  Ponieroy 
tlie   foundation  of  a  solid  church  was  laid.     Meigs' 
Creek  liad  its  converts,  Monday  Creek  its  new  church 
dedicated  to  St.  Peter;  Zanesville  was  enlarging  b(»tli 
church  and  schoolhouse.     Somerset  was  full  of  activ- 
ity.    At  Logan  the  Bishop  blessed  the  church  erected 
bj'    Rev.   Josne    M.    Young.'      Of    such    visitations 
Bisliop  Gilmour  said:  "In  the  visitation  of  his  dio- 
cese he  seemed  to  assume  that  he  was  the  last  to  !)»» 
looked  after,  and  the  least  to  be  cared  for.     I  have 
seen  him  in  the  rude  shanty  sitting  for  hours  hearing 
the  confessions  of  the  people,  who  came  from  far  and 
near:  and,  when  the  day's  work  was  done  for  all  others, 
heard  him  in  the  Court  House,  explaining  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Church.     He  seemed  never  to  weary,  nor 
did  the  gay  and  cheering  mood  of  the  hard-worked 
missionary  ever  fail.     After  days  of  incessant  toil  and 
continuous  change,  preaching,  contirming,  lecturing, 
hearing  confessions,  I  have  seen  liim  take  his  seat 


'  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  v.,  p.  31.  \^>.  H)9,  252  ;  U.  S.  Cuth.  Magazine, 
vii.,  pp.  212,  -M,  604. 


".     I  "■ 


■"-!; 


DIOCESE  OF  CIXCIXNATI. 


181 


in  iin  orclinary  farm  uagon,  with  notliing  but  a  loose 
diair  to  8it  upon,  to  be  tossed  and  jolted  through  the 
lulls  of  southeastern  Ohio,  for  a  day's  ride  of  fifty 
u.iles,  that  he   might   not  fail   in    the  appointment 
made,  and,  when  the  evening  came,  step  down  to  cheer 
the  lonely  priest  and  be  the  brightest  of  the  bright '" 
Hamilton  Catholics    bought  a   Protestant    church 
at  sheriff's  sale,  and  churches  were  dedicated  to  St 
Joseph  and  St.  Michael  in  his  episcopal  city 

On  the  feast  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  July  IS),  Bishop 
1  urcell  had  the  consolation  of  laying  on  a  site  the 
gift  of  Mr.  Patrick  Considine,  the  corner-sione  of  a 
theological  seminary  for  his  diocese,  to  be  called 
Mount  St.  Mary's  of  the  West.  He  appealed  to  hia 
flock  in  a  pastoral  on  the  18th  of  January,  1849  to 
sustain  it  by  a  collection  in  each  parish  at  a  fiied 
tune  annually,  and  to  show  as  generous  a  spirit  as  the 
lainily  which  undertook  to  erect  the  building 

At  the  close  of  November  the  clergy  assembled  for 
a  spiritual  retreat  given   by   Rt.    Rev.  Richard   V 
U  helan.  Bishop  of  Richmond,  and  a  synod  of  the 
diocese  was  then  held." 

The  original  dividing  line  between  the  dioceses  of 
Cincinnati  and  Cleveland  was  a  source  of  difficulty  to 
missionary  priests,  and   it  was  finally  agreed   that 
Mercer,   Anglaise,  Hardin,    Marion,    Morrow,    Knox 
1  usoarawas,  Carroll,  Jefferson,  and  Holmes  counties 
should  be  the  northern  limit  of  the  dioceses  of  Cin- 
•  iiiiuiti.     This  was  ratified  by  the  Holy  See  ' 
The  Seventh  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore,  held 


'  Ht   R.V   R.  Gilmour,  "  Fuiii-rnl  Oration  on  the  Most  Kev.  John  B 
Purcell,  D.D."     New  York,  1883.  pp.  13-14 

'  U.  S.  Cnth.  Magazine,  viii.,  pp.  6()-61.  413,  828. 


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182       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

in  May,  1849,  sollcted  tl»e  ernction  of  Citiciiuiati  into 
sinietn)i)olitiinse(»,  witli  Loui.svillt*,  Detroit,  Viiicennes, 
and  Cleveland  as  .siifFragans.  Cardinal  Fransoni,  on 
the  9th  of  August,  1850,  annount'ed  tlmt  tlio  1)u11m 
would  be  forwarded.'  With  the  summer  of  1849  the 
terrible  cholera  once  more  visited  Ohio,  and  Bishop 
I'urcell  issued  a  touching  address  to  his  Hock,  warn- 
ing all  to  prepare  for  the  death  which  might  come 
suddenly  on  them,  as  w»'l  as  to  aid  the  clergy  in  their 
exhausting  and  constat u  duties.  The  Jesuit  Father 
Angelo  iMaessele  was  stricken  down  while  attending 
the  sick,  and  died  July  11.  Rev.  .1.  McsCalTrey,  of 
Marietta,  and  Rev.  M.  Biitsch,  of  Covington,  were  next 
taken,  and  the  Sisters  of  Notre  l)ame  uiourned  the 
loss  of  Sister  Mary  Pauline  Ilerrebond.  "We  are 
all  very  much  exhausted  from  fatigue  and  anxiety  of 
mind,"  wrote  Bishop  Purcell ;  yet  even  in  this  period 
of  distress  the  diocese  sent  )?10()(>  as  Peter's  Pence  to 
the  Sovereign  Pontiff." 

During  his  visitation  Bishop  Purcell  dedicated  St. 
Wendelin's  Church  near  Amrhein,  and  St.  Vincent's 
at  ^fount  Vernon.  At  the  latter  place  he  confirmed 
Di'.  Porter,  who  had  for  twenty  years  been  a  minister 
of  the  German  Reformed  Church. 

'  Concilia  Provincialift  Baltimori  linbila  1B29-1849.  Baltimnrc,  1851, 
pp.  209,  281,  287. 

■'  Bishop  I'ircfll  to  Archbishop  Ecclcstoii,  .luly  12.  1849  ;  I'listonil, 
.Inly  2.  1849.  U.  S.  Cath.  Mupi/iiie,  viii.,  pp.  47"),  481-82  ;  Pittsburgh 
Catholic,  vi.,  pp.  31,  55;  Freeman's  .lournal,  Si;pt.  29,  1849. 


,i' 


7t 


CHAPTER  II. 

DIOCESE  OF  CLEVELAND. 

BT.  HEV.   AMADEUB  llAPPE,   FIRST  BISHOP,  1847-18S2. 

As  constituted  by  the  bull  erecting  it,  April  23, 
1847,  the  diocese  of  Clevehuul  embraced  about  one' 
third  of  the  Slnte  of  Ohio,  tlmt  portion  lying  north  of 
the  i)ar!illel  of  latitude  at  40"  41'.     As  bishop  of  the 
new  see  Pope  Pius  IX.  elected  Rev.  Aniadeus  Raj>pe, 
whose  piety,  zeal,  and  energy  as  a  missionary  priest 
;it  Toledo  proved    him   worthy  to  organize  a    new 
(liucese.     He  was  born  at  Andrehed  .  France,  Febru- 
ary 2,  1801,  of  i)ious  parents,  whom  he  assisted  in 
their  farm  labors  till  the  age  of  twenty.     Then  he 
entered  a  college  at  Boulogne,  and  passing  through  a 
seminary  course  was  ordained  in  1829.     After  being 
parisli  priest  at  Wizme,  he  became  chaplain  of  the 
I  isiilines  at  Boulogne.     There  he  met  Bishop  Purcell 
and  determined  to  devote  himself  to  the  missions  of 
Ohio.     He  came  to  the  United  States  in   1840,  and 
after  great  difficulty  acquired  the  English  language 
siiiRciently  to  l)egin  his  labors.     Sent  to  Toledo,  he 
iiiiled  almost  alone  in  a  wide  district  for  five  j-ears, 
till  Rev.  Louis  de  Goesbriand  '-ame  to  his  aid.     Amid 
niahiria  and  sickness  he  attended  his  scattered  Hock, 
instructing  (he  children  carefully   iu  their  religion! 
and  with  a  view   to  save   the  rising  generation   he 
introduced  the  Sisters  of  Xotre  I)anu>  at  Toledo. 

The  bulls  ai)pointing  hiui  did  not  reach  Cirr>innati 
till  August,  and  after  due  and  pious  prei;.>  ition 
th."  Bishop-elect  was  consecrated  in  the  Cathedral  of 

183 


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DIOCESE  OF  CLEVELAND. 


185 


Cincinnati  by  Rt.  Rev.  John  B.  Purcell,  assisted  by 
Rt.  Rev.  Richard  V.  Whelan,  Bisliop  of  Wheeling. 

After  issuing  a  pastoral  address  to  his  clergy  and 
people,  Bishop  Rappe  proceeded  to  the  city  assigned 
to  him  by  the  Vicar  of  Christ.     He  took  possession 
within  a  week  after  his  consecration  of  the  only  church 
in  Cleveland,  St.  Mary's  on  the  Flats,  too  small  for 
the  English  and  German  speaking  Catholics,  whose 
numbers  had  increased  to  nearly  4000.     Besides  this 
pro-cathedral  the  diocese  contained  42  churches,  at- 
tended by  20  priests.     One  of  his  first  efforts  was  to 
obtain  a  German  priest  to  attend  his  countrymen,  thus 
giving  each  language  separate  services.     Some  lot's  had 
been  purcluised  on  Superior  Street,  in  1845,  by  Rev 
ter  McLaughlin.     Here  the  Bishop  erected  a  frame 
building  for  temporary  church  and  school.    He  secured 
lots  on  St.  Clair  Street  for  a  female  academy,  and  a 
site  at  the  head  of  Superior  Street  for  a  cathedral. 

In  the  spring  he  officiated  in  the  beautiful  little 
Gothic  church  just  erected  in  Wooster,— the  town 
where  Bishop  Fenwick  expired,— then  at  the  new 
church  in  Massillon,  dedicated  the  chur  h  at  Berlin, 
and  encouraged  the  Catholics  of  Lodi,  Marges,  Bethle- 
hem, Fulton,  and  Doylestown  to  begin  work  in  church 
building. 

On  the  22d  of  October  he  laid  the  corner-stone  of 
his  cathedral,  for  which  the  Catholic  architect  Keely 
made  the  plans.  During  the  year  Delaware  Bend  and 
Six  Mile  Woods  completed  their  churches.  In  No- 
vember the  Bishop  convened  fifteen  of  the  priests  of 
tlie^diocese  in  the  first  Diocesan  Synod.' 

'  Hou.k.  "The  Church  in  Northern  OhioTml  in  the  DrocestTof^Cl^e- 
lan.l.  from  1817  to  September,  1887,"  New  York,  1887.  pp.  23  53  ■  Houck 
"M.inoirof  the  Life  nnd  Liibors  of  Ht.  Hev.  A.  Rappe-'-'u  8   Cnth' 
Hist.  Ma-aziiie,  ii.,  p.  S25,  e(r.;  L".  8.  Cath.  Magazine,  vi.,  pp.  501   630- 
vu,,  jip.  305,  335;  viii.,  p.  37. 


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186       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


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In  the  spring  of  1840  Bishop  Rappe  made  a  visita- 
tion ;  at  Glandorf  a  tine  church  liad  been  erected,  and 
the  Sisters  of  the  Precious  Blood  had  establislied  two 
scliools.  He  found  the  now  brick  church  at  Norwalk 
under  roof ;  llev.  J,  P.  Macliebanif  ready  to  build  a 
third  church  at  Sandusky  and  planning  an  orphan  asy- 
lum and  an  academy  on  sites  which  he  had  i)urcha^ed. 
Bishop  Rappe  liimself  purchased  a  church  at  Mans- 
field, lie  returned  to  Clevehind  to  labor  among  those 
stricken  by  cholera,  undeterred  by  danger  from  disease 
or  opposition  from  men. 

His  visitation  impressed  him  with  the  necessity  of 
a  seminary  and  of  communities  to  meet  the  wants  of 
his  Hock.  He  opened  his  seminary  in  a  building- 
which  had  been  a  stable,  Rev.  Louis  de  Goesbriand 
being  the  first  superior.  Humble  as  this  seat  of  theo- 
logical learning  was,  the  young  men  who  entered  iill 
persevered  and  became  priests.  In  September,  1840, 
he  proceeded  to  Europe,  where  he  received  generous 
assistance.  He  secured  several  priests  and  semina- 
rians, and  a  colony  of  Ui'suline  nuns,  for  whom  the 
residence  of  Judge  Cowles,  on  Euclid  Avenue,  was 
purchased.  Here  they  opened  their  academy  in  the 
autumn  of  1850.  Bishop  Rappe  had  returned  to  his 
see  in  August  full  of  courage  and  hope. 

Securing  "Spring  Cottage"  on  Lake  Street,  witli 
spacious  grounds,  he  transferred  his  semimiry  to  it  in 
Sejitember,  with  Rev.  Alexis  Caron  as  superior. 

The  next  year  the  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart  of 
Mary  opened  St.  Mary's  Orphan  Asylum  for  girls, 
and  tlie  Bishop  issued  a  stirring  pastoral  in  favor  of 
teujperance,  and  invited  Father  Matthew,  then  in  tiif 
United  States,  to  preach  and  lecture  on  the  subject.' 

•  Ilouok.  "The  Cliuroh  in  Norllu-rn  Ohio,"  pp.  23-20;  "  Memoir  of 
ULshop  Hiippc."  PI).  2;J«-2;!lt;  V.  8.  Ciilli.  .Mui?ii/.iiic,  viii.,  pp.  121,  5'.>4 ; 


DIOCESE  OB'  CLEVELAND. 


187 


Father  Mcatthew's  visit  to  the  United  States  did  not 
produce  tlie  good  expocted,  and  whicli  might  have 
attended  it.  On  arriving  iu  this  country  he  allowed 
himself  to  be  entrapped  by  a  coniniittee  of  fanatics, 
and,  ignorant  of  the  country,  appeared  in  public  in  a 
way  that  shocked  Catholics  by  seeming  to  take  part 
in  Protestant  services.  His  departure  from  Catholic 
discipline  made  the  Bishops  generally  hold  aloof  from 
his  movement. 

Bishop  Rappe  attempted  to  establish  a  community 
of  Frencii  Sisters  of  Charity,  and  in  1850  two  actually 
arrived  and  attempted  to  found  a  house  in  Ohio  City, 
now  the  west  side  of  Cleveland,  but  they  became  dis- 
cuiiniged  and  abandoned  the  work. 

During  the  years  1850  and  1851  he  organized  mis- 
fsioas  and  erected  churches  at  Archbold,  Painesville, 
Fostoria,  Independence,  and  Sheffield,  besides  push' 
iiig  on  the  work  on  his  cathedral. 

W^hen  summoned  to  the  Plenary  Council  in  1852 
the  new  diocese  of  Cleveland  could  show  signs  of 
vigorous  and  active  life:  55  churches  and  chapels 
built,  or  in  course  of  construction;  42  priests,  in- 
cluding fifteen  of  the  Most  Precious  Blood;  a  semi- 
nary, with  eighteen  students;  an  Ursuline  convent 
at  Cleveland  ;  convents  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Most  Pre- 
cious Blood  at  Wolfs  Creek,  Thompson,  and  Glan- 
dorf.  Tile  Catholic  population  of  the  diocese  was 
estimated  at  thirty  thousand. 


Pittsburgh  Catholic,  v.,  p.  413;  vi.,  p.  198;  Freeman's  Journal,  Mar. 
S-;5I,  1849.  On  one  occasion  a  bigoted  man  woulil  not  permit  the  Bishop 
to  iipproach  the  bed  of  his  dying  wife.  Dr.  Ptorey,  a  Protestant,  licaring 
tii(;  noise,  |(,„k  the  man  and  put  him  out  of  the  house  till  Bishop  Kappe 
had  administered  the  sacraments. 


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CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF  BARDSTOWN  AND   LOUISVILLE. 

BT.  KEV.  BENEDICT  J.  FLAGET,  THIRD  BISHOP,  1843-50  ;  RT.    REV- 
GUY    I.     CHABUAT.    COADJUTOR,   1843-1847;    RT.     REV. 
MARTIN  J.  SPALDING,  COADJUTOR,  1848-1850. 

Bishop  Flaoet  liatl  reached  the  age  of  fourscore; 
his  active  work  in  the  priesthood  and  the  episcopate 
was  well-nigh  ended,  but  his  prayers  for  liis  tiock,  at 
the  altar  and  in  the  closet,  rose  unceasingly.  He 
sought  to  spread  piety  by  establishing  the  Archcon- 
fraternity  of  the  Immaculate  Heart  of  Mary  for  the 
conversion  of  sinners. 

The  active  work  in  the  diocese  devolved  mainly 
upon  the  coadjutor,  Bishop  Chabrat,  till  amaurosis 
threatened  him  with  blindness  and  incapacitated  him 
from  rendering  much  aid  to  the  venerable  patriarch 
of  the  Church.  The  vicar-general  of  the  diocese, 
Very  Rev.  Martin  John  Spalding,  found  administra- 
tion left  to  him ;  he  was  aided  in  confirmations  and 
other  episcopal  *vork  by  Bishop  Miles  of  Nashville. 

The  time  reriuired  men  of  eloquence  who  could 
reach  the  minds  of  Americans,  for  a  Protestant  League 
had  been  formed  at  Louisville,  in  which  Presbyte- 
rians, Baptists,  and  Methodists  joined  to  attack  ihe 
Church  of  God.  Rev.  Dr.  McGill  and  Vicar-General 
Spalding  answered  in  clear,  cogent,  convincing  lec- 
tures, which  cleared  many  minds  of  the  mists  and 
fables  of  error.' 


'  Calli.  Ailvocntp,  vii.,   pp.    390-401;    viii..  ix.,  pp.  14,  271;   V.  S. 
Cath.  M!i;,'iizine,    iii.,   \).   077.     Bisliop    SpaUling  published   some    of 

188 


DIOCESF  OF  BARDSTOWN  AND  LOUISVILLE.     189 

In  the  spring  of  1845  it  was  officially  announced 
hat  by  reason  of  his  age  and  infirmities  Bishop 
Maget  would  be  unable  to  consecrate  the  holy  oils 
on  Maundy  Thursday.  In  reply  to  the  summons  to 
iittend  the  approaching  Council,  he  wrote:  "  For  the 
last  two  years  my  head,  without  causing  me  violent 
p.un,  has  become  so  heavy  and  so  null  that  I  am 
incapable  of  the  least  application.  What  part  would 
I  represent  vx  that  venerable  assembly,  except  that  of 
a  hoary  phantom  ! '"  *-         "  ^'■ 

■  ^xr^''*"  ^i'^L''  f '""^'"^i^l  Council  of  Baltimore,  held 
in  May,  1846,  the  diocese  of  Bardstown  and  Louis- 
ville was  represented  by  the  coadjutor.  Bishop  Cha- 
l).at  attended  by  Very  Rev.  M.  J.  Spalding  as  lis 
t  eo  ogian.  The  Fathers  of  the  Council,  in  coiSde;! 
ation  o£  the  fai.ing  eyesight  of  the  coadjutor,  united 
HI  recommending  that  his  resignation  should  be 
accepted. 

At  this  season  of  trial  the  Catholics  of  Kentucky 
heard  witJi  the  deepest  regret  that  the  Fathers  of  tl^e 
boc.ety  of  Jesus,  who  had  for  some  time  directedlSt 
Mary  s  College  and  had  actually  begun  the  establish- 
ment of  a  college  at  Louisville,  where  Father  John 
Uikin  had  made  a  deep  impression,  were  about  to 
leave  the  diocese.     Their  position  in  Kentucky  had 
no    been  free  from  difficulties,  and  the  offer  of  St. 
John  s  College,  Fordham,  made  by  Bishop  Hughes  of 
^ew  \ork   seemed  to  the  General  of  the  Society  to 
open  a  wider  and  more  untrammeled  field  for  the 
lal)ors^lm  religious^They  accordingly  left  the  dio- 

1.U  lectures  muier  the  title '- Evi.i.";;^;^^;7^;;;;;^;^^ 

of  Corpus  (  ,.ns,i   was  .le,li™,e.l  June   15,    a„.l   th^  cor.e    s.on" 
a^.luncl.  Ia.d  at   Manton,  8c,.,.  2.  1845;  Calh.  Advocate,  x     pplG^ 

'  Bishoi)  Fla-et  to  Arclil.ishoi)  Kcol.stou,  Aug.  4,  1845. 


-\'i 


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Is  f-W. 


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190       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

cese  in  the  summer  of  1840,  to  tlie  great  grief  of  the 
aged  IBishop.' 

During  the  year  1847  the  exercises  of  the  Jubilee 
renewed  the  piety  of  the  faithful,  and  in  the  summer 
Bishop  Flaget  saw  liis  coadjutor.  Dr.  Chahrat,  set  out 
for  Europe  never  to  return.  The  Sovereign  Pontifl" 
accepted  his  resignation  as  coadjutor.  "To  be  left 
thus  alone  in  his  extreme  old  age,  witli  infirmities  fast 
growing  on  liim,  was  indeed  a  severe  trial,  even  for 
one  who  had  already  endured  so  much.  During  those 
two  years  of  suspense,  when  his  coadjutor  was  mostly 
absent,  and  during  the  additional  interval  of  nearly 
a  year  which  ela[)sed  fi'om  the  acceptance  of  Dr. 
Chabrat's  resignation  to  the  appoiiitmeut  of  the  new 
coadjutor,  no  one  not  intimately  acquainted  with  him 
could  estimate  aright  the  amount  of  acute  suffering 
caused  by  his  exquisite  sensibility,  wrought  upon  by 
his  ever-pre.sent  sense  of  a  responsibility,  for  which 
he  felt  liimself  totally  inadequate.  He  spent  most  ol 
his  time  in  prayer." 

Bishop  Flaget  naturally  turned  in  his  distress  to 
his  vicar-gHiieral,  Veiy  Rev.  ]\[artin  J.  Spalding,  who. 
after  his  brilliant  career  at  Rome,  had  labored  in  tlit' 
diocese  for  fourteen  years  with  great  ability  and  judg- 
ment. An  American  of  old  lineage,  free  from  preju- 
dice, earnest,  manly,  lie  seemed  especially  fitted  for  a 
see  in  Kentucky.  Yet  there  was  some  reluctance  to 
approve  the  .selection,  as  there  was  an  impression  that 
he  lacked  firmness  and  energy.  The  authorities  at 
Rome  hesitated  till  Archbishop  Ecdeston  and  Bishoj* 
Kenrick  of  Philadeli)hia  gave  their  decided  sui)porr. 

The  bulls  finally  arrived    appointing    Very   Rev 

'  For  Uie  labors  of  i/ie  Jesuit  Fallicrs  In  Kentucky  see  Wowlstoc  k 
I.HIcrs.  ii.,  pp.  KM),  189.  lU.  Rev.  H.  .1.  Fiagct,  Lt'tUis  ;  U.  8.  Cnth. 
MagazhK',  v.,  p.  169. 


i  ill 


DIOCESE  OF  BAIWSTOWN  AND  LOUISVILLE.     101 

Afaitin  J.  Spalding,  Bisliop  of  Lengone,  and  coadjutor 
Willi  the  right  of  succession.  Greatly  relieved  in 
mind,  the  aged  Bishop  prei)ared  for  liis  last  public 
official  act,  and  on  the  10th  of  September,  1848, 
though  extremely  feeble,  consecrated  his  third  coad- 
jutor, being  assisted  by  the  Bishops  of  Philadelphia 
and  Nashville.  The  sermon  was  delivered  by  the 
Archbishop  of  St.  Louis." 


ST.  .ntsKrn's  colleoe,  baudstown,  ky. 

He  was  cheered  by  the  return  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus  to  Kentucky,  the  Fathe/s  of  tlie  vice-province 
of  Missouri  having  in  July  consented  to  take  charge 
of  St.  Joseph's  College,  and  begin  one  in  Louisville, 
where  they  were  also  to  direct  a  free  school. 

On  the  18th  of  December  a  colony  of  forty-three 
from  the  Trai)pi8t  abbey  of  Melleray  in  France  arrived 
at  Louisville,  and  after  presenting  to  the  Bishop  letters 

'  Pitt.sl)iir,rli  Cntiiolic,  v.,  p.  231  ;    IJ„st„„  r.itli.  Observcrrii     p   \no- 
Frcoinan's  .Journal.  Sept.  16,  1H4S.     Spalding,    "Life  of   Arclibishoii 

ijipaldiT)!.''. " 


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193      THE  CHURCH  m  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

from  tlieir  abbot,  and  the  Bishop  of  Niintes,  proceeded 
to  Gethsernane,  fourteen  miles  beyond  Bardstown. 
More  wiselj'  guided  tlian  the  earlier  colonj^  of  these 
austere  CisterciaJis,  the  monastery  of  Gethsemane 
prospered,  and  in  time  became  an  abbey.  Tiie  place 
had  been  occupied  and  named  by  the  Sisters  of 
Loretto,  whose  wooden  buiklings  were  tlie  first  liome 
of  the  Trapi)ists.  Their  rule  is  very  strict,  and  the 
monks  devote  their  lives  to  manual  labor,  perpetual 
silence,  fasting,  and  prayer.' 

As  the  venerable  Bishop  relinquished  all  care  of  the 
diocese  to  his  coadjutor.  Bishop  Si)alding  prepared  at 
once  for  a  thorough  visitation,  taking  two  clergymen 
with  him  to  assist  in  preparing  the  children  for  their 
first  communion  and  confirmation.  They  traveled  on 
horseback  from  church  to  church,  and  the  sermons 
and  exhortations  produced  abundant  fruit.  In  all 
parts  he  stimulated  the  erection  or  maintenance  of 
l)arochial   schools. 

In  the  spring  of  1849  he  called  together  the  Catho- 
lics of  Louisville  to  consider  the  erection  of  a  svorthy 
cathedral  to  replace  the  small  parish  church  which 
had  hitherto  been  used.  Bishop  Spalding  led  off  with 
a  subscription  of  $10,000,  and,  stimulated  by  his  exam- 
ple, the  leading  Catholics  in  Kentucky  responded  gen- 
erously. The  corner-stone  of  a  fine  Gothic  structure 
more  than  200  feet  in  length,  and  90  in  width,  was  laid 
on  the  feast  of  the  Assumption,  the  venerable  Bishop 
Flaget,  too  feeble  to  be  present,  invoking  the  blessing 
of  heaven  from  the  balcony  of  his  house.  While  the 
work  went  rapidly  on.  Bishop  Spalding  had  the  con- 


'  Bishop  Fliiget  to  Archbishop  Ecclcston.  Sept.  21,  1847  ;  U.  S.  Cath 
Miipizine,   X.,    p.  10  ;    Freeman's  .lotirnnl,    Sept.   9,  1848';   Pitt.sburjih 
Catholic,  V  ,  p.  381  ;  lierichte  der  Leopohliuer   Stiftuiii;    .wiii    d  2m 
xxii.,  pp.  3r>-«2.  "  *' 


DIOCESE  OF  BARDSTOWN  AND  LOUISVILLE.     193 

solution  ..f  dedicating  the  Chm-cli  of  tlie  Immaculate 
Conception,  also  in  Loui.sville  ;  St.  Catharine's  at  New 
Haven,  Holy  Rosary  at  Manton  ;  Paducah,  Mansfield, 
and  Henderson  were  rearing  new  churches,  and  the 
Catliolics  in  Franlifort,  capital  of  the  State,  purchased 
from  the  Presbyterians  what  were  soon  transformed 
into  a  Catliohc  church  and  parocliial  residence  ' 

A  pastoral  issued  by  Bishop  Plaget  in  the"  spring 
ol  1849  was  the  last  communication   in  his  name  to 
his  Hock.     He  gradually  became  too  weak   to  oflfer 
the  holy  sacriiice,  and  in  the  summer  his  shoulder 
injured  years   before  at  Detroit,   became  livid  and 
swollen.      Other  symptoms  of  an  alarming  charac- 
ter appeared,  but  the  life  of  the    holy   bishop  had 
b.en  a  long  prepai-ation  for  death.     He  sank  so  grad- 
ually  as  to  excite  little  immediate  alarm,  till  the  10th 
of  February,  1850.     The  next  day  the  last  sacraments 
were  administered  by  Bishop  Spalding.      Fully  con- 
scious, the  venerable  man  received  them  and  the  last 
indulgence    with    the   deepest  fervor  and  devotion 
1  IS  last  words  were  to  express  his  attachment  to  lis 
clergy,  religion,  and  people,  and  he  gave,  as  well  as 
he  could,  his  last  episcopal  benediction.     While  the 
'•Sufferings  of  Christ"  were  read  to  him,  he  calmly 
expired,  February  11,  ISoO.  ^ 

'•He  died  as  he  had  lived-a  saint,"  wrote  Bishop 
Simlding.  -And  the  last  day  was  perhaps  the  most 
inreresting  and  impressive  of  his  whole  life  Trin 
quilly  and  without  a  groan  did  he  fall  asleep  in  the 
Lord,  like  an  infant  gently  sinking  to  its  rest " 
AVith  hini  ended  the  living  tie  that  bound  the  pros- 
perous  church  of  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury witli  the  feeble  beginning  of  forty  years  before, 


Pittsburgh  Cnlholic,  vi.,  p.  388. 


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IV 


104       TfiE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

when  three  newly  consecrated  bisliops  gathered  around 
Carroll,  the  patriarch  of  the  American  Church,  each  to 
begin  a  career  of  toil  amid  poverty  and  discouragement. 
Tlie  reputation  of  his  sanctity,  contirmed  by  what 
seemed  Heaven's  attestation,  drew  thousands  to  ven- 
erate the  renniins  wJien  exposed  in  the  Church  of 
St.  I^>nis.  His  solemn  reipiiem  was  offered  by  his 
successor.  Bishop  Spalding,  and  his  panegyric  deliv- 
ered by  the  liishop  of  Cincinnati.  Tiie  venerable 
priest,  Stephen  T.  Badin,  whom  he  had  found  bearing 
so  much  of  the  burden  of  the  mission  on  his  arrival  in 
Kentucky,  was  pre.sent  in  the  .sanctuary.  His  re- 
mains were  then  laid  in  a  tempoiary  vault  in  the 
Good  Shepherd  Asylum,  as  he  hatl  desired.' 

KT.   KEV.  MAKTINJOirX  SPALOIXG,   FOL'UTII   lUSHOP, 

18,'50-18r>2. 

The  Rt.  Rev.  ^fartin  John  Spalding,  to  whom  tlip 
title  of  Bishop  of  Bardstown  and  Louisville  came  in 
I80O,  in  addition  to  the  care  of  the  diocese,  is  one  of 
the  great  ligures  in  the  history  of  the  Church  in  the 
United  States.'  He  was  descended  from  the  sturdy 
^faryland  pioneers  who  about  1700  left  St.  Mary's 
County,  their  home  from  the  early  days  of  the  settle- 
ment of  the  Land  of  tlie  Sanctuary,  to  build  up  Ken- 
tucky. He  was  born  on  the  Rolling  Fork,  May  2M, 
1810,  his  mother,  Henrietta  Hamilton,  like  his  father, 
being  a  Marylander.  He  was  baptized  by  the  saintly 
Rev.  Charles  Nerinckx.  Piety  prevailed  in  the 
household  even  on  the  rough  frontier,  for  two  of  the 


'  Tilt!  life  of  Bishop  Flacct  wns  wiiiien  l)y  IJisliop  .Spnliliuir, 
"  SitHclics  of  the  Life,  Times,  and  Cliaracter  of  the  Hf.  Hev.  Bern- 
diet  .losepli  Flaget,  first  Bisliop  of  Louisville,"  Louisville.  18.V2  ;  ami 
in  Freneh  hy  the  .\bb«^  Desijoorire,  ".Monseigiieur  Flaget,  Ev(?que  de 
Bardstown  et  Louisville,"  Paris,  1850. 


DIOL 'ESE  OF  BAIWSTO \VN  AND  LOUIS VILLE.     1 03 

sons  of  Riclmra    Spalding  benune  priests  and  two 
daughters   toolc  tlia  veil  at  Loretto.     At   tlie  age  of 
ei;,^lit  Martin  began  bis  studies  in  a  log  scboollunise 
but  wben  8t.  Mary's  Colbge  opened  near  Lebanon  in 
I8-,>1,  Martin  an<l  two  of  bis  brotbers  were  among  tbe 
liist  pupils.     Tbougb  delicate,  be  was  brigbt  ami  in- 
<lu.strious.     At   tbe  age  of  fourteen  be  was   tearbin<r 
the  classes  of  nuitbeinatics.     After  being  gradiuited  in 
KS-iO,  liH  entered  tbe  Seminary  at  Bardstown  to  pre- 
pare  to  serve  God  at  tbe  altar.      Here  be  was  trained 
by  a  Flaget,  a  David,  a  Kenrick,  a  Reynolds,  and  in 
18;m  be  was  sent  to  Rome  to  complete  bis  course  at 
the  College  of  tbe  Propaganda.     "  In  sending  you  to 
Rome,"  wrote  Bisbop  Flaget,  "  I  bad  your  own  good 
in  view  ;  but  I  must  confess,  as  I  said  to  vou  l)efore 
your  departure,  tbat  tbe  iionor  of  (,ur  boly  religion 
in  Kentucky  was  tbe  first  object  I  bad  in  contempla- 
tion  111   procuring  for  you  tbe  extraordinary  advan- 
tages  wbicb  you  now  enjoy."     Tbougb  brougbt  to  tbe 
verge  of  tbe  grave  by  a  dangerous  illness,  from  wbicb 
be  did  not  entirely  recover  for  many  long  montbs 
young  Spalding  never  relaxed  in  bis  studies,  and  at 
the  close  of  bis  course  made  a  public  defense  of  SoG 
propositions,  cbosen  from  universal  tbeologv,  cburcb 
history,  and  canon  law.'    AVben  he  appeared  on  tbe 
17th  of  July,  18:^4.  be  was  attacked  bv  learned  theo- 
logians, men  like  Father  Antbonv  Koblmann    Nich- 
olas Wiseman,  Mezzofanti,  and  Perrone.     As  tlie  news 
spread  of  tbe  singular  ability  of  the  young  American 
eminent  men  came  to  enter   tbe    lists  or  enjoy  tbe 

'  T1K..C..S  c.x  l-Miv..,sa  Tl.eolodn  ct  luro  Publico  EccLsfastuTi^iJi;^. 
i.n.,,M,„,.,Hh,.  sMMipit  .J„l..  Mnrtinus  Spal.lini,,  K..ntucki,.nsi.;,.W,l,!m 

.■..;;ro ,;'""""  =  ^"-  ^'"'^""'  ^"-'  ''■^- «"'-  -  ^.>ii4 


'y. 


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11)0 


Tilt:  CHUHVU  IN  THE  UNITKl)  STATES. 


skillful  arguments.  Ills  (iMfniise  of  his  tlipsps  wns 
described  in  eloquent  (.'inis  hy  liishop  Knglaiid  and 
other  eyewitnesses.  At  the  close  of  the  defense  the 
('ardinals  shook  hands  with  tlie  Kentuckian,  who  was 
carried  away  by  his  fellow-students  in  triunii>h. 

He  received  holy   orders  in  Jtouie.  sid)-deaconship 
on  the  3d  of  August,  18:J4.  deaconship  on  the  lOth,  and 
the  priesthood  on  the  KJth.     Two  days  after  he  left 
Rome  to  return  to  his  native  State  and  enier  on  his 
sacerdotal  life.     Bishop  Flaget  mr.de  iiim  pa.^tor  of 
the  Cathedral  at   Dardstown,   and   proH'ssor  in  the 
Seminary.     He  was  active    in    establishing  the    St. 
Joseph's  College  Minerva,  norl    the  Catholic   Advo- 
cate, and  contributed  frecpiently  to  the  L'nited  States 
Catholic  Magazine.     In   |y;}8  he  was  chosen  president 
of  St.  Josei)h's  College,  but  after  two  years  was  made 
pastor  of  St.  Peter's  Churcli.  Lexington.     When  the 
see  was   transferred  to  Louisville.  J)r.  Spalding  was 
again  placed  in  charge  of  the  old  cathedral  at  Hards- 
town.     He  wished  to  devote  himself  to  the  Tennessee 
mission,  but  Bishop  Flaget  would  not  consent.     In 
1844  he  was  made  vicar-general   and   i)astor  of  the 
Cathedral  at  Louisville.      His  life  had  been  one  of 
active  labor  in  the  nunistry,  in  st-nimiry,  college,  and 
the  walks  of  literature. 

A  visitation  of  his  diocese,  a  retreat  for  his  clergv, 
missions  to  the  people,  followed  his  accession  to  the 
see  of  Louisville.  When  he  set  out  for  the  Council 
of  Baltimore,  in  18r)i>,  it  was  with  the  resolve  of  urging 
his  fellow-mendjers  of  the  hierarchy  to  advocate  the 
erection  of  a  new  see  in  Kentucky.' 


'  Rt.  Rev.  M    r   -^r^'l'linp   "  Life  of  Rlshnp  FIiiR.-f  "  ;  Rt   IJev  J  I 
Spnldin^r,  ••  Til-   1    '•     uf    he  Most  H(    .  M  .1.  Sp«l,|ing.  I)   I)     Arcli 
biHl.opof  Hal-   n.  :■       N,  >  Vork.  1H7:..  i>.  J.  Webb,  "The  Ceutenury 
of  Cullioliciij  .u  Kthiucky, '  I^ouisvillc,  iHHi. 


gii, 

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CHAPTEI?  TV. 

DIOCESE  OF   VINCENNES. 

nr.  HEV.  CELESTiKK  ^^^^;^J ^^^n^i^^^r^r^u..  bbconi> 

TiiK  diocese  of  Vincennes  compi-isHd  tlie  Stntf.  '  f 
In.liana  atul  part  of  Illii,„is.     tIu.  former  State  vva- 
increased  in  population  by  the  arrival  of  i.nmi^nantN 
many   of  them    Germans,  attracted    by   the     Vrtile 
lands.     Xo  large  city  grew  up,  and  a.riong  th..  scat- 
tered rural  population  were   nany  Catholics,  poor  but 
Mvnerally  strongly  attached  fo  their  faith.      Bishop 
dH  la  Ilailandiere   had,  how    ver,  hard-working  and 
enduring  priests,  like  Rev.  A  jgustus    IVssonies    the 
undnng  Joseph   Ku.ideck,   R.  v.  Anthony   Dey'dier 
Julian    Delaune,   .luliau  Benoi         Priests  had   larire 
•hstncts    and   provision   had    .  ,    be    made    for  the 
scattered  bodies.     The  log  chape,  a  rude  frame  st ruc- 
ture,  was  often  all  the  faithftd  could  raise      Siicli 
were,  in    their  origin,  the    cliurches    of  Perdin-.nd 
Celestine,  Zanesville,  Faux  Chen  d,  and  St    Mary's 
of  the  Rocks.     The  priest,  on  his  round,  catechized, 
confessed,  offered   the  holy  sacriH  e,  preached  often 
in  more  than  one  language,  and,    vhen  Protestants 
came  from  curiosity,  ex-plained  in    .lain  and  simple 
words  the  truths  of  religiou. 

On  the  5th  of  May,  1S44,  Bishop  d^  la  Hailandiere 
convened  his  clergy  at  Vin,.ennes  for  a  spiritual 
retreat  under  Rev.  John  Timon,  C  M  The  first 
Synod  of  the  diocese  foli(,wed  and  w  is  attended  by 
twenty-four    priests.       Rules    for    uniformity    were 

197 


*  '*lH. 


198      THI-J  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STA  TESt. 

adoi)ted,  and  in  a  most  huiduble  spirit  the  Bishop 
urged  the  i)reservatiou  of  documents  as  material  for 
the  future  history  of  tlie  Cluirch  in  Indiana.  Tlie 
lioclc  connected  witli  the  Oatliedral  at  Vincennes  were 
generally  poor,  and  did  not  exceed  300  families,  lie 
aroused  a  new  spirit ;  he  improved  the  church,  house, 
and  grounds  so  as  to  make  them  neat  and  attractive. 
On  the  church  lands  without  the  town  he  placed 
capable  farmers.  Ilis  mind  was  one  of  excessive 
activity,  and  he  sought  to  do  everytliing  himself  iu 
his  anxiety  to  accomplish  the  greatest  good.  The 
result  was  confusion  and  complaint  ;  a  feeling  of 
uneasiness  in  all  churches  and  institutions. 

The  erection  of  the  see  of  Chicago  relieved  him  of 
tlie  care  of  the  portion  of  Illinois  which  had  been 
under  his  care,  and  enabled  him  to  employ  in  Indiana 
Kev.  Messrs.  de  St.  Palais,  Dupontavice,  and  Gue- 
guen. 

A  few  Miami  Indians  still  lingered  in  the  State,  and 
amid  their  labors  tlie  priests  did  not  i.eglect  them, 
reviving  the  faith  preached  of  old  to  their  fathers, 
and  still  held  in  respect. 

In  the  autumn  of  1845  the  Bishop  proceeded  to 
Rome,  and,  dislieartened  l)y  liis  experience,  solicited 
of  the  Pope  i)ermission  to  resign  his  see,  as  he  had 
already  solicited  the  appointment  of  a  coadjutor. 
Dissuaded  for  the  time  by  Pope  (Iregory  XV^I.,  wlio 
saw  his  merit,  the  Bishoi)  of  Vincennes  returned, 
bringing  several  priests  and  seminarians,  as  well  as 
complete  relics  of  saints  from  the  catacond)s,  a  favor 
rarely  granted. 

Meanwhile  Rev.  Edwai'd  Soriu  had  labored  earnestly 
to  erect  the  brick  edilice  for  his  college  at  Notre  Daiuf. 
The  commuintv  was  reinforced  by  the  arrival  of  Rev. 
Mr.  Cointet  and  two  other  priests,  and  a  Brother  of 


1 


DIOCESE  OF  VINCENNES. 


199 


St.  Joseph,  wliile  three  Sisters  of  the  Holy  Cross- 
Sister  Mary  of  Betlileheni,  Sister  Mary  of  Calvary, 
and  Sister  Mary  of  Nuzaretli— arrived  to  establish  the 
Sisterhood  in  the  United  States. 

The  College  of  Notre  Dame  and  the  Manual  Labor 
School  were  completed  in  1844,  and  opened,  duly  char- 
tered by  the  State.  The  next  year  a  novitiate  and 
chapel  rose  on  St.  Mary's  Island,  between  the  lakes, 
while  the  Brothers  of  St.  Joseph  occupied  the  prim- 
itive log-cabin.  Under  Father  Cointet  as  director  of 
studies,  the  course  of  instruction  was  thoroughly  or- 
ganized, and  the  commencement  exercises  in  August, 
1844,  and  July  31,  1845,  by  the  forty  pupils,  convj.nced 
all  that  it  would  be  an  honor  to  the  country  and 
religion. 

Rev.  Mr.  Badin  at  this  time  gave  his  remain  /<• 
property  there  to  found  an  orphan  asylum,  and  not 
far  off  the  Sisters  were  building  up'  a  successful 
academ5^ 

The  old  Vincennes  University,  of  which  William 
Henry  Harrison  had  once  been  president,  a  substan- 
tial four-story  building,  had  been  purchased  by  the 
Bishop  and  opened  under  the  name  of  St.  Gabriel's 
College,  with  Rev.  J.  B.  Chasse  as  president. 

Conversions  were  frequent.  A  striking  one  was 
that  of  a  man  executed  in  December,  1846,  for  taking 
the  life  of  his  own  mother.  Hardened  at  first,  he 
yielded  to  the  zeal  and  exhortation  of  Rev.  A.  Bes- 
soiiies,  became  sincerely  penitent,  was  baptized^  and 
died  in   the  best  dispositions. 

Bishop  de  la  Hailandiere  resumed  the  care  of  his 
diocese,  but  though  he  saw  it  increasing  in  priests, 
institutions,  and  the  number  of  the  faithful,  he  could 
not  shake  off  the  conviction  that  its  prosperity  would 
increase  under  another.     At  the  Provincial  Council  of 


'i' 


H 

■^^l 


'  H 


■fl| 


^:l*;     1 


'1  f 

I 


'KJ 


200      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Baltimore  he  induced  tlie  Metropolitan  and  his  fel- 
low-bishops to  support  his  formal  resignation.  Ow- 
ing to  the  death  of  Pope  Gregory  XVI.,  it  was  not 
acted  on  till  the  next  year.  On  the  16th  of  July, 
1847,  he  addressed  a  farewell  pastoral  to  his  flock.' 
In  June,  1848,  he  was  again  in  France,  where  he  fre- 
quently aided  the  Bishops  by  performing  episcopal 
functions.' 

RT.  REV.  JOHN   STEPHKN   BAZIN,    THIRD   BISHOP  OF 
VINCENNKS,  1847-1848. 

The  choice  of  a  bishop  to  govern  the  diocese  of  Vin- 
cennes  fell  on  the  Very  Rev.  John  Stephen  Bazin, 
vicar-general  of  the  diocese  of  Mobile— a  calm,  zealous, 
devoted  priest.  He  was  born  in  the  diocese  of  Lyons, 
France,  in  1796,  and  came  as  a  priest  to  Mobile  in 
1830.  When  his  bulls  airJved  he  was  consecrated  in 
the  Cathedral  of  Mobile  by  Rt.  Rev.  ;Michael  Portier, 
assisted  by  Rt.  Rev.  John  B.  Purcell  of  Cincinnati, 
and  Bishop  de  la  Hailandiere,  October  24,  1847. 

In  his  pa.storal  letter  addressing  the  clergy,  he  said  : 
"Having  been  inured  for  many  years  to  the  labojs 

'  Autobiofrraphuiil  sketch;  Alenling,  "A  History  of  the  Catholic 
Church  ill  the  Diocese  of  Vincennes,"  Indiiinapolis,  1883,  pp.  162,  185, 
30.5,  389,  etc.;  "  Life  of  the  Hev.  P.  Coiiitet,  priest  and  ini.ssioiiary  of  tlie 
Cona;.  of  the  Holy  Cross,"  Cincimmli,  1855  Lyons,  "Silver  Jubihr 
of  the  University  of  Notre  Dame,"  pp.  18-43  ;  Bishop  de  la  Hailan- 
diere to  Archbishop  Eccleaton,  .rune  13,  1844;  Jan.  31,  1845.  U.  S. 
Cath.  Mairaziiie,  iii.,  pp.  316,  745;  vi.,  p.  .557:  Berichle  der  Lco- 
poldinen  Stiftunir,  .wii.,  x.\ ;  Cath.  Advocate.  i.\.,  pj)  16H,  )81  ;  .\.,  pp. 
154,  199.  234;  Pitt.sbiirfrh  Catholic,  iii,  p.  381  ;  Calli.  Herald.  xiii.,'pp. 
194,  412  ;  Annals  of  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith,  1845,  p.  410.  Bishop 
dclrt  HailaiulitVe's  letter  to  the  council  resigning  his  .see  is  dated  Aitiii 
13,  184(1.  After  taking  part  in  the  con.secration  of  his  successor,  BislHii> 
de  la  Hailandii^re  returned  to  France  and  led  a  life  of  retirement  on  ui 
estate  which  he  possessed  at  Friundin  near  Coinbourg.  There  he  ex- 
pired .May  1,  1882.  As  he  IiimI  desired,  hi.s  remains  were  carried  to 
America  to  Ik;  laid  beside  those  of  the  other  bishops  of  Viuceunes. 


OF 


M 


m 


»T.   liEV.    JOHN   8.    BAZIN,    UISIlOl-  OF   VI.NCE.NNE8. 


■Mi 


r 


.i  '-I 


I  :, 


ill 


202       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

of  a  missionary  life,  we  feel  ready,  in  spite  of  our  ad- 
vanced age,  to  share  with  you  all  the  hardships  of  the 
ministry.  We  are  ambitious  of  no  distinction.  We 
expect  to  iind  in  eacli  of  you  a  friend."  He  was  in- 
stalled in  liis  cathedral  by  Bishop  Portier. 

Unacquainted  with  the  diocese  to  which  he  was 
appointed,  he  at  once  made  Kev.  Maurice  de  Saint 
Palais  vicar-general  and  superior  of  his  seminary.  He 
entered  promptly  on  his  duties,  endeavoring  with 
great  judgment  to  inspire  confidence  and  harmony. 
The  Sisters  of  Providence  under  his  impulse  increased 


BIONATDRK  OP  BISHOP  BAZIN,   OF  VINCESNES. 

their  labors  for  education.  Churches  were  begun,  or 
dedicated,  at  Richmond,  in  Posey  County ;  at  Troy, 
Napoleon,  and  Fulda. 

Bishoj)  liiizin  was  assiduous  in  his  labors  at  his 
cathedral.  The  confessionals  were  in  a  dark,  damp, 
ill-ventilated  lower  chapel.  On  the  eve  of  Palm  Sun- 
day, 1848,  after  nine  hours  spent  in  the  confessional, 
he  was  taken  ill.  Ilis  condition  did  not,  at  first,  excite 
apprehension,  but  he  was  soon  convinced  that  his  end 
was  approaching.  He  made  his  will,  leaving  all  prop- 
erty to  the  Bishop  of  Cincinnati,  and  appointed  Very 
Rev.  Mr.  de  St.  Palais  administrator  of  the  diocese. 
Then  he  received  the  last  sacraments  and  died  in  the 
most  edifying  sentiments.  Bishop  Kenrick  of  St. 
Louis,  who  had  hastened  to  Vincennes,  wrote  :  "Those 


DIOCESE  OF  VINCENNES.  203 

of  the  clergy  wlio  were  present  say  that  his  death  was 
that  of  a  saint.  It  is  wonderful  liow  warmly  both 
priests  and  people  were  attached  to  him.  The  Prot- 
estants of  Vincennes  loolced  on  his  loss  as  a  public 
caliiinity." 

Aftei-  a  solemn  requiem  he  was  laid  beside  his  pre- 
decessor, Bishop  Brute. 

KT.    UEV.   JAMES  M.  MAURICE  DE  SAINT  PALAIS 

FouRTii  BISHOP,  1849-1852. 

By  the  unexpected  death  of  the  esteemed  Bishop 
Bazm,  the  administration  of  the  diocese  devolved  on 
Very  Rev.  Maurice  de  St.  Palais  as  admitiistrator.     A 
man  of  ancient  and  noble  lineage  in  France,  gifted 
educated,  ordained  to  the  priesthood  in  liis  own  land' 
he  came  to  Indiana  in  1836.     He  thoroughly  identified 
himself  with  the  country  and  the  people  whom  he  was 
to  guide  in  the  way  of  salvation.     Inured  to  mission 
work,  fully  understanding  the  circumstances  around 
him,  he  organized  and  built  a  church  at  St  Mary's 
another  St.  Mary's  at  Chicago,  labored  at  Madison' 
Ins  saddle-bags  often  containing  the  cornmeal  on  which' 
he  depended  for  a  meal.      His  journeys  amid  snow- 
storms through  the  most  dangerous  parts  of  the  State 
had  left  him  still  unscathed  and  vigorous,  with  vast 
practical  experience.' 

Bishop  Bazin,  in  selecting  him  as  his  vicar-general 
acted  on  the  general  voice.     Rome,  on  the  3d  of  Octo- 
ber, 1848,  elected  him  to  the  vacant  see.     He  was  con- 
secrated in  the  Cathedral  of  Vincennes,  on  the  14tli  of 
January,  1849,  by  Re.  Rev.  Richard  Pius  Miles,  Bishop 


,'  'If 


Bishop  Portier  to  Archbishop  Eccleston.  Sept.  17.  1847.  etc.;  Bishop 
1  . 1  .  Ivcinck  to  sum.-,  yUy  1,  1H48  ;  Alonliiiir.  pp.  18(5-89.294  •  Bostor. 
Cuth.  Observer,  i.,  pp.  163-180  ;  ii.,  p.  e;  ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  v    p  01 


■'  f 


\f 


i 


'  'p 


RT.  REV.  JAMES  M.  MAL'IUCE  DK  ST.  PALAI8,  BI8U0P  OF  VIN'CENNES. 


I 


DIOCESE  OF  VINCENNES.  205 

Of  Nasliville,  Rt.  Rev.  Martin  J.  Spalding  and  Rev 
Hippolyte  Dupontavice  acting  as  assistants 

He  soon  began  an  official  visitation  of  his  diocese 
where  lie  was  so  well  known.     A  new  spirit  of  hearty 

onnnn^Tr'r'"^"'?'^^  ^^'  '^"^  ^^  l^"'^^^^  attending 
,mm  Catholics  ;  the  University  at  Notre  Dame   with 

five  priests,  Brothers  of  St.  Joseph  directing  schools 
at  Indianapolis,  South  Bend,  Vincennes,  Madison, 
Port  Wayne,  and  Washington;  Sisters  of  Providence 
with  an  academy  at  St.  Mary's  of  the  Woods  ;  others 
at  \  incennes,  Madison,  and  Fort  Wayne,  and  a  school 
at  Jasper. 

He  visited  Europe  in  1849,  and  made  his  way  to  the 
great  Benedictine  Abbey  and  shrine  at  Einsiedln 
where  he  induced  the  abbot  to  promise  him  a  colonv 
of  inonks  of  his  ancient  order.  One  of  his  first  objects 
on  his  return  was  to  establish  an  orphan  asvlum  for 
his  diocese.  Generosity  to  this  institution  and  to  the 
seminary  of  the  diocese  he  made  the  guage  bv  which 
lie  n.easured  the  faith  of  each  station  or  mission,  and 
tlicu-  htness  to  have  a  priest. 

While  all  seemed  prospering,  fire  ravaged  the  build- 
ings at  Notre  Dame,  destroying  the  shops  and  kitcheiv  • 
..It  Hither  Sorin   soon   erected  a  solid,  substantial 
>nck  house.     A  railroad  reached  South  Bend,  and  the 
I  niversity  needed  enlarging.     The  nu-iin  building  had 
wings  added  to  it  in  1853. 

Rev.  F.-ancis  Joseph  Rudolf  wished  to  obtain  Sisters 
o  he  1  Inrd  Order  of  St.  Francis  for  his  mission  of 
Oldenburg.  A  single  Sister  came  over.  She  soon  had 
postulants,  and  the  little  comn.unity  took  possession 
ot  an  unfinished  convent  in  November,  isr.l  Such 
was  the  humble  beginning.  But  the  next  year  the 
convent  was  canonically  established  and  an  academy 
was  opened.     A  school  house  and  chapel  soon  rose- 


'»-! 


M. 


"i 


m  4 


200       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


then  11  department  was  opened  for  orphans.  The 
mustard   seed   was  growing. 

Reports  of  the  diocese  show  progress  in  churches 
at  Evansville,  Oldenburg,  Rockport,  South  Bend,  St. 
Joseph's,  Madison,  Millhausen,  Edinburgh,  Jelfersou- 
ville,  and  Cannelton.' 

Bishop  de  St.  Palais  could  attend  the  Baltimore 
Council  in  1852,  prepared  to  show  what  the  Church 
was  doing  in  Indiana,  though  he  could  not  boast  of 
grand  cathedral  or  stately  institutions,  but  simply  of 
earnest,  honest  work  for  the  good  of  souls. 


'  Aleniinj?.  pp.  100-206,  589;  Lyons  "  Silver  Juhilcc,"  p.  39  ;  U.  8.  C'lilli. 
Miigazine,  viii..  pp.  89,811;  Pittsl)urgh  Calliolic,  vi.,  p.  197;  Free 
man's  Jounml,  Dec.  14,  1850;   Mar.  20,  1851. 


'W  Wt 


I 


CHAPTER  Y. 
DIOCESE  OF  DETROIT. 

RT.  REV.  PETER   P.\UL  LEFEVERE,  BIHHOP  OF  ZELA,  AND  ADMIN- 
ISTRATOR,   1843-1852. 

Immkj RATION  did  not  increase  the  population  of 
Micliigan  as  rapidly  as  it  did  tJiat  of  Indiana ;  but 
the  diocese  was  hirge  and  somewhat  vague  in  ita 
western  limits,  as  Prairie  du  CMiien,  La  Pointe,  Sinsa- 
nawa  Mound,  and  St.  Paul's  Ciuirch,  near  the  Falls 
of  Sr.  Anthony,  were  all  regarded  as  within  the  dio- 
cese of  Detroit.  But  when  the  sees  of  Dubuque  and 
Milwaukee  were  erected,  the  diocese  of  Detroit  was 
limited  to  the  State  of  Michigan. 

The  diocese  as  thus  reduced  contained  twelve 
churches,— ten  in  course  of  erection,— fifteen  priests, 
as  many  schools,  and  a  Catholic  population  of  25,()(X».' 
The  Indian  mission  at  Arbre  Croche  was  under  the  care 
of  Rev.  F.  Pierz.  and  that  at  Grand  River  Rapids  under 
Rev.  A.  Viszosky,  each  with  a  well  conducted  school. 
The  diocese  had  a  Catholic  paper.  The  Western  Cath- 
olic Register,  established  in  1842. 

St.  Mary's  Church  was  dedicated  for  the  Germans, 
June  29,  1843.  Yet  Trinity  Church,  Detroit,  a  frame 
building,  could  no  longer  contain  half  its  English- 
speaking  congregation.  Bishop  Lefevere  accordiiigly, 
on  the  29th  of  June,  1844,  laid  the  corner-stone  of  a 
brick  church,  to  be  80  feet  by  160  in  depth.  The  site 
was  on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  St.  An- 
toine  Street.  \York  proceeded  gradually  as  resources 
came;    but  a  suitable  cathedral    was  a"   +he  more 

ao7 


.  "Vk 


■4 


»"*  ill 


'    "it 


':« 


(<*: 


'^3 


208      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


necessiiry,  us  the  trustees  of  St.  Anne's  nmde  it  almost 
impossible  for  a  pritst,  much  less  u  bishop,  to  reside 
there.' 

In  1843  a  st)od  frame  church  was  completed  al 
Mount  Clemens,  and  soon  after  others  began  at  Flint, 
Dearborn,  and  Greentield.  During  the  year  Rev. 
Frederic  Baraga,  who  in  nine  years  service  at  L:i 
Pointe  bai)tized  753  Chippewas,  erected  at  L'Anse,  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Name  of  Jesus,  and  gathered  Chippewa  converts  to  it. 

Bishop  Lefevere  succeeded  in  obtaining  for  the  dio 
cese  Sisters  of  Charity,  who,  in  May,  1844,  opened  St. 
Vincent's  Select  School  for  girls,  and  on  the  9th  of 
.hine,  184r),  began  St.  Vincent's  Hospital  at  l^indoli)li 
and  Larned  stre'»ii.s,' 

T  .  >se  were  tho  days  when  the  enemies  of  tiic 
Church  seemed  to  imagine  that  the  very  existence  of 
the  country  depended  on  their  forcing  Catholic  chil- 
dren to  study  or  read  the  Protestant  Bible  in  tin- 
l)ubli(!  schools.  On  the  'id  of  May.  1844,  a  resolution 
was  offered  in  the  Detroit  Board  of  Education  intro- 
ducing into  the  schools  the  Douay  or  Pi-otestant  ver- 
sion oi  the  ]?ible,  without  note  or  comment.  It  was 
rejected  by  a  decisive  vote.  A  petition  was  then  cir- 
culated and  presented  to  the  board  making  the  same 
fraudulent  request.  The  committee  of  the  board  to 
whom  the  petition  was  referred,  said  in  their  rejjort; 
"The  state  of  facts  in  this  city  in  regard  to  this,  at 
pre.sent,  much  agitated  subject,  is  peculiar  and  very 
different  from  that  of  any  other  city  where  it  has 
arisen.     In  the  first  place,  our  Roman  Catholic  jjojju- 


•BisliopLefoveic  to  Anlil  islinp  Eccloston,  Dec.  1,  1842. 

»  CaUi.  HiTiiUl,  xl,  p.  235:  Fiuincr.  '•Tlic  History  of  Detroit  mihI 
.Micliiiriui,"  Detroit,  1884,  pi).  038,  .WU,  053;  Calli.  .Vlinaiiac,  1844,  p.  90, 
1845,  p.  U4. 


DIOCESE  OF  DETROIT.  30tt 

lation  is  not  only  more  numerous  tlmn  in  any  other 
cty  but  H  tl»e  oldest  we  luive.  It  stands,  tlierefore, 
.n  I.H  luer  respect,  at  least,  upon  an  equal  footin^^ 
with  the  Protestant  population.  Again,  our  system 
isa  new  one,  just  adopted,  ami  in  the  adoption  of 
winch  all  have  united  and  participated  "  ' 

J)Miino:  the  year  1845,  St.  Thomas's  Church   erected 
bv  Rev.  Mr.  Cullen,  was  dedicated  at  Ann  IZrln 

Muust:  and  a  church  erected  at  St.  Joseph,  which, 
though  humble,  was  the  hrst  edifice  in  thi  town  in- 
ten.hMl  tor  religious  ])urposes.  The  diocese  gained  at 
t.s  tune  the  Reden.ptorist  Fathers,  who  too\  ige 
of  the  old  mission  of  Mouroe.  lu  1847  these  relitrious 
obtained  Sisters  of  Providence  to  conduct  an  S 
.my  there.  The  Priests  of  the  Holy  Cross  undr 
1  .V.  Kdward  Sorin,  extended  their  care  to  Bertrand 
I  .;n  a  city  full  of  promise,  and  to  the  Pottawot^ 
Mh,.oK         ^^^'^•^^^"'  ''^''''^  t'^«  Sisters  established 

In  1840  Bishop  Lefevere  was  at  last  able  to  make 
provision  for  a  future  supply  of  priests  by  opening 
the  Seminary  of  St.  Thomas,  under  the  direction  of 
\  ery  Kev.  Peter  Kindekens. 

Dr.  Lefevere  was  liampered  throughout  his  govern- 
meMt  of  the  diocese  by  the  fact  timt  he  w.us  not 
l)i.shoi.,  but  only  administrator.  Property  had  been 
purchased  in  several  places  by  Bishop  Reso,  which 
I'.volved  him  in  constant  difficulties,  and  eventually 
proved  of  little^advantage  to  the  Church.' 

'  Heport  of  ,he  Hoani  of  E,iu<;a,i,,n  H,;;i  i^  Fn.<.„.a„-s:r;;;;;;.;,:77. 

l-e  n,„k.r  .1..  rul.-s  of  ,1k-  Cln.rch.  the  proposal  to  ns.  a  l  K,k  th 
.K.tex,s   nndtlint.  if  got  up  specially,  could  not  l.  u.sc.l  ..^cl    ,]    s 
WHS  a  miscralilL-  fraud.  ^  «-ai!ioiic.s, 

;i5i.|.op  L,|,.v..rcto   .\rchl,isl,.,p   Kcclcston,  Jan.   28,   Dec.  1    1843- 
The  <e.uporai.,K.s  of  our  unl.app,  diocese  have  so  wearii.d  and  l^t\ 


i''.:f 


'    .-*»•» 


,..H:« 


210      THE  cnunCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Ill  his  visitation  in  tlie  sunuiiHr  of  1847  he  fouml 
that  tiu!  mission  under  Hhv.  Mr.  Pierz  had  incieased 
so  tiiat  lie  liad  1842  Catholic  Indians.  II«*  therefore 
divided  the  mission,  and  Rev.  Ignatius  Mralc  took 
chai'g«  of  liaCroix,  Middletown,  Castor  Island,  and 
Maidstee,  with  tlieir  Catliolic  population  of  (Joo. 
Ahout  this  time  tiie  .Jesuit  Fathers  revived  their 
labors  at  Sanlt  St.  Marie.' 

To  the  gratilication  of  Bishop  I^fevere  the  Clmrch 
of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  was  completed  in  1848. 
''Thaidis  be  to  (iod,"  he  wrote,  "our  Cathedral  in 
Detroit  is  in  a  state  that  it  nujy  with  propriety  and 
decency  bo  dedicated  to  His  service.  Therefore  the 
day  for  its  consecration  is  fixed  on  the  feast  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul,  the  2»th  of  next  June."  The  Most 
Uev.  Samuel  Kccleston,  Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  ac- 
cepted his  invitation  and  came  to  the  old  French 
town  to  officiate.  A  procession  formed  at  St.  Anne's 
and  moved  to  the  new  church.  The  ceremonies  wer*' 
performed  by  the  Archbishop,  attended  by  the  Bisho[is 
of  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  and  Zela.  The  Archbishop  of 
St.  Louis  arrived  in  time  to  assist  at  the  high  mass, 
and  preach  at  vespers.  During  the  ceremony  of  the 
consecration,  within  closed  doors,  the  Very  Rev.  H. 
O'Reilly,  future  Bishop  of  Hartford,  preached  to  the 
faithful  gathered  without.  Bishop  Leievere  took  part 
in  the  Council  of  JJaltimore  in  May.  1849,  and  on  his 


mo  ttmt  I  wivs  somctimps  tempted  to  give  up  the  ciuiso  for  lost."  Free- 
mail's  .Idunml,  vi.,  pp.  (11,  17:J ;  C'atli.  llciuld,  xiii.,  pp.  110,  170  ;  U.  S. 
Ciilii.  .Mii;rii/,iiic,  v.,  p.  lOU. 

'  Itcv.  Francis  Fii-rz.  Arbre  Cmehe,  Oct.  2,  1843;  Bericlite  tier  I.co- 
poldinen  Stiftuii);,  .wii.,  p.  .W  ;  July  l.'i.  1847  ;  ('iitli.  Almanac,  18Jm, 
p.  161  ;  It<'V.  Freilcric  Ilarajra,  lU'riciitc,  xvii.,  p.  00;  Hev.  A.  Viszosky, 
xviii.,  p.  34  ;  xix.,  p.  97  ;   xx.,  p-  .52. 


h  :"' 


m 


DIOCESK  OF  DKTltOIT.  21 1 

way  to  his  diocese  whs  on  tlie  steamboat  Empire,  on 
Hie  Nortli  River,  wlien  many  lives  were  lost  ' 

On  tlielHtli  of  October,  18^0,  Jiisl,(,j»  Lefevere  issued 
ii  paslonil  fo  the  Catliolics  of  the  Frencli  and  Eni-lisii 
congregations  of  tlie  city,  in  regard  to  tlie  orphans 


CATHKOUAL  OK  ST.    PETKIl    AND  V.Ktl.,    DI  .  IIOIT. 

and  also  in  a  special  manner  in  regard  to  the  Cliilsti'in 
edueation  of  their  <.l.il,lren.  -Our  city  was  founded 
by  Cat  lohcs,  and  n.ore  than  half  of  its  population 
'"•;vM.,n,^rsto„ur  holy  rehViou  :  wh  should  then  be 
liable  to  reproacl^  if  we  sought  not,  in  our  own  re- 

'  liWiop  Lrffvw  to  Arclibislmp  Ecrlosron   Mm-  1    1<SJ«     r-  . 

M;..',...,R.,  vii.,  p.  4:JS  ;  Fanners  ••  \Mvo\i,-  ,,.  539 


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212       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

sources,  the  means  of  counterbalancing  a  system  of 
education  opposed  to  your  spiritual  well  being  and  to 
the  truth  of  our  holy  faith."  To  improve  the  existing 
schools,  and  establish  others  under  the  Brothers  of 
Christian  doctrinejie  organized  "The  Society  of  St. 
Joseph  for  the  Erection  of  Catholic  Schools." 

A  few  days  later,  in  a  pastoral  addressed  to  his 
diocese,  he  positively  condemned  all  plans  of  raising 
money  for  church  or  charitable  purposes  by  means  of 
dancing  and  balls.  The  introduction  of  the  Ladies  of 
the  Sacred  Heart  was  already  contemplated  by  the 
Bishop,  who  hoped  to  make  all  adequate  preparations 
for  the  education  of  the  rising  generation. 

The  orphan  asylum,  one  of  his  objects  of  solicitude, 
was,  to  his  consolation,  opened  on  the  oth  of  June, 
18M.' 

In  Stptomber  five  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools 
began  their  labors  at  St.  Ann's  Church.  The  Indian 
missions,  aided  by  the  Leopold  Society,  advanced. 
The  diocese  in  1852  had  40  churches,  and  thirteen 
others  had  been  begun.  It  numbered  32  priests,  two 
academies,  24  schools,  and  a  Catholic  flock  of  80,000. 

'  Bisliop  I^fevre,  Local  Pastoral,  Oct.  18,  1850;  Pastoral,  Oct.  27, 
1850  ;  Freeman's  Journal,  Nov.  16,  1850  ;  .\pril  12,  1851  :  PittsburL'h 
Catholic,  vii.,  p.  303;  Farmer's,  "Detroit,"  p.  051;  Sketch  of  Bishop 
Lefevere  by  Rt.  Rev.  C.  P.  Maes. 


BOOK  lY. 


CHAPTER  I. 
DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 

BT.  KEY.  PETEn  RICHARD  KENRICK.  BISHOP  OF  DRASIS    ADMINI8 

THATOB,  1841-1843.    BISHOP  OF  ST.  LOUIS,  1843  18^7 

ARCHBISHOP  OF  ST.  LOUIS,  1847-1863. 

Ox  the  occasion  of  the  consecration  of  his  coadjutor 
at  Phihulelphip,  on  the  feast  of  St.  Andrew,  1841 
Jiishop  Rosati,  oefore  setting  out  for  tlie  Island  of 
liayti,  addressed  a  pastoral  letter  to  the  clergy  and 
faithful  of  his  diocese,  which    he  was  never  more 
to  see.     He  commended  the  Rt.  Rev.  Peter  Richard 
Kenrick  as  one  whom  he  hoped  to  ha-e  as  his  constant 
companion  in  life,  and  who,  he  said,  "having received 
our  last  breath,  will  continue  to  be  your  Father  for 
a  long  succession  of  years."     Words  that  seem  pro- 
phetic as  we  look  back  over  the  half  century  which 
has  seen  Dr.  Keniick  presiding  in  the  Cathedral  of  St 
Louis.' 

Bishop  Rosati  and  his  coadjutor  separated  in 
Philadelphia,  and  while  the  former  sailed  to  Hayti 
to  fulfill  the  duties  imposed  upon  him  by  Pope 
Gregory  XVI^  Dr.  Kenrick  hastened  to  the  diocese, 

'  Hul!ariiim  df  Propngaiidii  Fide,  v.,  pp.  229  234       ~  ~  ' 

The   consecration   took   place  in  St.  Mary's  Churcli,    Bisliop  Rosati 
e  ,,,  consecrator    B.s hops  F.  P.  Kenrick  an.l  P.  P.  Lefevre.  asLtants 
o  nt  ,  e  Forb.n  Janson  a.ui  Bishop  England  being  also  present 
(ath.  llerald,  i.k.,  p.  381  ;  .\.,  p.  12.  ^  v  ■ 

Bishop  Rosati,  Pastoral  Letter,  Philadelpliia,  Dec.  1,  1841. 

','13 


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214       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

where  tlie  presence  of  a  bishop  was  needed.  Proceed- 
ing by  the  way  of  Pittsburgh  he  reached  St.  Louis  on 
tlie  28th  of  December.  After  meeting  the  urgent 
wants  of  the  episcopal  office  in  the  diocese,  Bishop 
Kenrick,  on  the  16th  of  February,  issued  a  pastorjil 
warmly  advocating  the  virtue  of  temperance,  and 
societies  for  promoting  it.'  By  his  visitations,  ad- 
ministering confirmation,  learning  the  wants  of  eacli 
mission,  laying  corner-stones  of  churches,  he  wj\s 
fitting  himself  to  be  a  valuable  coadjutor  to  tli.' 
Bishop  whom  the  diocese  revered.  Mrs.  Anne  Biddlc, 
daughter  of  the  generous  Mr.  Mullanphy,  gave  a  site 
on  wliich.  Xovember  16,  he  laid  tlie  corner-stone  of  St. 
Patrick's  Church,  St.  Louis.  Springfield  and  Alton, 
iti  Illinois,  showed  energy  in  building  up  a  cliurcli. 
and  on  the  Sioth  of  June,  184:3,  he  laid  the  corner- 
stone of  the  German  Church  of  our  Lady  of  Victory 
at  the  corner  of  Third  and  Mulberry  streets,  where 
Mr.  James  Lucas  had  generously  given  the  ground, 
l^ishop  Kenrick  also  encouraged  the  mission  among 
llie  Pottawatomie  Indians. 

But  amid  his  labors  came  the  sad  intelligence  of  the 
.serious  illness  of  Bishop  Ro.sati.  and  early  in  Novem- 
ber the  unexpected  tidings  tluit  the  Bi.shop  of  St. 
Louis  had  expired  at  Rome  on  the  2;')th  of  September. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  ecclesiastical  learning,  as  well 
as  for  piety,  prudence,  zeal,  suavity  of  manners,  and 
humility.  Tn  the  provincial  councils  his  ojiinioiis 
i'xercised  great  intluence.  He  prei)ared  a  manual  of 
i-eremonies  for  the  Church  in  this  country  and  penned 
.st^veral  Latin  letters,  among  others  tlie  classic  letters 
of  the  Baltimore  council  to  the  Archbishops  of  Cologne 


i^.i'' 


I  I'iisioral,  F<1)   Ifl.  1842,  4  pp. ;  Talli.  HeraUl,  x..  p.  81  ;  Ciitli.  Tel 
j^rniili,  xi.,  p.  20'.'. 


\l     .'i: 


DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 


215 


:ind  Posen,  which  breathed  the  spirit  of  a  Cyprian. 
He  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the  Holy  See,  which 
employed  him  to  establish  religious  organization  in 
Hayti.  He  was  actually  deputed  to  a  second  mission 
to  that  island,  and  reached  Paris,  when  he  became  so 
ill  tiiat  he  returned  to  Rome,  and,  hospitably  received 
among  his  brethren,  the  Priests  of  the  Mission,  at 
Monte  Citorio,  died  there  on  the  25th  of  September 
1843.'  ' 

Two  days  before  Bishop  Kenrick,  as  coadjutor,  or- 
dained as  priests  several  members  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  one,  Father  Arnold  Damen,  to  fill  a  long  ca- 
reer as  a  mission  priest  in  all  parts  of  the  country, 
and  Father  Peter  James  Aernoudt,  the  author  of 
the  greatest  ascetical  work  produced  in  the  United 
States,  "De  Imitatione  Sanctissimi  Cordis  Jesu,"— 
''The  Imitation  of  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus,"— wliich 
in  Latin,  French,  and  English  has  for  years  nourished 
the  piety  of  the  faithful  far  and  wide.  This  holy 
priest,  whose  great  work  lay  unnoticed  at  Rome  for 
nearly  twenty  years,  bound  himself  by  vow  "to 
si)read  to  the  utmost  of  his  power  the  Devotion  to 
the  Sacred  Heart."  He  died  a  most  holy  death  on 
the  20th  of  July,  1865. » 

Bishop  Kenrick  had  labored  to  maintain  the  diocese 
as  it  was,  awaiting  the  return  of  the  diocesan.  The 
whole  responsibility  for  its  future  development  rested 
upon  him  when  he  so  unexpectedly  succeeded  to  the 
see.  At  this  time  St.  Louis  possessed  the  Cathedral 
the  German  Church    of   St.    Aloysius,   that  of    St' 


'Cath.    IkTiild,   X.,    pp.   HI,  409;   xi.,pp.  207,  277,  34fi  307-  Culi 
Tclcgrapli,  xi.,   i.p    182.  202;  Calli.  CHl.inL.t.  i..   pp  61   184   "-..S    514  ■ 
Ciitli.  Advocate,  vii  ,  271-404  :  V.  S.  Calh.  lla-azi.i..,  ii.'.  pp'38i'7r,8  ' 

■  Tlu>  (irsKMlitionappcamiat  Einsieddi,  i„  1863.     The  London  edition 
of  1882  lm.s  a  brief  sketch  of  his  life  by  Uvy.  Mathew  IJussell    S  J 


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216       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Francis  Xavier,  opened  and  used,  though  not  com- 
pleted ;  that  of  Our  Lady  of  Victory,  which  tiie  Ger- 
man Catliolics  expected  soon  to  occupy;  St.  Mary's 
chapel  in  Soulard's  addition,  near  which  a  large 
church  was  rising,  and  a  newly  erected  chapel  of  the 
Sacred  Heart  near  the  convent.  This  was  the  pro- 
vision for  the  sixteen  thousand  Catholics  of  the  city, 
Avho  were  attended  by  twenty-iive  priests.  The  theo- 
logical seminary  of  the  diocese  was  also  in  St.  Louis, 
having  been  transferred  to  it  in  1842.  The  University 
of  St.  Louis  and  tlie  Academy  of  the  Sacred  Heart 
afforded  means  of  superior  education  ;  four  parocliiul 
schools,  under  scholastics  of  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  soon  aided  by  Clercs  de 
St.  Viateur,  contained  nearly  800  pupils.  The  faith- 
ful had  also  a  hospital  which  in  1842  had  received 
a  host  of  CTernian  immigrants  scalded  on  the  steam- 
boat Edna,  and  three  orphan  asylums. 

The  diocese  comprised  the  State  of  Missouri,  witli 
about  fifty  ohurciies  outside  the  episcopal  city  ;  purr 
of  Illinois,  with  about  thirteen  churches,  and  others  ris- 
ing at  Springlield  and  Alton.'  Arkansas  with  two,  and 
Indian  missions  among  the  Pottawatomies  at  Sugar 
Creek,  and  among  the  Flatheads.  A  preparatoiy 
seminary,  St.  Mary's,  had  been  opened  by  Bishop 
Kenrick  in  Perry  County,  May  i,  1843.  In  the  same 
county  was  St.  Mary's  College,  directed  by  the  Laz- 
arists,  an  academy  under  Clercs  de  St.  Viateur  ai 
Carondelet,  academies  under  Ladies  of  the  Sacred 
Heart  and  Sisters  of  Loretto  and  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph. 
at  St.  Ferdinand,  St.  Charles,  Bethlehem,  Cape  (li- 
rardeau,  St.  Genevieve,  and  Carondelet.  In  Illinois 
there  were  a  Visitation  Convent  and  Academy  at  Kas- 


'Ciith.  Advocate,  vii.,  pp.  271,  404;  Cutli.  Cabinft,  i.,  p. 


253. 


DIOCESE  OP  ST.  LOUIS. 


217 


kaskia,  and  of  Sisters  of  St.  Josepli  at  Caliokia,  wliile 
Sisters  of  Loretto  were  laboring  to  build  up  arl  acad- 
emy and  scl)ool  at  tlie  ancient  Post  of  Arkansas.    The 
(^atliolic  population  of  the   wijole  diocese  was  esti 
mated  at  100,000.' 

But  its  limits  were  soon  reduced  to  the  State  of 
Missouri  and  the  Western  ten-itory.  as  the  Sovereign 
I'ontiff,  at  the  petition  of  the  Council  of  Baltimoie 
on  the  28th  of  November,  1844,  erected  the  s^e  of 
Chicago,  assigning  to  it  the  State  of  Illinois,  hi.aerto 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishoi)s  of  Vincennes 
and  St.  Louis,  and  the  see  of  Little  Rock,  with  Arkan- 
sas as  the  diocese." 

Bishop  Kenrick   found  himself  hampered    at  the 
outset  by  a  debt  of  $(50,000,  incurred  by  Bishop  Rosati 
m  rescuing  some  property  of  the  Church  and  in  estab- 
lishing institutions  which  placed  St.  Louis  in  a  most 
favorable  position  for  good.     The  Leopold  Association 
gave  Its  aid  to  tlie  Bishop  as  well  as  to  the  Fathers  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus  to  aid  their  labors  among  the 
Germans.     In  1844  he  estima-ted  the  Catholic  popu- 
lation of  Missouri  at  50,000,  one-third  being  of  Ger- 
man origin  ;  7000  being  in  St.  Louis  and  its  environs 
The  Lnzarists  were  increasing  the  facilities  for  Catli- 
<>li(%s  in   the  city  by   the  erection  of  St.  Vincent  de 
Paul  Church.     The  Bishop  acquired  ground  to  erect  a 
church   in  honor  of  St.  Patrick,  laving  the  corner- 
stone March  17,  1844,  and  which  was  completed  and 
dedicated    May  4,    ]84o.      The    corner-stone    of    St 
Joseph's,    another   church    for   the    Germans,  under 
the  care  of    the   Fathers  of  the    Society  of   Jesus 


1890.  p.  165  ;  Cath.  (•al,„u.t,  i..  p.  57:! ;  C.th.  Almnnac,  1844,  p.  98. 

i      '•".  siO,  813. 


'  Ilernaez,  "  Coleccioii  tie  liul 


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218       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


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was  laid  in  April,  1844,  and  dedicated  in  the  summer 
of  1846. 

With  this  increase  of  churches,  Bishop  Kenrick 
found  it  necessary  to  lay  off  the  city  of  St.  Louis 
into  four  ecclesiastical  districts  or  parishes,' 

A  convent  of  Visitation  Nuns  had  been  established 
in  1833  in  the  ancient  French  settlement  of  Kaskaskia. 
Its  academy  enjoyed  only  a  moderate  degree  of  pros- 
perity ;  but  in  the  spring  of  1844  the  religious  beheld 
their  home  almost  swept  away  in  a  great  inunda- 
tion. Mother  Agnes  Brent  then,  by  the  advice  of  the 
Bishop,  conducted  her  community  to  St.  Louis,  and 
established  a  Visitation  Convent  on  Sixth  Street  near 
Pine  Street.  Before  long  a  very  fine  property  was 
left  to  them  by  the  generous  Mrs.  Biddle,  and  until 
they  could  build  a  convent  upon  it  they  occupied  the 
edifice  intended  for  the  Mullanphy  Orphan  Asylum, 
but  which  the  threatened  withdrawal  of  the  Sisters  of 
Charity  kept  untenanted. 

Another  colony  of  the  same  order  had  previously 
taken  steps  to  found  a  Visitation  convent  in  St.  Louis;, 
and  they  established  their  convent  and  academy  on 
Broadway  near  Biddle  Street.  In  1840  the  two  com- 
munities  united  and  proceeded  to  occupy  a  new  con- 
vent on  Decatur  Street. 

The  priests  of  the  mission  at  this  time  established 
the  College  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  at  Cape  Girardeau, 
their  former  institution  at  the  Barrens  being  reserved 
especially  for  those  who  were  preparing  to  enter  the 
theological  seminary.  The  new  institution  flourished 
under  the  care  of  Rev.  M.  Penco,  C.  M. 


'  Bishop  Kenrick  to  the  Leopold  .Vssociiitlon,  Nov.  9,  1834  ;  Dec.  W, 
1844.  Very  Hev.  J.  ().  Viui  de  Velde  to  same.  Berielite.  xvii..  pp.  lif. 
38;  rviii.,  p.  0;  xxi.,  p.  35  ;  ("iitli.  Advoeafe,  i.\.,  p.  101  ;  C'ath.  Heriild, 
xii.,  p.  Ill) ;    xil  ,  pp.  51,  53,  199.     U.  S.  Cutli.  Magazine,  v.,  p.  517. 


ni  'i 


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DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 


219 


The  Sisters  of  St.  Josepli,  wlio  were  ::] ready  labor- 
ing successfully  at  Carondelet,  thouf?li  visited  by  a 
destructive  iirp,  opened  a  ne'v  establishment  on  Third 
Street,  St.  Locis,  for  the  benelit  of  the  most  aban- 
doned and   most  miserable  class  of  society. 

By  the  generous  aid  of  Mrs.  Anne  Biddlethe  Sisters 
of  Charity  were  able  in  January,  IS^'j,  to  place  their 
orphans  in  a  new,  large,  and  commodious  asylum  on 
Tenth  Street,  St.  Louis;  and  St.  Vincent's  school, 
which  they  opened,  was  soon  chartered  by  the  State.' 

Tlie  progress  of  religion  was  not  limited  to  the  city. 
Churches  were  in  progress  at  Carondelet,  Indejiend- 
ence,  St.  Joseph,  Marshall,  Washington,  and  Liberty, 
wliile  many  counties  were  regularly  and  systemati- 
cally visited  by  missionaries. 

With  the  increase  of  the  faithful  the  want  of  priests 
was  felt,  and  the  Very  Rev.  Joseph  Melcher  went  to 
Europe  to  obtain  aid.  He  returned  in  the  summer  of 
1847  with  four  priests  and  eight  seannarians,  sonje  of 
wliom  had  nearly  completed  their  theological  course.' 

Bishop  Kenrick  attended  the  Baltimore  Council  of 
1846,  and  on  the  8th  of  October  in  the  following  year 
Po])e  Pius  IX.,  by  his  Apostolic  Brief  of  that^date, 
made  St.  Louis  an  archbishopric.  The  Most  Revl 
Peter  Richard  Kenrick  thus  became  archbishop-elect,' 
and  obtained  the  full  authority  when  the  pallium  was 
conferred  upon  him  in  St.  John's  pro-cathedral,  Phil- 
adelphia, September  8,  1848. 

At  the  petition  of  the  Seventh  Pi'ovincial  Council 
of  Baltimore,  which  Archbishop  Kenrick  attended  in 


'  Bisliop  Kenrick  to  Archbishop  Eccleston,  Feb.  16,  1840  ;  History  of 
the  estiiblislunent  of  tjie  Order  of  tlie  Visitation  ;  Ciith.  Cabinet  ii    i>n 


xiii.,  p.  53  ;    Cath. 


18.-),  243,  560,  034,  700  ;  Cath.  Herald,  xii.,  p.  227; 
Advocate,  x.,  p.  3 ;  xi..  p.  2.')2;  ''   S.  Cath.  Magazine,  iv.,  p.  466. 
'  U.  S  Cath.  Magazine,  v.,  p.  170  ;  vi.,  p.  50  ;  vii.,  p.  448. 


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220      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STAIE" 


1849,  the  Bishops  of  Dubuque,  Nashville,  Chicago,  and 
Milwaukee,  with  the  bishop  of  the  newly  erected  see 
of  St.  Paul,  were  made  sulTragans  of  the  Archbishop 
of  St.  Louis.' 

The  Cathedral  of  St,  Louis  witnessed  on  the  11th  of 
February  the  consecration  of  Very  Rev.  James  0. 
Van  de  Velde,  the  vice-provincial  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  as  Bishop  of  Chicago.  During  the  year  the 
Sisters  of  the  Good  Shepherd  arrived,  and  established 
on  Menard  Street,  St.  Louis,  a  house  of  their  order 
with  a  refuge  for  the  erring.  A  colony  of  Ursulinn 
nuns  from  Raab,  in  Hungary,  came  to  devote  them- 
selves to  the  education  of  the  young  in  the  German 
congregations. 

During  the  year  1849  St.  Louis  was  visited  by 
the  cholera.  The  Sisters  of  Charity  received  into 
their  hospital  1330  patients,  more  than  half  of  whom 
were  saved  by  their  devoted  care.  Two  of  the  com- 
munity directing  the  hospital.  Sister  Columba  IjOw^ 
and  Sister  Patricia  Butler,  fell  victims  to  the  disease 
while  attending  the  patients  in  the  hospital. 

The  disease  was  unusually  destructive  in  the  reli- 
gious houses  of  the  diocese,  four  Ladies  of  the  Sacred 
Heart,  a  Visitation  nun,  and  two  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph 
dying  during  the  fatal  summer." 

On  the  2.')th  of  May,  1850,  the  Most  Rev.  Arch- 
bishop summoned  a  synod  of  his  diocese,  which 
met  in  the  Cathedral  on  August  25,  the  Fourteenth 
Sunday  after  Pentecost.  It  was  attended  by  forty- 
three  priests.  In  this  synod  tlie  decrees  of  the  Balti- 
more councils  and  the  statutes  of  the  first  synod 


'  Concilia  Provincialia  Baltimori  habita,  1829-1849;  Baltimore,  1851, 
pp.  269,  281. 

''  Ciith.  Almanac,  1850.  A  poem  on  the  lieroic  Sisters  of  Charily  will 
be  found  in  U.  S.  C'atb.  Magazine,  viii.,  p.  317. 


DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS.  221 

of  St.  Louis   were  again  promulgated.     Regulations 
were  adopted  as  to  the  burial  services,  erection  of  new 
churches,  gifts  made  to  clergymen,  which  were  de- 
clared to  be  for  the  church  unless  another  intention 
was  distinctly  expressed;   parochial    registers    con- 
fession,  especially  of  the    young;  faculties  of  the 
clergy,  midnight  mass  at  Christmas,  benediction  of 
(he  Blessed  Sacrament,  processions,  founded  requiem 
masses,  the  holy  oils,  preaching,  marriages,  and  the 
publication  of  banns.     A  chancery  was  established  in 
the  diocese,  provision  made  for  an  annual  collection 
to  maintain  the  diocesan  seminary,  and  conferences  of 
the   clorgy   were  organized.      The  tenure  of  church 
property  was    regulated  by  clear  rules.     The  clergy 
were  urged  to  celebrate  tlie  festivals  observed  in  other 
parts  of  the  country  as  holidays  of  obligation,  but 
which,  in  the  diocese  of  St.  Louis,  had  been  of  devo- 
tion only,  and  to  invite  the  faithful  to  hear  mass  on 
those  days.     Processions  prescribed  in  the  missal,  the 
Gregorian  chant  and  annual  retreats,  were  earnestly 
recommended. 

The  bequest  of  Rev.  Francis  Cellini,  who  thirty 
years  before  resigned  a  benefice  in  Europe  to  labor 
on  the  American  mission,  was  mentioned.  This  good 
priest,  wlio  died  January  6,  1849,  left  all  he  possessed 
to  found  a  home  for  priests  of  the  diocese  broken  by 
age  or  ill  health.  Trustees  were  appointed  to  carry 
out  his  pious  wish,  and  an  annual  requiem  mass  estab- 
lished.' 

In  a  pastoral  letter  issued  after  the  Synod  the 
Archbishop  deplored  the  neglect  of  many  to  have  their 
':'"^-'^''^''__^J'L*'''^i_«^V![^er  birth  ;  he  explained  the 

■  Statuta  Lata  et  Promulgata  «b  lUm^^^^'^^^ii^^^^^r^^ 
i'usli,  A.  D.  18501iabita.     S.  Ludovici.  1850. 


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222      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

rules  for  the  publication  of  bimns,  shownd  how  the 
Church  disapproved  of  mixed  marriages,  and  forbade 
divorces.  He  urged  the  faithful  to  liberality  in  main- 
taining their  pastors  and  churches,  and  iixed  a  pay- 
ment to  be  made  annually  for  diocesan  purposes  by  all 
pastors  receiving  niore  than  ^500  a  year.  He  caHed 
for  a  regular  and  organized  system  of  colle(!tions  for 
the  support  of  the  diocesan  seminary.  He  impressed 
deeply  on  thenj  the  necessity  of  maintaining  Catholic 
schools  and  orphan  asylums  in  order  to  save  the 
young.  He  announced  that  ground  had  been  secured 
for  an  orphan  asylum  for  German  boys  and  girls,  and 
that  Mrs.  Anne  Lucas  Hunt  had  generously  given  an 
entire  square  of  ground  to  enable  the  Sisters  of  the 
Good  Shepherd  to  carry  (m  the  charitable  and  pious 
work  which  they  had  begun  so  successfully.  The 
rules  for  the  management  of  church  property  were 
given  at  length.' 

A  letter  to  the  lieopold  Assoination  gives  the  con- 
dition of  the  German  Catiiolics  of  the  diocese  ;»t  this 
time.  Four  of  the  ten  churches  in  St.  Ix)uis  were  ex- 
clusively German.  Tiiey  had  their  own  orphan  asy- 
lum and  Ursuline  convent  with  Sisters  from  Hungary 
and  Bavaria.  Three  German  congregations  in  Scott 
County  were  attended  by  a  priest  at  Benton.  Apple 
Creek  was  without  a  priest.  Perry  County  attended 
from  the  Seminary.  Two  German  priests  attended 
those  in  St.  Genevieve  County,  and  as  many  those  in 
Jefferson  County.  At  Carondelet  and  Florissant  the 
Germans  and  English-si)eaking  Catholics  attended 
the  same  church.  Two  congregations  in  St.  Charles 
County  had  each  a  German  priest.     Those  in  Wusli- 

'  Pastoral  Letter  of  the  Most  Rov.  Peter  Riehaid  Kenrick,  Arelibisliou 
of  St.  Louis,  to  the  clergy  and  laity  of  the  diocese  of  St.  Louis  (Sept.  1;, 
St.  Louis,  18S0. 


DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 


223 


pious 
TIk' 


iiigton  County  were  attendna  by  two  German  Fatliers 
of  tlie  Society  of  .le.sus ;  and  tliree  other  Fathers 
attended  four  congregations  in  Osage  and  Cole  coun- 
ties. Jefferson  City  liad  a  German  congregation  and 
iniest.  In  Gasconade  County  the  German  Catiiolics 
were  erecting  a  church.  He  was  about  to  send  a 
(German  priest  to  Montgomery  County.  Those  at 
Uoonville  were  visited  by  priests,  but  had  no  church  ; 
Avliile  those  in  Pettis,  witli  five  or  six  small  bodies, 
were  regularly  attended.  The  Archbishop  had  two 
(ItMiuan  students  in  his  seminary.' 

The  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Scliools  were  the  next 
accession  to  the  diocese.  By  lSo2  tiiey  had  a  board- 
iiiir  school  on  Sixteenth  Street,  near  Market,  in  St. 
Louis  ;  and  directed  the  i)arish  school  for  boys  at  the 
Cathedral,  St.  Francis  Xavier's,  St.  Vincent  de  Paul's, 
and  St.  Patrick's  churches.  They  l:".d  even  been  en- 
couraged to  open  a  novitiate  on  Eighth  Street  to  re- 
ceive a])plicants  for  admission. 

On  the  lUth  of  June,  IH.')!.  the  Indian  missions  lost 
l^'ather  Christian  Hoecken,  a  native  of  Upper  Bra- 
bant, who  had  been  for  fifteen  years  a  devoted  priest 
aiuvmg  the  Western  tribes.  While  ascending  the 
Missouri  with  Father  De  Smet,  cholera  broke  out  on 
the  steamboat.  Father  Hoecken  was  assiduous  in  his 
care  of  the  sick,  preparing  remedies  and  affording 
them  all  relief  in  liis  i)ower  till  he  himself  was  seized, 
thither  De  Smet,  sick  himself,  prepared  him  for  death, 
and  made  to  the  dying  i)riest  what  lie  believed  to  be 
his  last  confession. 

In  his  i)astoraI  letter,  promulgating    the    Jubilee 
granted  by  the  Pope,  Archbishop  Kenrick  impressed 


'Archl)islio()  Kenrick  to  Arclibisiiop  Mildc,  Oct.  16,  1850.  Berichte  der 
l-i'opoldinen  Stiftung,  xviv.,  pp.  l-(i. 


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224      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

on  his  tlock  the  necessity  of  zeal  nnd  sucritice  for  the 
Catholic  education  of  the  young,  and  especially  com- 
mended (he  brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools,  who  had 
recently  begun  their  labors  in  his  diocese.' 


SEAL  OF   UT.    UKV.    P.    H.   KENKICK, 
AD  UIHUOP  OF  DHASIS. 


'  Dc Smct,  ' '  Wfstirii  Missions iiud Missionaries," pp.  63-66  ;  Freeman's 
Journiil,  July  26.  1851  ;  Feb.  21,  28.  1852.  The  Cullioiic  f ree  .scliools  in 
8l,  Louis  Imd  alniuly  nearly  2500  pupils. 


m 


CHAPTER  ir. 

DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 

HT.  REV.  WILLIAM  QUAUTEIl,  FII18T  LIHHOP,  1843-1848. 

The  Sovereign   Pontiff,  by  his  bnll  "  Apostolatns 
Omciuin,"  on  tiie  28tli  of  November,  1843,  erected  the 
see  of  Chicago,  and  i)laced  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
it^*  bishop  tlie    State  of   Illinois.     The  territory  em- 
hniced  in  the  new  diocese  liad  long  been  a  home  of 
Catholicity.     Father  James  Marquette  traversed  the 
State  in  107:3,  and  soon,  after  wintering  near  Chicago, 
founded  a  mi.ssion  among    the  Kaskaskia  band  of 
Illinois  on   the   upper    part  of    their  river.     Father 
AUoiiez  and  the  Franciscan  Fathers  Membre  and  de  la 
Ril)()urde  labored  among  the  Indians  and  ministered 
to  the  whites.     Fort  Crevecceur  and  Foit  St.  Louis 
then  Kaskaskir,  Cahokia,  Fort  Chartres,  Prairie  dil 
Kocher,  became  seats  of  Catholic  chapels  and  Cath- 
olic  life.     Among  these  early  priests  Illinois  enrolls  as 
niiutyrs  Fiither  Gabriel  de  la  lubourde,  O.  S.  F.,  and 
liev.  Mr.  Gastni«,  both  slain  by  the  Indians. 

After  the  fall  of  French  power,  few  priests  came  to 
minister  to  them,  and  though  Illinois  was  placed 
under  tl  >  care  of  the  Bishop  of  Bardstown  on  the 
erection  of  tliat  see.  the  western  portion  was  soon 
attended  from  the  more  thriving  church  in  Missouri 
This  was  mainrained  after  the  erection  of  the  see  of 
Vincennes.  to  which  part  of  Illinois  was  annexed.' 

'  Ilemaez,  •' Coleccion        Bulas,"  ii..  p.  TOTTo^n,  "  I^.  MiiTiJ7d"e 
la  Chante  ou  Notit-n  sim   .M.  G.  Riclmr.l,"  Lille.  1863.  p.  53-  Moreau 
•  Li's  PrOtres  Fianvm-i  Emigres  aiix  Etuts  Unis,"  p.  124. 


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IIT.    REV.    WIT.MAM  QUARTEn,    FIRST  RISIIOP  OF   CIIICAOO. 


DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 


227 


Chicago,  known  and  visited  by  tlie  French,  was  a 
mere  post.  In  1804  tlie  United  States  government  es- 
tablished  liere  Fort  Dearborn,  but  it  was  taken  by  the 
Indians  in  1812.  Gradually  a  few  whites  settled  there, 
Oiiilmette  and  Beaubien  being  among  the  pioneers. 
Tlie  Rev.  Gabriel  Richard  of  Detroit  visited  Chicago 
in  1821  and  said  mass  apparently  at  Col.  Beaubien' s 
house.     He  also  preached  to  the  garrison  in  the  fort. 

In  1833  the  Catholics,  headed  by  Thomas  J.  B. 
Owen  and  J.  B.  Beaubien,  sent  a  petition  to  Bishop 
Rosati  asking  him  to  give  them  a  resident  priest. 
The  Bishop  of  St.  Louis,  as  vicar-general  of  the 
diocese  of  Bardstown,  on  the  day  after  the  receipt  of 
this  petition,  appointed  Rev.  J.  M.  J.  St.  Cyr,  born  at 
Lyons,  November  2,  1803,  and  whom  Ixo  had  ordained 
that  very  month,  to  begin  a  mission  in  Chicago. 
Journeying  on  horse  and  on  foot  Rev.  J.  M.  J.  St. 
Cyr  reached  his  post  and  said  his  first  mass  at  Mark 
Beaubien' s,  May  5,  1833.  The  little  Catholic  body 
was  soon  joined  by  the  Taylor  family,  zealous  converts 
from  the  East ;  the  next  year  a  lot  was  purchased  on 
Lake  and  State  Streets,  and  a  little  church  25  by  3o 
feet  erected.  Rev.  Mr.  St.  Cyr  was  recalled  in  1837 
and  Rev.  Leander  Schaffer  came  to  attend  the  Ger- 
mans, and  Rev.  Mr.  O'Meara  to  take  general  charge. 
The  energetic  Rev.  Maurice  de  St.  Palais  opened  St. 
Xavier's  Academy,  and  soon  after  began  to  erect  a 
brick  church  on  Madison  Street  and  Wabash  Avenue 
at  a  cost  of  $4000.  Though  not  completed  it  was 
opened  for  service  on  Christmas  Day,  1843.' 


'  U.  8.  Catli.  Mngnziiic,  iii.,  p.  363;  Bllrgler,  "  Ocsrluclite  der 
Kutiiol.  KircliPCliica-jo's"  Chicago,  18HS),  pp.  7-12  ;  Catli.  Advocate,  x., 
I'  :iT;  Catli.  Herald,  xiii.,  p.  ;r> ;  Tasse  (-  Lcs  Canadiens  de  roiu'st,'' 
Moiiiival,  IHTi!,  p.  89)  speaks  of  a  log  chapel  erected  in  mi'i,  but  I  liiid 
nothing  to  support  him. 


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228       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  the  Catholic  church  in 
the  city  of  Chicago,  when  Pope  Gregory  XYI.  made 
that  city  an  episcopal  see,  and  appointed  as  its  first 


FIK8T  CllUIU  II,    ClIICAOO. 


bishop  Rt.  Rev.  William  Quarter,  born  at  Killurine, 
Kings  County,  Ireland.  January  21,  1806.  He  came  to 
America  in  1822  and  entered  Mount  St.  Marv's  Senii- 


%      ns 


DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 


221) 


nary.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  course  he  was  sum- 
moned to  New  York  by  Bishop  DuBois,  who  ordained 
iiini  priest  on  the  19th  of  September,  1829  He  wis 
stationed  at  St.  Peter's  CJiurch,  and  while  there  o'b 
tained  Sisters  of  Charity  for  the  free  school  Ap- 
pointed pastor  of  St.  Mary's  Cliurch  in  June  1833  he 
obtained  Sisters  of  Charity  before  autumn  set  in  and 
opened  a  free  school  for  his  church.  His  ze-d  -md 
devotedness,  with  his  ability  in  the  management  of 
affairs,  marked  him  as  one  whose  promotion  mioht  be 
expected,  ° 

He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Chicago  in  St  Pat 
rick's  Cathedral,  New  York,  on  the  loth  of  March 
1844,  together  with  Bishops  Byrne  and   McCloskey' 
Kt.  Rev.  John  Hughes,  Bishop  of  New  York    w-is 
consecrator,  assisted  by  Bishop  Feu  wick,  of  Boston 
and  Bishop  Whelan,  of  Richmond.  ' 

He  reached  his  episcopal  city  on  Sunday,  May  6 
early  enough   to  say  mass  in  the  old    church  'and 
])reach  in  the  new  one,  as  yet  unplastered  and  with 
only  a  temi)orary  altar. 

The  diocese  of  Chicago  contained  besides  the  clnirdi 
111  Ciiicaf  ;  •  churches  in  Lake  County,  one  in  Mc- 

Henry  C()i..-ty,  others  at  Galena,  Ottawa,  La  Salle 
Alton.'  Caiiokia,  Prairie  du   Long,   Belleville,  Shoal 
Creek,  Kaskaskia,  Prairie  du  Rocher,'  Edwardville 
Sliawneetown,   and   in   Edgar    and   Jasper   counties' 
The  priests  in  Chicago  belonged   to  the  diocese  of 
A  incennes  and  were  at  once  recalled,  and  he  found 
cliiir(!h  and  cemetery  and   school   heavily  in    debt 
Aided  by  his  brother  he  cleared  St,  Mary's  from  debt" 
and  exerted  himselTtoobtain  in-iests  to* fill  vacancies! 

'  MrGov-.TM.   •'  TlR.   Lift-  an.l  Wriiin.os  of   the  Ui^M^y    Sdim^Xc 
■^  An  account  of  tl.is  d.unh  may  he  fon.ul  in  Catli.  Advocate,  x.,  p.  3<J5. 


■■'II 


230       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


JiiJiMfl 


The  old  cliuicli  became  at  once    ilie    nucleus  of  a 
college. 

By  the  close  of  the  year  Bishop  Quarter  had  twenty- 
three  i)riests  in  his  diocese,  one  at  the  cathedral,  Rev. 
€.  II.  Ostlangenberg,  to  care  for  the  Germans,  while 
Quincy  had  its  German  congregation  and  jniest. 
There  were  about  thirty-eight  churches,  and  under  tiic 
new  impulse  eight  more  were  going  up.  The  wholf 
Catholic  population  of  the  State  was  estimated  .-ir 
more  than  50,000.  "With  a  steadily  increasing  German 
iiock,  he  appealed,  and  not  in  vain,  to  the  Leopold 
Association,  and  made  plans  to  give  theui  a  churcli 
of  their  own  in  Chiciigo,  as  they  were  estimated  iit 
one  thousand,  the  English  speaking  Catholics  being 
two  thousand.' 

The  main  edifice  of  the  University  of  St.  Mary's  of 
the  Lake,  chartered  Deceml)er  23,  1844,  was  com 
menced  the  next  year.  On  the  feast  of  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul  a  church  under  their  invocation  was  dedi- 
cated at  the  future  see  of  Alton  by  Bishop  Loras,  and 
about  the  same  time  the  corner-stone  of  a  church 
was  laid  in  the  future  episcopal  see  of  Peoria.  St. 
Mary's  Cathedral  was  completed  and  dedicated  on 
the  Ath  of  December,  1845. 

The  wants  of  the  diocese  were  so  great  that  Bisho]) 
Quarter  ordained  many  i)riests  and  incited  congreua 
tions  to  erect  churches.  Some  of  the  older  members 
of  the  hierarchy  thought  that  he  was  imprudent,  con- 
sulting rather  the  goodness  of  his  own  heart  than  the 
.solid  (pudities  required  for  mission  work  and  the  i'or- 
ination  of  an  able  body  of  clergy  and  self-supportinu 

'  Ciitli.  Almanac,  184^'),  p.  Ill  ;  Bericlite  diT  Leoiioldinen  Stifiuiiii, 
xvii.,1).  29;  xviii.,  p.  10;  U.  S.  C-'alli.  M.iira/.i  •■,  iii.,  |).  542;  Caili. 
<'al)iiu't,  i.,  pp.  440,  7(t7  ;  FiTrmair.>i  .lounijil.  v.,  p.  101. 


r         ;  !  i 


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luv 


DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 


231 


cliiirches.  Thus,  in  1845,  we  find  cliurclies  begun  at 
Gtilena,  Ottawa,  La  Salle,  Little  Fort,  and  Jol'et.  and 
several  ordinations. 

In  184.')  Bishop  Quarter  obtained  from  the  Illinois 
Legislature  a  charter  for  the  diocese  under  the  title 
•'The  Catholic  Bishop  of  Chicago,"  authorizing  him 
and  his  successors  to  hold  property  in  trust  for  the 
oood  of  the  diocese.  Before  the  end  of  the  year  1845 
he  had  visited  the  East  to  obtain  aid,  and  secured 
a  colony  of  Sisters  of  Mercy  from  Pittsburgh,  who 
founded  a  house  in  Chicago  with  Sister  Mary  Agatha 
O'  Hrien  as  superior. 

Three  churches  were  erected  at  La  Salle,  McHenry, 
Ottawa,  and  eight  missions  established  in  1846,  and 
St.  Patrick's  Church  begun  on  the  west  side  of 
ijliicago  River.  The  next  year  Lockport,  Dresden, 
Marshal,  Mount  Carmel,  saw  Catliolic  congregations 
erecting  houses  for  the  worship  of  God.  At  Nauvoo 
(.lie  of  the  edifices  erected  by  the  Mormons  became  a 
('atholic  church. 

In  his  pastoral  of  December,  1846,  Bishop  Quarter 
appealed  earnestly  to  his  clergy  and  the  faithful  to 
support  with  generosity  the  diocesan  seminary,  which 
would  supply  priests  to  save  the  many  neglected 
Catholics  still  scattered  through  the  State.' 

On  the  25th  of  April,  1847,  after  a  retreat  given  to 
the  clergy  by  Rev.  Father  Di  Maria.    S.  J.,   Bishop 
Quarter  opened  the   first  Synod  of  the    Diocese  of 
Cliicago,  which   was  attended   by  thirty-two  priests 
A  society  for  the    relief    of  sick,   aged,  and  infirm 


'Freemnn's  .lournal,  vii..  p.  HO  ;   U.  S.  Cuh.  Mngr.ziiic  v    p    607- 
TiLpp.  46.  Ill,  398;   Cath.  Ileml.i.  xlv.,  ,,,  230  ;  Bisl,„p   Quarter  i.i 
T?rn"l.l(.  <1,T  L"op..l,linen  Stiftunff,  xx.,  p.  10;  xxi.,  p.  11  ;  McGovern 
"  Life  and  Writings  of  Ut.  Rev.  Joiin  McMulleu,"  pp.  13,  21. 


Vl.'.  7^T».\Vii'-^ 


>   S    ?  '''  , 


'■*•'■  ,'-!!»■ 


,  Sir/  *'. 


1.  ■ 


232      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  ST  A  TES. 

clergymen  soon  showed  the  spirit  excited  among  the 
clergy  of  the  diocese. 

Bishop  Quarter  was  untiring  in  liis  visitations,  and 
in  his  zealous  eiforts  to  afford  churches  and  priests  to 
his  people  of  all  races.  He  provided  where  possible 
for  the  Germans,  and  in  1847  visited  Bourbonnais 
Grove,  where  he  had  stationed  Rev.  Mr.  Courjault  to 
care  for  the  French  Canadians  wlio  were  settling 
in    that  part. 

Schools  for  the  instruction  of  the  young  occu- 
pied his  mind.  To  them,  after  meeting  the  great 
want  of  priests  and  churches,  he  proposed  devoting 
his  whole  care.  Meanwhile  he  encouraged  piety 
by  stimulating  the  formation  of  Rosary  Societies 
and  Confraternities  of  the  Immaculate  Heart  of  Mary. 

Bishoi)  Quarter  had  overtasked  his  strength  and 
energies,  although  neither  he  nor  those  around  him 
saw  anything  to  excite  alarm.  He  lectured  in  his 
cathedral  through  Lent,  and  after  preaching  on  Pas- 
sion Sunday  seemed  greatly  exhausted.  He  retired 
early  to  rest,  but  during  the  night  his  moans  sum- 
moned Rev.  P.  T.  McElhearne  to  his  room.  He  found 
the  Bishop  seated  on  the  side  of  his  bed,  complaining 
of  excruci  iting  pain  in  his  head.  A  physician  was 
summoned  and  the  last  sacraments  were  administered. 
When  these  were  accomplished  Bishop  Quarter  ex- 
claimed, ''Lord  have  mercy  on  my  poor  soul,"  and 
sank  back  as  if  in  a  deep  slumber.  Before  his  friend 
and  physician  Dr.  John  E.  McGirr  arrived,  life  was  ex- 
tinct.    He  had  expired  at  3  a.  m.  on  the  10th  of  April. 

As  the  news  of  this  sudden  bereavement  spread  it 
affected  deeply  all  classes,  for  Bishop  Quarter  had 
won  the  general  esteem.  After  solemn  masses  for  the 
repose  of  his  soul,  he  was  entombed  beneath  tlif 
sanctuary  of  his  cathedral,  on  Friday,  the  feast  of  the 


DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO.  283 

Seven  Dolors.  Above  tlie  vault  a  marble  cross,  even 
with  the  floor  of  the  church,  bore  a  simple  inscription  • 
"Rt.  Rev.   William  Quarter,  I).  D.,  First  Bishop  of 


8T.    MAUY'8  CATHEDUAL,    CHICAOO 


Chicago.    Consecrated  March  10,  1844 ;  died  April  10 
1848,  aged  42  years.'"  ' 


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=  McGirr. "  Life  of  the  Ut.  Uov.  Williuin  Quarter.  D.  D."    New  York 
1«50,  pp,  83-121  ;    Pittsburgh  Catholic,  v.,   pp.  44,  63.     His  body  lay 


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234      THE  CHURCH  JN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bishop  Quarter  had  made  no  preparations  for  the 
nianage.nent  of  the  diocese,  and  liis  illness  was  too 
brief  to  permit  him  to  give  any  directions.  The  near- 
est members  of  the  hierarchy,  the  Archbishop  of  St. 
Louis,  the  Administrator  of  Detroit,  and  others,  re- 
garded the  situation  of  the  diocese  as  critical.  The 
Very  Rev.  Walter  Quarter,  V.  G.,  was  made  adminis- 
trator of  the  diocese,  and  the  choice  was  confirmed  at 
Rome.  The  great  influx  of  immigrants  brought  ship- 
fever  and  required  exertions  on  tlie  administrator's 
part  to  meet  their  wants,  and  the  diolera,  which  soon 
set  in,  showed  the  resources  of  his  zeal.  The  debts 
incurred  were  too  serious  to  permit  him  to  undertake 
any  new  project,  but  he  rented  a  house  on  Wabash 
Avenue  in  whicli  he  gathered  the  orphans.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1848,  tidings  came  of  the  appointment  of  Very 
Rev.  Father  James  O.  Van  de  Velde,  of  the  Society 
of  Jesus,  as  second  bishop.' 

UT.     KEV.    .TAMILS    OLIVEU    VAN    DE    VELDE,    SECOND 

lusiiop  OF  CHICAGO,  1849-18.')4. 

James  Oliver  Van  de  Velde  was  born  near  Ter- 
monde,  in  Belgium,  April  3,  1795,  when  the  French 
revolution  was  in  full  cour.se.  lie  was  brought  up  by 
a  pious  aunt  at  St.  Amand,  wliere  an  exiled  French 
priest  superintended  liis  education.  In  time  he 
entered    the   great  seminary  at  Mechlin,   where  he 

there  till  after  the  great  Are,  when  it  was  removed  to  a  vault  in  Calvary 
Cemetery  in  October,  1871.  McGovern,  p.  27,  Bishop  Lefevro  to 
Archbisliop  Eciii'Stoii,  April  29,  1S4H. 

'Bishop  Kciiritk  to  Archbisli<ip  Ecjltsloii,  April  IT),  1848;  Bishop 
Lefevro  to  same.  April  21),  1K4H  ;  Hcv.  .1.  A.  Kinsclla,  to  same,  April 
24,  1848.  Bishop  Kenrick,  in  viow  of  tlio  steiulily  increasing  number  of 
Gernian  Catholics,  uilvi.sed  the  appointment  of  a  (krmiin  priest. 
Baritlcr,  "  Ocschichte  der  KaUiol.  Kirche  Chicago's,"  Chicago,  1889,  pi). 
;yj-4.}. 


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230       THE  CHpRCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

completed  his  classical  and  theological  course.  Yield- 
ing to  the  enthusiasm  created  by  Rev.  Charles  Ne- 
rinckx  as  to  the  work  to  be  done  in  the  United  States, 
a  number  of  young  Belgians  offered  themselves  for 
the  American  mission.  Young  Van  de  Velde  was  one 
of  these,  but  the  rupture  of  a  blood  vessel,  while 
crossing  the  ocean  in  1817,  seemed  fatal  to  future  use- 
fulness. He  persevered  numfully,  and  with  his  com- 
panions enteitd  the  Jesuit  novitiate  in  Maryland. 
After  years  of  study  and  tea<!hing  in  Georgetown 
College,  he  was  ordained  in  1827  by  Arrlibishop  Mare- 
chal.  He  was  no  stranger  to  mission  work,  as  he 
attended  Rockville  and  other  stations.  In  1831  he 
joined  his  old  associates  in  Missouri,  was  professor  in 
the  University,  then  vice-president,  and  in  1840  pres- 
ident of  the  institution.  Three  days  later  he  was 
l>laced  at  the  head  of  the  western  Jesuits  as  vice-pro- 
vincial.' 

Father  Van  de  Velde  was  thus  a  priest  of  known 
experience  and  ability.  As  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  Jesus,  the  episcopate  was  something  he  was  loth  to 
accept ;  but  in  the  opinion  of  grave  theologians,  the 
bull  contained  a  positive  command.  He  was  accord- 
ingly consecrated  Bishop  of  Chicago,  in  the  Ciuirch  of 
St.  Francis  Xavier,  on  Sexagesima  Sunday,  February 
11,  184!),  by  Most  Rev.  Peter  R.  Kenrick,  Archbishop 
of  St.  Louis,  assisted  by  Bisliops  Loras,  of  Dubuque, 
and  Miles,  of  Nashville. 

Traversing  his  diocese  from  the  south  and  making 
a  visitation  of  almost  all  the  churches.  Bishop  Van 
de  Vi'lde  reached  Chicago.  March  30.  1849,  and  took 
possession  of  his  cathedral  on  the  following  Sunday. 


De  Sinft,  "  Western  Missions  and  Missionaries,"  New  York,  1859;  p. 


490. 


4!^  m 


DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 


237 


He  opened  his  aclministrsition  by  giving  an  earnest 
mission  to  the  congregation.  Chicago,  under  Bishop 
Quarter  and  Very  Rev.  William  Quarter,  could 
chiini  four  churclies :  the  Cathedral,  St.  Joseph's 
Church  on  Chicago  Avenue,  St.  Peter's  on  Washing- 
ton  Street,  both  for  German  Catholics ;  St.  Patrick's 
Church  on  Randoli)h  Street.  The  theological  seminary, 
with  eighteen  students  ;  the  University  of  St.  Mary  of 
the  Lake,  and  the  Convent  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  with 
its  academy  were,  like  the  last  three  churches,  due  to 
Bishop  Quarter.  Galena  had  two  churches  and  a 
convent  of  Sisters  of  Mercy.  Quincy  had  a  church  for 
English-speaking  Catholics  and  another  for  Germans. 
Theiv  were  in  the  diocese  forty-eight  other  churches 
or  public  chapels,  and  forty  priests  to  minister  to  a 
Catholic  body  of  80,000  Catholics,  which  was  rapidly 
increasing. 

On  the  nth  of  June,  1849,   Bisho))  Van  de  Velde 
issued  a  pastoral  letter  to  his  iiock.' 

After  attending  the  Council  at  Baltimore  in  1849  he 
resumed  his  visitation  of  his  diocese,  especially  the 
missions  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State.  lie 
was  zealous  and  energetic,  but  rheumatism,  from 
which  he  had  long  suffered,  became  extremely  severe 
in  its  attacks  after  he  took  up  liis  residence  in  the 
(lamp  and  chilly  climate  of  (Miicago.  At  the  earliest 
irioment  that  he  could  communicate  with  the  Sover- 
eign Pontiff,  lu^  tendered  his  resignation  and  asked 
IHTmission  to  return  to  the  Society  of  Jesus.  Pius 
IX.,  through  Cardinal  Pransoni,  urged  him  to  per- 
severe. 

lie  found  a  stone  church  at  La  Salle,  nearly  ready  to 


'Frmnan's  .Tmiriml.  Sept.  10,  Miir.  10. 1849  ;  Pittsbur>;h  Catholic  vi 
J).  3(5;  Ciith.  Alii  aiiac,  1S49,  p.  132.  '    "" 


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238      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

roof ;  at  Niuivoo,  amid  the  ruins  of  the  Mormon  city, 
a  Catholic  congregation  was  growing  up.  St.  Augui 
tine's  Cluirch,  a  large  stone  edifice,  iledicated  in  I83i). 
was,  from  the  neglect  of  the  people,  idready  in  a 
ruinous  condition.  Tlie  Church  of  St.  .losepli  at 
Prairie  du  Rocher,  built  of  lo'^s  get  erect  on  a  stone 
foundation,  had  especial  interest  for  Hisliop  Van  de 
Velde.  Here,  under  the  window  at  the  gospel  side  of 
the  altar,  was  buried  Father  Sebastian  Meurin,  Mif 
last  surviving  missionary  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  in 
the  West.  When  provincial  of  his  order  he  had 
obtained  permission  of  Bishop  Quarter  to  remove  the 
remains  to  Missouri.  He  now,  as  Bishop,  made  the 
excavation,  discovered  the  skeleton  entire,  and  plac- 
ing It  in  a  Htting  casket  conveyed  it  to  St.  Louis  to 
be  interred  at  St.  Stanislaus,  the  cemetery  of  the 
restored  society.  Old  Kaskaskia  had  shown  its 
Catholic  spirit  by  erecting  a  new  church.' 

In  the  autumn  of  1849  he  visited  the  southern  and 
southwestern  districts.  He  was  rejoiced  to  see  a  new 
large  church  rising  at  Bourbonnais  Grove ;  secured 
ground  for  a  better  church  at  Mount  Carmel  than 
the  temporary  one ;  encouraged  the  German  settlers 
at  St.  Peter's,  who  were  erecting  a  log  chapel.  At 
Teutopolis  the  log  chapel  was  totally  inadequate  and 
badly  situated  ;  he  selected  an  advantageous  site,  and 
preaclied  in  German  to  the  congregation  to  overcome 
their  reluctance  to  follow  his  advice.  At  Taylorsvlll" 
the  church  was  nearly  ready  and  the  work  was 
hastened  to  enable  the  Bishop  to  officiate  at  a  tem- 
l)orary  altar.  At  Beardstown  he  started  a  subscrip- 
tion to  buy  a  lot  for  a  chapel  for  the  exceedingly  poor 

'  Rishop  Vau  de   Velde,  Letter,  8<'l)t.  4    1849  ;    Freeman's  Journu!, 
Sept.  15. 


r  1 


DWCES:^  OF  CHICAGO. 


980 


('ongi'et?iitioii.  NiipervillH  had  ii  IIo(!k  of  000  Germans, 
and  Aurora,  near  it,  unolher,  of  Cumidians,  witliout  a 
cliurcli.' 

AI'ttT  Eastnr,  in  18/50,  on  his  visitation,  lie  dedi(ratea 
St.  Josei)h  s  Ciiurch  at  Gr  sse  Point  or  New  Trier, 
erecied  hy  Rev.  Henry  I-Vtmann  ;  and  exhorted  tlie 
German  Catholics  at  RidgeviUe  to  conimeni  buil<l- 
iiig.  McIInnry  showed  the  zeal  and  libf  ulity  of  the 
Catholic  Ixuly,  Ixitat  Teutopolis  two  yeirs  liad  beer 
wasted  in  disputes  among  the  Catholic  'P^rc.-ition 
Another  visitation  extended  from  the  F  lith  >  iiday 
after  Pentecost  to  December.'  Bishop  Vau  -h  eld'e 
;  'id  given  up  a  liouse,  oc(ui)ied  by  the  clergy,  for  the 
oi|  'lans  in  Chicago,  and  during  the  year  1850  secured 
lot  for  the  erection  of  a  suitable  asylum.'  On  the 
feiu  of  St.  Andrew  he  announced,  in  a  pastoriul  leU«?.', 
i'ii)  Jubilee  granted  by  Poi  •  Pius  IX.' 

Bishop  \':in  de  Velde  visited  Enrope  in  ]8.")2  ant? 
earnestly  besought  tlie  Pope  to  allow  him  to  resign 
Ids  episcopal  dignity  and  return  to  his  order,  but  Pius 
IX.  would  not  consent.  He  allowed  him,  howev<  r,  to 
be  restored  to  the  Society  of  Jesus  a.-,  fully  as  he  could 
be  while  having  jurisdiction  outside  of  the  order. 
Entertaining  a  great  devotion  to  St.  Anne,  he  pur- 
posed dedicating  his  future  cathedral  to  the  .Mother 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  and  while  in  Europe  secured  a 
tine  painting  of  St.  Anne  to  be  the  altarpiece.' 


Bishop  Van  de  Velde,  Letter,  Oct.  30,  i  •  t9 ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  vi., 
pp.  274-75.     Freeman*  .Tournul,  Nov.  L"(    1840. 

'  Slime.  Letters,  June  11,  1850  ;  Jan.  14,  June  11.  l^.-.i,  in  Berichte  der 
Leopoldirun  8liftung,  x.xiii.,  p.  57  ;  .x.xiv.,  pp.  24.  :W;  Pittsburgh  Cath- 
olic, vii.,  J).  1.S4. 

^Freeman's  Journal,  Oct.  5  18.50. 

*  Pastoral  Leiter.  Frcfuian's  Journal,  .Ian.  18,  1851. 

'Bishop  Van  de  Velde  toF.  P  J   !)<  .Smd,  (),.t.  oq,  18,53 


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RT.  KEV.  URUAI'.U  1'.  MILEI*,  UlSllOl'  OK  KA8HVILLE. 


CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF  NASHVILLE. 
RT.  BEV.  RICHABD  PIUS  MILES,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1843-1853. 

Tennessee  was  not  a  State  to  invite  great  emigra- 
tion from  other  States  or  abroad.     It  was  a  Southern 
State,  with  rugged  mountain  land,  and  producing  no 
rich  crops.    Memphis  was  the  only  large  commercial 
city,  and  even  there  Catholic  growth  was  so  slow  that 
the  church  begun  by  Rev.  Michael  McAleer  was  not 
completed  ti     1844.     In  that  year  Rev.  Ivo  Schacht, 
\dio  liad  a  large  district,  embracing  several  counties, 
laid  the  corner-stone  of  a  church  at  Clarksville.     The 
German  Catholics  in  Nashville  desired  a  church  of 
their  own,  and  Bishop  Miles  appealed  in  their  behalf 
to  the  Leopold  Association.     Another  church  was  go- 
ing up  in  Humphrey  County,  and  a  site  secured  for 
one  in  Franklin.     The  great  work  before  the  Bishop 
was,  however,  the  erection  of  a  cathedral.      On  the 
6th  of  June,  1844,  he  laid  the  corner-stone  with  all  the 
imposing  ceremonies,  and  carried  on  the  work  so  per- 
sistently that  it  was  dedicated  December  31,  1847,  un- 
der the  invocation  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  of  the  Seven 
Dolors.     It  was  in  the  Grecian  style  of  architecture, 
with    two  Ionic    columns    in    front,   and    measured 
70  feet  by  110.      It  cost  830,000,  raised   by  appeals 
to  the  generous,  not  only  in  Tennessee,  but  also  in 
other    States.      The  dedication   was    performed    by 
Bislio]*  Miles,  assisted  by  Bishop  Portier,  of  Mobile, 
and  Bishop  Purcell,  of  Cincinnati.     It  was  a  triumpl'i 
for  the  diocese,  but  in  Nashville  itself  there  were  not 

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242       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

more  than  800  Catholics.  A  commodious  residence, 
adjoining  the  Catliedral,  was  also  erected. 

Sisters  of  Chai'ity,  from  Nazareth,  established  a 
mother-honse  on  the  feast  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul, 
1851,  and  opened  an  academy  for  young  ladies,  which 
met  hearty  support.  At  Memphis  a  convent  of  Do- 
minican  Sisters  was  engaged  in  the  same  work.  The 
old  church,  replaced  by  the  Cathedral,  soon  became 
St.  John's  Hospital,  under  the  Sisters  of  Cliarity. 

In  1849  a  church  was  dedicated  at  Jackson. 

The  Sisters  of  the  Order  of  St.  Dominic  secured  tlie 
mansion  and  grounds  of  General  Coe,  at  Mempliis, 
and  opened  St.  Agnes' s  Academy,  which  was  soon  a 
successful  institution.' 

Brothers  of  St.  Patrick  directed  the  boys'  school  ;it 
Nasliville,  and  there  were  schools  for  colored  children. 

In  the  beginning  of  1852  this  diocese,  with  a  Catho- 
lic population  scarcely  exceeding  5000,  had  eight 
churches  and  chapels  attended  by  nine  priests. 

'U.  S.  Cnth.  Magazine  iii..  p.  541  ;  iv.,  pp.  336,  608  ;  vi.,  p.  51  ;  vii., 
pp.  47,  323.  Freeman's  .Journal,  vii.,  p.  214,  Feb.  3,  1849.  Catli, 
Advocate,  ix.,  p.  104;  x.,  p.  87;  xi.,p.  262  ;  Bericlite  der  Leopuldiuen 
Stiftung,  xvii.,  p.  26. 


i^ii 


1J 


KT.  REV.  MATHIA8  L011A8,  FIK8T  UI8H0P  OP  DUBUQUE. 


.v-<". 


'r^4 


CHAPTER  IV. 


f    '  ■ 


i - 


DIOCESE  OF  DUBUQUE. 
RT.  REV.  MATHIA8  L0RA8,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1843-1862. 

The  erection  of  the  dioceses  of  Chicago  and  Mil- 
waukee relieved  Bishop  Loras  of  all  care  for  the  dis- 
trict east  of  the  Mississippi,  though  it  deprived  him 
of  a  few  priests.  Very  Rev.  T.  C.  Donaghoe,  however, 
joined  his  diocese,  bringing  from  Philadelphia  some 
pious  women  whom  he  had  formed  for  the  religious 
state,  and  who  founded  in  Iowa  the  community  of 
Sisters  of  Charity  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  with 
Sister  Mary  Frances  Clarke  as  superior.  They  were 
soon  a  prosperous  sisterhood,  and  the  academy  which 
they  proposed  was  encouraged  by  a  pious  lady,  Mrs. 
St.  Amand,  who  gave  a  house  and  two  lots  to  emible 
them  to  open  it.  The  next  year  the  Sisters  opened  a 
second  academy  at  Davenport. 

The  Bishop's  great  struggle  was  to  keep  pace  with 
the  Catholic  immigration.  It  scattered  all  over  lo^va. 
and  though  he  could  announce  in  December,  1843,  tluit 
he  had  erected  twelve  new  churches,  as  many  more 
were  needed.  Before  the  close  of  1844  the  energetic 
vicar-general.  Very  Rev.  Joseph  Cretin,  established  an 
academy  for  boys  in  Dubuque  under  the  direction 
of  the  Brothers  of  St.  Joseph  from  Notre  Danu', 
Ind.' 

Father  Mazzuchelli,  as  early  as  1832,  had  begun  to 


'  Cmh.  Advocate,  ix.,  p.  22;  Cuth.  Cabinet,  ii.,  p. 
LeopolUineii  Slifluiig,  xvii.,  p.  23 ;  xviii.,  p.  57. 

044 


.■570;  Bericlite  dcr 


DIOCESE  OF  DUBUQUE. 


245 


labor  among  the  AVinnebago  Indians  and  half-breeds, 
many  of  whom  were  Catholics.  He  prepared  a  little 
l»rayer  book  in  their  language,  entitled  "Ocangra. 
Aramee  Wawakakara,"  which  was  printed  at  Detroit. 
Jiishop  Loras  endeavored  to  continue  the  mission,  and 
in  1842  sent  to  the  tribe  Rev.  Mr.  Petiot,  who  showed 
great  facility  for  acquiring  languages ;  but  the  mis- 
sionary was  soon  driven  out  at  the  instigation  of  the 
Indian  agent.  In  1845  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Cretin  made 
another  attempt ;  but  Governor  Chambers,  by  his  letter 
of  April  22,  1845,  directed  the  agent  to  prevent  the 
priest  from  establishing  a  school,  and  refused  to  per- 
mit any  Catholic  priest  to  enter  the  reservation.  This 
was  done  in  direct  contradiction, to  the  wishes  of  the 
tribe,  who  desired  Catholic  priests  and  teachei's. 

This  was  not  the  only  Indian  mission  in  the  diocese. 
Rev.  Mr.  Ravoux,  from  St.  Peter's,  visited  Little  Ver- 
million and  some  bands  of  Sioux,  whom  he  tried  to 
imbue  with  Christian  truths ;  and  he  also  printed  a 
book,  in  the  language  of  his  flock,  at  Pi'airie  du  Chien  in 
1843.  He  reported  that  the  live  hundred  Catholics  at 
Council  Bluffs,  who  some  two  years  before,  by  their  in- 
temperance and  vices,  had  forced  the  Jesuit  Fathers 
to  abandon  that  mission,  had  begun  to  repent  and 
solicited  a  priest.  The  Abbe  Ravoux  prepared  twenty- 
three  for  reception  into  the  Church,  and  baptized  tliem 
early  in  1844,  but  the  wants  of  the  diocese  compelled 
the  Bishop  to  place  him  in  charge  of  Mendota  and  its 
missions.' 


'  Annals  of  the  Propagation  of  tlie  Faith,  Dublin,  viii.,  p.  405  ;  Maz- 
zuchelli,  "  Mcmorio,"  pp.  104-8  ;  Pilliiijr,  ••  Bibliography  of  the  Siouai» 
Languages,"  Washington,  1887,  pp.  .TO,  58. 

Cath.  Advocate,  x.,  p.  401  ;  CaUi.  Herald,  xiii,,  p.  331  ;  xiv.,  p,  98  ; 
Monsignor  liuvoux,  "Reminiscences,  Memoirs.  Lectures,"  St.  Paul, 
1890,  p.  3, 


246      THE  CHURCH  W  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

New  settlements  were  constantly  forming  that  re- 
quired the  visits  of  a  priest.  In  1846  Bishop  Loras 
visited  New  \ienua,  where  he  found  250  Germans,  all 
Oatholi;->;  fit',  en  lAiies  from  Burlington  there  was 
a  cluster  ol  German  and  Irish  families  ;  Garryowen 
was  a  t(^wnHl;ip  where  every  family  but  one  was 
C.itholic.  At  Pembina,  -s.ir  the  British  frontier,  m 
families  o^  Catholic;  half-breeds  had  settled  near  the 
post  of  the  An'.erican  Fur  Company.  The  Irish,  as  it 
was  remarked,  rarely  settled  where  there  was  no 
church  ac<!essible,  while  there  were  more  or  less  Ger- 
mans overywliere,  and  almost  all  farmers.' 

\Vli>'U  Very  R'-a.  Mr.  Cretin  visited  Europe  in  1847, 
]w  wiis  empowered  by  Bishop  Loras  to  obtain  priests 
and  seminarians.  The  appeal  was  not  unsuccess- 
ful ;  he  returned,  in  the  spring  of  1848,  with  live 
])riests  and  four  seminarians  of  various  nationalitins. 
The  i;itter  were  all,  in  time,  ordained  and  labored  in 
the  diocese. 

An  ;>ppeal  came  from  Catholics  on  the  Missouri 
River,  -tud  beyond  it.  With  faculties  from  the  Arch- 
bishop  of  St.  Louis,  Rev.  A.  Ravoux  set  out,  in  1847. 
following  Indian  trails.  At  Fort  Pierre  he  baptized 
thirteen  white  and  fifty-live  Sioux  children,  and 
preached  to  various  bands  of  the  Dakota  family.  At 
the  Grand  Bend  he  baptized  eighteen  children  and  a 
dying  octogenarian.  He  returned  from  this  excursion 
by  descending  the  Missouri  to  St.  Louis  in  a  steam- 
boat, and  then  ascending  the  Mississippi. 

Summoned  to  the  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore 
in  1849,  Bishop  Loras  took  part  in  the  proceedings. 
and  then  went  to  Europe  to  make  his  canonical  visit 


t^ 


•  Bwlon  Caih.  Observer,  i-.p.  157  ;  ii.p.  16;  U.  S.  CiUh.  Mau;(i7.iiM  , 
vi.,  pp.Ulfl,  327;  Mousigiior  Hiivoux,  '  Ui'uunisceucu's,  Mt-.aoirs,  am! 
Lecturt'8."  pp.  lO-JiO. 


..,-  ^1; 


DIOCESE  OF   DUBUQUE. 


247 


to  the  Pope,  but  he  secured  several  seminarians  and 
lue  promise  of  a  colony  of  Brothers  of  Christian  Doc- 
trine. Keturning  to  his  diocese,  he  established  Mount 
St.  liernard's  Theological  Seminary  with  the  five  eccle- 
sia.s^i(^s  who  accompanied  him,  and  four  others  who 
applied  for  entrance.  The  difPculties  of  maintaining 
a  seminary  with  a  pro])er  faculty  and  support  proved 
too  great,  and  the  institution  closed  in  1855. 

The  Brothers  of  Christian  Instruction  arrived  in 
18.')1,  and  opened  a  school  in  Dubuque.  They  estab- 
lished a  novitiate  near  the  seminary,  but  when  it 
closed  they  removed  to  Indiana. 

Tlie  ancient  Order  of  Citeaux  gave  a  permanent  ad- 
dition to  the  diocese.  The  terrible  famine  in  Ireland 
in  1848  induced  tlie  Trappists  of  Mount  Melleray  to 
tliiiik  of  sending  part  of  their  community  to  America. 
FaflierClement  Smyth  arrived  early  in  1849,  with  a  lay 
brother,  to  ascertain  whetlier  the  project  was  feasible. 
After  visiting  several  States  he  received  so  much  en- 
couragement from  liishop  Loras,  who  offered  him  a 
tract  of  land  for  the  purpose,  that  the  Trappists  re- 
solved to  found  a  monastery  in  his  diocese.  By  pur- 
cliasing  some  adjacejit  land  they  secured  1600  acres 
for  the  new  foundation.  The  first  colony  of  the  monks 
of  La  Trappe  arrived  from  Ireland  at  New  York  on 
the  11th  of  April.  1850,  and  were  soon  followed  by  a 
second.  Thus  was  the  Monastery  of  Our  Lady  of  New 
Melleray  established  eight  miles  west  of  Dubuque. 
Very  J.ev.  James  O'Uorman  was  prior  of  the  new  com- 
munity, which  comprised  two  other  priests.  Fathers 
Clement  Smyth  and  liernard  jNlcCafTrey.  with  a  num- 
ber of  lay  Brothers.  A  tine  church  was  soon  erected, 
and  a  free  school  opened,  which  proved  sources  of 
blessing  to  the  district. 

Churches  rose  also  at  Keokuk,  Fort  Atkinson,  and 


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248      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Ottunivva,  and  Bishop  Loias,  always  a  great  en- 
courager  of  Catholic  immigration,  did  all  in  his  powei- 
to  meet  their  religions  wants. 

Bishop  Loras  (X)nvened  synods  of  his  diocese  in 
ISfK)  and  18'y,i,  making  regnlations  to  snit  the  exig«'n- 
cies  of  the  diocese,  guided  by  the  experience  of  his 
older  clergy. 

By  the  erection  of  the  see  of  St.  Paul  in  1850,  Min- 
nesota was  detached  from  the  diocese  of  DubnqtU', 
which,  thus  reduced,  comprised  only  the  State  of  Iowa. 
After  the  division.  Bishop  Loras  reported  twenty-two 
priests,  twenty-three  churches,  St.  llaphaers  Academy 
for  boys,  two  for  girls,  several  schools,  and  a  Catholic 
l)opulation  of  10,000.' 

After  issuing  a  pastoral  to  his  tlock  in  1852,  Bishop 
Loras  proceeded  to  the  Council  at  Baltimore. 


'  Kcnipkcr,  "History  of  Uie  Cntholic  Cliurcli  in  Iowa,"  pp.  37-48; 
Boston  Catli.  Olwrvtr,  il.,  pp.  73,  79  ;  iii.,3«G  ;  Freemuu  sJouruul,  Apr. 
27,  Aug.  10,  1850;  Juu.  25,  1851. 


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nT.    REV.   JOHN  MAKTIN  IlENNI,   BISHOP  OK  MILWAUKJiE. 


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CHAPTER  V. 

DIOrESE  OF  MILWAUKEE. 
KT.  REV.   JOHN   M.VUTIN   llENNI,   FIIWT  BISIKM',  1S4,5— 185,1. 

Till  aUuv  of  the  living  God  was  rwired  at  (Jreen 
Bay,  oti  the  soil  of  Wisconsin,  by  Fathers  AHouez, 
Dablon,  and  other  snccessors  of  Father  Keno  Menard, 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  in  tiie  missions  of  llie  upper 
Liikes.  Tlie  K'>spt?l  wa  i)reached  to  Menoinoupi', 
Mascoutin,  Sac.  Fox,  Miauii,  and  Illinois,  and  chapels 
nuiintained  till  the  great  missionary  order  wiis 
outlawed  by  the  French  government.  Then  the 
('atholics  \v»'re  left  unattended.  When  tiie  see  of 
Baltimore  was  founded,  and  especially  after  new  see.s 
were  erected  at  Bardstown,  Cincdnnati,  and  Detroit. 
visits  of  jiriests  became  more  frequent.  The  erection 
of  the  diocese  oC  Dubuque  led  to  more  active  work 
among  the  de.scendants  of  the  old  I'renci     '■    -ers. 

On  the '2Sth  ot  No'  ber,  1843,  Pope  (  l  v  XVI. 
erected  the  see  of  Mi  waukee,  assignug  as  il.^  diocese 
W  onsiu  and  En  lern  Minnes'  <.  By  his  letters 
"Apostolatiis   i)flicium"   of  the    ,ame  <'  he   np 

pointed,  as  lirst  bishop.  Very  Rev.  .i.  ^f  trtiii 
Henni,  Vicar  general  of  Cincinnati,  a  zealous,  hai  '1. 
i' a'-seeing.  and  laboi  his  prie*.  foiiuder  "f  ehurches 
and  schools,  and  of  a  afholic  paper,  "  Die  Wahrheits 
Freund  "  (The  Friend  of  Trutln  which  has  for  more 
thaa  fifty  years  spread  the  faith  lar  and  wide.' 

John  MarJin  Ileniii,  to  whom  the  Holy  See  assigned 


'  Ueriuu/..  "Coleceion  de  Hiil!is,"ii.,  pp.  797,  816. 


DIOCESE  OF  MILWAUKEE. 

the  task  of  biiildiii^r  up  i-eligiou  in  Wisconsin,  was  a 
native  of  tlu'  ivpuhlic  of  Switzerland,  born  June  15, 
180;"),  at  Misanenga,  in  tlie  Orisons,  and  was  baptized  a 
lew  (lays  after  in   the  pjuish   clmrcli.     Growing  up 
amid  the  free,  grand  mountains,  the  boy  throve,  and, 
entering  sciiool  at  tlie  age  of  s.    on,     )on  showed  liis 
l)i()us  inclinations  by  his  eagerness  toser'     mass.     lie 
next  passed   to  the   house   of  his   maternal   uncle,  a 
priest ;  before  long  Dr.  iVfirer,  afterward  a  great  bishop 
of  St.  Gall,  placed  him  in  the  gymnasium  of  that  place. 
Ctmchuling  his  course  there,  John  Martin  entered  on 
(he  study  of  philosophy  and   theology  at    Lucerne. 
He  stands  on  tlie  records  as  a  brilliant  and  able  stu- 
dent.    While  completing  his  studies  at  liome,  lie  was 
induced  by  Very  Rev.  F.  Rose,  vic^ar-general  of  Cincin- 
nati, to  volunteer  with  his  friend  Alartin  Kundig  for  the 
missions  of  that  diocese,     Arrivin^^  at  New  York,  May 
2S,  18:28,   he  proceeded  to  the  Bardstowu   seminary, 
where  he  received  subdeacon's  and  deacon's  orders.    He 
was  then  raised  to  the  priesthood  by  Bishop  Fenwick, 
in  the  Cathedral  of  Cincinnati,  February  2,  1829.     He 
entered  at  once  on  his   labors  and  was  regarded  by 
Bishop  ?'enwick,  as  well  as  by  his  successor,  Bishop 
Turcell,    as  a   priest    of  extraordinary    energy    and 
ability. 

He  was  consecrated  in  the  Cathedral  of  Cincinnati, 
on  the  19th  of  March,  1841,  by  Bishop  Purcell,  assisted 
by  Bishops  Miles,  of  Nashville,  and  O'Connor,  of 
Pittsburgh,  and,  closing  up  his  affairs  in  Ohio,  reached 
Milwaukee  in  May. 

Like  another  prophet  Balaam,  the  chaplain  of  the 
Legislature  of  Wise  i-,iii  had  recently  stood  up  in  the 
Capitol  to  curse  the  pt-  '  of  God,  who  seemed  to  be 
covering  the  face  of  the  land.  His  curses  were  not 
turned  into  blessings  on  his  lips,  but  they  were  in  the 


f>:n 


263       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


event.  **  TIow  l)e!iiilirul  am  tliy  tabtTiiiiclHs,  O  Jacob; 
and  thy  t^iits,  ()  Israel."  lilshop  lltMuii,  on  buiug  in- 
stalled in  (lie  little  wooden  clmrcli  at  Mllwaultcc, 
whicli  required  three  masses  to  hold  the  three  congic 
gations,  French,  Englisli-speaking,  and  (Jernian,  hv- 
gan  visitations  to  ascertain  the  condition  of  his  dio- 
cese. He  found  twenty  congregiitioiis,  about  fourttM>n 
churches,  and  six  i)riests.  Sac  Creek  had  an  Irish  con- 
gregatiori ;  Southport  a  good  church,  80  feet  long ;  tht-rt" 
was  a  frame  (diun^h  at  Hurliiigton  ;  Prairieville  ami 
Watertown  had  chapels.  In  .June  he  tuiiied  westwnni 
and  visited  Madison,  encouraging  the  thirty  Catholic 
families  to  take  steps  to  erect  a  church  ;  Mineial 
Point,  where  a  stone  church  was  planned.  I'lattsvillt' 
and  Potosi  liad  each  a  little  church,  and  a  school  wiis 
to  be  erected  in  the  latter  place.  New  churches  were 
needed  at  Benton,  New  Digging,  and  Shullsburg. 
Then,  in  canoe,  he  traversed  Lake  Winnebago,  and 
reached  an  Iiulian  village,  where  he  found  the  peoiile 
anxious  for  i)rieHt  and  teacher.  The  missions  on  Lake 
Superior,  of  which  lie  had  been  requested  to  take 
charge,  were  next  visited,  to  the  joy  of  the  laborers. 
Rev.  Frederic  Baraga  and  Rev.  F.  Pierz. 

At  Milwauke»>  he  extended  the  little  church  to  make 
it  a  pro-cathedral  till  he  cotdd  build  a  suitable  one, 
and  on  the  19th  of  April,  184(i,  laid  the  cornerstone  of 
St.  Mary's  German  church.  Bishop  Ilenni  could  now 
plan  his  work  and  undertake  it  systematically.  Under 
the  impulse  given  by  him  the  faithful  were  soon  busy 
improving  or  erecting  churches,  as  at  Watertown. 
Kenosha,  and  Calumet.'  Indeed,  before  the  end  of 
the  year  1845  no  fewer  than  twenty  churdies  were  in 
progress. 

'  Freeman's  Jtnirnul ,  vi . ,  p.  858 . 


DIOCESE  OF  MILWAUKEE. 


i0:« 


PiifliiT  Mazzuclielli  luul  been  laboring  on  the  mis- 
sions in  tilt'  West  for  many  years  in  tlie  iiopeof  estab- 
ii.sliin^^  a  house  of  tliis  Donjinican  order.  Tlii.s  lie 
effected  in  1845,  when  lie  erected  a  convent  at  Sinsin- 
jiwa  Mound,  tlie  cliapel  being  dedicated  to  St.  Domi- 
nic on  the  ;M,  the  eve  of  tile  festival  of  the  founder  of 
tiie  Order  of  Preachers,  by  Bisliop  Ilenni,  of  Milwau- 
kee. Tlie  corner-stone  of  a  college  was  laid  on  the 
!>4th  of  June,  1846. 

The  great  difficulty  was  to  obtain  priests  for  these 
Avilling  congregations.  Bishop  Ilenni  brought  with 
him  llev.  Martin  Ileiss,  a  priest  of  solid  learning  and 
experience  in  the  country,  and  soon  welcomed  several 
(Tfriimn.  Irish,  and  French  priests.  These  began  active 
work  in  their  respective  districts,  tlie  Bishop  urging 
them  to  put  up  at  once  solid  brick  churches,  large 
enough  to  accommodate  future  increase. 

Conscious  that  he  could  not  depend  on  priests  from 
other  parts,  he  projected  from  the  outset  a  theological 
seminary,  and  resolved  to  establish  one  on  a  linn  basis. 
He  bought  a  site  00  by  120  feet,  near  his  cathedral, 
iiiid  erected  a  frame  building  at  a  cost  of  ,$()0()0.  Here 
lie  soon  had  seven  seminarians,  five,  sons  of  Germans; 
besides  two  who  had  nearly  completed  their  course  at 
Cincinnati.  In  forming  the  plan  of  his  seminary  and 
directing  it  he  was  greatly  aided  by  Rev.  Martin 
Heiss. 

The  faith  gained  everywhere  by  conversions.  Of 
their  own  impulse,  persons  brought  up  in  Protestant- 
ism sought  admission  to  the  Church,  imj)ressed  by  the 
doctrines  ol  Catholicity  and  their  influence  on  those 
faithful  to  them.  Among  these  was  Mrs.  Julia  C. 
Slaughter,  whose  husband  had  been  Secretary  of  State! 
Siie  was  received  into  the  church  by  Bishop  Henni, 
and  died  soon  after,  fortified  by  all  the  sacraments 


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254      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

which    give  s-ich    consolation  t<^   the  dying    Chris- 
tian. 

Rev.  Mr.  Causse,  stationed  at  Potosi,  obtained  from 
Dubuque  a  colony  of  Sisters  of  Charity  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin,  who  opened  the  Academy  of  St.  Mathias,  and 
the  Bishop,  through  Br.  Purcell  of  Cincinnati,  se- 
cured for  Milwaukee  Sisters  of  Charity  from  Emmits- 
burg  who,  early  in  1848,  (Opened  St.  John's  Infirmary, 
which  rendered  great  services  during  the  ravages  of 
the  cholera  the  very  next  year,  exciting  the  admiration 
of  Protestant  and  Catholic. 

Very  Rev.  John  Timon,  Superior  of  the  Lazarists  in 
Missouri,  gave  a  retreat  to  the  clergy  of  the  diocese  of 
Milwaukee  in  Whitsun  week,  1847.  At  its  close,  on 
the  20th  day  of  June,  1847,  Bishop  Henni  convened  the 
First  Diocesan  Synod  of  Milwaukee.  In  his  consti- 
tutions he  promulgated  the  decrees  of  the  six  provincial 
councils  of  Baltimore,  which  the  Holy  See  had  ap- 
proved.' They  restricted  also  the  erection  of  churches 
or  chapels  without  the  Bishop's  sanction  ;  required  all 
church  property  to  be  vested  in  the  Bishop  as  trustee  ; 
forbade  any  priest  to  retain  what  was  given  for  the 
church,  or  to  intermingle  his  private  funds  with  those 
of  the  church,  but  to  keep  distinct  church  books,  so 
that  the  financial  condition  could  be  ejisily  seen.  In- 
curring of  unauthorized  debts,  as  well  as  recognition  of 
trustee  usurpations,  was  forbidden.  Regulations  were 
adopted  as  to  baptism,  proper  and  fitting  tabernacles, 
faculties  for  priests  coming  into  tlie  diocese,  suitable 
public   confessionals,  clandestine  or  illicit  or  mixed 


'  Rt.  Rlv.  Miirliii  Marty,  "  Pr.  Jolmiin  Mtirtiii  Ilemii,  Erslcr  Biscliof 
uiid  Erzbischof  von  Milwaukee,"  New  York,  1888,  pp.  154-179 ; 
Berichte  der  Le(>|)(>l(liiU'n  Stiftunu:,  xix.,  pp.  39,  60  ;  Frcenian'.s  .loiirnai, 
iv.,  p.  317  •  CaUj.  Herald,  xii.,p.  100,  etc.;  xiii.,pp.  233-331  ;  Calli. 
Advocate,  ix.,  pp.  22-62. 


DIOCESE  OF  MILWAUKEE. 


255 


marriages,  and  he  exhorted  the  faithful  to  prepare 
duly  for  the  reception  of  the  sacrament  of  matrimony, 
Tlie  exaction  of  fees  for  any  of  the  sacraments  was 
strictly  forbidden,  although  priests  were  authorized  to 
receive  voluntary  offerings  for  baptisms  and  marriages, 
but  only  for  them.  Priests  were  also  warned  not  to 
intrude  into  the  congregations  of  other  clergymen  or 
to  baptize  or  marry  persons  from  other  dioceses,' 

The  progress  in  churches  continued  steadily  ;  one 
rose  after  another.  In  1845  Father  Adalbert  Inanua 
l)urchased  land  at  Sac  Prairie  from  the  Hungarian 
Count  Haraszthy,  who  had  settled  in  Wisconsin,  and 
with  the  sanction  of  the  Bishop  proceeded  to  found  a 
house  of  Premonstratensian  canons,  under  tlie  title  of 
St.  Xorbert.  lie  was  joined  by  Patlier  Maximilian 
(riirtnerand  four  lay  Brothers,  but  the  order  did  not 
take  permanent  root  in  Wisconsin. 

With  much  accomplished,  Bishop  Ilenni  reso'  ed  to 
visit  Europe,  and,  if  possible,  see  wlu\t  could  be 
effected  to  accomplish  more.  He  sailed  from  New 
York  on  the  steamer  "  Washington."  F»'l)niary  20, 
rM8.  He  laid  before  Pope  Pius  I  X.  a  staN-merit  of 
tlie  condition  and  prospects  of  his  diocese,  in  bis 
native  republic  he  was  joyftdly  welcomed.  He  told  of 
his  diocese  of  40,000  souls,  with  only  twenty  priests  to 
attend  them,  and  the  number  of  the  faithful  constantly 
increasing.  After  visiting  Austria,  Bavaria,  and  Wur- 
teniberg,  he  sailed  from  Antwerp  in  April,  in  order  to 
attend  the  Seventh  Provincial  Council,  summoned  to 
'neet  in  Baltimore  in  May,  He  addressed  a  circular 
letter  to  his  clergy  and  faithful  from  New  York  on 
the  21st  of  April,  in  whicli  he  invited  all  to  ask  God's 
blessing  on  their  deliberations,  and  mentioned  the  de- 


mtm 


'fkiifc 


'  Constituliones  habits?  in  Synodo  Din'cesann,  die  20  Junii,  1847. 


2j6       the  church  in  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


\ :  :i'- 


sire  of  tlie  Sovereign  Pontiff  for  an  expression  of  their 
belief  in  regard  to  the  privilege  accorded  to  Mary  of 
being  exempted,  from  the  first  instant  of  her  being,  from 
original  sin,  through  tlie  merits  of  the  Divine  Son,  to 
whom  from  all  eternity  she  had  been  chosen  to  be  the 
mother. 

At  the  Conncil  he  drew  up  tlie  official  letter  to  the 
Leopold  Association. 

Soon  after  reaching  his  diocese,  he  purchased,  with 
means  obtained  in  Europe,  a  site  for  his  cathedral,  77 
by  177  feet,  and  erected  St.  Gall's  Church,  and  that  of 
the  Holy  Trinity.  Plans  for  the  Cathedral  were  pie- 
pared  in  tile  Byzantine  style  by  an  architect,  and  the 
corner-stone  was  laid  on  the  8th  of  July,  1848,  with 
imposing  ceremonial  and  a  sermon  by  Rev.  Mr.  Mc- 
Laughlin on  the  catholicity  of  the  Church. 

Another  result  of  his  journey  to  Europe  was  the 
arrival  of  Brothers  and  Sisters  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Francis,  who  founded  establishments  at  Nojoshing. 
Tiie  School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  were  a  most  impor- 
tant aid  to  his  diocese.  He  obrained  ten  from  New 
York  on  his  return  from  Europe.  Four  more  arrived 
in  18i")(».  St.  Aemilian's  Orphan  Asylum  began  the 
game  year  in  a  little  frame  house  at  Milwaukee. 

On  the  feast  .)i  the  Holy  Rosary,  in  a  pastoral  to  the 
Oatliolics  of  Wisconsin,  Bishop  Henni  for  the  first 
time  appealed  for  collections  to  carry  on  his  cathedral, 
and  to  support  diocesan  institutions.  He  reminded 
the  faithful  of  what  had  ix'en  done  :  "  When,  si.v 
years  ago,  w  took  possession  of  the  newly  established 
bishopric  of  Milwaukee,  we  found  nothing  of  note 
here,  unless  what  the  most  urgent  and  immediate  pay- 
ments enabled  us  to  retain.  All  things  had  to  be 
begun  ;  all  things  had  to  be  created.  We  found  but 
four  priests  incorporated  in  our  diocese,  laboring  for 


■r3. '  j'fptf^ 


DIOCESE  OF  MILWAUKEE. 


257 


tills  great  fold  of  ten  thousand  souls.  We  number 
now  over  lifty  priests  laboring  for  more  than  fifty 
thousand  souls.  Churches  and  chapels  haye  sprung 
up,  and  are  everywhere  springing  up  in  unexampled 
numbers  ;  schools,  institutions  of  piety,  and  convents 
exist  now  not  only  on  the  Milwaukee,  but  on  the  Wis- 
consin and  Mississippi  rivers.  Thank  God  with  us 
that  he  has  thus  blessed  this  diocese  beyond  expecta- 
tion. 

' '  What  a  future,  oh,  dearly  beloved,  opens  before 
us:  What  Catholic  who  has  chosen  Wisconsin  for 
his  home,  his  final  earthly  resting-place,  but  must  feel 
himself  called  by  God  and  his  conscience  to  live  as  a 
true  witness  of  our  holy  faith,  to  die  a  witness  of  the 
holy  cross  of  his  fathers  and  ancestors.'" 


■  Bishop  Martv,  "Dr.  Joliann  Miirtin  Hennl,"  pp.  180-203;  Boriclite 
(Icr  Loopokliu-.  .  Stiftung,  xx.,  p.  31  ;  xxi.,  p.  53  ;  xxiii.,  p.  54  \  xxiv.,  p. 
30:  XXV.,  p.  9,j ;  Ciith.  Herald,  xiii.,  p.  371  ;  xiv  ,  p.  167  ;  Catli.  Advo- 
cate, x.,  p.  38;  xi.,  p.  389;  U.  S.  C.itli.  Magazine,  vi.,  p.  507;  vii.,  p. 
324;  Freemairs  Journal,  Sept.  3,  1848;  Oct.  5.1830;  Sept.  13,  1851; 
Pittsliiirgli  Catholic,  vi.,  pp.  294,  350  ;  Boston  Cath.  Observer  i  pp  128' 
144;  ii.,  p.  32. 


"^1 

■A 


IS 


'f 


;•;(; 


liSi  i 


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'i8    ! 


CHAPTER  VI. 

DIOCESE  OF  ST.  PAUL. 
BT.  REV.  JOSEPH  CUETIN,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1851-52. 

Pope  Pits  IX.,  by  his  Letters  Apostolic,  dated  July 
19, 18r)(),  erected  tlie  see  of  St.  Paul,  with  Minuesota  as 
its  diocese.  To  this  see  he  appointed  Very  Rev. 
Joseph  Cretin,  who  had  been  an  active  priest  and 
vicar-generaJ  of  Dubuque  from  the  arrival  of  Bishop 
Loras  at  his  episcopal  city. 

Rt.  Rev.  Joseph  Cretin  was  a  native  of  France  ;  was 
born  at  Lyons  in  the  year  1800  ;  early  devoted  hiniseU" 
to  the  sanctuary  and  labored  at  parochial  work  in  his 
own  land.  He  was  for  lifteen  years  parish  priest  of 
Ferney,  and  his  old  parishioners  presented  him  a  line 
/jOld  cross  and  chain  at  the  time  of  his  consecration  as 
bishop. 

Volunteering  to  accompany  Bishop  Loras  to  tlie 
diocese  of  Dubuque,  he  reached  his  destination  in 
April,  1839.  As  Very  Rev.  Samuel  Mazzuchelli,  wlio 
had  been  vicar-general  till  the  arrival  of  the  lUshop, 
took  up  his  residence  at  Galena,  in  Illinois,  Very  Rev. 
Joseph  Cretin  became  vicar-general.  He  was  uiis- 
sionary  to  the  Winnebagoes  till  expelled  by  the  Fed- 
eral and  State  officials.  He  then  became  rector  of  the 
Cathedral.  On  receiving  notice  of  his  election  to  the 
see  of  St.  Paul,  he  was  consecrated  on  the  '20th  of 
January,  1851,  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Alexander  R.  Devie, 
Bishop  of  Belley,  assisted  by  his  co'tdjutor,  Rt.  Rev. 
G.  Claude  Chalandon,  and  by  Rt.  ]  . .  Stephen  Ma 
rilley.    Bishop  of  Lausanne  and    Geneva.      Havini; 


!      f   'J 

tt  , 


UT.    lihV.    JOSKI-II   CllLTI.N,    BlhlK.l-   of   bT.  VAIL. 


\vi.  , 

t)  '    • 

'-''  t 

r  * 

* 

!    h 

A  Hi 

200       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


■r 


secured  a  few  priests  to  labor  in  his  iliooese,  he  re- 
turned to  organize  it.  He  readied  St.  Paul  on  the 
steamer  "  Nominee,"  accompanied  by  iive  priests — 
Rev.  Francis  de  Vivaldi,  Louis  Ledo,.  John  Fayolle, 
Marcellin  Peragrasse,  and  Edward  Legendre.  Rev. 
James  Moran  had  already  arrived  and  another  was  ex- 
pected. These,  with  the  veteran  Auguste  Ravoux, 
were  the  nucleus  of  his  clergy.  Bishop  Cretin  was 
warmly  welcomed  by  his  flock,  and  escorted  to  the 
little  log  house  which  was  to  be  his  episcopal  residence. 
In  the  evening  the  log  chapel  was  crowded  by  Cath- 
olics, who  hastened  to  receive  his  blessing.  The  Te 
Deuiu  was  sung,  Bishop  Cretin  pronouncing  a  toucli- 
ing  discourse. 

Minnesota,  thus  endowed  with  a  zealous  bishop,  can 
claim  tluv!  almost  the  first  white  man  to  reach  it,  and 
to  land  at  or  near  the  site  of  St.  Paul,  was  the  Fran- 
ciscan Father,  Louis  Hennepin,  captured  by  the  Sioux 
while  exploring  on  the  Mississippi,  and  carried  up  to 
their  country.  To  the  falls,  just  above  their  landing 
])lace,  he  gave  the  name  of  t\v^  great  Franciscan  Sainr, 
Anttiony  of  Padua,  and  the  cataract,  more  foituna'^" 
tlian  tlie  Hudson  River,  retains  the  name  to  this  di.y 
When  Port  Snelling  was  established  men  grouped  near 
it.  and  in  1839  settlers  of  Canadian  origin  clustered 
around  the  spot  first  settled  by  Parrant  on  the  site  of 
St.  Paul.  Mendota,  or  St.  Peter's,  was  visited  by 
Bishop  Loras,  who  the  next  year  sent  the  Rev.  Lucien 
Galtier.  This  pioneer  priest  reare<l  a  log  cliapel  near 
Carver's  Cave  on  ground  given  by  B.  Gervais  and  Vital 
(xuerin.  This  primitive  church  he  dedicated  to  St. 
Paul,  and  the  settlement  soon  received  the  same  name. 
Rev.  A.  Ravoux  l)egan  I'is  labors  among  the  Sioux  in 
18-11,  succeeding  Rev.  Mr.  Galtier  at  St.  Paul  three 
years  later. 


.  i-^i  4. 


DIOCESE  OF  MILWAUKEE.  261 

Tho  first  settlers  were  nniinly  of  Canadian  origin, 
but  by  1848  people  frona  the  Eastern  States  were  at- 
tracted to  Minnesota,  and  a  more  settled  population 
was  i'orined.  In  1849  Minnesota  was  made  a  territory 
and  St.  Paul  became  a  regular  city.    The  Catholic  body 


.    \  f  I 


HKV,  LICIKX  (iALTIKU. 


increased  witli  the  growth  of  the  new  capital,  so  that 
the  primitive  cliapel  was  enhirged  in  1847.  Rev.  Mr. 
Kavoiix,  on  hearing  that  a  bishop  was  actually  ap- 
pointed, secured  twenty-two  lots  as  a  site  for  the 
future  cathedral. 


262      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Five  mouths  after  his  arrival  in  St.  Paul,  Bishop 
Oretiii  erected  a  brick  structure  three  stories  and  ;, 
half  high,  44  feet  long  by  84  wide.  This  became  the 
second  cathedral  and  second  episcopal  residence.  A 
school  was  opened  in  the  basement  ;  and  the  next  yem- 
the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  began  their  school  on  ThiiU 
Street. 

Bishop  Cretin  placed  the  priests  whom  he  liiid 
brought  at  the  most  important  points — Very  Kev.  A. 
liavoux  at  Mendota,  Kev.  Louis  Ledon  at  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony,  Kev.  J.  Fayolle  at  Little  Canada,  A'ery 
Kev.  Joseph  Bellecourt  at  Pembina,  while  Canon  Vi- 
valdi revived  mission  work  among  the  Winnebagoes, 
who  had  been  trans2)o)  ted  to  Minnesota,  and  Kev. 
L.  Lacombe  among  the  Chippewas.  The  ntnv  dio- 
<'ese  had  some  ten  priests  and  seven  churclies  when 
the  Bishop  proceeded  to  the  council  at  Baltimore.' 


"^/^"^  ^^^^1^3-^- 


^f2^^__,^-^<-(^Zf 


SIONArriiK   OK    IIT.    IU;V.    .JOSKIMI   (UKTI.N,    UISHOP  ok   ST.    rAlL. 


rJil-jiL. 


'  Ik'rimt'Z,  "  t'olcccidii  dc  IJiilas,"  ii,.i>.  Slfl.  l.cUciof  Ui'v,  A,  l!a. 
voux,  ("alli.  Hcriilil.  xiv.,  p.  1  ;  I'illsliiii'.'li  Catholic,  viii..  p.  16U  ;  An- 
mils  of  till'  I'lopiiiriitioii  of  the  Fuilli,  Dublin.  ts.-)i,  p,  ;WH  ;  llvww- 
l>iii,  Kcliitioii  of  I,oiiisi:ma.  N.'w  Yolk.  ISSO.  p.  :.'()0;  .1.  FlcUlicr  \Vi|. 
Ihims,  "A  Hi^ioiy  of  the  City  of  St.  I'aul.'St.  Paul,  IsT'i.  jip.  ir.'-lii!  . 
Moiisiirnor  A.  Uuvoiix,  "  iUiuiiiwcenceM,  Meiuoirs,  ami  Lectures,  "  [ip. 
1-61. 


CHAPTER  YII. 

VICARIATE   APOSTOLIC  OF  INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

HT.  UEV.  JOHN   B.  MIEOE,  BISHOP  OF  ME8SENIA,  FIllSTVICVB 
APOSTOLIC,  1851-1852. 

TiiK  Fathers  of  the  Seventh  Council  of  Baltimore 
resolved  to  petition  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  to  erect  all 
the  territory  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  not 
within  the  limits  of  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa,  and 
Minnesota,  into  a  Vicariate  Apostolic,  Pope  Pius, 
dieting  on  their  petition,  created  the  Vicariate  Apos- 
tolic of  Indian  Territory,  and  elected  Father  John  B. 
Miege.  S-  'f-,  to  the  see  of  Messenia  in  partibus,  com- 
mitting the  newly  formed  ecclesiastical  district  to  his 
care.  Father  Miege  was  very  reluctant  to  accept  any 
such  position  ;  he  sent  back  his  bulls,  but  was  ordered 
to  submit.  He  was  consecrated  on  the  25th  of  March, 
1851,  in  St.  Xavier's  Church,  St.  Louis,  by  Archbishop 
K.'iirick,  assis^ted  by  the  Bishops  of  Chicago  and 
Vincennes.' 

The  newly  appointed  Vicar  was  born  at  La  Foret, 
Savoy,  September  18,  1815,  and  began  his  ecclesias- 
tical studies  in  the  Seminary  at  Moutiers.  Having 
entered  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  1830,  he  was  com" 
pelled  to  leave  Italy  by  the  revolutions  of  1848,  and 
came  to  the  United  States  the  next  year.  His  first 
priestly  work  was  at  St.  Charles',  but 'in  1851,  he  was 


'  Coticilhi  Provincialiii  Haltimori  lml)itii  1829-1849.  Bultimoro,  18r)l, 
p.  27.J.  Ileriiacz,  "  ColL-crion  de  Hulus."  ii.,  p.  820  ;  Pittsl)ur;ih  Catliolic! 
vii.,  p.  52.  Father  J.  B.  Mifs<!  I*'  Archbishop  Eccleston,  Oct.  n', 
18o0. 


MM  ' 


,  1 


L 


RT.  REV.  JOHN  n.  MifeOE,  UIWIKIl'  OK  MKS8KNIA,  VICAU  APOSTOLIC 
OF  INDIAN   TKJtUITOKY. 


|a 

1    , 

|; 

;   - 

.  .1  ., 

ll 

i 

i  m' 

VICAl,     '  -^7  OF  WDIAN  TERRITORY. 


205 


and  professor  in  the  University  at 


])refect  of  disc 
St.  Txinis. 

After  his  cons.ji;nition,  Bisliop  Miege  at  once  set  out 
for  St.  Mary's  Mission,  one  of  the  two  Catholic  estab- 
lishments in  his  vicariate. 

In  the  vast  territory  embraced  in  liis  vicariate, 
and  now  divided  into  North  and  Soutli  Dakota] 
Nebraska,  Kansas,  Montana,  Wyoming,  and  Colorado] 
the  (  illy  r  »h()lic  establishments  were  St.  Mary's 
l^ottawatoni  ■  Mission  on  Kansas  River;  with  two 
Ind'uin  h  iterary,  and  manual  schools,  and  an 

Indian  ■liool  under  live  ladjes  of  the  Sacred 

Heart,  in   1841   by   Madame   Lucille  Math- 

evon  ;  St.  Francis   Ilieronymo's  Osage  Mission 

withtwi,  ...dian  boarding,  literary, and  manual  labor 
schools,  and  where  a  girl's  school  was  soon  opened 
under  seven  Sisters  of  Loretto.     As  the  Pottawatomie 

• 

SKINVTLRE  OF  BISHOP   MlfeoE,  VFCaU   APOSTOMC  OK  INDIAN  TEUniTOKY. 

mission  was  large,  with  Indians  scattered,  there  were 
three  churches  connected  with  it  under  the  care  of 
three  .Jesuit  Fathers.  These  were  St.  Mary's,  Our 
Lady  of  Dolors,  and  St.  Joseph's.  The  tribe  was  not 
entirely  Catholic,  the  annual  baptisms  being  about 
117.  including  thirty  adults.  This  Jesuit  mission  was 
lounded  by  Father  Peter  John  De  Smet,  S.  J.,  in  1838, 
and  continued  by  Fathers  C.  Iloecken,  Aelen,  Eys- 
vog.1,  and  others,  the  first  church  on  Sugar  Creek  be- 
ing dedicated  December  25,  1840.' 


1846 


The  Pottawatoniies  removed  from  Sugar  Creek  to  Kansas  lliver  in 


h:  '.  ♦ 


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IMAGF.  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  II72-4S03 


266      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  Osages  had  been  visited  from  1820  by  Rev. 
Messrs.  de  la  Croix  and  Liitz,  and  Father  Van  Quicken- 
borne,  S.  J.,  but  the  permanent  Jesuit  mission  was 
undertaken  by  Fatlier  Schoenmaker  in  1846,  and 
regularly  established  by  him  and  Father  De  Smet  on 
April  2,  1847.     At  this  time  500  had  been  baptized. 

Some  mission  work  was  done,  in  1849,  by  Fathers 
Truyens  and  Van  Mierlo  among  the  Miamis,  Peorias, 
and  Weas,  remnants  of  old  Catholic  tribes ;  and  by 
Father  Bax  at  Middle  Creek  and  by  Father  Maes 
among  the  Osages  and  Quapaws  on  Spring  Ri"er,  but 
no  permanent  mission  resulted.  Though  hitherto 
solely  occupied  by  Indians,  when  the  vicariate  was 
established  white  settlers  were  already  entering  its 
limits,'  dispelling  all  hope  of  extending  Christian 
effort  among  the  native  tribes. 


>  "Woodstock  Letters,  iv.,  p.  43  ;  vi.,  p.  144 .  xiii.,  p.  19. 


|r,|     1 


>'i 


I  ,B 


F  ,  ii; 


■ii 


BOOK  V. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 
RIGHT  REV.  ANTHONY  BLANC,  FOURTH  BISHOP,  1813—1850. 

Altiioitgii  defeated  in  the  courts  in  their  suit 
against  Bishop  Blanc,  the  trustees  or  wardens  of  the 
Cathedral  resolved  to  show  their  defiance  of  the  regu- 
lations of  the  Church.  The  president  of  the  board  of 
wardens  was  also  Grand  Master  of  the  Foyer  Lodge  of 
Freemasons  at  New  Orleans.  He,  accordingly,  in  1843, 
proceeded  to  authorize  the  lodge  to  erect  a  monument 
in  the  Catholic  cemetery,  New  Orleans,  he  himself 
laying  the  corner-stone.  The  Bishop's  remonstrance 
was  treated  with  absolute  contempt.  As  the  infidel 
and  Protestant  press  sustained  the  trustees  and  biased 
public  opinion,  resort  to  the  courts  would  have  been 
unavailing. 

So  confident  of  their  strength  were  the  trustees 
that  they  applied  to  the  Legislature  for  an  act 
confirming  all  their  pretended  powers.  The  act 
actually  passed  the  Senate,  but  was  rejected  in  the 
lower  House,  Their  appeal  to  the  higher  court  was 
also  rejected,  but  while  depriving  the  Cathedral  of 
clergy,  they  were  thus  squandering  the  money  of  the 
Church  in  what  the  judiciary  declared  to  be  un- 
founded litigation.  Even  after  the  decision  and  the 
course  of  the  Legislature,  (lie  Bishop  did  not  feel  that 


SfaaaiiiUUJ 


m 


iri 


I'll 


1^ 


11;  i  f 


•  *- 


268      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

he  could  treat  with  these  men,  but  must  await  the 
election  of  Catholics  to  the  position  of  trustees.  Only 
a  single  low  mass  was  said  in  the  Cathedral  on  Sun- 
day. Bishop  Blanc,  to  free  the  faithful  from  all  de- 
pendence on  it,  had  erected  other  churches  in  New 
Orleans.  Tliese  were  under  his  own  control,  and  he 
wrote  to  the  Sacred  Congregation  de  Propaganda 
Fide,  "It  is  highly  important  to  the  interest  of 
religion  in  New  Orleans  to  uphold  especially  the  in- 
fluence of  the  Catholic  portion  which  speaks  English. 
That  portion  will  always  sustain  the  Bishop." 

Feeling  the  weight  of  years  and  the  trials  through 
which  Providence  called  him  to  pass,  Bishop  Blanc 
earnestly  solicited  the  appointment  of  a  coadjutor, 
and  pressed  the  name  of  Very  Rev.  John  Tiinon, 
whose  eloquence  in  English  and  in  French  would  rally 
so  many  to  the  support  of  the  episcopate.  But  the 
Propaganda  asked  him  to  send  another  name,  and  left 
him  to  struggle  alone.  His  new  churches,  as  he  was 
without  means,  receiving  nothing  from  the  Cathedral, 
which  under  the  laws  of  the  Church  and  the  Spanisli 
codes  was  his,  were  heavily  in  debt. 

The  devoted  services  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  es- 
pecially during  the  ravages  of  the  yellow  fever,  in 
attending  the  sick  and  caring  for  the  orphans,  were 
so  highly  appreciated  by  the  Legislature,  that  a  grant 
of  land  near  Donaldson ville  was  made  for  a  novitiate, 
that  others  might  be  trained  to  their  heroic  labors.' 
A  general  subscription  was  made  throughout  the 
diocese  to  erect  the  necessary  buildings. 

The  College  of  St.  Charles,  at  Grand  Coteau,  under 


'  Bi.shop  Blanc  to  the  Sacred  Congregation  de  Propaganda  Fide,  Jan.  3, 
7,  Feb.  25.  Mar.  27,  .Tune  21  ;  1844  ;  Freeman's  .Journal,  iv.,  pp.  92, 
222;  V.  S.  Catli.  Magazine,  ii.,  p.  B;{7 ;  CaMi.  Herald,  xii.,  p.  390; 
Cath.  Advocate,  ix.,  p.  355  ;  Cath.  Cabinet,  ii.,  p.  500. 


•i'l 


I  ! 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 


269 


the  Jesuit  Fiitliers,  liad  a  severe  struggle  for  several 
years.  Failure  of  crops,  business  disasters,  and 
prejudice  created  against  the  Society  of  Jesus  by  in- 
fidel literature,  diminished  the  number  of  scholars 
and  the  resources  of  the  institution  to  such  a  point  that 
after  the  summer  of  1843  Father  Joseph  Soller,  the 
president,  deferred  opening  the  classes.  Very  Rev. 
James  O.  Van  de  Velde,  tiie  Vice-Provincial,  however, 
on  visiting  the  institution,  took  a  more  hopeful  view, 
and  it  was  opened  again  in  November.  The  increase 
of  pupils  justified  the  step.  Many  improvements  in 
and  around  the  college  were  made  by  Father  Soller 
aad  his  successor,  Father  Maurice  Oakley.' 

On  the  21st  day  of  April,  1844,  Bishop  Blanc  con- 
vened the  second  synod  of  the  diocese  of  New  Orleans. 
It  was  attended  by  thirty-seven  priests,  seventeen  be- 
ing excused  from  attendance.  The  decrees  of  the 
Baltimore  councils  were  put  in  force,  the  Arci'Iishop 
of  Baltimore  having  been  recognized  as  metr  i^olitan. 
The  exclusive  use  of  the  Roman  missal,  ritual, 
ceremonial,  and  breviary  was  enjoined.  Regulations 
were  adopted  as  to  the  reception  of  priests  into  the 
diocese,  and  it  was  especially  laid  down  that  there 
were  no  ecclesiastical  benefices  in  the  diocese.  The 
clergy  were  warned  against  yielding  to  the  illegil 
(ilaims  of  trustees.  No  church  was  to  be  erected  till  a 
deed  was  made  to  tne  Bishop.  Proper  books  ^-ere  to 
be  kept,  showing  the  real  and  personal  property  of 
each  church,  and  in  churches  still  held  by  trustees  the 
rectors  were  to  endeavor  to  have  such  books  kept,  and 
to  watch  that  the  property  of  the  church  be  not 
wasted.  Trustees  were  not  to  be  permitted  to  fix  any 
scale  of  fees  for  burials  and  the  like.     The  proper 


'  Notes  from  the  aicliiv(!s  of  the  Louisiana  Mission. 


«  MH 


4-n 


270       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ecclesiastical  life  was  recomniended,  and  rules  adopted 
for  admiuistering  the  sacraments.  In  regard  to  mar- 
riages, as  Pope  Leo  XII.  liad  declared  the  decree  of 
the  Council  of  Trent  on  clandestine  marriages  to  be  in 
force  in  the  diocese,  all  marriages  before  a  magistrate 
were  declared  illicit,  banns  were  to  be  pnblished  in  all 
cases,  and  mixed  marriages  were  to  be  discountenanced. 
The  holy  sacrifice  and  the  offices  of  the  Church  were  to 
be  perfornted  worthily  ;  children  were  to  be  carefully 
instructed  and  prepared  for  the  sacraments.  Pastors 
were  not  to  exercise  functions  out  of  their  own  dis- 
tricts, or  be  absent  from  their  own  without  authority. 
The  statutes  closed  with  reminding  the  clergy  that  all 
who  die  connected  with  secret  societies  condemned  by 
the  Church  were  excluded  from  Christian  burial. 

While  Bishop  Blanc  was  thus  endeavoring  to  estab- 
lish regular  discipline  and  afford  every  part  of  his 
flock  an  opportunity  to  fuUill  their  Christian  duties, 
financial  cares  added  to  his  burden.  The  English- 
speaking  flock  had  erected  St.  Patrick's  Church,  New 
Orleans,  but  there  was  a  heavy  debt,  and  the  creditors 
soon  had  the  church  offered  for  sale. 

A  clergyman  who  had  fomented  the  trustee  diffi- 
culty from  its  outset,  about  this  time,  to  the  Arcli- 
bisliop's  extreme  relief,  went  to  Europe.' 

At  the  close  of  the  year  1844  the  trustees,  defeated 
in  the  courts  of  law,  and  in  the  public  opinion  of  the 
Catholic  body  throughout  the  country',  yielded  com- 
pletely.    The  Bishop  went  processionally  to  his  cathe- 

'  Synodus  Dinecesana  Neo  Aureliancnsis  Secunda  liabita  imensc  April 
anno  MDCCCXLIV.  New  Oilt-ans.  11.  Mciidicr,  1844  ;  Hi.sliop  Blnnc 
to  the  Sacred  Congregation  de  Propaganda  Fide,  June  1,  1844;  U.S. 
Cath.  Magazine,  iii.,  p.  541.  IJisliop  Blanc  to  Arclibisliop  Ecclestoii. 
Jan.  8,  1844.  "  Tlie  Irish  and  the  Americans  Iiave  always  sustained  lis 
and  will  be  always  on  the  side  of  autliority."  The  Catholic  Sentinil, 
edited  by  Rev.  Mr.  Mullou,  wjw  establislied  toward  the  close  of  1844. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 


271 


(Iral ;  Rev,  Mr.  Maenluint,  tlie  rector,  resumed  posses- 
sion and  aliiHii  mass,  with  Te  Deum,  was  chanted. 

His  Lenten  Pastoral  in  1845  warned  tlie  faithful 
against  the  irreligious  and  immoral  books  which  were 
so  widely  circulated,  not  only  in  the  cities,  but  even 
in  the  rural  districts.' 

Relieved  from  the  annoyance  caused  by  the  trustees, 
and  the  constant  litigation  reiiuiring  his  i)resence, 
Bishop  Blanc  made  a  visitation  of  his  diocese,  admin- 


ST.  JOBEI'Il's  CHI'HCII. 


JESUIT  CHIRCII  AKD  SCHOOL. 


isteiing  confirmation  in  many  parislies.  Returning 
to  Xew  Orleans  he  jmshed  on  the  erection  of  needed 
(•lunches  there.  The  old  Ursuline  Chapel  was  no  longer 
adeipiate  for  use,  and  the  corner-stone  of  St.  Mary's 
Church  was  laid  February  10, 184;-) ;  tliat  of  St.  Jo- 
seph's on  the  19th  of  April,  1840,  and  that  of  the 
Annunciation  on  the  loth   of  Mm  v.      New  cliurches 


M 


■\\ii 


.^U. 


1 1 


viW 


'  FrcciiiMii  s.liiur   ;ii.  V  ,  |),  -JoC). 


'r- 


273       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

were  begun  iit  Terre  Bonne  and  Thibodeauxville,  and 
an  infirmary  for  immigrants  on  Esplanade  Street,  New- 
Orleans,  showed  that  a  new  population  was  swelling 
the  Catholic  body.  Indeed,  the  old  Ursuline  Chapel 
was  almost  immediately  occupied  by  a  German  con- 
gregation, who  were  preparing  to  erect  a  church  I'oi' 
themselves.'  Yet,  amid  this  progress  came  ship  fevtir, 
and  the  yellow  fever  broke  out.  In  August  live  priests 
were  prostrated  by  yellow  fever,  taken  from  those 
wiiom  they  fearlessly  attended,  and  the  Sisters  of 
Charity  added  another  to  their  roll  of  martyrs  of  char- 
ity, Sister  Ann  Basilia  Lynch.  Another  soon  died  at 
Baton  Rouge. 

Up  to  1847  the  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus 
laboring  in  Louisiana  had  been  connected  with  the 
vice-province  of  Missouri ;  but  at  that  time  the  Prov- 
ince of  Lyons  took  charge  of  the  mission,  and  sent 
over  members  to  carry  on  the  work,  Father  John 
F.  Abbadie  becoming  president  of  the  college. 

In  1849  the  College  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  at 
Baton  Rouge  was  begun,  and  although  part  of  the  new 
buildings  were  destroyed  by  an  incendiary  fire,  the 
institution  opened  January  2,  1850. 

On  the  13th  of  July,  1852,  St.  Charles's  College  be- 
came a  corporate  institution,  its  charter  as  a  univer- 
sity having  been  duly  signed  that  day  by  Hon. 
Charles  Gayarre,  then  Secretary  of  State,  under  a 
general  law.  Father  Anthony  Jourdant  was  then 
president.' 

In    October,    1847,  the   Redemptorist  Fathers    as- 


'  U.  S.  Cath.  Mii!?a7,ine,  iv..  pp.  2fl9,  348,  386.  673  ;  v.,  p.  283  ;  vi..  p. 
397;  ("nth.  IleriUd,  xiil,  p.  309;  Boston  Ciitli.  Observer,  i.,  p. ',>0 ; 
Ciilh.  Advoenfe,  x..  p.  36. 

•  Notes  from  the  archives  of  the  Louisiauu  Mission  ;  Woodstock  Let- 
ters, v.,  p.  17. 


•■»..■  '■'■  '. 


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b  ^m 


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1' 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 


273 


sinned  the  charge  of  tlie  German  congregation  at  La- 
fayette".' Tile  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart  had  pros- 
pered so  tliat  the  corner-stone  of  a  new  convent  and 
iicadeniy,  required  by  their  increasing  numbers,  was 
hiid  by  P^ither  Ladaviere,  S.  J.,  June  28,  1848,  and 
these  excellent  religious  showed  their  missionary  zeal 
by  aiding  in  the  erection  of  chapels  at  Pointe  Yille 
and  Longue  Vne.' 

In  the  spring  of  1848  the  Legislature  of  Louisiana 
passed  a  series  of  resolutions  expressing  the  hope  and 
coulidence  of  the  people  of  the  State  in  the  wisdom 
and  patriotism  of  Pope  Pius  IX.  His  Holiness, 
riu-ough  Cardinal  Soglia,  conveyed  to  Governor  Isaac 
Johnson  his  appreciation  of  their  action.  This  admir- 
ation for  the  Pope  rested,  however,  mainly  on  mis- 
taken ideas.  Pius  IX.  was  soon  in  distress  and  exile, 
and  in  his  pastoral  of  April  16,  1849,  Bishop  Blanc 
organized  collections  of  Peter's  Pence  in  his  diocese  to 
relieve  the  Head  of  the  Church. 

On  the  6th  of  June  a  mob  assailed  the  office  of  the 
Propagateur  Catholique,  the  stanch  Catholic  paper 
of  the  diocese,  and  made  a  fierce  attack  on  the  Ursu- 
line  Convent,  breaking  doors  and  windows,  while  they 
howled  the  vilest  insults  against  the  nuns.' 

After  attending  the  Seventh  Council  of  Baltimore, 
which  convened  May  6,  1849,  Bishop  Blanc,  on  the 
16th  of  June,  issued  a  pastoral  letter  to  his  diocese. 

On  the  20tli  cf  January,  1850,  the  centre  tower  of 
the  Cathedral  fell,  carrying  away  part  of  the  roof  and 


'Boston  Cnth.  Observer,  i..  pp.  U4,  180. 

"Froemaa's  .Journal,  Dec.  30,  1848  :  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  v  ,  p,  .339  ; 
Rone  de  Senncgy.  "St.  Michel  au  Conite  d'AcuUie,"  New  Orleans,  1877* 
pp.  73,  70.  HO. 

^Pittsburgii  Catholic,  vi..  p.  110. 


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274       ri/A'  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

filling  the  interior  witli  a  mass  of  ruin.'  The  wardens 
at  once  proceeded  to  repair  and  enhirge  the  building. 
Yielding  to  the  wishes  of  the  Fathers  of  the  Seventh 
Council  of  Baltimore,  Pope  Pius  IX.,  on  the  19th  of 
July,  ISflO,  made  New  Orleans  a  metropolitan  see,  and 
promoted  lit.  Rev.  Dr.  Blanc  to  the  archiepiscopal 
dignity.  The  province  of  New  Orleans  embraced  the 
archbishop's  diocese,  with  those  of  Mobile,  Natchez, 
Little  Rock,  and  Galveston.  The  pallium  was  con- 
ferred on  the  Archbishop-elect,  on  the  10th  day  of 
February,  1851,  by  the  venerable  Bishop  Portier,  of 
Mobile.' 


'  PittsburKh  C'litliolic,  vl.,  pp.  68.  889. 

*  Arclibisliop  Bliiuc  to  Arclibishop  Eccltstou,  Mar.  5,  1851. 


CHAPTER  ir. 


DIOCESE  OF  NATCHEZ. 
BT.  REV.  JOHN  JOSEPH  CHANCHE,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1843-1862. 

The  organiziition  of  tlie  diocese  of  Natchez  was  a 
.slow  and  difficult  task.     Although  souie  points,  like 
Hiloxi  and  Natchez,  were  comparatively  ancient  settle- 
ments, where    churches  once   existed,   the    Catholic 
population  had  scattered,  and  there  was  scarcely  a 
vestige  of  religion.     Being  a  slave  State,  Mississippi 
offered    few   inducements   for  immigrants  to   settle, 
and  those  who  entered  it  scattered  far  and  wide'. 
Writing  in  1845,  Bishop  Chanche  declared  tiiat  when 
he  took  possession  of  his  see  he  had  not  a  single 
church  or  institution.     After  providing  as  well  as  he 
could  for  the    little  Catholic  flock  at  Natchez,   he 
planned    churches    at   Biloxi,    Pass    Christian,  'and 
Yazoo.     At  the  last  of  these  places  he  said  mass  in  the 
house  of  Judge  Wilkinson  for  a  little  congregation  of 
lifty  Catholics  ;  at  Vicksburg,  lie  found  a  larger  flock. 
At  the  South  the  energetic  Rev.  Mr.  Labbe  dedicated 
a  church  at  Biloxi,  May  96,  and  another  at  Pass  Chris- 
tian in  June,  1844, 

When  Natchez  was  given  up  to  the  United  States, 
tliere  was  no  one  to  follow  up  the  Catholic  claims  to 
tlie  church  property.  In  hopes  of;  :  ig  able  to  obtain 
documentary  evidence  to  base  at  least  an  equitable 
claim  on  our  government  for  the  property  it  had 
seized.  Bishop  Chanche  proceeded  to  Havana.  He 
obtained  valuable  and  important  documents,  but  no 
such  evidence  of  title  as  our  American  courts  de- 
ars 


^^^i 


'  "U 


jt  Mt 


;  f 


i^■i^ 


R'   H 


270      THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STA  TES. 

nmndetl,  Tlit^sn  required  a  ,i?rant  from  tliH  crown  to 
the  congregation  ;  but  no  such  grants  were  ever  made. 
The  local  governor  set  off  or,  if  necessarj',  purduiseda 
site,  which  became  church  property,  and  a  church  was 
erected.  The  same  course  was  pursued  in  regard  to 
cemeteries.  The  courts,  by  insisting,  in  regard  to 
Spanish  churches,  on  the  congregation  idea  which  was 
])eculiar  to  American  churches,  actually  confiscated  all 
the  Catholic  ecclesiastical  property.  The  Bishop  also 
visited  (ruatemaln,  where  he  rendered  services  to  the 
nged  Archbishop,  but  he  failed  to  obtain  any  such 
documents  as  would  establish  the  claims  of  the  Church 
in  our  prepossessed  courts.' 

lie  was  thus  left  to  build  up  all  ane.v  with  such  re- 
sources as  he  could  obtain.  lie  had  but  four  priests  to 
attend  the  missions  of  the  whole  diocese  ;  one  of  these 
on  the  verge  of  death,  another  about  to  enter  a  re- 
ligious order.  Yet  he  went  on  courageously.  On  the 
24th  of  February,  1842,  lie  laid  the  corner-stone  of  his 
cathedral,  and  was  able  to  complete  and  dedicate  it 
under  the  invocation  of  "The  Transfixed  Heart  of  the 
Blessed  and  Immaculate  Mary  ever  Virgin."  Bishop 
Chanche  then  felt  it  a  duty  to  provide  at  least  a  modest 
liome  for  the  head  of  the  diocese,  and  after  occupying 
a  hired  house  for  some  years  was  able  in  July,  1846,  to 
take  possession  of  a  new  episcopal  residence.     "It  is 


'  Bishop  Chanche  to  the  Leo|:rf)l(l  Associntion,  Ikrichte,  xix.,  p.  33 ; 
U.  8.  Caih.  Miisfiizine,  ii.,  pp.  405.  474;  viii  ,  p.  751;  Cuth.  Advoeatt, 
ix.,  p.  123  ;  Bishop  Chanclie  to  Arclibishop  Ecdeston,  Jnn.  6,  July  6, 
Oct.  16,  184.5.  The  documents  seemed  to  ko<h1  lawyers  siilBcient  to 
justify  a  suit  to  recover  the  cemetery.  Bishop  Van  de  Velde  brought 
an  action,  and  recovered  the  cemetery  adjoining  the  cliurcli ;  it  was  at 
once  fenced  and  cleared  of  the  rubbish  of  years,  but  a  higher  court  re- 
versed the  decision  and  the  CaUioUcs  were  deprived  of  it.  Archbishop 
Janssens,  "  Sketch  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  City  of  Natchez,"  p. 
24. 


til  11 


1     M 


DIOCESE  OF  NATCHEZ. 


977 


n  pretty  ronveiiient  house,"  lie  wrote.  "  It  has  a  good 
many  faults,  yet  I  hope  my  successors  may  be  phmsed 
with  it."  A  churcli  in  liorior  of  St.  Peter  was  dedi- 
cated in  Jackson,  the  capital  of  the  State,  August 
Ul  1847. 

Ill  January,  1848,  Bishop  Chanclie  was  cheered  by 
the  arrival  of  a  colony  of  Sisters  of  Chiirity  from 
Kinmitsburg,  who  opened  an  orphan  asylum  and 
school.  He  soon  after  proceeded  to  Europe  to  en- 
deavor, like  many  another  bishop  in  the  history  of  the 
( ountry,  to  obtain  priests  and  means.  lie  had  labored 
f-arnestly  with  the  resources  at  his  command,  yet  he 
could  show  only  five  priests  and  six  poor  churches  as 
tlie  residt.' 

His  appeals  were  not  in  vain.  Tie  returned  early  in 
the  year  1849,  and  was  joined  by  valiant  reciuits  from 
Catholic  Brittany  :  Grignon,  Avith  Babonneau,  Fiera- 
bras,  and  Courtois,— all  three  to  die  of  yellow  fever,— 
and  others  who  did  good  service  in  the  Southwest.'  The 
new  impulse  was  soon  visible.  Rev.  Mr.  Buteux's  fine 
brick  church  at  Bay  St.  Louis  was  dedicated  August 
10,  and  the  Church  of  St.  Paul,  at  Vicksburg,  begun 
by  Kev.  S.  H.  Montgomery  in  1847,  was  dedicated  on 
the  14th  of  October.  A  church  was  also  in  progress  at 
Port  Gibs(m.' 

The  next  year  the  Rev.  Mr.  Raho  set  out  to  visit 
isolated  families  not  reached  in  previous  visitations. 
This  apostolic  journey  brought  him  great  consolation. 


'  Bishop  Clmnclie  to  the  Leopold  Association,  Paris,  Mar.  8,  1849 ; 
Bcriehte  der  Leopoldinen  Stiftung,  xxii. ,  p.  31. 

'  Archbisliop  Jansaens,  "  Sljelch,"  p.  25  ;  U.S.  Ciitli.  Magazine,  viii., 
p.  270 ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  vi.,  p.  59.  Bishop  Chanche  to  Archbishop 
Eccleston,  Mar.  4,  1849. 

'Freeman's  Journal,  Nov.  17,  1859  ;  U.  S.  Cath.  Magazine,  viii.,  p. 

751. 


If? 


.  .;!• 


.1. 
Iff 4 


:  »''.'» 


.'.II 


••  ■^■frN 


ii'i*!  ' 


"'i' 


278      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

At  Cedar  Creek  negroes  came  from  neighboring  plan- 
tations when  they  heard  that  a  Catholic  priest  wius 
there.  Among  them  was  a  poor  woman  brought  up  a 
Catholic  in  Maryland,  but  who  had  not  seen  a  priest  in 
twenty  years.  Her  joy  was  great,  for  she  had  clung  to 
her  religion,  remembered  her  prayers,  and  came  to  con- 
fession. At  Port  Gibson,  Rodney,  and  Grand  Gulf 
he  found  the  name  of  Rev.  Mr.  Fran(,'ois  still  held  in 
benediction.  The  corner-stone  for  the  church  at  Po)t 
Gibson  was  laid  April  21,  the  site  being  given,  and 
large  contributions,  by  Mr.  John  T.  Moore  and  his 
pious  wife. 

Rev.  Messrs.  Guillou  and  Babonnean  joined  in  these 
explorations,  linding  more  Catholics  than  anyone  sup- 
posed to  exist  in  the  State.  Many  of  these  had  never 
seen  a  priest  since  they  settled  in  Mississippi.  There 
was  a  church  at  Camden,  but  it  was  too  far  from 
Catholics  generally.  It  was,  in  American  fashion, 
moved  to  a  two  acre  plot  purchased  in  the  centre  of 
the  Catholic  settlement,  and  became  St.  Mary's  of  the 
Springs.  The  Bishop's  arduous  labors  resulted  in  se- 
rious illness  in  1850,  from  which  his  recovery  seemed 
doubtful.' 

During  the  year  1851  Bishop  Chanche  continued  his 
visitations,  and  the  next  year  he  left  Natchez  in  full 
health  and  vigor  to  attend  the  Council  of  Baltimore, 
where  he  was  made  promoter.  Many  bishops  had  been 
anxious  to  transfer  him  to  a  diocese  where  he  could 
render  great  service,  but  he  chose  the  laborious  diocese 
of  Natchez,  and  clung  to  it. 

After  the  close  of  the  Council  he  remained  for  a 
time  in  Maryland,  hoping  soon  to  return  to  his  diocese 


'  Bishop  Clmnchc  to    Archbishop    Ecclcston,  Mnr.   14,  1850.    Rev. 
B.  Riiho  U)  Bishop  Chancht',  Fu'inian's  Jouriuil,  Oct.  12,  Nov.  9,  \Si>{). 


IM 


!    ', 


DIOCESE  OF  NATCHEZ. 


279 


and  liis  episcopal  labors  ;  but  while  at  Frederick  City 
he  was  seized  with  cholera.  Efforts  were  made  to  save 
him,  but  after  two  weeks  of  suffering,  borne  uncom- 
l^Iainingly,  he  expired  on  the  22d  of  July,  1862.  His 
remains,  at  his  own  request,  were  laid  in  the  cemetery 
of  the  Cathedral  of  Baltimore,  where  he  was  baptized, 
ordained,  and  consecrated.' 

Bishop  Chanche  was  tall  and  commanding  in  figure. 
In  the  ceremonials  of  the  church  he  was  remarkably 
graceful  and  dignified.  His  winning  and  attractive 
manner  won  him  friends  in  his  diocese  among  people 
of  all  denon)inations  and  colors. 


'  Cath.  Almaimc,  1853,  p.  53. 


CHAPTER  III. 


'\]i^\i 


if 


DIOCESE  OF  MOBILE. 
BT.  REV.  MICHAEL  POBTIEB,  FIB8T  BISHOP,  1843-1852. 

There  was  no  rapid  growth  of  the  Catholic  body  in 
Alabama  or  East  Florida.  Only  occasional  Catholics 
arrived  from  other  parts,  and  many  of  these  made  but 
a  temporary  stay.  Bishop  Portier  laid  the  foundation 
of  a  cathedral,  to  be  of  the  Corinthian  order  and 
measure  ninety  feet  by  one  hundred  and  sixty-two, 
but  after  expending  fifteen  thousand  dollars  from  his 
own  resources  he  was  compelled  to  suspend  the  work, 
which  was  not  resumed  till  1845,  when  the  Catholic; 
population,  which  had  increased  to  five  thousand,  re- 
solved to  complete  it  by  their  contributions. 

The  diocese  had  its  college  at  Spring  Hill,  under  tlie 
Rev.  C.  Rampon  as  president,  and  aConvent  of  Visita- 
tion Nuns  at  Summerville  with  an  academy  for  youns 
ladies.  This  institution  gained  so  much  in  reputation 
and  number  of  pupils,  that  they  erected  a  neat  brick 
church,  dedicated  August  21,  1845,  and  in  1850  a  fine 
new  edifice  for  their  academy.  The  Sisters  of  Charity 
were  laboring  at  Mobile,  and  from  1841  took  charge  of 
the  Orphan  Asylum.  They  gave  the  Bishop  an  '•  un- 
interrupted consolation." 

A  brick  church  had  been  erected  at  Tuscaloosa,  the 
capital  of  Alabama,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Hackett  and  it  was 
dedicated  by  Bishop  Portier,  January  23,  1845.  A 
Gothic  church  -as  completed  at  Tallahassee,  Fla., 
in  June,  184G. 

Bishop  Portier  had  long  desired  to  place  Spring 

280 


ilMtfl! 


DIOCESE  Oh    -.OBILE. 


281 


Hill  College  in  the  hands  of  a  religious  order  accus- 
tomed to  the  direction  of  higher  seats  of  learning,  in 
order  to  secure  its  permanent  usefulness.  He  at  last 
succeeded  in  inducing  the  Fathers  of  the  Lyons  prov- 
ince  in  the  Society  of  Jesus  to  assume  the  charge. 
Four  Fathers  and  a  lay  Brother  arrived  at  Mobile  iii 
January,  1847,  and  took  possession  of  the  institution. 
Spring  Hill  College  prospered  so  much  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  Fathers  that  the  increasing  number  of 
students  required  the  erection  of  an  additional  build- 
ing in  1850. 

At  the  same  time  came  live  Brothers  of  Christian  In- 
struction, whose  services  for  the  diocese  had  also  been 
secuied  by  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Bazin  in  Europe.  They  as- 
sumed the  charge  of  the  Orphan  Asylum,  containing 
tliirty  boys,  and  taking  a  large  and  commodious  house 
in  the  heart  of  the  city,  opened  a  free  school.  Near  it 
tlie  Bishop  soon  erected  the  Church  of  St.  Vincent  de 
Paul. 

Bishop  Portier  saw  his  cathedral  rising  gradually, 
and  in  1850  it  stood  forth  a  noble  temple  of  religion' 
one  hundi-ed  and  two  feet  in  front  by  one  hundred 
and  sixty-two  in  depth,  the  interior  divided  by  rows  of 
columns  into  three  aisles.  It  cost  more  than  $80,000. 
It  was  dedicated  to  the  service  of  Almighty  God  under 
the  invocation  of  Mary,  Immaculate  Mother  of  God, 
on  the  8th  of  December.  1850.  Rt.  Rev.  Ignatius  a! 
Reynolds,  Bishop  of  Charleston,  officiated  in  the  pre- 
scribed ceremonial.  After  the  dedication  of  the  altar 
a  pontifical  high  mass  was  offered  by  Bishop  Portier, 
and  an  eloquent  sermon  preached  by  Bishop  Spalding 
of  Louisville.  Archbishops  Purcell,  of  Cincinnati,  and 
Blanc,  of  New  Orleans,  were  also  present,  with  Rt.  Rev. 
Dr.  L-imy,  vicar-apostolic  of  New  Mexico. 
After  proclaiming   the  jubilee,  Bishop  Portier,  in 


'         !<J 


282       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

May,  1851,  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  first  Catliolic 
church  in  Apiilachicola,  un<'.r  the  invocation  of  St. 
Patricia,  the  energetic  priest.  Rev.  Mr.  Coffey,  havin*;: 
obtained  contributions  and  subscriptions  to  insure  its 
erection.' 


'  Bishop  Porticr  to  Archbishop  Eccleston,  Sept.  17.  1847  ;  Cnth.  Ma,";- 
aziue,  iv.,  p.  127;  v.,  p.  229;  vi..  p.  105  ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  vii.,  p.  330; 
viii.,  p.   108;  Frecmau's  Journal,  Sept.   14,   1850;  Cath.  Herald,  .\iv. 
p.  26. 


^}^ 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF  LITTLE  ROCK. 
BT.   REV.   ANDKEW  BYIINE,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1843-1852. 

The  Sovereign  Pontiff,  Gregory  XVI.,  on  the  petition 
of  the  Fathers  of  the  Council  of  Baltimore,  erected  the 
State  of  Arkansas  into  a  diocese  with  Indian  Terri- 
tory, detaching  it  from  that  of  St.  Louis,  and  appoint- 
ing, as  tlie  first  bishop,  Rt.  Rev.  Andrew  Byrne,  of  the 
diocese  of  New  York.  He  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  born 
December  5, 1802,  at  Navan,once  the  site  of  the  most 
famous  shrine  and  pilgrimage  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  in 
Ireland,  the  miracles  wrought  there  being  chronicled 
even  in  acts  of  Parliament.  He  accompanied  Bishop 
England  to  Charleston  in  1820,  and  was  ordained 
priest  November  11, 1827.  After  years  of  labor  in  the 
missions  he  became  vicar-general  of  the  diocese,  and 
attended  a  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore  as  theo- 
logian. Coming  to  New  York  in  1836,  he  was  pastor 
of  St.  James's  Church,  then  of  Nativity,  and  established 
the  Church  of  St.  Andrew.  In  both  dioceses  he  was 
remarkable  for  his  devotion  to  duty,  for  his  love  of  the 
poor,  and  for  his  eloquence  in  the  pulpit.  On  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  see  of  Little  Rock  he  was  consecrated 
by  Bishop  Hughes  in  the  Cathedral  of  New  York,  on 
the  10th  of  March,  1844,  at  the  same  time  as  Bishop 
McCloskey,  Bishop  of  Axiern,  and  Bishop  Quarter,  of 
Chicago. ' 

Catholicity  found  an  early  home  in  Arkansas,  and 

'  Freeman's  Journal,  iv.,  p.  292;  U.  8.  Catli.  Magazine,  iii.,  p.  265  ; 
Ciilli.  Herald,  xii.,  p.  89. 

8sa 


'.I 


I, 


;"i. 

V.FI 


^MI 


■4 


'-wS 


^-  >'h 


'.i  T'li 


UT.    IIKV.    ANDUEW    UVUNK,  KISIIUP  OK   LITTLE  KOCK. 


I   ,   ;  I': 

i 


DIOCESE  OF  LITTLE  ROCK. 


285 


stont  Tonti,  founder  of  the  State,  made  a  grant  of  land 
to  the  Jesuit  Fathers  to  look  after  the  religion  of  the 
settlers.  The  French  frontiersmen,  however,  were  not 
models  of  attachment  to  the  faith  or  the  practice  of 
their  religion.  A  chapel  erected  at  the  Post  of  Ar- 
kansas was  attended  at  intervals,  but  neither  under 
French  nor  Spanish  rule  did  it  ever  attain  prosperity. 
After  Bishop  Du  Bouig  was  appointed  to  the  see  of 
New  Orleans,  attempts  were  made  to  revive  the  faith 
among  the  scattered  Catholics  in  Arkansas,  and  the 
missions  were  renewed  by  Bishop  Rosati,  but  the  pre- 
vailing ignorance  and  vice  were  deplorable  and  almost 
insurmountable.  As  a  slave  State,  with  no  element  to 
attract  immigration,  there  was  little  increase  in  Arkan- 
sas from  the  settlement  of  Catholics  from  Europe. 

After  proceeding  to  his  diocese  and  seeking  Catholics 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  State,  Bish- 
op Byrne  wrote:  "I  can  assure  you  that  within  the 
whole  diocese  of  Little  Rock  there  exist  no  means  to 
erect  a  single  altar.  The  Catholic  population  does  not 
exceed  seven  hundred  souls,  and  they  are  scattered  in 
every  county  in  the  StJite."  There  were  not  at  any 
one  point  Catholics  enough  to  erect  a  church  or  main- 
tain a  priest. 

The  cause  of  religion,  moreover,  had  been  injured  by 
an  unworthy  minister,  and  Sisters  of  Loretto  who  had 
heroically  attempted  to  save  the  rising  generation  had 
been  compelled  to  leave  the  ungrateful  field. 

During  his  visitation  to  seek  a  flock,  rather  than  to 
minister  to  it,  the  Bishop  was  stricken  down  with  ill- 
ness, from  which  he  did  not  recover  for  two  months. 
There  were  in  the  diocese  but  a  single  priest  and  two 
churches,  each  loaded  with  a  heavy  debt.' 

'  Bishop  Byrne  to  Archbishop  Eccleston,  Dec.  5,  1843  ;  U.  S.  Cath. 
Miiguziue,  iii.,  p.  745. 


'^1 


If.  - .  ,\  osS 


,111?^^ 


?'1li'-^ 


28(5      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bishop  Byrne  appealed  to  the  societies  in  Europe, 
and  obtained  some  aid  from  their  generosity.  He  was 
also  assisted  by  liis  friends  among  the  clergy  and  laity 
at  New  York.  He  was  thus  enabled  to  obtain  a  site  in 
Little  Rock  to  build  a  church. 

"  You  may  judge  of  my  position,"  he  wrote,  "  when 
I  state  that  since  I  came  to  Arkansas  I  have  received 
only  twenty  dollars  toward  my  support.  1  have 
expended  the  money  from  Europe  in  purchasing  lots 
and  building  a  few  small  churches." 

Yet  he  did  not  give  up,  disheartening  as  the  pros- 
pect was.  He  obtained  recruits  and  on  the  octave  of 
All  Saints,  1844.  ordained  Rev.  Thomas  McKeone  in 
the  Church  of  St.  Ambrose  at  the  Post  of  Arkansas. 
The  next  year  he  opened  an  academy  for  boys  near 
Little  Rock  under  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Monaghan.  He 
found  a  few  zedous  Kentucky  Catholics  in  Pope 
County  and  purchased  lots  in  Russellville  on  which 
to  erect  a  church  for  their  benefit. 

His  modest  cathedral  was  dedicated  at  the  close  of 
the  year  1846,  under  the  invocation  of  St.  Andrew. 
George  Taaffe  erected  a  church  at  his  own  expense 
at  Rocky  Comfort.  A  site  was  given  in  1848  for  a 
church  at  Helena,  and  St  Patrick's  Church  was  dedi 
cated  at  Fort  Smitli.  He  also  purchased  a  fine  house 
near  Van  Buren  in  which  he  hoped  to  establish  an 
academy  under  Sisters  of  Charity.  Soon  after  he 
secured  an  establishment  near  Fort  Smith,  where  St. 
Andrew's  College  was  soon  opened  under  Rev.  John 
Monaghan  as  president. 

In  1860  lie  visited  Europe  and  endeavored  to  turn 
the  tide  of  emigration  to  Arkansas,  as  well  as  to 
secure  priests  and  Sisters  of  Mercy. 

New  Gascony  and  Paraclifte  soon  had  churches. 

Limited  as  were  his  resources,  Bishop  Byrne  en- 


lii'iii 


;i   1 1.       mi  .Jt 


! 
.   t 

i 
i 

i 
tf : 

DIOCESE  OF  LITTLE  ROCK. 


287 


deavored  to  establish  a  mission  among  the  Cherokees 
who  were  visited  by  Rev.  Theophilus  Marivault  from 
Fort  Gibson.  At  the  beginning  of  1852  tlie  diocese 
liad  ten  clergymen,  eight  churches,  and  two  chapels  ; 
but  the  Catholic  population  was  not  estimated  at 
more  than  one  thousand.' 


<!y6^Q%L^,J^i>u..jy^f^^uL. 


oO^ 


tA.^, 


SIGNATURE  OP  BISHOP  BYRKE. 


'  Berichte  der  Leopoklinen  Stiftung,  xix.,  p.  36.  Bishop  Byrne  to 
Archbishop  Eccleston,  Dec.  5,  1845  ;  Nov.  27,  1848  ;  Citth.  Advocate, 
X.,  p.  155  ;  Freeman's  Journal,  vi.,  p.  229  ;  vil.,  p.  191  ;  ix.,  May  5, 1859  ; 
Pittsburgh  Catholic,  vi.,  p.  69;   vii.,  p.  253  ;  Cath.  Almanac,  ia')2. 


m 


fcR 


Wl^ 

«•' 

,(l'*' 

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}  '^ 


sir  JlS  ru 

ill  m 


CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE  OF  GALVESTON. 

BT.  BEV.  JOHN  MARY  ODIN.  VICAIl-ArOSTOLIC  OF  TEXAS,  1813-1847 ; 
FIllST  BISHOP  OF  OALVEHTON,  1847-1852. 

In  his  mission  tours  through  Texas  Bisliop  Odin 
found  constantly  Catliolics  wlio  had  not  seen  a  priest 
since  they  left  Europe.  The  field  was  immense,  and 
though  he  obtained  a  few  priests,  some  abandoned 
Te'xas  in  discouragement.  Several  of  the  churches, 
hastily  put  up,  needed  repair,  others  were  required  on 
the  Lavaca  and  San  Antonio  rivers.  Castroville  had 
a  growing  Catholic  population,  who  laid  the  corner- 
stone of  a  church  on  the  12th  of  September.  A  good 
spirit  had  been  arotised  at  Galveston,  where  a  plot  of 
ten  acres  was  offered  for  an  Ursuline  convent.  Dur- 
ing the  year  he  visited  Western  Texas,  spending  live 
months  on  his  missionary  tour.  His  discourses  drew 
crowds ;  he  baptized  many  and  was  able  to  instruct 
and  confirm  .sixty.  Rev.  Messrs.  Estany  and  Calvo 
were  constantly  traveling,  recalling  many  cold  and 
negligent  Catholics  to  their  duty. 

The  diocese  needed  priests  as  well  as  aid  in  vest- 
ments, plate,  and  money.  Bishop  Odin  resolved  to 
visit  Europe  and  appeal  to  his  friends  and  the 
charitable.  He  obtained  several  seminarians  and 
l)riests,  with  much  to  encourage  him.  He  returned  in 
the  spring  of  1840,  to  find  his  diocese  resounding  with 
the  din  of  arms.  War  had  begun  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico.  Bodies  of  troops  were  moving  to 
the  Rio  Grande,  and  before  long  Fathers  Anthony 


'■  ■! 


y  i' 


m^^ 


DIOCESE  OF  GALVESTON. 


289 


Rey  and  John  MoElroy  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  came 
to  attend  tlie  Catholic  soldiers. 

War  naturally  checked  inunigration  to  Texas,  and 
brought  hospital  and  army  work  for  priests  at  dif- 
ferent places.  Yet  German  settlements  grew  up  at 
Couhi,  New  Braunsfels,  and  Fredericksburg.  Bishop 
Odin  failed  to  obtain  lledemptorists  for  these  German 
missions;  but  war  or  no  war,  eight  brave  Ursuline 
nuns  of  New  Orleans  set  out  for  Galveston  to  establish 
Iheir  tirst  convent  in  Texas,  Their  academy  was 
opened  in  January,  1847,  and  soon  had  sixty  pupils, 
impressing  Protestants  and  Catholics  with  their 
8ui)eriority  as  teachers. 

Bishop  Odin  had  by  this  time  fourteen  priests 
stationed  at  Galveston,  Castroville,  Nacogdoches, 
Houston,  San  Antonio,  Lavaca,  and  Brazoria.  Two 
were  generally  placed  together  that  one  might  remain 
and  recruit  while  the  other  visited  distant  stations, 
t)ften  in  danger  of  prowling  bands  of  Comanches 
or  more  treacherous  Lipans  who  ravaged  the  frontier. 

When  the  fall  of  Mexico  City  put  an  end  to  hos- 
tilities, and  peace  was  near,  Mexicans  began  to  settle 
again  in  ranches  along  the  Rio  Grande.  These  were 
attended  by  Rev.  Mr.  Estany  from  Corpus  Christi. 

Bishop  Odin,  though  suffering  much  from  illness, 
laid  the  corner-stone  of  his  cathedral,  a  Gothic  struc- 
ture seventy-four  feet  by  120,  on  the  14th  of  March, 
1847,  and  was  encouraged  by  the  hopes  of  seeing  it 
completed  before  winter,  but  the  city  soon  lost  much 
of  its  population,  and  it  was  not  till  the  close  of  the 
following  year  that  he  could  nuike  any  arrangement 
for  its  dedication.  The  poverty  of  his  fiock  was  such 
that  he  made  a  visit  to  Philadelphia,  Boston,  and  other 
Northern  cities  appealing,  and  not  in  vain,  for  aid. 

During  the  year  1848,  the  energetic  priest.  Rev.  Mr. 


'i 


/iff 


11^.  -^..il 


ill 


f»      Ti/i-:  cnuRCit  IN  niF.  ummi)  statls. 

Ht'iinessy  teid  the  corutT-stoiu?  </f  a  new  ('ImrcU  at 
NiiC()K<loclies.  iiml  (Indicated  it  on  flie  lltli  of  .Iniu' ;' 
bwt  in  Augusta  f'-arful  liiirnciinn  K'"t'iitly  injured  tlio 
roof  of  tlieCiitliedra!  wiiicli  JKulcost  soniucliexeitioii. 

In    Sepfembei-    tlie    Bislioi     visited   San   Antonio, 
vvii.  IV  \w  wiis  anxious  to  estabi    U  a  fenial(»  academy, 
the  Uraidin.'s  of  Galveston  olTering  to  undertake  the 
difficult  task.     Ife  obtained  a  site  and  nnidt!  contractH 
for  erecting  a  building  fi>i-  tlieni.     He  also  visited  tlie 
German  stations  in  that  part  of  his  diocese,  adminis- 
tering conlirmation  and  ordaining  Rev.  Mr.  Domeneili 
in  the  ancient  church  of  San  Antonio.     He  returned 
by  way  of  Lavaca,  Victoria,  Cummings  Creek,  and 
Houston.     Before  long  the  old  Mexi«'an  population 
of  Goliad,  driven  away  by  Texan  hostilities,  seehig 
the  country  peaceful,  returned  and  began  to  rebuild 
their  old  homes.     Their  church  had  been  seized  by  a 
Protestant,  from  whom  the  Bishop  failed  to  recover  it, 
so  that  he  said  mass  in  a  private  house. 

Bishop  Odin's  visitations  in  Texas  in  1850  took 
seven  months,  during  which  he  traveled  more  than  two 
thousand  miles.  The  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools 
opened  at  San  Antonio  a  school  and  had  ninety  pupils.' 

At  Galveston  the  Bishop  had  lal)ored  to  complete 

'  Bishop Odinin  Bt'rlchte  dor  Ixjopoldlncn  Stlftung,  xlx.,  pp.  16;  xx  , 
p  81  :  .xxii.,  p.  5  ;  Ucv.  .M.  HumicsMy,  Giilveslon,  Juiif  24.  1S47;  Hi'v. 
Mr.  Dubiiis, Oct.  3r),  1847  ;  Dotncnccli,  "  Jouriml  il'iin  MiHsioniiiiir.' an 
Texas  et  an  Mexique."  Paris,  1857,  pp.  87-l()0.  Uisiiop  Odin  to  Hislio|) 
Blanc,  May  18,  Sept.  22,  Dec.  10,  1844  ;  Aujj.  3,  1846  ;  Mardi  4,  184T  ; 
,Iiiu  18  1849  ;  Oct.  6,  1849  ;  Boston  Ciitli.  Observer,  i.,  p.  73  ;  Freeman  s 
(oiirnai.  vii..'pp.  161-333  ;  ix..  Sept,  9.  1848  ;  PittsburKli  Catliolic,  iii  , 
p.  139;  v.,  p.  339;  U.  S.  Catli.  Magazine,  vil..  pp.  212,  490;  Bisliop 
Chanclic   to  Archbishop  Eccleston,  Fel>.  20,  1840. 

'  Bishop  Odin  to  Bisliop  Blanc.  Dec.  9,  Mm  ■  May  23,  IS,')!  ;  .\  aust 
10,  Dec.  12,  18.53  ;  Freemans  .I.mrnal,  I),  c.  30,  1848;  Sept.  21,  I8611 ; 
Mays.  1852;  Dotnenech,  "Journal  duu  Missionuaire  uu  Tar.- < '.  h'i 
Mexique  "  pp.  207,  249,  etc. 


DIOCKSK  OF  GALVESTOX. 


991 


liin  ratliodriil,  imd  his  pious  wisli  was  irratitind  in 
1S4!».  Hisliop  Hlimc,  of  Nhw  (Jil.'iuis,  and  Hishop 
Tinion,  of  iiniralo,  ouch  l»n>fe(!t,  of  T»«x  i,  cam«  to  j(»in 
in  tliesolnnin  dHdioiition,  wluch  tool^  plac«  on  tlifri'iUlli 
of  Novendwr,  1849,  Hisliop  Blanc  oelebrati'ig  tlio 
solemn  pontifical  mass,  and  Uisliop  Tinion  preaching. 


\M  if 


CATIIKDUAl-,  GALVESTON. 


Rhv.  Gre<?ory  Menzel  was  labori?i^  amonj?  his  conntry- 
nit'ii  at  Xew  IJiaunsfels  and  Frcdfriclcsburg,  as  well 
as  at  Hastrop  and  Austin,  urging  Catholics  for  the  sake 
of  the  future  of  their  families  to  gather  near  each 
otiier  so  as  to  enjoy  the  benefits  of  clinrch  and  school. 
In  October,  1849,  three  Oblate  Fathers  of  Mary  Im- 
maculate, an  order  to  whiidi  liishop  Odin  had  ap- 
1/  -aled  in  Canada,  proceeded  from  Montreal  to  Browns- 
ville.    These  religious,  Fathers  Telmon,  Soulerin,  and 


292       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


m 


^  Pll 


Gaiulet,  laid  the  fonnclatiou  of  their  missions  in 
Texas.  Hiring  a  place  to  live  and  offer  the  holy 
sacritice— for  there  was  no  church— they  opened  a 
subscription  list.  A  few  put  down  their  names  from 
speculation,  but  there  seemed  to  be  no  faith.  Some 
Mexicans  came  to  mass,  but  nothing  could  rouse 
their  piety.  Julius  P.  Garesche,  an  oflBcer  in  the 
United  States  Army,  was  their  great  stay  and  comfort. 
They  could  not  even  secure  a  permanent  place  for  a 
chapel  till  a  German  Lutheran  took  pity  on  them. 
They  succeeded  at  last  in  erecting  a  plain  church, 
but  the  Oblates  were  all  recalled  by  their  Superior 
General  in  France.  It  was  not  till  18D2  that  these 
good  priests  returned  to  Texas,  Bishop  Odin  having 
pleaded  successfully  with  the  authorities  at  Marseilles. 

It  need  not  be  said  tliat  Bishop  Odin  found  it  diffi- 
cult to  obtain  and  retain  priests  for  his  diocese,  and 
several  of  those  who  earnestly  took  up  their  duties 
soon  sank,  like  Rev.  J.  M.  Paquin  at  Galveston  in 
August,  1843,  Rev.  James  Fitzgerald  in  1849,  Rev.  Mr. 
Jacobs  of  cholera  in  1850. 

Bishop  Odin  visited  Europe  again  in  1851,  and 
before  the  end  of  1852  was  consoled  to  have  Oblate 
Fathei-s  once  more  in  his  diocese,  and  four  Franciscans 
from  Bavaria  to  take  care  of  his  increasing  German 
Catholics.  Castroville  next  had  its  church,  due  to 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Dubuis,  and  in  the  new  town  of 
Brownsville,  which  sprang  up  opposite  Matamoras,  a 
Catholic  church  soon  faced  the  fort. 

At  the  beginning  of  1852  the  diocese  had  seventeen 
priests,  twenty  churches,  four  others  in  progress,  two 
academies,  and  four  schools.' 


'  Missions (le  la  Conprepntion  des  Missionnaircs  Obluts  de  Marie  Immn- 
culee,  Piiris,  1864  iii.,  pp.6:J-65;  U.  S.  Catli.  Mttgazinc,  viii.,  p.28;  Biriclitc 
der  Leopoldiiit'u  Stiftung,  xxiii.,p.  78  ;  xxiv.,  p.  82  ;  Ciitb.  Almanac,  18.12. 


BOOK  VI. 


CHAPTER  I. 

VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 

RT.  BEV.  JOHN  B.   LAMY,  BISHOP  OF  AGATHON  AND  VICAR-APOS- 
TOLIC, 1850-1852. 

Whex  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  ceded  to  the 
United  States  the  ancient  kingdom  of  New  Mexico 
which  had  already  been  occupied  by  an  American 
army  under  General  Kearne}^  the  bishops  of  the 
country  saw  that  an  ecclesiastical  government  would 
be  necessary.  New  Mexico  had  for  many  years  formed 
part  of  the  diocese  of  Durango,  and  had  been  visited 
more  than  once  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  Zubiria,  bishop  of 
that  see.  The  Pope,  at  the  instance  of  the  Ameri- 
can bishops,  erected  it  into  a  vicariate  apostolic  in 
1850,  and  placed  it  under  the  care  of  Rt.  Rev.  John  B. 
Lainy,  who  was  appointed  to  the  titular  see  of 
Agathon. 

The  early  history  of  the  Church  from  the  explora- 
tions of  Father  Mark  of  Nice  to  the  middle  of  the 
eigliteenth  century  has  been  already  given. 

In  August,  1730,  Bishop  Benedict  Crespi,  to  prevent 
any  undue  exaction  of  fees,  fixed  during  his  visita- 
tion by  a  public  document,  the  amount  to  be  given 
for  baptisms,  marriages,  burials,  and  requiem  masses. 
P'ven  as  thus  limited,  they  would  now  be  regarded  as 
high— sixteen  dollars  for  a  marriage,  or  a  funei-al 

293 


!'!( 


,'«f 


..i.H:.. 


ill 


i  '!J  ill 

^11 


^aiTf 


•    f*:i(KI 


iifllij 


294       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

with  requiem  mass,  and  generally  some  incidental 

expenses.' 

A  few  years  later  Father  Juan  Garcia,  Gustos  of  Isew 
Mexico,  addressing  the  friars  employed  there,  c()n>- 
phiined  that  many  frequently  left  their  churches,  tluir 
mass  on  Sundays  was  sometimes  omitted,  as  well  iis 
the  regular  instruction  of  children  in  Christian  doc- 
trine." His  successor,  Father  Christopher  de  Yraetn, 
found  like  cause  for  c()mplaint,and  threatened  with  ex- 
ile to  Zufii  any  missionary  who  without  permission  l.lt 
his  church  to  visit  Santa  Fe.  He  ordered  every  mis- 
sionary to  learn  the  language  of  his  Hock,  so  as  to  be 
able  to  preach  to  them  and  instruct  them  intelligently. 
He  directed  vocabularies  to  be  prepared  by  those  wlio 
had  mastered  any  of  the  languages  of  New  Mexico." 
These  orders  of  superioi's  show  a  sad  decline  in  tlie 
spirit  of  the  missionaries. 

In  1744  two  Franciscans  occupied  the  convent  nt 
Santa  F6  and  attended  the  Spanish  settlers,  few  In- 
dians living  in  the  city ;  at  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Cafiadn. 
a  missionary  had  a  fine  church  and  about  a  humlivd 
families  of  white  people ;  Alburquerque,  with  tlie 
hamlet  of  Arisco,  had  grown  up  within  a  few  yenis, 
but  was  apparently  yet  without  a  priest  or  church.  A 
missionarv  was  maintained  at  each  of  the  followiii,u- 
pueblos  :  Xambe,  San  Hdefonso,  San  Juan,  Picunes. 
Taos  had  two,  and  near  it.  in  1783,  Father  Joseph  Or- 
tes  de  Velaso  founded  a  mission  of  Jicarilhi  Apiiclus. 


'  Bishop  Crespi,  "  Cartii  ConUllfra  tocante  al  Arancd,"  Santa  Fe,  Aiii:. 

20,  nno. 

■'  F  .luaii  Garcia,  Circular,  Islcta,  .lunc  27,  1738. 

«  (Mn-ular  Inlcla,  .lulv  2.5,  1741.  Fall.cr  Gabriel  lo  la  Ilollurl,.  y 
Vilarde/,  Cuslos,  renewed  tliisdireclion  in  174;i-44.  Father  .lol.n  .loMpli 
Padilla  is  n.eMti(.n"d  as  master  of  the  language  of  tli.'  li'icres,  and  Fallur 
JIanuel  de  Hoix'fla  of  the  Teguas. 


VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  NEW  MEXICO.     295 

which  flourished  till  the  governor  sent  soldiers  to 
break  it  up  ;  two  missionaries  employed  at  Pecos  had 
without  any  aid  erected  a  line  church  and  convent ; 
there  were  missionaries  at  Galisteo,  Santo  Douiingo, 
Cochiti,  San  Felipe,  Santa  Ana,  Zia,  Jemes,  Laguna, 
:iiid  Acoma.  Zuni  enjoyed  the  labors  of  two  mission- 
aries. At  Isleta  Fathers  Charles  Delgado  and  Pedro 
Ignacio  del  Pino  not  only  attended  the  Indians  of  that 
pueblo,  but  also  cared  for  some  441  Moquis  who,  in- 
iluenced  by  their  zeal,  had  returned  to  the  faith  in 
1742,  as  well  as  a  mission  at  Valencia  composed  of 
Pawnee  and  other  Indian  captives  ransomed  from  the 
Apaches.  There  were  three  Franciscan  Fathers  at 
El  Paso,  one  as  chaplain  of  the  soldiers.  San  Lorenzo 
had  its  missionary  and  so  had  San  Antonio  at  Senecu. 
The  Father  stationed  at  San  Antonio  de  la  Isleta  was 
erecting  a  fine  large  church.  Socorro  and  Nuestra 
Seuora  de  las  Caldas  each  had  a  resident  priest. 

In  September,  1745,  Father  Charles  Delgado,  with 
Fathers  Joseph  Irigoyen  and  John  Joseph  Toledo  set 
out  again  for  Moquis,  and  were  able  to  visit  all  the 
towns,  preaching  openly,  and  reviving  the  faith  in 
many.' 

The  next  year  we  find  Father  John  Michael  Men- 
cliero  attempting  a  new  mission  among  a  band  of 
Apaches  who  had  settled  at  Cebolleta,  and  he  was 
encouraged  by  the  docility  which  they  displayed.' 

In  1752  the  church  of  Santa  Ana  was  rebuilt  neatly 
ami  commodiously  by  Father  Francis  Davila. 


'Fatlicr  John  Michnel do  Menchoro,"  Relation  deVariasExpedicionc's," 
May  18,  1744 ;  Father  Cliarlcs  Delgado  to  Father  Commissary  Peter 
Navarreto.  June  18,  1744;  /vJovember  15,  1775  ;  July  11,  1740  ;  Meline, 
"Two  Thousand  ^lilcson  Horseback,"  Xew  York,  1868,  pp.  214,  etc. 

•'  Father  John  Josepli  Perez  de  Mirubul  to  Father  Commissury  John 
Fosriieriw,  July  8,  1746. 


■■,m 


Si--,  'li 


'ii 


_'-'3m 


w5fl:l| 


'm 


.43. 


.'■  i  ''"'J 


\'- -.:■.' 


l:;Mii- 


^^H^^^i 

Nil 

If  IP 

P^ffi  : 

Wk 

^^m  ;i 

H 

^n  1 

fll 

HH  ' 

\  .-,'> 

296       r/fi?  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

In  1759  the  Rt.  Rev.  Peter  Tairiaron  y  Roniezul 
issued  an  edict  requiring  the  parochial  clergy  ami 
missionaries  to  perform  their  duties  faithfully,  espe- 
cially  in  the  proper  celebration  of  the  holy  sacriiice 
on  Sundays  and  holidays,  as  well  as  in  constant  in- 


SIGNATURE  OF  RT.    REV.  JOHN  MICHAEL  MENCnERO. 

struction  in  Christian  doctrine.  He  then  began  a 
visitation  of  his  diocese  in  which  he  reached  several  of 
the  missions  of  New  Mexico.' 

The  Bishop,  as  well  as  the  custos  and  visitor  of  the 
Franciscan  mission,  was  constant  in  exhortations  to 
the  missionaries  to  instruct  their  people  and  main- 
tain schools  in  which  children  learned  to  read,  write, 
and  cipher ;  but  while  they  endeavored  to  have  re- 
ligious instruction  given  in  the  pueblos  in  the  lan- 
guage peculiar  to  each,  a  royal  order  required  cate- 
chism to  be  taught  in  Spanish,  and  a  certain  number 
of  Spanish  catechisms  was  regularly  forwarded  to  each 
mission."  The  missionaries  were  generally  sent  from 
the  Convent  of  San  Fernando  in  Mexico  for  ten  years, 
the  government  making  them  a  yearly  allowance  of 
$33(»,  and  paying  the  traveling  expenses. 


'  Bitliop  Tumaron.  "  Edit-to  de  Cordillent,"  July  7,  1T59  ;  Concilios 
Proviticiiilcs  dc  Mexico,  ii.,  p.  374. 

»  Father  Custos  John  de  Lipiime,  July  10,  172fl  ;  Father  Ciistos  Joseph 
Anthony  Guerrero,  May  18,  1727  ;  Father  John  Michael  Meiiclu  ro. 
May  14,  1731  ;  June  6,  1740;  Father  Custos  Joseph  Ortisde  Vclusco,  July,. 
1734. 


I 


x^-- 


VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  NEW  MEXICO.     297 

New  Mexico  was  declining  in  population,  and 
though  Spain  soon  obtained  Louisiana,  no  effort  was 
made  to  benefit  New  Mexico  by  trade  and  no  extension 
was  given  to  the  Indian  missions. 

In  1777  the  erection  of  a  college  of  religious  at  Santa 
Fe  was  seriously  taken  up,  but  though  the  institution 
was  established  by  a  royal  order  on  June  30,  and  a 
special  brief  of  the  Pope  was  issued  November  17, 
1779,  the  institution  never  came  into  existence,  A 
building  was  actually  erected,  and  lands  marked  out 
to  support  twelve  religious,  but  the  college  was  never 
opened,  although  the  Commissary-General  of  the 
Indies  made  strenuous  exertions  in  1806  to  have  the 
wishes  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  and  of  the  King 
carried  out,' 

In  1779  the  chapel  of  Maria  Santisima  de  la  Luz 
was  erected  on  the  plaza  at  Santa  Fe  as  a  chapel  for 
the  garrison,  and  was  attended  by  a  Franciscan  Father. 
On  the  Oalle  Real,  east  of  this,  was  the  parish  church 
of  St.  Francis,  with  its  lady  chapel  dedicated  to  tlie 
Blessed  Virgin  as  La  Conquistadora.  Two  Francis- 
can Fathers  of  the  neighboring  convent  attended  it. 
South  of  the  city,  at  Analco,  was  the  little  Church  of 
St.  Michael,  wliere  mass  was  said  on  holidays  for  the 
Genizaros,  descendants  of  Indians  ransomed  from  the 
Apaches.  The  population  of  Santa  Fe  and  Analco  was 
estimated  at  1915,  The  missionaries  at  Santa  Fe  at- 
tended Tesuque,  which  had  dwindled  to  a  place  of 
less  than  a  hundred  Spaniards  and  Indians,  Galisteo 
had  a  church  and  house  for  the  missionaries,     Pecos 


'  Pedro  BnpHstii  Pino,  "  Exposicion  Suciiitiiy  Si-iicilliidu  la  Provincia 
del  Xuovo  Mexico."    Cadiz.  1812,   pp.    25-56;  "  Xoticias  Historicas  y 
Estadisticas  de  la  Antiiriia  Provincia  del  XnevoJiexico  ....  adiciona- 
daa  por  el  lie.  Dr.  Antonio  Bareiro  y  D.  Jose  A.  de  Escudero  "  Mexico 
1848,  pp.  31-32, 


-i,:l 


'  '4 


298       r/T^  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

had  been  greatly  reduced  by  the  attacks  of  hostile 
Indians  and  was  attended  by  a  single  missionary.  The 
Church  at  Santo  Domingo  was  large,  fine,  well  roofed 
and  painted,  witli  a  comfortable  house  for  the  priest 
in  charge,  who  had  seventy-eight  families  as  his  flock. 
At  Acoma  there  was  a  line  church,  capable  of  holding 
three  thousand  people,  and  a  convent  with  accommoda- 
tions for  twenty  religious,  but  wars  had  reduced  the 
population  to  272  families. 

About  this  time  Father  Sylvester  Velez  Escalante 
renewed  the  efforts  made  by  previous  Franciscan 
missionaries  to  regain  the  stubborn  Moquis. 

El  Paso  had  a  fair  church  and  a  convent  in  which 
two  Franciscan  Fathers  resided. 

These  few  facts  we  glean  fj'om  a  document  of 
Father  John  Augustine  de  :Morfi,  the  historian  of 
Texas,  who  unfortunately  does  not  enter  into  any 
details  of  the  religious  condition  of  the  province. 
The  Church  at  Zuni  was  rebuilt,  we  find,  in  1780,  that 
of  Sandiainl784,  Alburquerque  in  1790,  Belen  in  1793.' 

Amid  the  wars  caused  by  the  French  Revolution, 
the  forced  abdication  of  the  king  and  the  intrusion  of 
Joseph  Bonaparte  on  the  throne  of  Spain,  confusion 
prevailed  in  all  the  American  provinces,  and  religion 
declined  in  New  Mexico.  In  1801,  the  Rt.  Rev. 
Francis  Gabriel  Olivares  y  Benito,  Bishop  of  Du- 
rango,  endeavored  to  remedy  the  evils  which  afflicted 
New  Mexico.  He  established  vicars  forain,  with 
powers  of  ecclesiastical  judge."  Secular  priests  were 
placed  in  the  white  settlements  and  canonical  parishes 
formed.     In  1808  Santa  Fe  had  a  population  of  4731, 


'Fr.  .Jimu  Aptistin  do  Morfl,  "Description  Geogmflca  del  Nuevo 
Mexico,"  anode  1783. 

■■'  Patent  of  Bisliop  Olivares  appointing  Don  Juan  Jose  Sida,  Vicar 
foraneiis  of  Albuniuerque,  Dec.  3,  1801. 


I    -I 


!      ■  lA 


VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  NEW  MEXICO.      299 

Canada  2315,  Alburquerque  4051,  exclusively  white. 
In  these  towns  the  clergy  lived  by  the  fees  and  con- 
tributions of  the  faithful.      Whites   preponderated 
largely  in  Pecos,  Pojuaque,  San  Juan,  Taos,  Abiquiu, 
Santa  Clara,  and  Isleta.     The  total   population  was 
34,74;"),  the  ten  thousand  and  sixty-three  Indians  being 
attended    by  seventeen    P^ranciscan    Fathers.      The 
parish  church,  Santa  Fe,  had  been  rebuilt  by  the  late 
parish  priest  Don  Antonio  Ortiz.     It  had  its  Lady 
chapel  of  La  Conquistadora,  and  one  of  St.  Joseph, 
and  was  well  supplied   with  church  plate,  but  the 
vestments  were  worn  out,  and  those  belonging  to  the 
Confraternities  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament   and    the 
Ilosary  were  used.     The  Third  Order  of  St.  Francis 
had  a  cliapel  which  they  were  rebuilding.     Many  of 
the  churches  in  the  pueblos  had  only  old  worn-out 
vestments,  there  being  too  much  indolence  and  too 
little  spirit  of   religion  to  make  any  sacrifices  for 
God's  sake ;  but  Pojuaque  had  a  new  church,  the  altar- 
piece  the  gift  of  Don  Antonio  Jose  Ortiz,  with  church 
plate  and  vestments  given  by  him  and  by  the  mis- 
sionaries.     At  Canada  and    San    Juan    there  were 
similar  marks  of  zeal,  Fatliers  Sierra,  Vera,  Prado, 
Gonzalez  being  noted  as  among  those  who  gave  liber- 
ally and  stimulated  others.     Antonio  Beitia  of  San 
Juan  de  los  Caballeros  is  mentioned  as  tlie  chief  bene- 
factor among  the  Indians.' 

The  necessity  for  a  resident  bishop  in  New  Mexico 
was  felt,  and  wlien  a  Cortes  was  held  in  Spain,  at 
which  tlie  American  colonies  were  represented,  Don 
Pedro  Bautista  Pino,  deputy  for  New  Mexico,  printed 
an  account  of  the  province  and  strongly  urged  the 
erection  of  an  episcopal  see  at  Santa  Fe,  as  the  prov- 


'  Father  Joseph  B.  Percyrti,  "  Nolicia  de  his  Misioiies,"  Dec.  30,  1808. 


'^^ 


•:'.« 


I 

A* 


f" 
S 


*  •  '• »  v\ 


300       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ince,  though  it  contained  40,000  inhabitants  and  the 
tithes  annually  sent  to  Duiango  amounted  to  ten 
thousand  dollars,  had  not  seen  a  bishop  for  fifty  years. 
The  king  of  Spain  accordingly,  by  a  royal  decree, 
called  on  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  authorities  in 
Mexico  for  full  and  detailed  information  on  the  con- 
dition of  the  country,' 

The  plan  was  never  carried  out,  but  the  next  year 
the  Bishop  of  Durango  sent  Don  Juan  Tonias  Terrazas 
to  Santa  Fe  as  vicar  forain  and  ecclesiastical  jiulge  ; 
and  in  1817,  the  Marquis  of  Castaniza,  Bishop  of 
Durango,   appointed    Don    Juan    Bautista    Guevara 


/^  (yV.\JaoiAr /^cUM^i<^-iZ!^ 


8I0NATCUE  OF  VERY  KEY.    JOHN  BAPTIST  OUEVARB. 

Visitor-General,  Sub-delegate,  and  Ecclesiastical  Gov- 
ernor of  the  province  of  New  Mexico,  Although  the 
revolution  had  already  begun  in  Mexico,  and  Bishop 
Castaniza  fulminated  censures  against  all  who  took 
up  arms  against  the  royal  power,  especially  General 
Mina,  and  the  unworthy  priest  Mier,  the  Very  Rev. 
Dr.  Guevara  proceeded  to  New  Mexico,  and  after 
visiting  Paso  del  Norte,  San  Lofenzo,  Senecu,  Isleta. 
Xemes,  and  Socorro,  on  JJOth  March,  1818,  announced 
from  Santa  F6  the  opening  of  his  visitation   at  Ca- 


'  Pino, "  Exix)si(loii 


del  Nuevo  Mexico,"  pp.  7, 2.').     Seizor  Pino 


did  not  l<n()W  liow  ii1)isliop  wns  altiml  till  lie  reached  Cadii;.     Fcrdinnnd 
YII.,  Ueul  Cedula,  Jan.  27,  1^15. 


V. 


VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  NEW  MEXICO.     301 


iiada.'  On  the  26tli  of  January,  1818,  the  Spanish 
Cortes  passed  an  act  for  the  establishment  of  an 
Episcopal  see  and  seminary  at  Santa  Fe,'  but  the 
power  of  Spain  was  drawing  to  a  close. 

When  Iturbide  was  made  emperor,  Bishop  Cas- 
tafiiza  recognized  the  new  order  of  things,  and  was 
elected  a  deputy  to  the  congress  of  the  Mexican 
empire,  leaving  his  diocese  in  charge  of  three  admin- 
istrators. But  the  rule  of  Iturbide  soon  ended,  and 
those  who  rose  to  power  showed  no  love  for  religion. 
All  natives  of  Spain  were  exiled,  and  some  of"  the 
best  priests  and  religious  were  driven  out  of  the 
country. 

In  1824,  Bishop  Castafiiza  appointed  Don  Agnstin 
Fernandez  de  San  Vicente  his  Vicar-General,  Visitor, 


SrONATCRE  OF  VEUY  REV.  DU.  DON  AGT79TIN  FERNANDEZ  DE  SAN 

VICENTE. 

and  Ecclesiastical  Governor  of  New  Mexico,  but  that 
clergyman  did  not  reach  Santa  Fe  till  after  the  death 

•  "  Libro  .le  Providencias,  oirculares  rcalcs  y  opiscopales  que  liaa 
veiiido  i\  cstii  villa  de  Santa  Fee  desde  el  dia  24  de  Jiiiiio  de  1810." 
"  Santa  Vieita  Ecca.  lierlia  por  el  Dor.  Don  Juan  IJnutista  Ladroa 
del  Nifio  Guevara,"  ano  de  1718. 

'Pino,  "Noticins  Ilistoriea*  ....  del  Nuevo  Me.\ico,"  p.  34. 


4 

.'Hi 


;-\v 


,4| 


■H 


-  f 


'■i 


!   y 


:«)2       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

of  the  Bishoi).     His  appointment  being  confirmed  by 
the  chapter  of  Durango,  with  the  consent  of  the  gov- 
ernment at  Mexico,  he  entered  on  his  duties  at  aunta 
V(\  April  10,  18-26.     The  missions  of  Taos,  San  Juan, 
Abiquiu,  Belen,  and  Bado  had  been  secularized  and 
were  now  passing  into  the  hands  of  secular  priests. 
Tlie  religious  protested,  but  Father  Sebastian  Alvarez, 
Gustos,  or  superior  oi  the  Franciscan  Fathers,  cooper- 
ated  with  the  visitor  as  far  as  he  could,  although  the 
latter  was  very  hostile  to  the  friars,  and  a  friend  and 
adherent  of  Manuel  Arispe.     His  rule  was  severe  and 
inflexible.     The    Gustos    Father    Alvarez    drew    up 
a  plan  of  studies   for   a  college  which  the  govern- 
ment proposed  to  found  at  Santa  Fe.     The  Rev.  A. 
J.  Martinez  was  appointed  parish  priest  of  Abiquiu. 
Rev.  Mr.  Leyva  of  Alburquerque,  Rev.  John  T.  Ter- 
razas  of  Santa  F6,  Rev.  John  F.  Ortiz  of  San  Juan  de 
los  Gaballeros,  Rev.  Francis  T.  de  Madariaga  of  Tome.' 
New  Mexico  received  a  new  ecclesiastical  ruhn-  in 
the  person  of  the  Bachelor  Don  Juan  Rafael  liascon, 
appointed  in  1828,  Ecclesiastical  Governor,  Yicar-Gen- 
eral  Forain,  and  Visitor,  by  the  chapter  of  *3nrango. 
He  reached  Santa  F6  on  the  nth  of  March,  1829,  and 
was  received  by  the  authorities  political,  military, 
and  ecclesiastical,  who  conducted   him  to  the  parish 
church,  where  a  Te  Deum  was  sung.     The  Franciscan 
custodia  was  nearing  its  end.     It  was  now  subject  to 
Father  Manuel  Garcia  de  Valle  as  vice-custos.'     Dr. 
Rascon,  as  usual  on  visitations,  called  for  the  produc- 
tion of  faculties,  renewing  them  where  he  found  no 
obstacle.     His  rule  was  more  kindly  than  that  of  San 
Vicente.     Dr.  Rascon  was  authorized  by  the  Sovereign 


'Acts  of  visitation,  etc.,  of  Very  Uev.  Dr.  Agu.stin  F.  de  Sun  VicLiit. , 
1S26  ;   Lil)ro  de  Gobierno.  1«26. 
■>  He  died  at  Siindiii  in  .Iwne,  IWW. 


,\  '• 


VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  NEW  MEXICO.      303 


ifi" 


Pontiff  to  confer  the  snoranient  of  coiifinnalion  in 
New  Mexico,  iind  on  the  1st  of  August,  lS'2d,  issued  ji 
circular  to  tlie  parisli  priests  directing  tlienj  to  prejjare 
the  cliildren  for  its  reception.  Tlie  number  of  priests 
in  New  Mexico  was  now  greatly  reduced,  so  that  two 
or  three  places  were  attended  by  the  same  clergyman, 
and  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  province  it 
became  necessary  to  pei'mit  some  priests  to  say  two 
iiiMsses  on  Sunday.  The  old  Church  of  San  Miguel  in 
Santa  Fe,  used  as  a  chapel  of  ease  to  the  parish  church, 
was  in  a  tottering  condition,  and  Dr.  Kascon  in  April, 
18;U,  authorized  the  sale  of  a  small  piece  of  land  in 
front  of  it  in  order  to  effect  the  repairs. 

Dr.  Rascon's  report  in  1830,  on  the  condition  of  the 
Clnirch  in  New  Mexico,  was  a  melancholy  picture. 
Cluirclies  and  parochial  residences  were  in  a  deplor- 
able, almost  ruinous,  condition,  some  so  utterly  unfit 
that  necessity  alone  justified  their  use  for  divine  ser- 
vice ;  the  vestments  were  old  and  the  altar  plate  scant\% 
so  that  unless  they  were  restored  it  would  in  a  few 
years  be  impossible  to  maintain  the  services  of  religion. 
As  in  former  times  churches  had  been  erected  and 
missionaries  maintained  by  the  king;  the  people  had 
never  been  accustomed  to  contribute,  and  now,  reduced 
ill  number,  impoverished  by  revolution,  they  could  not 
be  induced  to  begin.  In  Santa  Fo,  Alburquerque,  and 
La  Canada  the  fees  and  voluntary  contributions  had 
for  a  long  time  supported  the  clergy  ;  but  elsewhere 
they  amounted  to  nothing.' 

At  this  time  the  parishes  of  Alburquerque,  San  Juan 
de  los  Caballeros,  and  Socorro  were  vacant,  and  the 
missions  of  Picuries,  Nambe,  Pojuaque,  Pecos,  Santo 
Domingo,   Sandia,  Jemes,  Zia,   Santa  Ana,  Laguna, 


Rev.  Dr.  Rascon,  General  Report  of  Visitation,  Oct.  14,  18:^0. 


jU 


.;  i 


304      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Aconm,  and  ZuHl.  These  were  all  served  from  the 
jjlaces  where  «ix  secuhir  priests  and  live  Francis- 
cati  Fathers  .still  resideil.  IJarelro,  in  his  additions  to 
the  work  of  Pino,  says  that  many  persons  died  with- 
out confession  or  extreme  nnction,  and  that  nothing 
was  more  rare  than  to  see  the  Holy  Eucharist  adminis- 
tered ;  that  the  churclies  were  nearly  all  in  ruins,  and 
most  of  them  certainly  unworthy  of  being  called  tem- 
l)les  of  God.' 

The  long  vacancy  of  the  see  of  Durango  was  filled  by 
the  appointment  of  lit.  llev.  Joseph  Anthony  Laureaiio 
<le  Zubiria,  a  bishop  of  piety,  energy,  and  zeal.     The 


«-<^rK^  ZP/P^y^y'^^^^^o    fiAr 


8I0NATCBE  OF   KT.    UKV.  JOSEI'II   AXTUONY  I.ADREAKO  DE  ZtTHBtA. 

official  announcement  of  his  appointment  and  instruc- 
tions from  him  reached  Santa  Fo  in  February,  1832, 
and  he  was  at  Abiquiu  in  July,  and  on  the  feast  of  the 
Assumption  at  Santa  Fe,  commencing  his  visitation 
of  the  province. 

Rev.  John  Philip  Ortiz  was  then  vicar-general,  and 
in  October,  1833,  he  atid  the  j^arisli  priests  at  Taos  and 
Tome  were  empowered  by  Pope  Gregory  XVI.  to  ad- 
minister contirmation. 

'  Pino,  "Noliriiis  Ilistoririis  ....  del  Niievo  Mexico,"  Mexico, 
1H49,  p.  33.  I,il)ro  primero  do  jrol)icrno  ccclosinstico,  1828-1832  ;  Libto 
en  qur;  sc   iisiciilan    Ids  iiutos  dc   la  santa  vi>-it(»    ccca.   qf   eu  el  nflo 


1829,  comcDzo 


cl  Br.  Don  .luan  Uafai'l  Ha.st'on. 


wm^ 


VICARIATK  AIVSTOLW  OF  NEW 


\2C0.     30B 


The  Blsliop  found  Dr.  Rascon's  picftire  not  over- 
<lriiwii,  and  endeavored  to  arouse  tlie  zeal  of  tlie  faitli 
ful,  seeing  little  to   be  hoped  for  from  the  Mexican 
government,  which  soon  i  ideed  drove  him  into  exile.' 

During  his  visitation  he  made  regulations  in  regard 
to  the  repair  of  the  churches  and  improvements  in  the 
.service  of  the  altar,  as  well  as  in  regard  to  marriages 
with  ])er.son8  coming  from  the  United  States,  He  left 
New  Mexico,  however,  with  a  heavy  heart,  seeing  so 
much  to  be  done,  and  without  any  resources  or  power 


BKINATCIIE  OF  VERY  llEV.  JOHN    PHILIP  OUTIZ. 

to  effect  a  remedy.  Gavino  Perez,  a  native  of  Mexico 
who  was  made  governor  in  1837,  endeavored  to  restore 
religion,  and  by  liis  example  rendered  great  service. 
His  attenipts  to  establi.sli  schools  in  the  dei)artment 
led  to  an  insurrection  at  Taos.  lie  met  the  rebels 
bravely,  but  was  defeated,  and,  falling  into  an  ambus- 
cade, was  slain. 

Bishop  /ubiria  made  a  second  visitation  in  1845, 
and  again  labored  to  revive  a  spirit  of  faith  and  sacri- 
fice in  the  peojde. 

The  next  year  there  was  a  strange  riot  at  Tome, 
caused  by  the  attempt  of  the  priest  to  take  some 


IJisliop  Zubiriii,  Acts,  Oct.  21,  1883.     Libro  dc  Provideiicias. 


:n 

^H| 

4. 

W^m^K^BmMrW 

'  \ 

Ai'm/^Kg^**  T 

*M* 

ftliflHH.  ''s 

t 

tPUBKot 

■■'1 

H 

*i^l 


.4^ 


■•. -tf 


'?! 


30(5      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


statues  from  the  clnirch  in  the  holy  week  procession 
at  Valencia.  In  August,  General  Armijo  compelled 
Vicar-General  Ortiz  to  give  him  all  the  money  he  had, 
plate,  and  live  stock  to  enable  him  to  resist  the  Ameri- 
cans ;  but  he  did  nothing,  and  General  Kearney  en- 
tered Santa  Fo,  August  18,  1846.' 

The  last  custos  of  New  Mexico,  Father  Mariano  de 
Jesus  Lopez,  left  more  free  to  act,  visited  the  neglected 
mission  of  Zuni  in  May,  1847,  and  continued  to  do  so 
every  month.  He  baptized  many,  and  rehabilitated 
many  marriages.' 

Although  New  Mexico  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
Americans,  and  actually  ceded  to  them  by^  treaty, 
Bishop  Zubiria  lost  none  of  his  zealous  care  for  that 
part  of  his  diocese.  He  visited  it  for  the  third  time  in 
October,  1850,  and  in  view  of  the  danger  to  which  their 
faith  would  be  exposed  urged  the  Catholics  to  show 
the  old-time  zeal  in  restoring  their  churches,  and 
maintaining  the  true  worship  of  Almighty  God,  in 
order  to  uphold  "our  most  holy  Catholic  and  only 
true  religion,  amid  those  who  professed  heterodox 
creeds,  who,  by  the  liberal  system  of  the  existing 
government,  had  now  full  power  to  enter  and  reside  in 
that  part  of  his  diocese.'" 

When  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  added  to 
the  United  States  New  Mexico  and  California,  the 
American  hierarchy  felt  the  necessity  urgent  for  some 
action  on  the  part  of  the  Holy  See,  to  preserve  religion 
in  those  parts.  Nothing  was  known  of  the  zeal  and 
efforts  of  Bishop  Zubiria,  so  that  no  plan  was  concerted 

'  III-  iniwle  liiglisounding  proniiws  to  the  C'litliolic  populnlioii  nt  Las 
Vcsriis,  Aiiir.  15.  184ft.  Emory's  Ht-porl,  p.  27  ;  but  see  p.  34  for  the  real 
hatred  and  conteinpt  that  animated  many. 

'  Lil)ro  di' Cordilleriis,  Pueblo  de  Zufii.  1847. 

»  Act  of  ViHitutioii.  Santa  Fe,  Oct   2'2.  18.'H). 


VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  NEW  MEXICO.      307 


with  him.  The  Holy  See  erected  New  Mexico  into 
a  vicariate  apostolic,  and  appointed  to  the  task  of 
organizing  religious  affairs  there  Rev.  John  B.  Lamy, 
an  able  and  laborious  priest  of  the  diocese  of  Cincin- 
nati. He  was  born  at  Lenipdes,  France,  October  11, 
1814,  of  a  family  fruitful  in  vocations.  Educated  at 
Olermont  and  the  Seminary  of  Montferrand,  lie  was 
ordained  in  December,  1838,  by  Mgr.  Ferron,  Bishop 
of  Clermont.  While  assistant  priest  at  Chapre,  in 
1839,  he  volunteered  to  join  Bishop  Purcell  for  the 
Oliio  mission.  Stationed  at  Wooster,  and  subse- 
quently at  Covington,  he  showed  zeal,  piety,  devoted- 
ness,  and  an  endurance  which  shrank  from  no  toil. 
Large  and  scattered  bodies  were  carefully  attended  to 
keep  the  faith  alive  and  enable  all  to  fulfill  their  duti 
to  God.  From  these  labors  he  was  called  by  the  word 
of  Pope  Pius  IX.  Submitting  to  the  yoke  imposed, 
he  was  consecrated  at  Cincinnati,  on  the  24th  of  No- 
vember, 18o().  and  immediately  set  out  f(n'  his  vicariate 
by  wav  of  New  Orleans  and  Texas.  While  takino- 
this  long  and  unusual  route  he  met  with  an  accident 
and  was  laid  up  for  months  at  San  Antonio,  so  that  he 
did  not  reach  Sante  Fe  till  the  summer  of  IHnl. 

On  his  arrival  he  found  the  clergy  indisposed  to 
recognize  his  authority.  The  diocese  of  Durango  had 
not  been  canonically  divided,  nor  had  New  Mexico  been 
formally  detached  from  it,  so  that  they  still  regarded 
Bishop  Ziibiria  as  their  sujierior.  To  adjust  this  point, 
ami  remove  all  ground  of  objection  to  his  authority. 
Bishop  Lamy  set  out  on  horseback,  with  a  guide,  for 
Durango.  There  the  devoted  Dr.  Zubiria  received 
him  in  holy  friendship,  and  in  view  of  the  facts  of  the 
case  resigned  all  jurisdiction  to  the  American  portion 
of  liis  diocese,  leaving  the  zeal  of  Bishop  Lamy  to 
accomplish  the  great  reforms  required  there. 


Hi 


■'4 


/.nil 


.  ii 


'P¥i 


■i}fi\ 


308       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Returning  without  delay  to  liis  vicariate,  Bishop 
Lamy  visited  the  churches.  He  found  great  abuses 
existing,  and  by  kind  and  patient  advice  endeavored 
to  recall  the  clergy  to  a  true  ecclesiastical  spirit,  but 
few  would  respond  to  his  advice.  Very  Rev.  John 
F.  Ortiz,  who  had  so  long  been  virtually  independent, 
was  the  centre  of  opposition. 

Having  ascertained  exactly  the  condition  of  his 
flock,  Bishop  Lamy  set  out  for  the  Council  of  Balti- 
more.   The  estimated  population  of  New  Mexico,  at 

8I0NATUHE  OF   RT.    HEV.    .lOHN   B    LAMY. 

this  time,  was  sixty  thousand  Mexicans  and  ei^ht 
thousand  Indians.'  There  were  twenty-five  parisli 
churches  and  forty  scattered  chapels  to  be  regularly 
attended. 


'  The  estimated  population  was  probably  excessive.      It  was  34,129  iu 

1784. 


ilili;.  >iii: 


^I4a*r  ^i^^' 


'^^- 


eC^ 


SIGNATURE  0»    BT.  lUiV.  JOU^  lUrUAEL  KASCON. 


!  Am 


CHAPTER  II. 
VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  OREGON. 

RT.  BEV.   FRANCIS   NORBERT   BLANCHET,  BISHOP   OF   PHILADEI 
PHIA,  SUBSEQUENTLY  OF  DRASA,  VICAR  APOSTOLIC,  1843-1846. 

The  rise  of  the  Churcli  in  a  territory  for  which  t\\  o 
great  powers  were  contending  was  full  of  interest, 
and  in  time  subjected  the  missionaries  to  suspicion' 
calmnny,  and  danger.  Oregon,  after  the  expedition 
of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  in  1805,  became,  in  1810,  the 
scene  of  the  fur  trading  operations  of  John  Jacob 
Astor,  who  made  Astoria  his  chief  post.  Another  ex- 
pedition followed  in  1811  under  Captain  Hunt,  who 
came  across  the  continent.  Both  expeditions  con- 
tained Canadian  and  Iroquois  Catholics,  some  of  whom 
subsecpiently  took  service  under  the  Northwest  and 
Hudson  Bay  Com  panics.  Tliese  two  corporations  con- 
trolled Oiegon  for  many  years,  and  a  few  Canadians, 
after  being  in  their  employ,  settled  in  Wallamette 
valley.  This  was  the  cradle  of  Oregon.  There  was  no 
government  till  1824,  when  Dr.  John  McLaughlin  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's 
posts,  and  Fort  Vancouver  was  erected.  ' 

Some  Iroquois  took  up  their  abode  among  the  Flat- 
head or  Selish  Indians,  and  gave  that  tribe  an  idea  of 
Christianity.  The  English  were  virtually  in  posses- 
sion of  the  country,  tlie  United  States  doing  nothing 
to  enforce  its  claims.  The  first  attempt  by  Americans 
to  gain  a  footing  Avas  due  to  missionary  societies, 
under  whom  a  Methodist  mission  was  established  in 
18;J4,  and  a  Presbyterian  one  in  183G.     Tliese  missions 

3on 


*        '^''^ 


gitot  i-','--*'i1^l],i 


■m 


■M 


^'4 

'm 


•■* 


310      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


iHhh 


'I';! 


arose  out  of  two  delegations  snnt  by  the  Flatheads  to 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1830  and  1832,  to  ask  for  Cath- 
olic priests,  a  step  i)rompted  by  the  teachings  of  the 
Catholic  Iroquois.  The  Protestant  missions  were 
rather  settlements  than  mere  attempts  to  instruct  any 
Indian  tribe  in  the  truths  of  Christianity. 

Meanwhile  the  Canadians  in  the  Wallamette  valley, 
at  the  instance  of  Dr.  McLaughlin  wrote,  in  1834  and 
the  following  year  to  Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  Provencher,  Bishop 
of  Juliopolis,  then  at  Red  River,  as  the  nearest  Cath- 
olic authority,  asking  for  a  priest.     He  had  no  clergy- 
man whom  he  could  send  to  their  relief,  and  urged 
them  to  apply  to  Canada.      When  an  application 
reached  Archbishop   Signay  at  Quebec,  he  selected 
Rev.  Francis  Norbert  Blanchet,  then  parish  priest  of 
Les  Cedres,  who  had  been  on  the  mission  in  New 
Brunswick,  and  Rev.  Modeste  Demers,  to  become  the 
spiritual  guides  of  the  Canadian  settlers  on  the  Pacific 
and  found  missions  among  the  native  tribes.    On  the 
17th  of  April,  1838,  he  made  Rev.  Mr.  Blanchet  his 
vicar-general  for  Oregon.     To  reach  the  field  of  labor 
required  an  application  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Company 
for  transportation  for  the  two  priests.     The  directors 
of  the  company  recognized  that  the  Wallamette  valley 
was  certainly  American  territory,  and  must  ultimately 
be  yielded  to  the  United  States.     They  therefore  in- 
sisted on  the  establishment  of  the  mission  at  Cowlitz 
Portage,  which  they  regarded  as  certainly  within  the 
British  limits.     Very  Rev.  Mr.  Blanchet  accordingly 
set  out  from  Montreal  in  a  bark  canoe  of  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company,  May  3,  1838,  and  was  joined  at  Red 
River  by  Rev.  Mr.  Demers.     This  long  and  painful 
journey  of  more  than  four  thousand  miles,  brought 
tliem  at  last,  on  the  24th  of  November,  to  Port  Van- 
couver.    They  led  no  party  of  settlers,  and  went  with 


V\ 


4 


VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  OREGON. 


311 


nothing  but  what  was  required  by  their  sacred  calling. 
Tliey  had  said  iheir  first  nuiss  in  Oregon,  on  Sunday, 
October  14,  at  Port  Bend,  on  the  banks  of  the  Co- 
Imnbia.  -  At  tlie  House  of  tlie  Lakes  they  spent  a  week 
saying  mass  for  the  Catholics,  and  instructing  the 
Indians.  Then  by  way  of  Colville,  Fort  Okanagan, 
Fort  Walla  ^V^alla,  now  Wailula,  making  a  short  mis- 
sion at  each  place,  they  reached  Fort  Vancouver, 
where  they  were  welcomed  by  a  delegation  from  the 
Wallamette.  Here  the  Catholic  Cliurch  may  be  said 
to  have  made  its  first  abiding  home  in  Oregon.  The 
iirst  mass  was  said  in  the  schoolhouse  at  the  fort  on 
the  25th  of  November,  and  the  missionaries  labored  at 
the  fort  for  nearly  live  months.  During  this  time 
Very  Rev.  F.  N.  Blanchet  visited  Cowlitz,  where  he 
took  possession  of  the  land  set  apart  for  the  mission, 
nnd  erected  a  building  forty-five  feet  by  thirty  to  serve 
as  a  house  and  chapel.  Here  lie  found  much  todointhe 
mattei- of  instruction,  baptizing  children,  and  preparing 
adults  for  the  sacraments.  In  January  he  proceeded 
to  the  Wallamette  valley,  where  he  erected  a  similar 
stnicture,  :>oventy  feet  by  thirty  in  size.  The  first 
mass  at  Wallamette  was  said  January  6,  1839.  These 
v.ere  the  pioneer  churches  of  Washington  and  Oregon. 
The  total  number  of  the  Canadian  Catholics  in  the 
different  posts  and  settlements  with  their  wives  and 
children  was  estimated  at  about  900.  Many  liad  not 
seen  a  priest,  heard  mass,  orapproacaed  the  sacraments 
for  from  twenty  to  forty  years.  There  was  still  faith, 
but  there  was  great  ignorance.  Tiiis  required  patient 
instruction  to  be  given  to  old  and  young,  marriages  to  be 
validated,  children  to  be  baptized.  Very  Rev.  Francis 
N.  Blanchet,  as  vicar-general  of  the  Archbishop  of 
Qiielx'c,  formally  i)ul)lisiied  the  decrees  of  the  Council 


Trent  on  marriage 


There  was  labor  enough  here 


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312      THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STA  TES. 

for  the  missionaries,  but  they  endeavored  also  to  in- 
struct the  Indians  near  Cowlitz,  the  Calapuyas  in  the 
Walla mette  valley,  and  the  Chinooks  near  Fort  Van- 
couver. ' 

The  more  the  Rev.  Mr.  Blanchet  saw  of  the  country, 
the  more  he  felt  that  Wallamette  and  not  Cowlitz  was 
the  projier  place  for  the  centre  of  mission  labor.  On 
the  9th  of  October,  1839,  the  Hudson  Bay  Company 
authorized  liim  to  make  it  so. 

Among  the  Indian  tribes  of  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton there  is  a  great  diversity  of  languages,  and  had 
the  missionaries  been  compelled,  at  first,  to  study 
each  patiently  in  order  to  be  able  to  instruct  the 
natives,  progress  would  have  been  slow.  They  found, 
however,  in  general  use  what  is  known  as  the  Chi- 
nook jargon,  made  up  of  the  real  Ciiinook  language, 
French,  English,  Algonquin,  and  imitative  sounds, 
wliich  was  generally  understood  by  all.  This  became 
the  vehicle  of  the  first  instructions  of  the  missiona- 
ries to  the  Indians.  At  each  station  some  Frenchman 
able  to  read  was  appointed  to  recite  the  prayers, 
especially  on  Sundays,  and  to  teach  the  catechism. 
The  constant  labors  of  the  missionaries  were  shown 
by  the  fact  that  in  the  year  ending  March  1,  1840, 
they  had  baptized  288  and  performed  70  maniages." 

Meanwliile  the  appeal  of  the  Flathead  and  other 
Rocky  Mountain  tribes  to  the  Bishop  of  St.  Louis 
had  borne  fruit.     The  Society  of  Jesus  undertook  to 


'  Bishop  Provcnclicr  to  Dr.  McLnuplilin,  June  8,  1835.     Bishop  Si 
gnny's  Instructions,  April  17,  1838.     Mission  de  In  Colonibie  in  Hiippdrt 
sur  li's  Missions  du  Dioct-se  de  Qui'bcc,  1840,  pp.  11-41.     Arolibi.'ilio|> 
Biiinclict.  "  llistoricul  Sliftcties  of  tlie  Ciitiioiic  Cliurcli  in  Oregon  duriiij; 
tlie  past  Forty  Years,"  Portland,  Ore.,  1878.  pp.  20-05. 

'  I^lpport  sur  les  Mistiions.  iii.,  Quebec,   1841,  pp.  35-80  ;   Blanchet, 
•■  Historical  Sketches,"  pp.  60-81. 


VICARIATE  OF  OREGON. 


313 


announce  the  gospel  to  these  cliildren  of  the  forest 
and  mountain.     In  the  spring  of  1840,  Rev.  Peter  J. 
J)e  Sinet,  a  Belgian  Father,  set  out  for  the  lodges  of 
the  Plutheads.      He  left  Westport  on   the  30th  of 
April,  with  the  annual  expedition  of  the  American 
Fur  Company,  and  on  the  30th  of  June  reached  the 
place  of  meeting  arranged  with  the  Platheads.     On 
Sunday,  July  5,  he  celebrated  mass  at  a  temporary 
altar  for  the  Canadians  and  Indians.      Eight  days 
afterward  he  reached  the  camp  of  the  Flatlieads  and 
Pend  d'Oreilles,    where    he   was  welcomed    by    the 
great  chief  Tjolizhitzay.     He  closed  his  address  with 
these  words:    "'Our  desire  to  be  instructed  was  so 
great  that  three  times  had  we  deputed  our  people  to 
the  Great  Black  Gown  (Bishop)  in  St.  Louis  to  obtain 
a  Father.     Now,  Father,  speak  and  we  will  comply 
with  all  you  tell  us.     Show  us  the  road  we  are  to 
follow  to  come  to  the  place  where  the  Great  Spirit 
resides."    With  the  aid  of  an  interpreter  the  mis- 
sionary translated  into  Selish  the  Lord's  Prayer,  Hail 
Miuy,  Apostles'  Creed,  the  Ten  Commandments,  and 
the  Acts.     These  were  thenceforward  recited  morning 
and  evening  by  the  two  thousand  Indians.      After 
remaining  for  two  months  instructing   these  docile 
mountaineers.  Father  De  Smet  returned  to  St.  Louis 
to  make  preparations  for  a  permanent  mission.'    He 
readied  the  tribe  again  on  the  ir)th  of  August,  1841, 
with  Rev.  Father  Nicholas  Point,    Father  Gregory 
Mengarini,  and    three   lay    Brothers.      A    site    was 
selected  on  the  Bitter  Root  River  for  a  house  and 
chapel,  and  the  Brothers,  with  Indian  helpers,  had  all 
ready  by  St.  Martin's  Day.     Meanwhile  instructions 

'  Hev.  p.  J.  De  Smet,  P.  J..  Feb.  4,  1841,  in  "  The  Indian  MissionTh^ 
III"  riiited  Stales  of  Anu'ricii  under  the  Missunri  Province  of  the  Society 
of  Jmus,"  Pliiliidclpliiii,  1841,  pp.  22-34. 


i-:.i 


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n 


.ill. 


314       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

went  on,  and  the  feast  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  witnessed 
the  baptism  of  two  hundred  and  two  adults.  A  band 
of  Nez  Pjrcos  soon  gathered  near  them  anxious  for 
instruction.  Marriages  were  then  celebrated,  those 
liaving  more  tliau  one  wife  retaining  but  one. 
Sudi  was  tlie  commencement  of  St.  Mary's  Mission. 
Fatlier  De  Smetnext  visited  tlu?  Kalispels,  Kootenays, 
Occurs  d'Alene,  Shuyelpi,  and  Okanagans,  whom  lie 
fo.md  no  less  favorably  disposed.  Learning  of  the 
presence  of  Canadian  missionaries  in  Oregon,  he  made 
liis  way  to  Fort  Vancouver,  as  we  have  seen.' 

The  Protestant  missionaries  in  Oregon  looked  upon 
the  arrival  and  labors  of  Kev.  Messrs.  IJlanchet  and 
Demers  as  an  invasion  of  territory  which  they 
claimed  exclusively.  A  spirit  of  hostility  was  soon 
evinced,  and  (•oi)ies  of  Maria  Monk's  Disclosures  were 
circulated  ;  but  as  many  of  the  Protestant  gentlemen 
connected  with  the  Hudson  liay  Company  knew 
Montreal,  and  could  attest  that  tlie  descriptions  given 
were  taken,  not  from  the  Hotel  Dieu,  where  tlie 
wretched  creature  had  never  been,  but  from  a  house 
for  the  reformation  of  fallen  women,  of  whi(^h  she  had 
been  an  inmate,  the  book  was  soon  withdrawn  from 
circulation  in  Oregon. 

Undeterred  by  this  opposition  the  Catholic  mission- 
aries continued  their  work,  and  in  May,  1840,  Very 
Kev.  Mr.  IManchet  visited  Puget  Sound,  and  the  hind 
of  the  Snohomish  and  Scpiamish.  Among  the  latter 
lie  set  up  a  chapel  of  poles  and  mats,  and  began  Ills 
instructions.     To  aid  him  he  had  already,  following 


'  Dc  Siiu-t,  "  Lcttprs  imd  Skcttlics,  with  u  Niirralivc  of  a  Ycnr's  Hcsi- 
dciicc  anioiiK  llii-  Indian  Trilx's  of  Uw  Uocky  Mountains."  I'liiliulcliiliia, 
184;?.  pp.  9().  too,  17H,  220,  224 ;  Ix-llers,  Dec.  18,  1841  ;  Nov.  1,  is  10  in 
IJoriclilc  dcr  Leoiwldiiicn  Stiftmis:.  xviii.,  pp.  r.!J,  7:$ ;  Calh.  Caliinii,  p. 

cat). 


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tiller! 


VrCAIilATE  OF  OREGON: 


315 


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It'  > 

f  11  H 

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1 

the  pljui  of  Rc'/.  Mr.  Le  Nobletz  and  the  early  Jesuits 
in  Canada,  resorted  to  symbols  and  piei)ared  what  he 
called  "A  Chronological  and  Historical  Ladder  of 
Religion."  In  this  the  history  of  religion  was  shown 
in  a  way  easily  understood,  and  the  Reformation  ap- 
peared as  a  cr(K)ked  road  branching  off  into  many 
byways.  This  ladder  proved  of  great  assistance  in 
ennbling  the  Indians  to  retain  in  their  memory  the  in- 
structions of  the  missionaries.  He  also  visited  the 
Skallanis  and  ISkadgets.' 

Unable  to  meet  all  tlie  calls  upon  them.  Very  Rev. 
Mr.  Blanchet  and  his  associate  appealed  for  aid  in 
Sei)tember,  1841.  Rev.  Anthony  Langlois  and  John 
B.  Z.  Rolduc  set  out  for  Oregon  on  a  ship  from  Bos- 
ton, and  reached  Fort  Vancouver  Septend)er  Ifi,  1842. 

In  July,  1842,  Rev.  Uv.  Beniers  set  out  for  Fraser 
River  to  begin  a  mission  at  Fort  Alexander. 

Invited  by  Pohpoh,  chief  of  the  Clackamas,  Rev. 
^Ir.  Blanchet  began  a  mission  among  them  in  1841. 
The  Wallamette  Falls  Indians  next  received  the  mis- 
sionary after  some  hesitation.  The  Cascade  Indians 
were  more  cordial.  As  Methodists  had  already  visited 
these  tribes,  the  success  of  the  Catholic  priest  in- 
creased the  feeling  of  hostility  evinced  by  the  cutting 
down  of  the  Mission  Cross  in  the  Clackamas  villjige. 

Rev.  Mr.  Langlois  on  his  arrival  was  sent  to  Fort 
Vancouver  and  then  to  St.  Paul's  ;  Rev.  Mr.  I^olduc  to 
Cowlitz,  where  there  were  tive  Canadian  families.  As 
Rev.  Mr.  Demers  was  in  New  Caledonia,  and  visiting 
the  twenty-two  families  at  Nesqunly,  the  other  mis- 
sions, which  included  the  eighty  families  at  Wallamette 
and  the  Catholics  at  the  foi'ts,  were  attended  by  Very 
Rev.  Mr.  Blanchet.     He  was  consoled  on  the  18tli  of 

'  Kapimrts  sur  les  Missions  du  IMoce.se  de  (iuobcc.   No.  4,  Quebec,  1843, 
pp.  .W,  etc  ;  No.  5,  p.  '22. 


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« I 


310      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

November  by  the  solemn  reception  into  the  Chnrcli 
of  Dr.  John  McLaughlin,  who  hud  been  a  steady  friend 
of  the  missionaries,  and  a  careful  student  of  then- 
doctrines.  Governor  McLaughlin,  about  this  time, 
founded  Oregon  City  at  the  Falls  of  the  Wallamette, 
where  a  chapel  was  soon  erected.  Very  Rev.  Mr. 
Blanchet  continued  his  round  of  duties,  and  extended 
Ids  labors  to  the  Clatsops  and  Cay  use  Indians.' 

St.  Joseph's  College  was  opened  at  Wallamette  (mi 
the  17th  of  October,  1843,  with  thirty  boarders,  all 
sons  of  settlers  except  one,  the  son  of  an  Indian  ciiief. 
Rev.  A.  Langlois  was  director,  assisted  by  Mr.  King 
and  Mr.  liilodeau.  This  was  the  first  Catliolic  educa- 
tional establishment. 

The  condition  of  the  Oregon  mission,  and  the  neces- 
sity of  a  distinct  organization  for  it,  had  been  repre- 
sented to  the  Sacred  Congregation  de  Pi'opagunda 
Fide  both  by  the  Archbisiiop  of  Baltimore  and  his 
suffragans,  and  by  the  Archbishop  of  Quebec.  The 
Sovereign  Pontiff  accordingly,  by  his  brief  of  Decem- 
ber, 1843,  established  the  vicariate  apostolic  of  Ore- 
gon, embracing  all  the  territory  between  the  Mexican 
province  of  California  at  the  south  and  the  Russian 
province  of  Alaska  at  the  north,  and  extending  from 
the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  right 
of  the  United  States  to  the  49th  degree  was  admitted 
and  it  claimed  up  to  M°  40' ;  but  the  Holy  See  ignored 
the  claims  of  the  United  States. 

The  Very  Rev.  Francis  Norbert  Blanchet  was  ap- 
pointed   Bishop   of   Philadelphia,    in    partibus   iiili 
delium,  and  Vicar-Apostolic,  but  on  representation 
that  his  title  was  apt  to  lead  to  confusion,  he  was 
transferred   to    Drasa,  May   7,    1844.     The  news  of 

'  Very  Rev.  F.  N.  Bliinclict  to  Rev.  P.  J.  De  Smet,  Sept.  2»,  1841,  in 
De  Hrnut,  "  letters  niul  Skftclips,"  p.  229. 


mi 


VICARIATE  OF  OREGON. 


317 


Jiis  sippointment  did  not  reach  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Blan- 
chet  till  November  4,  1844. 

During  that  year  the  labors  of  tlie  mission  had  gone 
on,  and  tlie  old  settlers  were  gradually  bro!ight  back 
to  a  sense  of  their  Christian  duties,  and  some  progress 
made  in  reform.  More  good  was  effected  by  the  care- 
ful catechizing  of  the  women  and  children.' 

The  Jesuit  nnssion  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  re- 
inforced in  1843  by  the  arrival  of  Fathers  P.  de  Vos 
and  A.  Hoecken,  who  set  out  from  St.  Louis  in  April. 

On  the  Hist  of  July,  1844,  Father  de  Smet  arrived  in 
the  Infatigable  from  Antwerp,  after  a  long  and  danger- 
ous voyage.  He  brought  as  recruits  for  the  missions 
FiithHr8  Ravalli,  Accolti,  Nobili,  Vercruysse,  and  some 
lay  Brothers,  all  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  and  six 
Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  from  Namnr.  This  raised 
the  whole  missionary  force  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  to 
twelve  Fathers.  They  established  their  novitiate  and 
Seminary  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  near  the  village  of 
Cluimpols  on  the  XVallamette.  A  house  was  soon  be- 
gun for  the  Sisters,  but  mechanics  were  so  scarce  that 
the  Sisters  were  compelled  to  do  some  carpenter  work 
tlipniselves." 

They  took  possession  of  their  convent  in  the  month 
of  October,  and  their  chapel  was  dedicated  by  Bishop 
Blanchet  a  few  days  afterward." 

At  Christmas,  1844,  the  Flatheads  under  Fathers 
Mengarini  and  Serbinati  had  all  become  Catholics,  as 
had  the  Ccour  d'Alenes    under   Fathers  Point  and 

•  Arclibishop  Blunchct,  "  llistoricnl  Sketches,"  pp.  117-144  ;  •'  Rapport 
sur  los  Missions,"  Quebec,  1845,  pp.  3-64. 

■Catii.  Ciil)inet,  ii.,  pp.  437,  642;  ii.,  p.  570,  699.  Letter  of  F. 
Giv-ory  Mengarini,  Sept.  29,  1844,  in  Berichle  der  Leopoldinen 
Stiftung,  xix.,  p.  100. 

n)e  Sinef.  "Oregon  Missions  and  Travels  over  the  Rocky  Mountains 
ill  lH4:)-4«,"  New  York,  1847,  pp.  85-86,  05-97. 


^  ---■'V 


'.;ll,!!ft 


!|3|i  '!| 


■  r^if-i 


818       TUK  CHURCH  IN  THE  USITED  STATES. 

Joset.  The  great  festiviil  was  celebrated  by  genenil 
(•oiiitiimiions.  In  the  IViul  d'OreiUes  tribe  at  i<t. 
Ignatius  great  progress  had  been  made.  A  little 
village  of  fourteen  log  houses,  a  large  barn,  niaterijil 
reaily  for  a  chnrch  ;  three  hundred  acrea  in  grain, 
thirty  head  of  cattle,  with  hogs  and  fowls.  The  In- 
dian women  had  learned  to  milk  the  cows  and  cluii  n. 

It  was  a  great  obstatile,  however,  to  progress.  tli:it 
these  well  disposed  tribes  were  snrrounded  by  hostile 
Indians,  chiefly  HIackl'eet  and  Crows,  with  whom  they 
were  c<»nstantly  compelled  to  light  in  self  drrens.-. 
The  missionaries,  therefore,  made  every  effort  to  win 
the  HIackfeet  to  receive  their  teaching.' 

Soon  after  receiving  his  bulls,  the  Bishop-elect 
salU'd  on  a  vessel  for  London,  iind  thence  proceedeil  to 
Montreal.  There  he  was  consecrated  in  the  Cathednd 
by  the  Ri.  Rev.  Ignatius  Rourget,  Bishop  of  Montrenl, 
assisted  by  Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  Turgeon,  Coadjutor  of  Quelu'c. 
and  Rt.  Rev,  Dr.  Power,  Rishoi*  of  Toronto.  Mur. 
Prince,  Coadjutor  of  Montreal,  was  consecrated  at  the 
same  time,  July  '2."),  iy4r).  Reside  the  consecrator  and 
his  assistants,  two  other  l)ishops  and  one  hundred  and 
fifty  priests,  with  an  array  of  ecclesiastics,  were  ])res- 
ent.  rendering  the  ceremonial  one  of  the  grandest  yet 
seen  in  Canada." 

Soon  after  receiving  episcopal  consecration,  RislHip 
RIanchet  sailed  sigain  to  Europe  and  proceeded  to 
Rome  by  way  of  Relgiuni.  On  i-eaching  Rome,  he 
l>resented  a  memoir  to  the  Sacred  Congregation  d-' 
Propaganda  Fide.'     In  this  intep-sting  document  lif 


'  Do  Smet,  Orpgon  Mis'^ii'im,  i)p.  2r)8-59. 

■'  Rapport  siir  \>"^  MinnUms.  Qiulu'C,  1845,  vi.,  pp.  (U-60  ;  BtHclilc  (Id- 
Leo|M)l(liiifn  Slifiiinir.  xx.,  \)\>  K«  89.     Archtiishop  ninmhcl,  |).  LM 

'  Mt'iiioirf  presciili' A  lii  S.  (•unf^icpitiiin  ile  la  IVopiigiiuiif  in  Hap|"iit 
»urli!»  Misbious,  vii.,  QikIhc,  isJT,  jip,  •,»-24. 


,n  ii- 


VIC  Alii  ATI-:  OF  nitEOON. 


819 


represented  as  the  result  of  the  six  years'  hibors  foiir- 
ti'.'ii  chapels  ami  as  many  inissioiis,  oao  thoiisaml 
Kivmili  Canadians,  six  tiioiisand  Indian  converts,  and 
two  edtu-ational  eslahlisiiinents. 

After  leaving-  Home  he  visited  France,  Prussia, 
Havaria,  and  Austria,  receiving  encouragement,  aid, 
and  volunteers  for  the  work  to  be  accomi)lished  in 
t)regon. 

On  the  representations  of  Bishoi)  Blanchet  of  the 
nect'ssity  of  dividing  the  vast  vicariate,  the  Sovereign 
Poiititr,  on  the  24th  day  of  July,  1840,  erected  the 
arcliiepiscopal  see  of  Oregon  City,  and  the  dioceses  of 
Nescpialy,  Walla  Walla,  Fort  Hall,  Colville,  Vancou- 
v.T.  Princess  Charlotte's  Island,  and  New  (,'aledonia. 

During  the  absence  of  the  Bishop,  the  church  under- 
taken at  Oregon  City  and  the  i)ar()chial  r.'sidcnce 
were  completed  and  the  church  blessed  Febiiniry  8, 
1S4(5.  Father  Vercruysse  completed  a  church  at!  La 
(riande  Prairie.  The  brick  church  at  Wallamette,  the 
lirst  structure  of  that  material  in  Oregon,  one  hundred 
IV'Ht  long  by  forty-five  in  width,  was  dedicated  under 
the  invocation  of  St.  Paul,  November  1,  1840;  a  church 
was  also  completed  at  Vancouver. 

The  faith  taught  by  the  Catholic  priests  carried  con- 
viction to  sonie  hearts  broug)  '  ip  i  prejudice.  On 
July  31, 1845,  Dr.  Long  and  las  wife  were  received  into 
theCliurch  by  Father  ih  Vos,  at  Oregon  City,  and 
lion.  P.  H.  Burnett  on  the  7tli  of  June,  1840.  Several 
others  soon  followed  th"  example. 

The  Jesuit  Fathers,  in  1845,  extended  their  missions, 
establishing  that  of  Sf.  Francis  Regis  among  the  Creep, 
and  that  of  the  Assiunption  among  the  Flatbows. 
Father  Nobili  labored  among  the  Swushwaps  at  Fort 
Vancouver  and  Fort  Colville  with  great  fruit. 


■ '..  k 


m 


%J' 


M08T   llEV.  FIIANCIH  N.   lILAXCUtT,  AHCUmsHOr  OK   OUEOON   CITY. 


I 


CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF  OREGON  CITY. 

MOST  REV.  FKANCIS    NORBERT    BLANCHET,    FIRST  ARCHBISHOP 

1846-1852.  ' 

Auc'iiBisiiop  Blanchet  was  able  at  last  to  sail  from 
Brest  on  the  22a  of  February,  1847,  with  a  pious  col- 
ony of  twenty-one  persons,  three  Jesuit  Fathers,— 
Goetz,  Gazzoli,and  Menetrey,— with  three  lay  Brotliers; 
Rev.  Messrs.  Le  Bas,  McCormick,  Deleveau,  Pretot' 
and  Veyret,  secular  priests  ;  Rev.  Messrs.  B.  Delorme 
and  J.  F.  Jayol,  deacons ;  T.  Mesplie,  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  seven  Sisters  of  the  Congregation  of  Notre  Dame 
de  Namur.  After  a  voyage  of  nearly  six  months, 
tlieir  bark,  L'fitoile  du  Matin,  anchored  in  the 
Cohunbia  River,  August  13,  1847. 

Arclibisliop  Blanchet  took  possession  in  due  form 
and  erected  his  archiepiscopal  thronfe  in  the  Church  of 
St.  Paul,  on  the  Wallamette,  which  became  his  cathe- 
dral. He  soon  administered  confirmation  there,  at 
St.  P^ancis  Xavier's,  in  Cowlitz.  The  Rev.  Messrs. 
Jayol  and  Delorme  were  ordained  priests,  and  on  the 
feast  of  All  Saints  he  consecrated  tlie  Very  Rev. 
Modeste  Demers,  Bishop  of  Vancouver's  Island. 

In  his  diocese  of  Oregon  City,  and  the  district  of 
Nesqually  temporarily  annexed  to  it,  there  were  at 
this  time  ten  priests,  with  two  Jesuit  Fathers  at  St. 
Ignace,  and  thirteen  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame. 

On  the  28th  of  February,  1848,  Arclibisliop  Blanchet 
opened  at  St.  Paul's  the  first  provincial  council  of 
Oregon,  which  was  attended  by  Rt.  Rev.  A.  Magloire 

331 


"?! 


,. 


li 


3-i2       ?'//£;  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bhincliet. Bishop  of  Walla  Walla,  and  Rt.Rev.Modeste 
Demers,  Bislioi)  of  Vancouver's  Island.  The  holdini,^ 
of  such  an  assembly  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  within 
forty  years  after  the  division  of  the  diocese  of  Balti- 
more, and  tiie  tirst  erection  of  new  sees  in  tiie  United 
States,  was  a  striking  proof  of  the  progress  of  the 
Church.  In  the  decrees  tlie  Roman  ritual  was  abso- 
lutely adopted,  though  steps  were  to  be  taken  to  so 
licit  the  use  of  the  shorter  form  for  baptism.  The 
holidays  of  obligation  were  declared  to  be  Christmas, 
New  Year's  Day,  Epiphany,  the  Annunciation,  Corpus 
Cliristi,  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  the  Assumption,  All 
Saints,  and  the  Immaculate  Conception.  Permission 
was  to  be  sought  to  transfer  the  Puriiication,  St. 
.lolin  Baptist,  Easter,  and  Whit  Monday  and  St. 
Stephen's  to  the  Sunday  following.  The  fast  days 
were  also  regulated.  The  times  for  the  Benediction 
of  the  Blessed  Sacrament  were  fixed,  and  devotion 
encouraged  to  the  Sacred  Hearts  of  Jesus  and  Mary. 
The  clergy  were  exhorted  in  life  and  dress  to  he 
worthy  of  their  sacred  calling.  The  Bishops  also 
recommended  earnestly  the  use  of  the  Catholic  Ladder.' 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year  1848,  Archbishoi) 
Blanchet  took  up  his  residence  permanently  at  Oregon 
City,  where  his  cathedral,  dedicated  under  the  invoca- 
tion of  St.  John,  a  wooden  structure  sixty  feet  by 
thirty,  had  been  completed.  By  this  time  St.  Paul 
had  a  fine  brick  church  forty  feet  wide  and  one  liiiii- 
dred  feet  deep.  The  College  and  Convent  were  near  it. 
St.  Louis  had  also  its  church  under  Rev.  M.  Demers. 

The  Jesuit  Fathers,  under  Father  Joset  as  Superioi-, 
had  their  principal  liouse  about  a  mile  from  St.  Paul, 

'  Dt'crclii  Coiicilii  I'rovincialis  Orci^Diicnsis  I.  Sunoti  Pauli  h;iliiii 
difbus  2H-'J9,  Fobruarii  ft  1,  Murlii,  1S4H.  Collwtio  Lacuusis  iii.,  jiii. 
128-128;  U.  S.  Catli.  Hist.  Maguzino,  i.,  p.  74. 


DIOCESE  OF  OREGON  CITY. 


323 


and  besides  their  Indian  missions,  attended,  when 
neoessar}'.  Fort  Vancouver,  Oregon  City,  St.  Louis, 
and  St.  Paul.' 

The  Mexican  War  resulted  in  adding  California  to 
the  United  States,  and  when  gold  was  discovered  there 
a  general  emigration  from  Oregon  to  California  en- 
sued. Tlu:»ugli  many  perished  on  the  way  the  stream 
continued,  and  the  rising  churches  and  institutions  of 
Oiviion  Avere  greatly  embarrassed  by  the  loss  of  popu- 
lation. Several  priests  accompanied  those  who  de- 
2)arted. 

In  I80O  several  Cayuse  Indians  were  seized  as  the 
nuu-derers  of  Dr.  Whitman,  tried,  and  executed.     They 

BIONATUUE  oy  AUCIIUI8H0P  IJLANCIIKT. 

were  all  instructed  by  Archbishop  Blanchet  ;•.  e- 

l>:nvd  for  their  passage  to  eternity,  Tliey  dit-u  pro- 
testing their  innocence  of  any  complicity  in  the  crime. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  year  18r)3  the  diocese 
of  Oregon  contained  the  Cathedral  of  the  Sacred  Heart 
in  Oregon  City,  churches  in  French  Praiiie,  St.  Louis, 
]\)rt]and.  erected  in  IHAl  by  Kev.  .Tames  Croke,  six 
secular  priests,  besides  three  Jesuit  Fathers  under  Kev. 
Michael  Accolti,  Su])erior.  St.  Joseph's  College  had 
been  closed,  but  the  Namur  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame 
conducted  academies  at  St.  Paul  and  Oregon  Citv. 

I  Ari'lil)islii.|>  Bliinolict,  Sept.  20,  Nov.  15,  1848,  in  Ikriclitc  der  Leo- 
jiiikliiicii  Siifiiinir,  xxiii.,  pji.  Vl\,  137. 


H\ 


>'  SI 


^,:.,j 


m '! 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF  WALLA  WALLA. 

RT.  BEV.  AUGUSTINE    MAOLOIIIE    ALEXANDER    BLANCHET,   FIRST 

BISHOV,    1)346-1850. 

When  the  see  of  Walla  Walla  was  erected  the  Pope 
appointed,  as  its  first  bishop,  the  Rev,  Augustine  Ma- 
gloire  A.  Blanchet,  brother  of  the  archbishop,  who  was 
then  canon  of  Montreal.  He  was  born  August  22, 
1797,  at  St.  Pierre,  Riviere  du  Sud,  and  was  ordained 
priest  June  3,  1821.  He  had  been  emploj'ed  in 
mission  and  parochial  work  at  La  Magdelaine,  Clieti- 
canip,  Magre,  St.  Luc,  St.  Charles,  and  St.  Joseph  de 
Soulanges.  On  receiving  his  bulls  he  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Walla  Walla  in  the  cathedral  of  Montreal 
on  tlie  27th  of  September,  1846,  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Ignatius 
Bourget,  Bishop  of  Montreal. 

Feeling  the  want  of  a  religious  community,  he 
appealed  to  the  Oblates  of  Mary  Immaculate,  and 
obtained  Fathers  who,  in  August,  1848,  founded  an 
establishment  at  Olympia. 

He  set  out  with  them  and  Very  Rev.  John  B.  Brouil- 
let, — who  had  been  parish  priest  of  L' Acadie  and  whom 
he  made  vicar-general  of  his  diocese, — Rev.  Louis 
Rousseau,  and  Rev.  William  Leclaire,  already  iu 
deacon's  orders,  and  after  a  journey  of  five  months  in 
wagons  across  the  plains,  reached  Fort  Walla  Walla 
on  the  5th  of  September,  1847. 

The  diocese  of  Walla  Walla  comprised  with  the 
districts  of  Colville  and  Fort  Hall  the  country  between 
the  42d  and  50th  degrees,  and  contained  four  Jesuit 

894 


DIOCESE  OF  WALLA  WALLA. 


325 


mission  stations  and  one  in  the  Colville  district. 
Besides  these  and  the  Obhite  Fathers  he  had  two 
secular  priests. 

Bishop  Blanchet,  taking  up  liis  residence  at  Fort 
Walla  Walla,  assigned  fields  of  labor  to  the  priests 
who  had  undertaken  to  build  up  religion  in  his 
diocese.  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Brouillet  was  sent  to  Uma- 
tilla, and,  three  days  after  arriving  at  his  destina- 
tion, was  called  by  some  sick  persons  to  Wailatpu, 


RT.  REV.  AUGrSTIXE  M.    ,\.   BI.ANCHET,  HI8H0P  OP  WALLA  WALLA 
AND  SrBSEQfE.N'TLY  OF  NE8QUALLY. 

twenty-five  miles  distant.  Diseases  were  ravaging  the 
country,  the  Walla  Wallas,  Cayuses,  and  Snakes  be- 
ing the  chief  sufferers.  As  in  many  other  cases  the 
Indians  ascribed  these  fatal  diseases  to  witchcraft  or 
poison  introduced  by  the  whites.  The  priest,  but 
recently  .urived  in  Oregon,  a  stranger  to  the  Indians 
and  their  ideas,  on  reaching  Wailatpu  was  filled  with 
horror  on  learning  that  the  day  before,  the  Cayuses 


<    *  I 


4<^ 


r  i^ 


:}26       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

liad  attacked  the  Presbyterian  mission  there,  killod 
Dr.  Wliitman,  his  wife,  and  nearly  every  American  in 
tlie  phice.  Tlie  next  morning  lie  visited  the  widows 
and  orphans  who  were  held  as  prisoners,  and  gave 
them  all  the  comfort  he  could.  He  aided  a  Canadian, 
who  had  been  employed  by  Dr.  Whitman,  to  wash  and 
bury  the  victims  of  savage  cruelty.  Then,  after  bapt  iz- 
ing  a  few  dying  Indian  children,  he  set  out  in  order 
to  warn  Rev.  Mr.  Spalding,  another  Presbyterian  mis- 
sionary, of  what  had  occurred  and  of  his  own  danger. 
A  Cayuse  followed  him  and  his  interpreter,  but  they 
induced  him  to  discharge  his  pistol  to  give  them  light 
for  their  pipes.  Soon  after  they  met  Rev.  Mr.  Spald- 
ing. Through  his  interpreter  Rev.  Mr.  Brouillet 
wiu-ned  the  Cayuse  not  to  attempt  anything  against 
Mr.  Spalding,  to  whom,  as  soon  as  possible,  he  ex- 
plained what  had  occurred.  He  gave  him  all  the  pro- 
visions he  could  and  urged  him  to  flee  for  his  lilV. 
Not  twenty  minutes  after  the  American  missionary 
had  started  three  more  Cayuse  warriors  rode  up,  and 
were  furious  at  the  priest  for  enabling  Rev.  Mr.  Spald- 
ing to  escape.  They  followed  his  trail  in  hot  pursuit, 
bi^t  that  gentleman  reached  his  family  at  the  mission 
among  the  Nez  Percos  in  safety.  A  few  days  after 
\'ery  Rev.  Mr.  Brouillet  was  warned  from  Fort  Walla 
AVaila  that  the  Iiulians  had  resolved  to  take  his  life. 
It  would  have  been  rushing  to  certain  death  to  return 
to  Wailatpu  and  he  consequently  i)roceeded  to  the 
fort.  liefore  he  left,  however,  he  received  a  letter 
from  Rev.  Mr.  Spalding,  who  was  held  as  a  prisoner 
by  the  Nez  Percos, 

All  Oregon  was  at  once  excited  ;  tlie  Cayuses  yiro. 
pared  for  a  general  attack  on  the  whites,  and  many 
tribes  seemed  disposed  to  join  them,  but  a  Cayuse 
force  marching  against  the  Dalles  was  met  by  a  body 


DIOCESE  OF  WALLA  WALLA. 


827 


of  wliites  and  repulsed  with  loss.  Then  the  Walla 
Wallas,  Yakamas,  and  Nez  Perces  deserted  the 
Cayuses,  and  made  peace.  Rev.  Mr.  Spalding  and 
his  fanjily  were  saved. 

It  is  scarcely  credible,  and  is  a  reproach  to  human 
nature,  that  Rev.  Mr.  Spalding,  who  owed  his  life  to 
Vicar-General  Brouillet,  and  so  acknowledged  at  the 
time,  in  later  years  interpolated  his  early  accounts  so 
us  to  charge  that  the  Indians  were  instigated  by  the 
Catholic  missionaries.  Dr.  Whitman  and  Rev.  ^h\ 
Spalding  had  been  for  some  years  among  the  Oregon 
Indians,  and  ought  to  have  acquired  influence  o"ver 
them.     Rev.  Mr.  Brouillet  reached  Fort  Walla  Walla 

SIONATDRE  OF  HISIIor  Al'GUCTINE  M.  A.  BLANCHET. 

on  the  4th  of  October,  and  Umatilla  on  the  27th  of 
November.  Two  days  after  the  massacre  took  place 
at  Wailatpu,  where  he  had  never  been,  and  where  he 
was  unknown  to  the  Indians. 

Bisliop  Blancher.  on  his  side  exerted  himself,  with 
some  CXvnse  and  Nez  Perce  chiefs  camped  near  the 
fort,  in  order  to  rescue  the  survivors  at  Wailatpu,  and 
Dr.  Spalding  and  his  family  among  the  Nez  Pe'rcos. 
Tlie  Wailatpu  survivors  reached  Fort  Walla  Wnlhi 
December  29.  and  Rev.  Mr.  Spalding  and  his  fanulv 
oii  New  Year's  Day.' 

Such  were  the  unfortunate  events  amid  which  Bishop 
Blanchet  began  his  efforts  to  organize  the  diocese 
committed  to  his  care.     During  the  war  that  ensued 


'  Hishop  Uliiml-ot  to  Govornor  Al)ciiutliv,  Dec.  21,  1847  •  to  Vrcli- 
iMshop  iJlanclict,  l>cc.  13,  1847  ;  IJcrichte  "Uer  Lcopo'ldiuen'  Stiftiiii- 
-xxii.,  p.  104.  °' 


ti.i 


I.   . 


328      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

nothing  could  be  done,  and  for  a  time  Bishop  Bhm- 
cliet  and  his  clergy  were  forced  to  withdraw  fvom  the 
diocese  to  Oregon  City.  The  missions  on  the  Yakaniit, 
that  of  the  Immaculate  Conception,  Holy  Cross,  and 
St.  Peter's  at  the  Dalles  were  thus  suspended.  The 
missions  under  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  the  Sacred  Ilwut 
among  the  CcBur  d'Alenes,  St,  Paul's  at  Colville 
among  the  Chaudiures,  and  St.  Ignatius'  among  tlie 
Kalispels  were,  however,  maintained  without  interrup- 
tion. 

DIOCESE  OF  NESQUALLY. 

BT.  REV.   A.   M.   A.  DLANCHET,  FIR  V  BISHOP,  1850-1853. 

On  the  31st  of  May,  ISoO,  the  Sovereign  Pontiff,  in 
view  of  the  situation  of  affairs  in  Oregon,  suppressed 
the  see  of  Walla  Walla,  and  erected  that  of  Nesqually, 
to  which  Bishop  A.  Magloire  A.  Blanchet  was  trans- 
ferred. On  receiving  the  briefs  he  proceeded  to 
Cowlitz  and  on  October  27,  1850,  took  up  his  residence 
at  Fort  Vancouver.  Tiie  territory  embraced  in  tlni 
diocese  of  Walla  Walla,  with  the  districts  of  Colville 
and  Fort  Ilall,  was  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Oregon  City.' 


'  Rapimrt  sur  les  Missions,  viii.,  Quebec,  1849,  pp.  1-33;  ix.,  Quebec, 
ia">l ,  pp.  46,  etc.  Archbishop BUmdiet, ' '  llistoiiciil  Sketches,"  Porllaml, 
18*8,  pp.  178-183. 


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mm^- 


CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 
BT.  REV.  FnANCIS  GAUCIA  DIEGO,  0.  B.  F.,  FIKST  BISHOP,  1840-1846. 

The  peninsula  of  Lower  California  was  discovered 
by  Hernan  Cortes,  who  entered  Santa  Cruz  Bay  in  June, 
1530.  Six  years  later,  on  the  28tli  of  September,  John 
Rodriguez  Cabrillo  anchored  in  the  harbor  of  San 
Diego,  which,  however,  in  honor  of  the  day,  he 
named  after  the  archangel  St.  Michael. 

On  the  19th  of  October,  1697,  Father  John  Mary 
Salvatierra  began  the  missions  of  the  Society  of  Jesus 
in  the  lower  peninsula.  Year  by  year  they  were 
steadily  pushed  northward,  undeterred  by  the 
poverty,  brutality,  and  cruelty  of  the  natives.  The 
mission  posts  had  nearly  reached  the  upper  province 
when,  in  1707,  every  member  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  in 
S[)ain  and  her  colonies  was  seized  and  deported. 
California  became  a  desert.  The  Franciscans  were 
sent  to  continue  the  mission  work,  but  by  another 
order  of  the  vacillating  authorities  they  yielded  it  to 
the  sons  of  St.  Dominic. 

Meanwhile  explorations  had  been  made  of  Upper 
California,  and  the  P^ranciscans  of  the  great  College 
of  St.  Ferdinand  in  Mexico  were  ordered  to  send  ten 
missionaries,  who  were  to  sail  in  the  San  Antonio  to 
San  Diego  and  Monterey,  and  establish  missions 
which  were  to  bear  the  names  of  San  Joaquin,  Santa 
Ana,  San  Juan  Capistrano,  San  Pascual  Baylon,  and 
San  Felipe  de  Cantalicio.     Church  plate,  vestments, 

San 


1^1 


iBfllBiiH 

1 

■*'« 

1 

I«1 

I"  V 

'r  Si 
» 


t  ■ 


JiH 


If 

|l!-f: 

iiiifil- 

BT.  IIEV.  FBANC18  OAUCIA  DIEOO,  O.  8.  V.,  KIKST   UiBUOP  OF  TUK 
CALIFOIWIAS. 


DIOCESE  OF  F.OTH  CALIFORNIAS. 


331 


and  other    necessaries  were  to  be  drawn  from  the 
old  Jesuit  missions. 

But  the  appointed  missionaries  did  not  arrive  from 
the  convent  in  Mexico;  tlie  Indians  in  Lower  Cali- 
fornia rose  in  opposition  to  new  regulations  intro- 
duced by  the  Spanisli  officials,  and  Father  Palou, 
seeing  that  if  the  new  missions  were  to  be  misnumaged, 
they  could  not  succeed,  solicited  conditions  which  he 
deemed  imi)erative. 

As  Superior  of  the  missions  of  Upper  California 
was  selected  Father  Juniper  Serra,  a  i-  'tnarkable  num, 
intelligent,  devoted,  trained  in  tlie  missions  of  the 
Sierra  Gorda  and  Texas.  He  set  out  from  Afexico 
July  14,  1767,  with  twelve  Franciscans,  but  learning 
from  the  Bishoi)  of  Guadalajara,  in  whose  diocese 
California  then  was,  that  no  secular  priest  would  stay 
in  the  new  California  parishes  into  which  the  govern- 
ment had  compelled  the  Bishop  to  change  the  most 
thriving  missions,  he  wrote  back  for  more  Fathers.' 

On  the  9th  of  January,  1709,  part  of  the  Spanish 
exi)edition  for  the  upper  province  sailed,  accompanied 
by  Father  Ferdinaiul  Parron.  On  the  22d  of  March 
Father  Juniper  Serra,  with  Father  Cresi)i,  joined  the 
land  expedition  under  Captain  Gaspar  de  Portola  at 
Vellicata.  After  founding  here  the  mission  of  San 
Fernando,  Father  Serra  accompanied  the  expedition 
on  foot,  and  reached  the  harbor  of  San  Diego  on  the 
1st  of  Jul}'. 

The  mission  of  that  name  was  founded  on  the  16th 
of  July,  1769,  in  a  long  prairie  valley  between  two 
ranges  of  hills.  Father  Juniper  Serra  planted  his 
mission  cross  at  an  eligible  spot  on  the  San  L>iego 


«         '     M 


'  F.(lior  of  the   Marquis  du   Croix    to   F,  Friiiicis  Palou,  Mexico. 
Nov.  1L>,   1770. 


iij 


At 


if: 


Ii 


1:1 

''■im 

J.    "4  ! 

1    !i 

332       THE  CHURCH  L\  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

River,  in  sight  of  tlie  linrhor.  Here,  >\itli  tlie  help  of 
tlie  Spaniards,  lie  reared  some  rude  liiitsand  dedicated 
one  as  a  provisional  chureh,  which  he  and  his  coni- 
l)anion  attended.  The  neigh iwring  Conieyas  Indians 
seemed  friendly,  but  on  the  15th  of  August  tliey  sud- 
denly  attacked  the  buildings  and  began  plundering. 
They  were  driven  olT  at  last,  a  boy  who  attended  the 
Fathers  being  mortally  wounded,  and  Father  Vis- 
caino  receiving  an  arrow  in  his  hand,  as  he  rais^nl  the 
mat  door  of  the  hut.  The  care  taken  by  the  Spaniards 
of  the  wounded  Indians  conciliated  tlie  natives,  and 
friendly  intercourse  was  established.' 

Father  Serra  had  seen  the  difficulties  attending  the 
missions  of  his  order  in  Texas  and  the  Sierra  (lorda  ; 
he  knew  how  those  of  New  Mexico  had  failed  to  sup- 


J^  Ju^fMYt)  cy>>; 


SIONATCnE  OK  FATHEU  .JUNIPEH  HEUHA,  O.  H.  V. 

press  entirely  secret  heathenism.  lie  planned  the 
California  niissi'-ns  on  a  system  more  like  those  of  the 
Jesuits  in  Paraguay.  A  mission  was  to  be  established 
witli  just  a  few  S[)anisli  soldiers  to  protect  the  mis- 
sionaries and  maintain  their  authority.  A  church 
with  a  large  inclosed  tract  was  to  be  established.  To 
this  the  well-disposed  Indians  were  to  be  attracted. 


'  Palou,  "  Noticiiw  ile  la  Nueva  Calif orniu,"  San  Fraiicisi-o,  1874.  i.,  p. 
•248.  "  Rclacioii  Uistorica  dc  la  Viila  del  V.  Pudrc  F.  Junlporo  Sorra," 
Mi'xico,  17S7.  p.  H2. 


DIOCESE  OF  nnrn  ca  lifornias.        833 

For  families,  liuts,  such  as  tliey  imed,  and  gradually 
liuuseH,  vvert'  i)iit  up ;  young  ni»Mi  and  vvoinoii  mnt^  kept 
apart  in  Hei)arata  buildings.  All  were  to  be  trained 
to  agriculture  in  the  lields  outside  the  mission,  to 
the  keeping  of  herds,  and  the  most  apt  to  trades; 
th.>  children  were  to  be  taught  in  schools,  aid  all  were 
[u  receive  instruction  daily  and  hear  mass  in  the 
church.  The  great  advantage  of  this  system  was  that 
it  broke  up  the  tribal  relation,  and  isolated  the 
ludiatiH  from  the  medicine-i  en,  two  potent  influences 
against  civilization,  which  conibined  to  produce  the 
terrible  New  Mexico  outbreak  in  1080.' 

The  mission  of  San   Diego  de  A  '    .'^^   may  be  re- 
garded as  the  flrst  of  those  founded  .  ,  the  j^'ranclscans 
us  that  at  Vellicata  and   those  .n  fjovve     nalifornia 
were  soon  by  order  of  the  authoi.'ti^ .-.  lelii  pushed  to 
the  Sons  of  St.  Dominic' 

An  expedition  had  been  sent  to  explore  the  port  of 
Monterey,  but  returned  without  success.  Two  others 
set  out  by  sea,  bearing  Father  Crespi,  the  other  by 
land,  which  Father  Serra  accompanied,  as  usual,  on 
foot,  although  suflfei-ijjg  from  an  incurable  ulcer  in' his 
leg.  The  two  parties  uu't  at  Iiist  at  Monttrey,  and 
possession  was  formally  taken  by  Captain  Portohi,  on 
I  lie  3d  of  June,  1770,  in  the  name  of  the  king,  after  a 
solemn  mass,  oflfered  with  all  possible  pomp.  On  the 
^*;mie  day  Father  Juniper  Serra  founded  the  mission  of 
San  Carlos  de  Monterey,  taking  possession  in  the  name 


•  Kl 


■.  1 


I- 


'  A  r.«porl  of  C.  A.  Wctmore,  Special  U.  S.  Commissioner  on  the  :^Ii».- 
sion  Iiiiliuns  of  .Somli.-rn  Caliioniia,  l.lamcs  the  missionaries  for  not  senir- 
ill-  irrunls  in  f<.e  of  ihe  mission  lands.  The  Frundseans  nn.l  Spanish 
law  knew  nothinj;  of  iOn^'lish  land  tenures.  The  n»i,s»ionaries  did  Iheir 
be.xt,  often  fettered  and  thwarted  by  pt'tlv  offlcials. 

■'  I'alou,  ■•  Nolieia.s,"  p.  106.  cU:'-.  ••  Noiieias  de  la  Proviucia  dc  Cali- 
liiiiii.is.'  \aleneia,  tJU4,  Carta  iii.,  pp,  «,  etc. 


;. 


334      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


'V'f 


>Ui 


of  the  College  of  San  Fernando  and  placing  the  future 
church  under  the  invocation  of  St.  Joseph.  A  tem- 
porary house  and  chapel  were  soon  reared,  and 
Fathers  Serra  and  Crespi  began  their  labors  among 
the  Indians,  one  of  tlie  converts  from  Lower  Cali- 
fornia proving  a  great  help.  The  occupation  of 
Monterey  and  the  founding  o''  missions,  when  news 
reached  Mexico,  caused  universal  joy,  and  an  account 
of  the  expedition  was  printed.  Tlie  field  for  new 
missions  seemed  unbounded,  and  ten  out  of  forty- 
nine  Franciscans  who  had  just  reached  Mexico  from 
Spain,  were  selected.  They  reached  Monterey  on  tlie 
21st  of  May,  1771.  The  authorities  directed  the  es- 
tablishment of  five  new  missions.  These  were  now 
planned  and  after  celebrating  Corpus  Christi,  with 
all  fervor  and  zeal,  the  Superior  proceeded  with 
Fathers  Michael  Pieras  and  Bonaventure  Sit  jar  to 
a  beautiful  spot  on  the  San  Antonio  River,  in  the 
Sierra  Santa  Lucia,  where,  on  the  14th  of  July,  1771, 
they  founded  the  mission  of  St.  Anthony  of  Padua  foi- 
the  Tatche  or  Telame  tribe.  Here  a  cross  was  planted, 
and  a  chapel  raised  of  oak  boughs.  A  house  and 
more  permanent  church  wei'e  soon  erected  within  a 
palisade,  with  houses  for  the  escort,  servants,  and 
Indians  from  Lower  California.  Tliis  mission  gave 
great  hopes  from  the  friendly  character  of  the  natives. 
After  removing  the  Monterey  mission  to  a  more 
favorable  site  on  the  Rio  Carmelo  in  August,  1771, 
Father  Serra,  who  had  received  six  additional  niission- 
aries,  founded  the  mission  of  San  Gabriel  in  a  large 
plain,  offering  the  holy  sacrifice  for  the  first  time  on 
the  8th  of  September  ■mder  a  bower.  Tlie  next  day  a 
church  was  begun  with  a  house  for  the  Fathers  assigned 
to  the  mission,  Angel  Somera  and  Peter  Cambon,  tlie 
Indians  heli)ing  in  the  v.ork.      One  of  the  soldiers. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFOENIAS. 


335 


however,  by  liis  misconduct,  roused  the  Indians,  who 
attacked  tlie  mission. 

On  the  1st  of  September,  1772,  Father  Serra  estab- 
lished the  mission  of  San  Luis  Obispo  (St.  Louis, 
Bishop  of  Toulouse),  and  placed  Father  Joseph 
Caballer  in  charge.  Here,  too,  soldiers  and  Lower 
California  Indians  were  left.  This  mission  was  in  a 
beautiful  plain,  well  watered  and  sheltered  by  well 
wooded  hills. 

Tlie  Superior  of  the  California  missions  found  thnt 
several  Fathers  were  already  seriously  affected  by  the 
climate,  and  that  many  new  regulations  were  required 
to  insure  success.  He  set  out  for  Mexico  by  way  of 
Tepic,  but  was  prostrated  by  illness  at  Gruadalajara 
and  Queretaro.  In  a  statement  made  at  ]\r  xico 
lie  solicited  better  means  of  communication  by  sea, 
stricter  discipline  of  the  soldiers,  farm  hands,  black- 
smitlis,  and  carpenters,  as  well  as  supplies  for  the 
clmrclies,  and  rations  for  the  Indians  till  the  crops  of 
a  mission  supported  them.  Father  Serra  succeeded 
only  in  part,  for  although  the  Spanish  government 
intended  merely  to  found  missions  io  convert  tire  In- 
dians, and  not  settlements  to  colonize  the  country,  the 
military  and  civil  officials  constantly  hampered  the 
work  of  the  Franciscans. 

Reaching  Monterey  with  renewed  hopes  in  May, 
1774,  Father  Serra  planned  new  missions,  and  in 
October  the  mission  of  San  Juan  Capistrano  was 
founded,  Fathers  Fermin  Lazuen  a. id  Gregory  Amurro 
being  placed  in  charge.  By  this  time  the  missions  be- 
gan to  prosper,  the  missionaries  had  acquired  several 
languages,  taught  the  natives  the  ordinary  prayers, 
and  begun  catechetical  instructions  to  prepare  them 
for  baptism,  gradually  admitting  those  with  best  dis- 
positions to  that  sacrament. 


\\ 


J  -m 


r'l'''  >'■ 


336       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  presidio  at  Monterey  had,  within  its  palisade, 
defended  by  four  cannon,  an  adobe  clmrch  with  an 
apartment  annexed  for  the  use  of  the  priest,  who  came 
from  San  Carlos  mission  to  say  mass. 

A  terrible  reverse  came  in  the  autumn  of  1775.  Two 
Indians,  who  had  been  baptized  in  the  mission,  visited 
the  neighboring  tribes  and  represented  that  baptism 
was  only  a  iirst  step  toward  their  total  destruction. 
This  calumny  was  soon  spread,  and  the  Indians  re- 
solved to  destroy  the  mission  and  the  presidio.  They 
assembled  a  force  of  about  a  thousand  braves,  and  on 
the  night  of  November  4,  advanced  to  surprise  the 
Spaniards.  At  the  mission  they  glided  in  and  set  fire 
to  the  soldiers'  quarters,  and  with  showers  of  arrows 
hoped  to  terrify  all.  Father  Luis  Jayme,  roused  by 
the  tire  and  yells,  went  out  with  his  usual  salutation  : 
"Love  God,  my  clilldren.'"  lie  was  seized,  stripped, 
and  dragged  through  the  neighboring  stream  and  then 
set  upon  with  wooden  clubs  and  arrows,  till  not  a  spot 
of  his  body  was  free  from  livid  bruises  and  wounds 
except  his  hands.  The  Spaniard:,  with  the  remaining 
missionary,  held  out  in  the  soldiers'  quarters  till  morn- 
ing, when  the  Indians  retired.  A  messenger  was  sent 
to  the  presidio,  which  was  at  some  distance,  and  search 
was  made  for  Father  Jayme.  Ilis  body  and  that  "' 
the  blacksmith,  who  also  fell,  were  carried  to  the  pre- 
sidio, and  in  the  church  at  that  place  were  interred 
the  remains  of  the  first  martyr  of  the  Upper  California 
mission.  When  the  news  reached  the  commandant  at 
San  Juan  Capistrano,  that  mission  was  temporarily 
abandoned.' 

Believing,  in  the  spirit  of  faith,  that  tlie  blood  of 


'  Tlu!  baptisms  to  Dec.  10,  ITTH.  wen'  4ttl  ;  s:i  at  San  Dii'v'o,  7!5iit  Sun 
Gabriel,  12  at  San  Luis  Obispo,  VtS  at  Sau  Antonio,  105  at  Sim  Carlos. 


Palou,  "Noticias,"  iii.,  p.  25a. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 


337 


iiKirtyrs  is  the  seed  of  the  Church,  Father  Serra  saw  in 
tlie  death  of  Father  Luis  an  earnest  of  the  success  of 
The  missions,  and  exchiimed,  "Thank  God,  that  field 
is  watered! J'  His  great  object  was  to  restore  the 
mission  buildings  and  resume  the  work  of  Christianiz- 
ing, but  though  the  commandant  Rivera  marched  to 
San  Diego  and  had  an  expedition  under  Anza  there 
for  a  month  to  aid  him  in  punishing  the  guilty,  he  did 
nothing,  and  would  not  permit  Father  Serra  to  revive 
the  mission.  Father  Vicente  Fuster  continued  to  say 
mass  in  part  of  a  ruined  house  and  gathered  the 
t^c-attered  neoi)hytes.  It  was  not  indeed  till  August  22, 
177(5,  that  the  work  of  rebuilding  the  ruined  church 
and  mission  was  undertaken,  and  even  then  intermi- 
nable delays  occurred. 

Father  Serra  next  proceeded  to  revive  the  inter- 
rupted mission  of  San  Juan  Capistrano,  where  he 
placed  Fathers  Mugarte^rui  and  Amurro,  and  mass 
was  said  for  the  first  time  November  1,  1776. 

The  civil  authorities  had  resolved  to  erect  a  presidio 
at  San  Francisco,  and  an  expedition  marched  by  land, 
with  Father  Peter  Font,  to  establish  it.  Another 
party  went  by  sea,  and  the  future  great  port  of  the 
Pacific  was  formally  founded,  September  17,  1776. 
Xear  it,  at  the  Laguna  de  los  Dolores,  Fathers  Palou 
.'iiid  Cambon  began  the  mission.  A  house,  ten  yards 
by  five,  was  built  of  wood  and  tlmtched  with  tule,  and 
a  oliurch  adjoining  it,  ten  yards  by  eight,  soon  rose. 
This  church  was  solemnly  blessed  on  the  3d  of 
October.  The  Indians  were  at  lirst  very  hostile,  and 
showed  no  disposition  to  listen  to  the  missionaries. 

Many  of  the  missionaries  at  the  south,  weary 
of  the  annoyance  and  constant  interference  of  the 
])Htty  officials,  now  asked  leave  to  return  to  Mexico, 
it  required  all  the  zeal  and  eloquence  of  Father  Serra 


•"'i  1 


■'-■i:[ 


'^1 


■&^l{ 

m 

ii 

1 

^^^^^^H    ^^11 

1 

n 

g 

'1 

ijim 

Mp 

[i:'1: 

"Tw'^ 

'■^ 

'4 


iiiS 


338      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

to  induce  them  to  remain,  and  lie  made  many  changes 
to  encourage  the  disheartened  priests. 

The  mission  of  Santa  Clara  was  founded  in  January, 
1777  ;  the  missionaries,  Father  Thomas  de  la  Pena  and 
Joseph  Murguia,  saying  mass  in  the  temporary  cluipt.'! 
on  the  12th. 

Hitherto  the  only  establishments  had  been  missions 
for  the  Indians,  and  presidios  for  their  protection.  It 
was  now  resolved  to  found  the  town  of  San  Joso  ou 
the  Guadalupe  River.  It  was  begun  in  Novembt'r. 
1777,  by  live  Spanish  families,  which  had  come  from 
Sonora. 

California  had  been  regarded  as  within  the  diocese 
of  Giuidahijani,  the  Bishop  of  that  see  having  sent 
Diego  de  la  Nava  as  vicar-general  to  the  peninsula 
as  early  as  lG',i2.  Sinaloa,  with  Sonora,  had  at  this 
time  been  placed  \inder  the  Bishops  of  Durango,  the 
lirst  of  whom,  Rt.  Rev.  Gonzalo  de  Ilermosilla,  like 
Bishop  John  ilel  Valle,  of  Guadalajara,  extended  his 
visitations  to  Sinaloa  and  administered  confirmation 
in  many  parts. 

The  Society  of  Jesus  had  pushed  its  missions  from 
Sinaloa  through  Sonora  to  the  Gila  and  Colorado, 
when  the  Spanish  king  caused  every  member  to  l)e 
arrested  and  sent  to  the  nearest  ports.  They  were 
torn  from  these  Sonora  niissions  when  the  land  was 
yet  reeking  with  the  blood  of  their  martyred  brethren. 

The  Apostolic  College  de  Propaganda  Fide  ar 
Queretaro  was  then  ordered  to  send  fourteen  of  its 
Fraiu'iscan  Fathers  to  continue  the  missions  of  Sonora 
and  Pimeria.  One  of  these,  Father  Anthony  de  los 
Reyes,  gave  in  1772  an  account  of  the  missions  of 
Pimeria  Alta  or  Arizona  as  he  found  them.  St.  Xavier 
del  Bac,  regarded  as  one  of  the  severest  posts  by  the 
Jesuits,  had  a  moderately  largo  church,  fairly  sup- 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 


339 


plied  witli  i)late  and  vestments  of  poor  quality,  and  a 
dock  of  270  souls.  San  Joso  de  Tucson,  visited  from 
it,  had  neither  church  nor  house  for  a  missionary, 
though  tliere  were  about  two  hundred  families  gathered 
there.  The  mission  of  the  Holy  Angels  at  Guevavi 
had  a  church  with  two  altars,  with  church  plate  and 
vestments,  and  a  flock  of  eighty-six  souls.  Calaba- 
zjLs,  with  sixty-four  souls,  Sonoitac,  with  ninety-four 
souls,  had  its  church  of  St.  Ignatius,  destitute  of 
church  plate  and  vestments;  Taniacacori  had  its 
church  of  St.  Josei^li  and  a  liouse  for  the  priest 
:uul  a  flock  of  ninety-three  souls.  These  were  all 
attended  from  Guevavi, 

The  church  of  Santa  Maria  Soamca  (Immaculate) 
had  been  destroyed  by  tiie  Apaches  in  1768,  the  mis- 
sionary escaping  with  some  of  his  flock  to  Cocospera. 
There  were  in  the  two  places  about  one  hundred  and 
ten  souls.  Long  left  without  care  or  instruction  these 
Indians  had  relapsed  into  vice  and  heathenism,  and 
the  Franciscans  found  their  task  immense. 

The  greatest  of  the  new  missionaries  was  Father 
Thomas  HernuMiegild  Garces,  stationed  at  San  Xavier, 
wlio,  soon  after  his  arrival  in  1708,  extended  his 
vi^sirs  to  the  tribes  at  the  west,  and  in  1770  among 
tlie  Pimos  and  Papagos  to  the  Gila  Iliver.  He  was  a 
thorough  missionary,  full  of  zeal,  endurance,  and 
courage.  The  i)oorest  food,  a  bowl  of  Indian  corn,  or 
whatever  the  Indians  had,  roots  or  seeds,  sufficed  for 
him.  He  traveled  alone  without  guide  or  guard,  and 
his  bed  was  the  bare  ground.  lie  directed  the  mis- 
sion of  San  Xavier  and  its  de})endent  station  till  1778. 

AtTumacacori  and  San  Xavier  del  Bac  adobe  houses 
were  built  for  the  Indians  and  inclosed  with  a  wall  as 
a  defense  against  the  Apaches.  Churches  were  built 
at  Taniacacori  and  Calabazas,  Tucson   was  made  a 


Ml 


■:^l 


, 


3- 


■^.ti 


ill 


;}      :^i 

i  ," 

; 

n  w- 

■■ 

^lyK  lilir'i 

V": 

*IK/i  IHiI 

{••■' 

■i-i     J JJI  i^  i 

840      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

regular  pueblo,  with  church,  priest'n  house,  and  a 
KStout  wall,  where  a  garrison  could  check  the  inroads 
of  the  scourge  of  the  country.  The  churches  wen? 
properly  supplied  with  becoming  plate  and  vesimenis. 
The  holy  Father  John  Chrysostom  Gil  de  lii  rua))e 
was,  stationed  for  some  years  at  Guevnvi,  attending 
Tubac,  Tumacacori,  i.nd  Sonoitac.  H;-  learned  the 
language  and  accomplished  much  good.     Eecalled  to 


CllUnCII   AT  TL'MACACOUI. 

preside  over  the  college  at  Queretaro,  he  returned  to 
the  Sonera  missions,  and  was  killed  by  the  Seris  in 
1773.' 

DIOCESE  OF  SONORA. 

RT.  REV.   ANTONIO  DE  LOS  REYES,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1780-1788. 

On  the  7th  of  May,  1779,  Pope  Pius  VI.  erected  the 
diocese  of  Sonora,  to  embrace  Sinaloa  and  Sonora. 
with  Upper  and  Lower  California.  The  B^'anciscan 
Father,  Antonio  de  los  Reyes,  who  was  appointed  to 

'  Palou.  "  ReliKion  Historica,"  Mexico,  1787,  pp.  5»-75,  158,  130,  140. 
179.  301,  218,  225,  Noticiiw,  ii.,  pp.  271,  283  ;  iii.,  pp.  36,  148,  173  :  iv., 
pp.  i!i2,  185,  177,  197,  204  ;  FiithiT  Antonio  de  los  Reyes,  Jlexicu,  July 
6.  17T3.  Docunientos  pnnv  In  Ilistoriii  ile  Mexico,  Series  iii.,  vol.  i. 
Me.vico,  1856,  pp.  755-765  ;  E.sciuicro,  "  Notieiiw  Estii(li,«ticus  ilc  Suriura 
y  tsinaiort,"  Mexico,  1849,  pp.  40-41  ;  Arricivitii,  ii  ,  p.  448. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS.  341 


the  new  see,  on  the  12th  of  December,  1780,  wa& 
consecrated  at  Tacubaya,  Mexico,  oa  the  ir)th  of 
September,  1782.  He  had  brought  nineteen  mission- 
aries with  liiin  from  Spain,  and  soon  set  out  for  lii» 
diocese.  Bishop  Antonio  de  los  Reyes  luid  framed 
phms  for  a  great  Franciscan  organization,  and  liad 
obtained  authority  to  establish  three  custodias  in 
his  diocese.  Tiie  Franciscan  superiors  in  America, 
with  many  old  and  experienced  missionaries,  regarded 
his  plan  as  visionary.  In  fact  the  plan  was  never 
carried  out,  except  in  Sonora,  where  the  custodia  of 
San  Carlos  was  organized  October  23,  1783,  and  the 
missionaries  there  could  no  longer  obtain  members  or 
aid  from  Mexico.  The  other  projected  custodias  were 
filially  suppressed.' 

After  the  erection  of  the  diocese  of  Sonora,  the 
authorities  ordered  the  Franciscan  Fathers  to  estal)- 
lish  two  missions  on  the  Colorado  River,  but  they  re- 
jected P'ather  Serra's  plan  and  adoi)ted  a  system  of 
their  own.  In  each  mission  eight  soldiers  and  eight 
married  settlers  were  to  be  stationed  who  were  to 
manage  all  temporal  affairs,  the  missionaries  being 
restricted  to  the  spiritual  instruction  of  the  Indians. 
Father  Garces  was  assigned  to  the  task  of  founding 
the  missions,  assisted  by  Fathers  John  Anthony  de 
Barraneche,  John  Diaz,  and  Josep'i  Mathias.  The 
system  proposed  was  full  of  dangCx,  but  the  Francis- 
cans did  not  shrink.  They  reached  the  Colorado 
October  2,  1779,  and  established  the  missun  of  the 
Immaculate  Conception  near  the  site  of  our  Fort. 
Yuma,  Fathers  Garces  and  Barraneche  being  in  charge, 
and  some  time  afterward  the  Mission  of  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul  at  Bicuner  about  ten  miles  northward.    The 


Arricivita,  "Cronica  Apostolica,"  ii.,  jip.  566-575. 


m: 


342       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Franciscans  began  to  learn  the  Yuma  language  and 
instruct  the  natives,  hue  while  tliey  gained  the  good 
■will  of  the  Indians,  the  soldiers  and  settlers  by  their 
oppressive  and   vicious    conduct    became  objects  of 
liatred.     Father  Diaz  was  sent  by  his  associates  to 
Sonora  to  explain  the  critical  condition  of  affairs,  but 
no  regard  was  paid  to  his  words.     While  the  Indians 
were  working  in  their  fields  some  five  miles  from  rhe 
mission,  Father  Garces  erected  a  temporary  shelter 
there   for    them,  in  which  he   said    mass  and  gave 
instructions.      On   the    17th  of    July,    1781,    Father 
Garces  had  begun  to  say  mass  after  Father  Barra- 
neche,  and  was  just  at  the  gospel  when  the  shrieks  of 
wounded  and  dying  Indians  broke  on  their  ears.    The 
Indians   had    risen.      Father  Barraneche,   who   was 
making  his  thanksgiving,  ran  out,  but  was  attacked 
and  diiven  back  ;  the  house  containing  the  mission- 
aries with  a  few  survivors  was  at  first  unmolested, 
but  when  they  set  out  next  day  after  mass,  hoping  to 
reach  a  place  of  safety  at  tlie  other  mission,  they  were 
surprised  t)y  a  band  of  Yumas  on  the  19th,  and  beaten 
to  death  with  clubs.      Their  bodies  were  subsequently 
interred  by  an  old  woman,  who,  though  still  a  heathen, 
revered  the  Christian  priests.      The   mission  of  St. 
Pet*'r  and  St.  Paul  was  also  destroyed  and  the  two 
missionaries  murdered,  Father  Moreno  being  beheaded, 
and   both  left  on   the  ground.     The  chapel   was  set 
on  fire  and  all  the  church  plate  and  statues  throv-n 
into  tlie  river.     A  soldier  escaped,  and,  reaching  the 
nearest  Spanish  fort,  told  of  the  destruction  of  the 
missions  and  all  connected  with  them.     An  expedition 
was  sent,  which  found  the  bodies  of  the  priests  at  St. 
l»eter  and  St.  Paul,  and,  disinterring  the  remains  of 
Father  Garces  and  his  companion,  bore  them  rever- 
ently to  the  Superior  of  the  Sonora  mission.     They 


'W%r 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 


343 


were  subsequently  tniUHferred  to  Quevetaro  and  sol- 
emnly interred  on  the  lOtli  of  July,  1794.' 

Soon  after  his  appointment  as  Prefect  of  Cali- 
fornia, Father  Juniper  Serra  solicited  from  the  Holy 
See  the  same  power  to  administer  the  sacrament 
of  confirmation  which  had  been  enjoyed  by  the 
Superior  of  the  Missions  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  The 
request  nuide  its  way  slowly  through  the  routine  of 
Viceroy  and  Council  of  the  Indies,  to  Rome,  and  on 
the  10th  of  July,  1774,  Pope  Clement  XIV.  granted 
to  the  Prefect,  and  to  a  member  of  each  of  the 
four  colleges  to  be  named  by  him,  faculty  to  confer 
the  sacrament  for  ten  years.  The  brief  of  the 
Sovereign  Pontiff,  approved  by  the  King  at  Madrid 
;md  by  the  Viceroy  in  Mexico,  reached  Fjither  Serra 
toward  the  end  of  June,  1779.  Old  and  young  had 
been  instructed  for  the  reception  of  the  sacrament, 
and  the  Very  Rev.  Prefect,  after  a  solemn  high  mass, 
conferred  it  for  the  first  time  on  the  feast  of  Sr.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  and  continued  to  administer  it,  as  other 
classes  were  prepared,  till  August  25,  when  he  pro- 
ceeded to  San  Diego,  remaining  there  till  January. 
During  the  year  he  administered  at  Santa  Clara  and 
the  pueblo  San  Jose,  but  Theodore  de  Croix,  who  had 
been  appointed  Governor  of  Internal  Provinces  in- 
cluding California,  forbade  the  Very  Rev.  Prefect  to 
use  the  faculties  obtained  for  him  from  the  Pope  by 
the  King  of  Spain.     Daring  as  this  invasion  of  eccle- 


'  The  site  of  tliese  missions  Iius  been  i<lenlifle(l  by  Father  Zephyria 
Kiigellmrdt,  ().  H.  F.  (U.  S.  Ciith.  Historical  Ma«a/iue,  i.,  p.  319.) 
Talou,  "  Relacion  Ilistorica,"  p.  347  ;  "  Noticiasile  la Nueva California." 
iv.,  p.  228;  •'Sermon  que  en  las  solemnes  honras  eelebrailas  en  obse- 
qiiio  de  los  VV.  PP.  Predieadores  Apostolieos,  Fr.  Franeiseo  F.  11. 
(Jiirees,"  ete.,  dixo.  .  .  .  Fr.  Diejro  Miguel  Bringas  de  Manzaneda  y 
Encinal,"  Madrid,  1819:  Arricivita,  "Cronica,  Seralica  y  Apostoliea  del 
(,'olegio.  .  .   .  dc  la  Santa  Cruz  de  Queretaro,"  Mexieo,  1793,  p.  504. 


'-'HI 


■i.'. 


'jL 

1 

1 

,n,.  " 


'••  a 


344      r///;;  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

siastical  functions  by  a  lay  official  was,  Father  Sena 
submitted;  but  iie  appealed  to  Mexico  ;wid  Madrid, 
and  did  not  resn'^ij  iIih  a  ^ministering  of  conlirmatiou 
till  the  validity  ■  f  hi-  r'M'versi  was  again  i. 'cognized. 

The  niisai'ii  of  Hau  Jbuenaventura  was  founded  on 
the  3 1st  of  March,  Easter  Sunday,  in  the  usual  wiiy, 
by  planting  across  and  singing  a  high  mass  beneath  u 
temporary  '  hapel  of  branches.  Buildings  were  soon 
erect. 'd,  and  ihe  mission  began  under  Father  Camboii. 
The  site  for  the  mission  of  Sucia  Uuibura  was  selected, 
a  cross  planted,  and  possession  taken  by  the  venera- 
ble Prefect  of  the  nussion.  but  it  was  necessary  to 
awjiit  the  arrival  of  missionaries  to  begin  the  work 
actually.  Orders  from  Mexico  suspended  the  further 
prosecution  of  these  missions. 

Father  Serra  accordingly  devoted  himself  to  visiting 
and  aiding  the  existing  missions,  beginning  at  tli- 
south.     After  giving  conlirmation  in  San  Luis  Obispo 
and  San  Antonio,  he  returned  to  Monterey  in  January, 
1784.     Thence  after  a  short  rest  he  made  his  last  visit 
to  the  northern  iidssions,  in  order  to  adndnister  con- 
lirmatiou before  his  faculties  expired.     He  returned 
evidently  very  much  broken.     On  the  27lh  of  August 
he  asked  Father  Palou  to  reserve  the  Hlessed  Sacra- 
ment,   and  ai>er  mass   wished    to  receive  it  as  his 
viaticum.     He  went  to  the  church  and      '^It  at  tin- 
railing  to  receive  his  divine  Lord  ;  all  were  deeply 
affected.     He  then  returned  to  his  cell,  and  seated  la 
hischair  cont'!?ued  his  devoti   na.    He  was  soon  after 
laid  on  his  beu  .i:  boaids,  cov.  ,   d  with      mat,  and  ex- 
pired without  a  struggle,  August  28,  1784.     He  was 
regarded  univer«.iny    as  a  saint,  and   in    the    plan 
of    the  remarktible    missions  vhich    he    founded,  in 
maintaining  and  developing  them  amid  the  constant 
oppositfon  of  officials,  in  patience,  serenity,  enduranc.% 


|:M 


DIOCESE  OF  DOTH  CALIFOR    [AS. 


345 


uiid  fortitude,  ho  certainly  ranks  among  the  most  re- 
markable men  of  the  country.' 

On  the  0th  of  February,  178;"),  the  Gustos  of  tlie 
ColU'ge  of  San  Fermindo  in  Mt'xico,  on  vvliich  the 
California  mission  dejjended,  appointed  as  Prefect 
Father  Fermin  Francis  Lazuen.  Tlie  Bishop  of 
Sonom  subsequently  made  him  Vicar  Forain,  and 
also  vicar  for  the  troops.  No  steps,  liowever,  were 
taken  by  the  government  or  by  tlie  Bishop  to  erect 
parishes  at  Pueblo  San  Jose,  Los  Angeles,  or  at  Branci- 
forte,  a  settlement  founded  in  1707.  Nothing  was 
done  to  erect  churches  there,  hiy  off  cemeteries,  or 
place  secular  priests  in  charge.  The  people  depended 
on  Hie  neighboring  Indian  missions,  and  the  Fran- 
ciscan Fathers  visited  these  towi  when  possible,  to 
say  mass  there,  but  so  long  as  tlu;  people  there  were 
atteiided,  they  would  take  no  steps  to  have  a  parish 
priest  whom  iliey  would  have  to  support.  At  the 
time  of  Father  Lazuen's  appointment  faculty  to  con- 
llrm  was  solicited  for  him  at  Rome,  but  it  did  not 
r»:i<'h  him  through  the  Bishop  of  Sonora  till  1700. 

badt'T  I'^ithfM-  Lazuen  looms  were  obtained  and  the 
Indians  en  '  ,  ed  in  weaving.  Tanneries  were  also 
established,  leal  her  made,  shoes,  harness,  and  saddles 
niani  "  rured.  The  boys  were  taught  to  read,  write, 
and  uig  uy  r  '^e,  tl"  girls  learned  to  sew,  spin,  weave, 
and  lU)  hou  'd  work  Men  and  boys  became  good 
carpenters,  b,,  ,<<•  iths,  ma.sons,  and  weavers.  The 
Spanish  settlers  I'leq  ''Utly  hired  mission  Indians,  but 
t'  "  hater  c  (plained  thut  they  were  not  as  well 
tieattd  or  fed  as  at  the  missions.  Charges  were  made 
at  times  of  undue  severity  on       •  imrt  of  the  Francls- 


'  Palou,  "  Relacion  Ilistoricu  tie  Iti  VifUi  v  Apostolicns  Tareiis  del 
Vi'iicr.ible  Padre  Fraj-  Jiinipero  Serni,"  M.  xi  >,  1787  ;  Adam,  "  Life  of 
V(  11  Pmlre  Juuipero  Serra,"  San  Fraucisci     1684. 


l-"-^ 


V-'.'  *>i 


■;l 


■IM 


i^ 


,  lli 


»•■  1 


r- 


346       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

can  Fathers,  but  investigation  rarely  siibatantiatea  a 

cliargt'. 

While  b'atlier  Lazuenwas  president  of  tlie  missions, 
the  worlc  of  extension  went  steadily  on.  Tiio  mission 
of  Santa  Barbara  was  f«)unded  December  4,  178(5;  thai 
of  I^a  Purisinia  ('  icepcion,  I)eeend)er  8,  1787;  Santa 
Cm/,  Ausuat  2y,  175)1,  and  Nuestra  Senora  de  la 
Soledad,  October  9,  17!)1  ;  San  Miguel,  San  Jose,  an-l 
San  Fernando  Hey,  17!)7.  Tlie  ndssion  buililings  at 
Monterey  having  been  destroyed  by  tire  in  178!),  a 
new  ^  tne  church  was  erected  and  dedicated  Septem- 
ber 17,  1791.  . 

IIow  insignificant  the  white  population  of  (alilornia 

was  maybe  judged  from  th(^  fact  that  in  1790  the  tohil 
population  of  the  thre.>  settlen.ents.  San  Francisc... 
San  Jose,  and  Branriforte,did  not  reach  five  hundred  ; 
nor  was  it  till  .Inly  'X  ISO;^  that  the  corner-stone  of 
chapels  at  San  Francisco  and  San  Jose  Puebh..  wcr." 
oven  laid.  Sau  Luis  Hey,  under  the  devoted  Father 
Anthony  Peyri,  one  of  the  ablest  missionaries  of 
Califonua,  bocame  the  greatest  of  all  the  missions, 
having  at  one  time  I^fxX)  Indian  converts  and  :v 
bi^autiful  stone  church,  of  which  the  missionary  was 

the  architect.  .    . 

Father  I^izuen  was  a  pious  and  devoted  missionary, 
and  carried  out  ably  the  plan  formed  by  Father  Serin. 
He  died  at  San  C^arlos  mission,  ^fonterey,  June  '->('., 
1803.  During  his  time  an  evil  spirit  seems  to  have 
gained  among  some  of  the  Indians,  as  two  Fathers, 
Francis  Pujol  and  Manielino  Cipres,  are  supposed  to 
have  been  poisoned. 

Father  Stephen  Tapis  was  President  of  the  Missions 
from  1803  to  1812.  He  founded  the  mission  of  Santa 
Inez  in  1804,  and  soon  after  saw  many  of  the  churches 
and  missions  injured  by  earthquakes.     A  new  church 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 


847 


was  dedicated  at  Sjin  Juan  Cupistrano  in  1800,  as  was 
an  adobe  church  at  Sun  Fernando,  churclies  at  the 
missions  of  San  Buenaventura,  and  San  Joso  mission 
in  18(»W.  lie  was  rejoiced  in  1804  by  tlie  arrival  of  ten 
Franciscan  Fatiiers  to  share  and  continue  their  labors. 

In  1812  Futiier  Joseph  Sefian  became  President  of 
the  Missions  and  Father  Vincent  F.  Sania,  Prefect. 
That  same  year  Father  Andres  t^idntana,  lureil  from 
his  sick-bed  on  a  pretended  call  of  a  dying  i)erson,  vas 
murdered.  From  1811  for  several  years  the  yturjy 
allowance  to  each  missionary  ceased,  but  the  missions 
were  taxed  at  the  whim  of  officials  as  well  as  by  tlie 
crown,  and  forced  to  pay  duties  on  all  g(»ods  they 
inii)orted  for  their  missions.  Other  troubles  came. 
Wlule  the  faithful  were  gathered  in  the  church  of 
San  tluan  C'apistrano,  on  the  feast  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception  in  tlie  year  1812,  tlie  tower  of  the  (church, 
.shaken  by  an  earthquake,  fell,  and  forty  of  the  con- 
gregation were  killed.  During  the  same  month  the 
churches  at  San  Fernando  and  La  Piirisima  Concep- 
cion  were  seriously  injured. 

An  act  of  the  Spanish  Cortes,  passed  September  1!3, 
1818,  was  even  more  ruinous  to  the  California  missions 
than  earthquake  or  official  robbery.  It  directed  that 
every  Indian  mission  in  Spanish  America  which  had 
been  in  existence  for  ten  years  or  more,  should  be 
secularized,  that  is  to  say,  be  taken  from  the  religious 
who  directed  it  as  a  mission,  and  be  made  a  parish 
under  a  secular  priest.  It  was  not  till  1821  that  this 
decree  was  officially  published  in  Mexico,  and,  though 
it  was  not  enforced,  it  was  the  first  of  a  series  of 
enactments  by  government  and  officials  which  com- 
jtletely  destroyed  the  work  of  Ciiristianization  and 
civilization  in  California. 

AVhile  Father  Mariano  Payero  was  Prefect  (1815- 


'  in 


»«»-. 

^;»i}l-' 


'•   I 


.»: 


y 


'is'- 


,/ 


348       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1818)  the  mission  of  La  Purisima  Concepciou  and  all 
south  of  it  were  assigned  in  1817  to  the  Apostolic 
College    of    Guadalupe,    as    missionaries    no    longer 
arrived  from  Europe.      In  a  few  years,  indeed,  the 
triumph  of  the  revolution  in  Mexico  was  followed  by 
an  act  expelling  all  natives  of  Spain,  not  excepting 
priests  and  missionaries.     Father  Sarria  remained  as 
President  or  Prefect  of  the  northern  missions  till 
1829,  founding  the  missions  of  San  Rafael  in  1817  and 
San  Francis  Solano  in  1823.     Efforts  wore  made  to  ob- 
tain a  visitation  by  the  Bisiiop  of  Sonora,  but  though 
faculties  were  continued  to  the  Superior  of  the  Cali- 
fornia mission,  no  trace  of  episcopal  presence  appears. 
From  the  arrival  of  Echiandia,  the  first  Mexican 
governor,   in  1824,  the  history  of  the  missions  is  a 
history  of  the  struggle  of  the  missionaries  to  main- 
t;iin  Christianity  among  their  flocks  and  to  secure  to 
them  some  part  of  the  grounds  they  had  cultivated, 
the  factories  and  industries  which  they  had  created, 
and  on  which  their  support  depended.' 

Tlie  Congress  of  Mexico  passed,  November  20, 1833, 
a  decree  secularizing  the  missi  .ns  in  California,  with- 
out recognizing  the  rights  of  the  Indian  occupants,  or 
making  any  provision  for  them.  At  this  period  the 
missions  contained  3(),Gr)()  Indians,  who  owned  424,()(»() 
head  of  cattle,  G2,,')00  hors<>s,  32 l,r)()0  sheep,  and  who 
raised  annually  122,500  bushels  of  grain,  and  manu- 
factured large  quantities  of  goods  for  export.  The 
Indians  were  driven  out  and  deprived  of  all  their 
fields  and  stock,  alike  of  the  lands  which  belonged  to 
them  and  the  ])roduce  of  their  labor.  Li  eight  years 
the  Indians  dwindleil  by  disease  and  starvation   to 

1  7i„.  haptisms  to  Dec.  31, 1831,  numbprcd  88,87'.<,  and  there  wcrothi'ti 
lM,;ur(  icniiiiiiiii;;  in  llif  missions.  Sun  Luis  I{ey,  Siin  Jose,  and  Siin 
Ga!)riel  being  liie  most  pojiuloiis.     l'iilsl)ur;,'h  Calholic,  ix.,  p.  283. 


il 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 


349 


4450.  The  Franciscan  Fathers  clung  to  their  flocks 
us  long  as  tlrey  could,  the  holy,  devoted  Father  Sarria 
dying  actually  of  starvation,  in  1838,  at  the  foot  of 
the  altai',  as  he  was  about  to  say  mass  for  the  little 
remnant  of  his  flock. 

The  officials  and  their  tools,  who  had  kept  up  the 
hypocritical  charge  that  the  missionaries  ill-treated 
the  poor  Indians,  had  no  scruples  in  I'obbing  priest 
and  neoi)hyte  of  their  very  mean??  ?  supporting  life 
and  driving  them  to  the  grave. 

It  is  traditional  in  California  that  one  holy  mis- 
niionary,  Father  Magin  Catala,  at  the  sight  of  all  this 
sacrilegious  robbery  and  slaughter,  foretold  that  great 
wealth  would  be  discovered,  that  California  would  be 
overrun  by  people  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  of 
all  religions,  and  that  the  actual  inhabitants  would 
be  deprived  of  their  ill-gotten  wealth  and  swept  away.' 

The  inhuman  persecution  of  the  Catholics  in  the 
Sandwich  Islands  by  the  consent,  if  not  at  the  in- 
stigation of  the  American  Pi-otestant  missionaries, 
led  to  plans  and  projects  for  the  foundation  of  a  col- 
lege and  missions  in  California  by  the  Fathers  of  the 
Society  of  Pici)us.  This  body  sent  Rev.  John  Alex- 
ins A.  Bitchelot,  who  had  been  appointed  by  Pope 
Leo  Xn.  Prefect  Apostolic,  with  other  priests  in  1826  to 
tire  Sandwich  Islands,  where  they  arrived  the  follow- 
ing year.  Tliey  had  been  invited  by  the  chief  who 
acted  as  guardian  of  the  king,  but  tliey  soon  became 
objects  of  i^ersecntion.  Natives  attending  their  chapel 
or  instructions  were  dragged  out,  beaten,  or  sentenced 
to  woilv  on  the  roads  or  on  publio  -vorks  in  chains. 


'  Failicr  Mairiii  dit-d  Nov.  20,  18;?().  In  18S4  Archl)isliop  Alpiuiinj' 
opriicil  Mil  ('(•(•Icsiiisti'.'iil  coiii't  at  Santa  Clara  C'Dllcirc  to  iiKiuiic  iiiio  his 
virtues  and  niiraclos.  This  episcopal  process  was  trausmillea  to  Home. 
3I(ssi>;  gcr  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  xxvi.,  p.  Tof). 


I    M'l 


'6oO       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

On  the  24th  of  December,  1831,  liev.  Messrs.  Bachelot 
tuid  Short,  two  priests  coiKlucting  the  mission,  weie 
seized,  put  on  board  the  Waverly,  an  nnseaworthy 
brig,  which  carried  them  to  tlie  California  coast  and 
casTtliem  on  a  barren  shore,  forty  miles  from  any  set- 
tlement, and  with  no  provisions  but  one  biscuit  and 
two  bottles  of  water.  After  a  sleepless  night,  these 
victims  of  unchristian  cruelty  discovered  by  a  six-mile 
march  an  Indian  hut.  Here  they  found  charity  and 
a  guide  to  San  Gabriel,  the  nearest  mission. 

Tlie  Franciscan  Fathers  received  with  reverence  these 
confessors  gf  the  faith,  and  under  their  care  the  exiles 
recovered  their  health.     There   was  an  educational 
movement  about  this  time  in  California.     Father  Pat^ 
rick  Short  joined  Mr.  llartnett,  an  educated  English- 
man, and  the  Seminario  de  San  Jose  was  ojjened  on 
the  Patrocinio  estate  in  1834.     The  success  was  such 
tliat  propositions  were  ma<le  to  the  Fathers  to  estab- 
lish a  college  in  California  and  undertake   mission 
work  among  the  people.     Tiie  whole  subject  was  laid 
before  the  Superior  of  their  Congregation  in  France 
and  before  the  Piopaganda.     Much  time  was  spent  in 
discussing  the  i)lan  for  establishing  a  Vicariate  Apos- 
tolic, and  a  Pici)us  Father  was  proi)o.s.(l  for  the  dig- 
nity.    All  seems  to  have  been  done  in  utter  ignorance 
of  the  country,  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  liishop  of 
Sonora,  and  without  the  knowledge  of  the  Mexican 
government,  which  in  the  meantime  expell.'d  Fathers 
]?achelot  and  Short  as  Jesuits.     The  erection  of  the 
diocese  of  Both  (.'alifornias  did  not  arrest  the  project. 
Then  came  the  war  betweeti  the   I'nited  States  and 
Mexico.' 


'  C'anlinnl  Fn\nsoni  to  rnnliiml  Vizanlclli,  .Jtme   1,   IWt)  ;    Hisli(,i> 
Roiiaiiiic  of  Cliulmlony,  Superior-General  of  Pieptis,  to  Cardinal  Frati 
80ui  August  2T,  OctolKT  24,  IHIlt  .  V    Devolo  to  a  Ilisliop,  July  20,  1S4!I. 


■j,    --«' 


1!^ 


(  , 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORMAS. 


351 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 

The  Mexican  Congress,  in  1835,  endeavored  to  pre- 
vent some  of  the  evils,  and  directed  steps  to  be  taken 
to  have  Upper  and  Lower  California  erected  into  a 
diocese.  A  decree  of  September  19,  1836,  required 
that  the  Metropolitan  Chapter  of  Mexico  should  pro- 
pose three  names  for  State  nomination  to  the  new 
bishopric;  it  also  ordained  that  the  Bishop  should 
receive  three  thousand  dollars  for  an  outlit,  a  salary 
of  six  thousand  dollars  a  year,  and  that  the  Pious 
Fund  of  California,  a  considerable  property  given  by 
charitable  persons  to  support  the  old  Jesuit  missions, 
slioidd  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  bishop  and 
his  successors.  His  Holiness,  Pope  Gregory  XVI.,  in 
18-tO,  erected  the  diocese  of  the  Two  Californias, 
appointing  as  first  bishop  lit.  Rev.  Francis  Garcia 
Diego  y  Moreno.  The  ]?ishop-Elect  was  a  Franciscan 
Fatlier  of  the  College  of  Our  Ltuly  of  Guadalupe  at 
Zacatecis.  lie  had  been  at  the  mission  of  Santa  Clara 
from  IS:5?  to  183."),  and  was  appointed  in  1841  Prefect 
of  all  the  Northern  missions.  lie  was  consecrated  in 
the  college  church  at  Zacatecas,  on  the  4th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1840. 

The  Mexican  government,  by  its  decree  of  Xovend)er 
7,  promised  to  deliver  to  the  church  the  mission- 
houses  and  orchards,  to  give  hind  for  a  cathedral  and 
for  a  female  seminary.  The  P'athers  in  California 
were  not  to  be  recalled  till  the  Bishop  could  replace 
them,  and  he  was  authorized  to  form  missionaries  to 
revive  Indian  work.     Bishop  Garcia   Diego  reached 


W'v  regret  our  in;il)ilily  to  use  Hmicroft's  Caiifoniia,  !)iit  il  is  tlirousrh- 
(Hil  Mil  iiltcinpt  to  trciit  Ciitliolic  iilTairs  willi  iiiisrcpn'sculiition,  derision, 
aiul  insult,  ("iitliolic  terms  known  to  every  eliild  are  i>ui  in  away  to 
seem  ridiculous  and  disL'Ustinir.  He  even  iioes  so  low  as  to  eall  tlie  stig- 
mata of  the  seraphic  St.  Francis,  tiie  sores  of  St.  Francis. 


I 

1? 

1 

-S'V^H 

i; 

"i 

^tt^l 

l|tif  .       ; 

■    'll 

H 

«     ■ ! 

i 

PI 


'I. 


3i)2      THl?  CHURCH  m  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

San  Diego  on  tlie  Rosalind  from  San  Bias  on  the  11th 
of  December,  1841. 

Those  who  had  enriched  themselves  by  plundering 
the  churches  and  missions  were  by  no  means  pleased 
with  the  coming  of  •:.  bishop  and  i\ie  establishment  of 
parishes  on  a  canonical  basis.  Religion  was  dead 
in  their  hearts,  but  the  people  generally,  who  still 
retained  some  sparks  of  faith,  hailed  the  arrival  of 
the  Bishop  with  joy,  hoping  to  receive  the  spiritual 
ministrations  which  had  been  so  precarious. 

The  people  of  Santa  Barbara  formally  petitioned 
Bishop  Garcia  to  lix  his  residence  there  and  erect  his 
cathedral. 

In  his  first  pastoral  letter,  dated  at  ^fexico,  October 
28,  1840,  he  explained  to  the  faithful  his  concern  for 
the  white  settlers  in  California,  who  had  never  had  any 
direct  provision  for  churches  and  pastors,  but  had  de- 
pended on  the  missions,  which  would  soon  themselves 
be  bereft  of  priests.  The  picture  he  presented  of  tlui 
actual  condition  of  religion  in  California  led  to  the 
erection  of  a  bishopric,  and  steps  to  supply  the  settle- 
ments with  priests,  as  well  as  continue  the  Indian  mis- 
sions, wuere  possible.  In  view  of  the  peculiar  condi- 
tion of  alTairs,  Pope  Gregory  XVI.,  when  the  bulls  were 
issued,  addressed  si)ecial  letters  to  the  clergy  and  faith- 
ful in  California,  conmiending  Bishop  Garcia  Diego 
to  them,  and  directing  them  to  receive  him  with  due 
reverence  and  obedience,  and  listen  in  a  spirit  of  faith 
to  his  instructions.' 

liishoi)  Garcia  Diego  placed  his  diocese  under  the 
patronage  of  Our  Lady  of  Refuge,  as  chief  patron, 
with  St.  Francis  of  Assisium  and  St.  Francis  de  Sales. 


'  (.'arta  Pastoral  w.  el  Sr.  lUmn  y  Umo.  Sr.  I).  Francisco  Garcia 
Di  go,  Primer  ()'.ii>^i')o  dc  CaliforiiiMS.  diriL'c  a  los  RU  PP.  iiiisioncros  y 
a  susDioccsaiiDsaiitcs  lie  .su  iiigrcM)  al  ubi.jiailo.     Mexico,  1S40,  p.  1','. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 


353 


He  soon  set  out  on  a  visitation,  administering  confir- 
jiiation  at  Santa  Clara,  San  Francisco,  San  Antonio, 
San  Joso,  and  Monterey. 

The  Bislioi)  found  that  the  promises  of  tlie  Mexican 
government  would  not  be  carried  out.  He  obtained 
nothing  from  the  Pious  Fund,  no  means  were  given  to 
support  priests,  and  he  knew  that  lie  could  expect  but 
little  from  his  Hock.  He  obtained  at  last  a  grant  of 
land  to  maintain  a  seminary,  and  founded  the  Semi- 
nary College  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe  at  Santa  Inez. 
He  began  the  erection  of  a  cliurch  at  Santa  Barbara  to 
serve  as  a  cathedral,  but  his  poverty  was  such  that  he 
was  often  seen  carrying  stones  himself. 


./     c/ra/y.  .    Uhl'fpo 


o, 


/^///t' 


in.  -cciuj 


8IGNATUUE  OK   HISIIOI'  KIIANCIS  CiAUCIA   DIEGO. 


After  a  second  visitation  in  1844  he  was  completely 
di:50ouraged,  and  labored  with  the  missionaries  at 
Santa  Barbara  to  effect  what  good  was  possible  in  that 
vicinity.  He  died  piously  in  his  sixty-first  year  at 
the  mission  on  the  801  h  of  April.  1840,  and  was 
buried  on  the  3d  of  May,  on  the  epistle  side  of  the 
hiuh  altar  of  the  church,  wliere  a  tablet  has  been 
erected  to  his  memory.  Before  his  death  he  ap- 
pointed Very  Rev.  Joseph  M.  Gonsalez  Rubio  vicar- 
genenl  and  governor  of  the  diocese  during  the  va- 
canc\.  The  appointment  was  ratified  by  tlie  Chapter 
of  tliL  xJathedral  of  Mexico,  the  archiepisco])al  see. 


I-  ^ 


.  -  ,  ■  ■^rSi"^ll| 


h 


So-i       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Wlieii  will-  with  Mexico  was  impeinling  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  made  phins  for  tlie  occu- 
pation of  California.  Fremont  was  in  that  province 
before  hostilities  began  on  the  Rio  Grande.  He  rallied 
the  Americans  then  in  the  province  around  him,  and 
declared  California  independent  of  Sonora.  In  July, 
Commodore  Sloat  took  possession  of  Monterey  ;  Castro 
attenjpted  to  make  a  stand  at  Los  Angeles,  but  lied 
without  striking  a  blow.  By  August  Upper  Califor- 
nia was  virtually  in  the  hands  of  the  Americans,  and 
it  was  formally  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the 
treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo. 

The  rt-ligh)us  condition  of  the  country  was  deplor- 
able.    Cut  oiT  from  >rexico,  as  it  had  been  from  Spain, 
no  further  supply  of  ministers  of  religion  could  be  ex- 
pected from  either.     Yet  we  find  that  Father  doseph 
IV'rnardiue    Perez,    Prefect  of  the    Missions  of   the 
Apostolic  College  of  Zacatecas,  which  had  sent  many 
religious  to  the  territory  ceded  to  the  United  States, 
sent  a  memoir  to  the  Pope,  asking  that  he  and  his 
successors  be  authorized  to  form  a  body  of  mission- 
aries, of  his  own  and  other  orders  and  secular  priests, 
who  undnr  his  direction  should  attend  the  whites  and 
Indians  iuTexas,  New  Mexico,  and  California.'     When 
the  discovery  of  rich  deposits  of  gold  was  made.  nuMi 
poureil  in  from  all  countries,  and  a  new  population 
covered  the  land,  lo(d<ing  with  utter  contempt  on  the 
1)1(1  inhabitants.     Among  the  inunigrants  were  many 
Catholics,  not  a  few  of  them  rough  men  and  witli 
little  around  them  to  polish  their  ways.     Yet  faith 
was  not  dea<l  in  their  hearts;  they  soon  felt  the  want 
,.f  church  and  priest,  of  divine  service  and  of  the  sac- 
raments at  death.     They  knew  nothing  of  the  Pious 


Fiitlicr  .I<)sc'i)li  Bcrniidino  Perez  to  the  Poiie. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 


355 


Fund  or  the  mission  lands.     Open-hearted  men,  they 
were  ready  to  i)iit  up  churches  and  support  priests. 

Letters  came  to  Archbishop  Ecdeston  of  Baltimore 
and  I  Hishop  Iluijlies  in  New  York,  representing  the 
condition  of  affairs,  written  by  intelligent  Americans, 
Catholic  and  Protestant.  It  was  not  in  the  power  of 
these  dignitaries  to  interfere  ;  they  could  only  appeal 
to  Rome  to  lose  no  time  in  providing  for  the  future 
of  the  ('hurch  in  a  part  of  the  country  soon  to  be 
populous  and  important.  News  also  reached  Rome 
that  an  impostor  representing  himself  to  be  an  Apos- 
tolic Nuncio,  with  full  jiowers  to  arrange  all  ecclesias- 
tical matters,  was  traversing  California.  This  seems 
to  have  shown  the  necessity  of  some  action.'  The 
project  of  a  Vicariate  Apostolic  and  of  Picpus  mis- 
sions was  still  discussed  at  Rome,  but  at  the  instance 
of  someone  aware  of  the  Mexican  war,  and  the  exist- 
ence of  a  bishopric  in  California,  special  faculties 
were  sent  to  Bishop  Odin  of  Clalveston  for  California. 
When  the  proceedings  of  the  Seventh  Council  of 
Baltimore  reached  Rome,  with  the  names  of  three 
clergymen  proposed  for  the  selection  of  one  as  suc- 
cessor to  Bishop  Gi  'c!!'  D'ego,  matters  l)ecame  some- 
what clear  to  the  autJo)'ties,  but  the  bulls  issued 
to  Rev.  Father  Montgomery,  O.  P.,  appointed  him 
I^ishop  of  Monterey  or  San  Diego. 

Meanwhile  two  Canatlian  i)rit  >ts  followed  t!  e  tide 
of  emigration  which  was  carrying  ndc'i  of  the  jjciim- 
hition  from  Oregon  to  California.  Tlu  .  e  were  the 
Rev.  A.  Langlois  and  l{ev.  John  B.  '-  ouillet.  As 
their  papers  showed  them  to  l)e  worthy  cleigymen, 
tlie  Very  Rev.  Administrator  gave  them  the  necessary 
faculties,  and  they  began  their  work  in  San  Francisco. 

'  Kpistolii  S.  Coiijr.  tie  Propaganda  Fide  ad  Arcliifpiscopuiu  IJiilliino- 
rciisi'in,  Hoiiii',  April,  1850. 


•'!  J 


itk 


■  ■  *    i' 


■->spMiJ!«Kt; ;..: 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Rev.  ^[r.  Langlois  was  soon  left  alone.  A  snbscrii)- 
tion  was  immediately  started ;  a  house  and  lot  were 
purchased  for  $5000,  to  be  used  as  a  chiipel,  which 
was  duly  blessed  June  17,  1849.  The  church  of  St. 
Francis  on  Vallejo  Street  has  since  occupied  the  site. 

The  Sovereign  Pontiff  Pius  IX.,  when  the  Dominican 
Father  Montgomery  could  not  be  induced  to  accept 


KUtST  llIlJKtil    IN    «A.N    KHANClbCO. 

the  position  and  returned  the  bulls,  appointed  Rev. 
Father  Joseph  Sadoc  Aleu)any,  a  Spaniard  of  tli.' 
same  order,  born  at  Vich,  in  Catalonia,  in  1814,  or- 
dained in  the  Roman  States,  and  who  had  been  some 
years  on  the  American  mission.  He  was  actually  in 
ilome.  and  was  consecrated  in  the  church  of  San  Carlo 
June  13,  ISoO,  by  Cardinal  Fransoni. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOTH  CALIFORNIAS. 


357 


Other  English-speaking  priests  htul  arrived  during 
this  time  in  California,  and  with  proper  faculties 
began  their  arduous  labov  Kev,  Father  Anderson, 
O.  P.,  one  of  these,  a  conv  v  ,  who  came  to  California 
in  1849  as  chaplain  to  a  company,  while  attending 
those  seized  with  cholera,  fell  a  victim  to  his  zeal. 

Such  had  been  the  strange  history  of  religion  in 


i^^xr? 


/J^J^'^'ay 


y^yp^ 


8IGNATDRE  OF  BISHOP  ALEMANY. 


California  when  Bishop  xVlemany  came  to  direct  the 
alfairs  in  the  American  portion  as  Bishop  of  Monterey.' 

'  Letter  of  E.  H.  Iltirrison  to  ArcJibishop  ot  BiiltimorL',  May  16, 1848  ; 
Letter  of  an  iirijiy  ollicer.Xov.  28,  1848;  U.  8.  Cath.  Miigazine,  viii., 
pp.  264,  278 ;  of  a  navy  olHeer,  p.  245  ;  also  p.  567  ;  Bishop  Hughes  to 
Archliisliop  Eccleston,  Dec.  23,  1848 ;  Rev.  A.  Laiiglois  to  same,  Oct. 
!M,  1H41);  Freeman's  Journal,  Feb.  10,  8ept.  10,  1849,  Feb.  2:5,  Oct.  12, 
1850,  Jan.  11,  1851 ;  Cardinal  Baruabo  to  Archbibliop  Eccleston,  Dec. 
21,  1840. 


L  ^    ■'. 


it  ih  : 


T 


I 


T^^njrr 


BOOK  VII. 


•  -'A 

■i 


■  tl 

•       ■  Is 

I  I, 

I 


THE  MISSl 


CHAPTER  I. 

or  THE  M03T  UEV.  CAJETAN  BEDINi  TO  TH: 
UNITED   STATES. 


bes, 


The  govern inent  of  the  United  States  hud  i'or 
yejirs  been  represented  at  Rome  by  a  Ministt 
k()linisstliePoi)e,  and  in  1853  Pius  IX.,  wlien 
tlin  MosI  "N'V.  Cajetan  13edini,  Archbishop  ol" 
;iH  Nuncio  to  tlie  Court  of  Brazil,  cliarged  liini  also  to 
proceed  to  Wasliington,  and  ]n'esent  to  the  President 
of  tiie  United  's  a  friendly  letter. 

C()nii)laints  been    made   to  Rome  by  German 

Catholics,  and  ihf  Pope  appointed  Ai-chbishop  Bedini 
to  exanjine  and  decide  upon  the  complaints  of  the 
trust.'es  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  Phila- 
tU'lphia  and  of  St.  Louis  in  Ikiffalo.' 

Archbishop  Bedini  landed  in  New  York  June  30, 
I8.")3,  and  proceeded  at  once  to  Washington,  where  lie 
iu'esented  his  credentials.  He  was  versed  in  civil  and 
diiilomatic  affairs,  having  b  "U  secretary  to  Cardinal 
Altieri,  Nuncio  at  Vienna,  Pontitical  Commissary  of  the 
Legations  and  Tnternuncio  at  Rii  Janeiro,  where  he 
had  exerted  himself  in  behalf  of  opi)ressed  Germans. 


'  Wht'ii  -  .lilar  complaints  wi-ro  iiind  incyciirs  before,  namely,  tliat 
two  Al-ialiiin  piiests  had  been  apiiointed  lo  Gorman  '  ingreirations,  the 
('oiii,'re,u:ation  ile  I'lopagaiuli  Fuk-  sent  to  the  Uniti  il  States  Dr.  Joseph 
S;i!/J)a(her,  Canon  ot  St.  Stephen's  Calli'  Iral,  V'  ki,  wlio  in  uie  a  tour 
of  the  whole  country,  aud  not  only  made  his  olUeial  report,  but  published 
his  travels. 

810 


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7 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  8724503 


^H>v. 


3C0       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Afc  Washington  he  had  an  interview  witli  Franklia 
Pierce,  then  President  of  tlie  United  States.  Mr. 
Marcy,  Secretary  of  State,  at  once  raised  difficulties. 
''If  the  Pope  were  to  appoint  a  layman,  there  would 
be  no  difficulty  in  receiving  him."'  The  letter  of  our 
Minister  at  Rome,  explaining  the  nature  of  the  mis- 
sion of  Archbishop  Bedini,  and  attesting  his  high  cliai- 
acter,  was  carefully  mislaid  and  when  called  for  by  the 
Senate  could  not  be  found.  The  administration  deter- 
mined not  to  I'ecognize  him  as  a  member  of  the  diplo- 
matic body.' 

After  a  short  stay  in  Washington  the  Nuncio  pro- 
ceeded to  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  and  New  York, 
received  by  the  faithful  and  their  ecclesiastical  supe- 
riors with  the  honor  due  his  rank  and  merit.  Mean- 
while the  apostate  priest  Gavazzi,  with  the  scum  of 
Italian  and  German  revolutionists  in  this  country, 
concocted  a  series  of  vile  calumnies  against  the  Nuncio, 
accusing  him  of  the  greatest  cruelty  while  Commissary 
of  the  Legations,  and  especially  with  having  put  to 
death  an  apostate  priest  nanied  Ugo  Bassi,  after  caus- 
ing him  to  be  flayed  alive.  These  charges  were  echoe<l 
by  the  New  York  Express  and  other  anti-Catholic 
papers.  The  whole  charge  was  false.  The  Austrimi 
military  authorities  were  in  complete  control  in  Bolo- 
gna, and  Monsignore  Bedini  had  no  actual  power. 
Bassi,  an  apostate  priest  and  Barnabite,  had  joined 
Garibaldi ;  after  the  Pope  was  driven  from  Rome  he 


'  Postmnstcr  Canipl)ell  to  Arclihisliop  Hnghesillassnrcl,  p.  358).  They 
forgot  nt  Wasliiiigton  Unit  llcv.  Mr.  Correa,  a  priest,  had  been  received 
as  Minister  of  Portugal,  and  in  less  tliiin  ten  years  the  government  sent 
Arciihishop  Iluglies  to  represent  tlie  country  in  Europe  ! 

»  Tlie  letter  of  the  Poi)e  to  the  President  is  given  in  De  Courcy's 
"Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States"  (New  York.  18  )  p.  504  ;  <uul 
Jlr.  Cass's  letter,  p.  590.  No  reply  to  the  Pope's  letter,  so  far  as  I  can  ascer- 
tain, was  delivered  to  Archbishop  Ikdini. 


MISSION  OF  ARCHBISHOP  BEDINL  361 

sacrilegiously  offered  the  holy  sacrifice  at  the  main 
altar  of  St.  Peter's,  and  his  cruelty  was  notorious. 
When  three  peasants  were  murdered  at  a  bridge  in 
Rome,  as  disguised  Jesuits,  Bassi  stood  by  encourag- 
ing the  assassins  by  word  and  gesture.'    Bassi,  while 
trying  to  reach  a  vessel,  was  captured  by  the  Aus- 
trians,  with  a  companion ;  both  were  in  arms,  and 
avowed    themselves    officers   of    Garibaldi's    corps. 
Tiiey  were  taken  to  Bologna,  tried  by  an   Austrian 
court-martial  and  shot,  being  allowed  the  services  of 
a  priest,  and  Bassi,  apparently,  died  a  true  penitent. 
He  was  not  tried  ecclesiastically  by  the  Bishop  of 
Bologna,  or  degraded,  and  Monsignore  Bedini,  who 
was  then  only  in  priest's  orders,  had  no  ecclesiastical 
jurisdiction  whatever  over  him.»    But  the  caluniny 
was  actively  spread,  and  a  conspiracy  was  formed 
to  assassinate  the  Nuncio.      One   Italian   who   was 
aware  of  the  plot  notified  Monsignore  Bedini  of  his 
danger,  and  was  at  once  assassinated. 

Monsignore  Bedini  proceeded  to  Milwaukee,  where 
he  consecrated  St.  John's  Cathedral,  and  was  greatly 
astonished  at  the  progress  of  the  city  and  of  Catholicity; 
returning,  he  visited  Canada,  Boston,  and  New  Haven,' 
dedicating  a  fine  church  in  the  last  named  place.  In 
Octobe-  he  consecrated  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  New 


mm 


'  London  Quiirtcrly  Review,  Oct.,  1849. 

''  In  the  ceremony  of  def^rmling  a  priest,  the  places  in  his  hnnds 
touched  in  ordination  by  tiie  holy  oils  are  lightly  scratched  with  a 
piece  of  glass  or  knife  "  sine  sanguinis  effusione,"  (but  not  so  as  to  draw 
bloml).  Pontiticftle  Uoinanum,  Mechlin,  187:5,  iii.,  p.  111.  This  is  what 
was  transformed  into  flaying  alive,  but  there  was  no  degradation  in 
Bassi's  case  at  all.  What  are  we  to  think  of  Mr.  J.  Urisbin  Walker  in  an 
address  before  the  Washington  University,  making  Bassi's  death  a  liisling 
stigma  on  the  Catholic  Church?  Monsignore  Bedini  won  the  esteem  of 
tlie  city  of  Bologna,  which  presented  him  with  a  diploma  of  nobility  and 
printed  an  exquisite  volume  to  show  the  reganl  of  all  classes. 


Wr^^^ 


ilm 


k-r-'M-M, 


362      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

York,  the  newly  appointed  Bisliops  of  Brooklyn,  New- 
ark, and  Burlington.  His  efforts  soon  after  to  decide 
the  cases  of  the  churches  in  Buffalo  and  Philadelphia 
were  unavailing.  The  trustees  would  not  submit  to 
the  representative  of  the  Pope,  whom  they  addressed 
in  most  insulting  language,  and  then  endeavored  by 
the  aid  of  the  enemies  of  the  Church  to  obtain  in  New 
York  and  Penr.sylvania  legislation  to  injure  and  op- 
press the  real  Catholics. 

Archbishop  Bedini  then  proceeded  to  Pittsburgh, 
Avhere,  though  there  were  some  hostile  demonstrations, 
he  conferred  holy  orders  in  December,  and  by  way  of 
Louisville  reached  Cincinnati.  Here  an  organized  at- 
tempt was  made  to  attack  and  hang  him  and  destroy 
the  Cathedral.  The  authorities  acted  with  energy ; 
they  surprised  and  captured  the  conspirators,  with 
their  arms,  gallows,  and  banners.  The  courageous 
Nuncio  officiated  in  the  Cathedral,  and  preached  in 
German  in  several  churches  during  the  week  which  he 
spent  in  the  city.  He  next  visited  Mackinac,  and  was 
taken  on  a  government  steamer  to  the  ancient  mission 
station  at  Arbre  Croche,  where  the  Indians  received 
him  with  all  honor. 

Conriuuiiig  his  tour  through  the  country  lie  was  in 
New  Orleans  in  January,  1854.  His  missi(m  to  the 
United  States  had  by  this  time  been  taken  up  in  Con- 
gress, and  an  animated  debate  occurred  in  the  Senate. 
Lewis  Cass,  with  eight  others,  censured  in  the  ])lainest 
terms  the  foreign  refugees  who  had  brought  such  dis- 
grace upon  the  whole  country.  After  a  farewell  audi- 
ence with  the  President  the  Nuncio  and  his  .secretary. 
Rev.  Mr  Virtue,  embarked  for  Europe,  reaching  Ixm- 
don  in  February  and  thence  continuing  his  journey 
to  Rome. 

His  series  of  di.spatches  covered  the  events  of  his 


,  \  ml 


MISSION  OF  ARCHBISHOP  BEDINL 


363 


tour  tlirough  tlie  countiy,  but  lie  made  a  report  to 
Cardinal  Antonelli,  Secretary  of  State,  in  regard  to 
the  establishment  of  a  nunciature  at  Washington, 
wliich  he  regarded  as  feasible  and  likely  to  produce 
happy  results.'  A  much  longer  report,  to  the 
Secretary  of  State,  gave  his  views  on  the  condition  of 
the  Church  in  the  United  States. 

No  further  attempt  was  made,  however,  by  the 
Pope  to  establish  diplomatic  intercourse  with  the 
United  States,  although,  when  it  was  once  freed  from 
tile  i)rovincial  spirit  which  led  our  government  to  fol- 
low the  post-Reformation  policy  of  England,  anuncia- 
ture  might  have  been  sstablished. 

In  his  report  to  the  Secretary,  he  spoke  of  the 
fact  that  while  a  few  years  before  a  Catholic  church 
was  a  rarity.  Catholicity  now  was  an  organized, 
united,  increasing  body  with  dioceses,  churciies,  and 
institutions  confronting  a  decaying  and  disintc/rn'ting 
Protestantism,  strong  only  in  prejudice,  lu-  treated 
of  Catholics  as  represented  in  the  different  conditions 
of  life,  in  civil,  militarj^  and  naval  positions.  The 
gi-eat  bodies  of  emigrants  were  next  considered.  The 
Germans,  largely  made  up  ci  infidels  and  revolution- 
ists, were  active,  turbulent,  and  by  their  newspapers 
and  societies  exerted  a  detrimental  influence  on  tli  >se 
who  were  Catholics.  Of  the  larger  and  more  largely 
Catholic  Irish  immigration  he  noted  tlie  strong  faith 
and  attachment  to  the  Church,  the  result  of  perpetual 
persecution  at  home  ;  but  he  saw  them  exposed  in  the 
United  States  to  great  losses,  from  being  led  into  vice, 
neglecting  their  religious  duties,  and  in  many  cases 
from  the  fact  that  no  priest  or  church  was  near  to 


'  Rclnziono  di  Mons.  Giictttno  Bediiii  a  sua  Emincnza  Rma.  il  Sig.  Car. 
Antonelli,  Segrt'tario  di  .Stato.     Koniu,  July  13,  1834. 


.'I 


P    \  ■'] 


•ii 


I  m 


•HI 


',  Im 

'jiff 


'41 


•1    '  ! 


Mr- 
Til--    '1 


364      T//i;  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

recall  them.     Want  of  Catholic  schools  for  educating 
their  children  also  threatened  losses.' 

While  he  did  not  pretend  to  be  able  to  form  a  cor- 
rect judgment  of  the  Episcopate,  with  which  the 
Propaganda  was  in  constant  intercourse,  Archbishop 
Bedini  declared  that,  having  seen  nearly  half  in  their 
own  dioceses,  "  an  episcopal  body  so  respected  and  so 
worthy  of  respect  was  a  real  blessing.  They  were  all 
loved  and  venerated  in  the  highest  degree  by  their 
people,  and  even  Protestants  sought  their  esteem  and 
friendship."  As  the  most  eminent  lie  regarded  Arch- 
bishop Hughes,  Bishop  O'Connor,  and  Bishop  Fitz- 
patrick.  He  found  Bishops  everywhere  building  or 
encouraging  the  clergy  to  build  churches  and  insti- 
tutions, with  scanty  means.  They  were  no  longer 
greatly  hampered  by  the  fatal  trustee  system,  now 
confined  within  narrow  limits.  The  clergy,  as  a 
body,  he  regarded  as  edifying,  and  laborious  in  the 
discharge  of  the  complicated  duties  imposed  upon 
them  ;  compelled  to  collect  money,  build  churches  and 
schools,  besides  attending  to  the  discharge  of  their 
sacred  ministry.  He  noted  a  si)irit  of  iiulependence, 
and  disapproved  highly  the  custom  of  issuing  tickets 
for  admission  to  churches  on  great  solemnities— con- 
secrations of  Bishops,  dedications,  and  the  like,  for 
which  a  price  was  charged.  He  urged,  where  i)ossi- 
ble,  the  appointment  of  Bishops  of  American  birth. 


'  UfV.  Mr.  Mullen,  .'ipiit  to  the  I'liitctl  Slates  to  eollect  for  tlic  Ciilliolic 
■University,  Dublin,  luul  just  jjublislied  the  charge  tliat  three  millions  of 
Ctitholica  had  apostatized  in  tlie  United  Stales.  This  charge,  based  on 
DO  statistics,  and  utterly  irreconcilable  with  the  regular  decennial  census 
(Of  tlie  country  and  tlie  returns  of  immigration,  was,  however,  widely 
<'oi)ied,  and  much  was  said  of  the  "  lost  second  generation.''  I  refuted 
the  charge  at  tlie  time,  and  have  treated  the  whole  subject  in  the  Catho- 
lic News,  June-Dec,  1891.  Archbishop  Bedini  evidently  accepted  the 
charge. 


i 


MISSION  OF  ARCHBISHOP  BEDINI. 


365 


*'I  myself  had  occasion  to  see  that  not  only  jiiore 
deference  was  paid  to  the  advice  and  direction  of  an 
American-born  Bishop,  bdt  that  the  Bishop  himself  is 
more  courageous  and  fearless,  more  steadfast  in  the 
struggles  which  not  unfrequently  arise."  He  felt 
keenly  the  utter  indifference  shown  at  Washington 
to  the  plots,  threats,  and  violence  against  him,  and'' the 
neglect  of  the  President  and  Cabinet  to  express  the 
slightest  regret  at  the  insult  to  the  diplomatic  charac- 
tei'. 

He  spoke  strongly  against  dividing  the  Catholic" 
into  German  and  English  speaking.     "It  is  enou-h 
to    reflect  that  no   English,  American,   or  Irishman 
learns  German,  and  that  every  German  seeks  earnestly 
to  acquire  the  English  language.     The  rising  German 
generation  speaks  and  understands  English  wonder- 
fully, so   that  mothers   complain  that   they   cannot 
understand   their  children    when   they  converse    to- 
gether."    He  treated,  also,  of  the  colleges  and  semi- 
naries, and  of  the  necessity  of  an  American  Colleo-e 
which  some  wished  in  Rome,  others  in  France  or  Bd' 
gium.      Of    the   regular   orders,    especially    of    the 
Jesuits,  Kedemptoriats,  and  the  newly  formed  Bene 
diotine  monastery,  as  well  of  the  religious  communi- 
ties of  women,  he  spoke  in  terms   of  praise,  havino- 
visited  eighty-nine  establishments.'     Such  were  the 
views  of  this  eminent  dignitary  after  seven  months 
.spent  in  the  country. 


Ro  az.onp  cniplwu  rnnossH  ,1a  Mons.  IJcHliniall  E,m..  Sig,  Cunliuale 
I  ivfelto  (lollo  stato  ,li  quelle  vasle  resioni  nello  anno  1853.  Home  .lulv 
1 -.  is.,4  Arclibisliop  IkHlini  was  made  Cardinal.  Bishop  of  Vitcrbo  aud 
loscanellii,  and  died  in  ]«04. 


-v'* 


i^i- 


■m 


l'  ^  ' 

' 

n,' 


CHAPTER  II. 

DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE  AND  THE    FIRST  PLENARY 

COUNCIL. 

MOST    BEV.    FRANCIS    PATRICK    KENRICK,    SIXTH    ARCHBISHOP, 

1851-1863. 

In  tlie  elevation  of  Dr.  Keiirick  to  the  see  of  Balti- 
more all  recognized  the  tribute  paid  to  his  vast  theo- 
logical and  biblical  learning,  to  his  moderation  and 
skill  in  controversy,  and  to  his  clear  and  noble  ad- 
vocacy of  the  Primacy  of  the  Apostolic  See.  He 
brought  to  the  administration  of  the  ancient  diocese 


^ 


ti^f^c^    (y^tr^  /t!^re(/e' 


SIGNATUnE  OF  AUCnHISHOP   KKNIUCK. 

of  Baltimore  experience  gained  in  one  which  he  found 
divided  and  apathetic,  and  raised  to  a  condition  of 
zeal,  energy,  and  nnanimitj\ 

Archbishop  Kenrick  received  the  Letters  Apostolic, 
dated  August  3,  ISf)!,  and  leaving  Philadelphia  on  the 
9th  of  October,  took  possession  of  the  see  of  Balti- 
more as  Archbishop-elect. 

Pope  Pius  IX.,  by  his  Brief  "In  Apostolicse  Sedis," 
August  19, 1851,  appointed  the  Archbishop-elect  Apos- 
tolic Delegate,  empowered  to  preside  over  a  Plenary 
Council  of  all   the  Archbishops  and  Bishojis  of  the 

aeo 


•.V;S>  ; 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


867 


United  States.  His  tlioi-ougli  knowledge  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal discipline,  his  zeal  for  the  faith,  and  his  devotion 
to  the  centre  of  unity,  were  stated  as  having  induced 
the  selection  by  the  Sovereign  Pontiff.' 

On  receiving  this  authority  the  Archbishop-elect  on 
the  21st  of  November  issued  his  letter  of  indiction 
convoking  to  the  Plenary  Council  to  be  lield  in  the 
Cathedral  of  Baltimore  on  Sunday,  May  9  1852  -ill 
the  Archbishops  and  Bishops  of  the  United  States  alid 
Its  lerritones,  and  all  others  who  by  right  or  custom 
were  entitled  to  attend  a  Plenary  Council      These  in 
eluded  the  Archbishops  of  Baltimore,  Oregon  City 
St.  Louis,  New  Orleans,  and  New  York,  with  their 
suffragans,  and  the  Bishop  of  Monterey,  or  the  Two 
Cahfornias,   then  subject  directly  to  the  Holy  See 
Wiien  the  Council  opened  all  were  present,  except  the 
Bishop  of  Vincennes,  who  was  absent  in  Europe  and 
the  Bishops  of  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul,  detained  on 
the  way  from  their  distant  sees.     Forty  years  before 
the  first  Archbishop  of  Baltimore  had  sat  informally 
m  consultation  with  liis  three  suffragans,  the  Bishops 
of  Philadelphia,  Boston,  and  Biirdstown  ;  now  his  suc- 
cessor beheld  around  him  five  archbishops  and  twenty- 
four  bishops,  who  were  building  up  the  Church  of  God 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  beneatli   the  flao-  of 
the  United  States.     When  the  imposing  procession  of 
Archbishops.  Bishops,  officials  of  the  Council,  theolo- 
gians, the  Abbot  of  La  Trappe,  the  Superiors  of  the 
Augustinians,  Dominicans.  Benedictines,  Franciscans 
Jesuits,    Redemptorists,    Lazarists,   and    Siilpitians' 
passing  tlirough  the  street  had  entered  the  sanctuary 
of  the  Catliedral,  the  high  mass  was  solemnly  offered 

'  Cardiaal  Lambruscl.ini  t..  ArchbislH.p-ek^^Tlc^nckrCcMiciliun. 
PlenHriun,  totius  An.e.ic.i.  Sept.  F,.,!.  IJaltiinori  liabitum  anno  1852, 
lialt.,  185d,  p.  3.     Coirt'spoiideiice,  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  viii.,  p.  266. 


■^^i 


:  f! 


•   '    if 


;W8       TflE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

by  the  Most  Reverend  Arclibisliop  of  Baltimore. 
After  a  sermon  by  Archbishop  Hughes  of  New  York 
on  "Christ  as  the  True  Shepherd  and  the  Door,"  Arch- 
bishop Kenricli  formally  opened  the  Council.  The 
Fathers  confirmed  the  appointment  of  oflicials  :  the 
decrees  of  the  Council  of  Trent  on  the  profession  of 
faith  and  residence  were  read,  and  the  profession 
solemnly  nuide. 

In  the  private  sessions  the  important  business  which 
gatiiered  the  prelates  of  the  country  for  this  general 
deliberation,  was  considered  by  six  different  com- 
mittees and  then  discussed  by  the  bishops  in  council. 
During  the  sessions  eloquent  discourses  were  deliv- 
ered. The  august  assembly  closed  on  the  feast  of  the 
Ascension  in  a  solemn  session,  with  the  usual  acclama- 
tions and  the  Te  Deum.  The  decrees  of  the  Coun- 
cil were  twenty-five  in  number.  The  primacy  and 
l)le'iary  i)ower  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  were  ])ro- 
claimed,  and  the  decrees  of  the  General  Councils, 
especially  that  of  Trent,  were  acknowledged.  The 
Fatiiers  declared  that  the  decrees  of  the  seven  Pro- 
vincial Councils  of  Baltimore  should  extend  to  all 
l)arts  of  the  United  States,  and  the  Ilitual  with  the 
Manual  of  Ceremonies  be  uniformly  adopted.  Bishops 
were  urged  to  observe  the  canon  as  to  residence  in 
their  respective  dioceses,  to  have  a  council  of  prudent 
and  learned  men,  a  chancellor,  and  a  censor  of  books 
in  each  diocese.  Cautionary  measures  were  adopted 
against  the  too  easy  reception  of  priests  from  foreign 
countries  unless  they  bore  explicit  papers  as  to  their 
merit.  The  defining  of  limits  for  missionary  districts, 
the  publication  of  banns,  catechetical  instructions,  the 
establishment  of  a  school  at  every  church,  were  stren- 
ously  insisted  upon.  Where  a  stMuinary  could  not  be 
established  in  each  diocese,  it  was  urged  that  a  pro- 


ij.i.      :; 
ill     ,1 


Iji^ipi 


.*. }' 


VlIK 


DIOCEUE  OF  BALTIMORE. 
ial  seminary  shoiikl  be  formed.     The  old 


309 


irees 


ustee 
ugainst 


power  was  nearly  extinct,  but  the  dec 
terrible  evils  it  produced  were  re-enacted.^    The'riffhJs 
of  Catlio  ics  in  the  army  and  navy,  so  often  wantonly 
disregarded,  wen*  to  be  looked  after,  and  general  rules 
solicited  for  guaranteeing  to  then,  the  right  of  worship 
and  preventing  its  infringement.     Steps  were  to  be 
taken  to  spread  generally  the  Association   for  the 
li-opngation  of  the  Faith,  which  had  so  liberally  aided 
the  thurch  here  in  its  earlier  struggles,  and  also  the 
Association   of   Prayers    for   the    conversion    of  our 
fellow-countrymen.     Marriages    before    non-Catholic 
ministers  were  forbidden,  and  priests  were  required 
not  to  marry  any  who  had  gone  through  such  a  cere- 
mony  or  proposed  to  do  so.     These  decrees  were  de- 
ciared  approved  by  the  Sacred  Congregation  de  Pro- 
paganda  Fide  on  the  3()th  of  August,  1852,  and  its 
decision  was  ratified  by  Pope  Pius  IX.  on  the  26th  of 
September.     Tiie  Sovereign  Pontiff  also  granted  to  the 
members  of  the  Sodality  for  the  Conversion  of  non- 
Catholics,  who  daily  recited  the  prescribed  prayer  a 
plenary  indulgence  at  the  Easter  communion  and'at 
the  hour  of  death.     The  Fathers  of  the  Council  so- 
licited Irom  the  Pope  the  erection  of  new  sees  at  Port- 
hmd,  in  Maine;    Burlington,    Vermont;    Brooklyn, 
^ew  lork;  Newark,  in  New  Jersey ;  Erie,  in  Penn- 
sylvania ;  Covington,  in  Kentucky;  Quincy,  Illinois; 
isanta  te.  m  New  Mexico,  and  Natchitoches,  in  Louisi 
una,   and   the  erection   of  an  archiei)iscopal  see    at 
^an  Francisco.     Upper  Michigan  was  proposed  for  a 
A  icariate  Apostolic.     Pope  Pius  est;      shed  all  these 
but  deferred  for  a  time  the  erection  of  an  archiepisco' 
pal  see  at  Boston,  a  see  at  Wilmington,  and  the  crea- 
tion of  a  Vicariate  Apostolic  in  Florida. 
At  this  Council  Bishop  Alemany  of  Monterey  solic- 


t  j 


^lii 


1    •    »J 

.1  'q 

T 

'•"'li' 

370       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ited  the  advice  of  tliH  Fathers  on  a  point  which  wns 
finally  settled  as  an  international  question  between 
the  United  States  and  Mexico — the  claim  of  tiie 
Church  in  Upper  California  against  the  Mexican  gov- 
ernment for  a  share  in  the  Pious  Fund  of  California 
and  its  revenue,  tluit  fund  having  been  established 
under  the  Spanish  government  by  the  generosity  of 
pious  individuals  for  the  support  of  the  missions  in 
California.' 

On  the  22d  of  February,  185:},  Arcld)isliop  Kenrick 
issued  a  circular  urging  the  faithful  to  establish  where 
possible  braiu^hes  of  the  Association  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Faitli,  in  order  to  aid  the  Catliolic  missions 
throughout  the  world,  and  to  make  s'  ine  return  for 
the  help  afforded  by  it  to  many  struggling  dioceses  in 
the  United  States. 

After  a  visitation  extended  to  the  ancient  mission 
of  St.  Joseph  on  tlie  eastern  shore.  Archbishop  Ken- 
rick, on  tlie  fith  of  June,  convened  the  clergy  of  the 
diocese  in  a  synod,  and  a  spiritual  retreat  given  by 
two  Redemptorist  Fatliers.  It  was  attended  by 
thirty-tive  secular  and  seventeen  regular  priests, 
Jesuits,  Lazarists,  and  Redemptorists.  By  tlie  statutes 
adopted  no  priest  was  to  be  received  into  the  diocese 
unless,  before  leaving  his  former  diocese,  lie  obtained 
the  consent  of  the  Archbishop  of  Baltimore.  Steps 
were  to  l)e  taken  to  divide  cities  with  several  churches 
into  regular  parochial  districts,  within  which  the 
clergy  of  each  churcli  were  exclusively  to  administer 
tlie  sacraments,  and  to  none  beyond  the  limits  except 
persons  actually  hiring  seats  in  the  church.  German 
Catholics,  except  in  case  of  necessity,  were  to  be 


'  Concilium  Plenaritim,  I.,  pp.  1-64. 
Otlier  C()nteniiK)rary  Cutholic  paixTH. 
tung,  xxiv.,  p.  50  ;  xxv.,  p.  1,  37. 


Pitlslmrgh  C'lithollc.  ix.,  p.  76. 
Berithtu  dir  Li-opoldineu  Siif- 


ill 


!   * 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


371 


nmrriea  and  biiptized  by  their  own  priests,  who  were 
not  allowtnl  to  uclnnnister  those  sacraments  to  others. 
Where  tiiere  wore  several  German  churches,  eacli  was 
lo  have  its  own  district.     The  relative  rights  of  pas- 
tors and  assistants  were  deHned.     Bai)tisnis  in  private 
houses  were  forbidden  except  under  special  circum- 
.stances.      Regulations    were   adoi)ted    as   to    parish 
registers,     confessioiuils,     the     Blessed    Sacrament, 
funerals,  publication  of  banns,  mixed  marriages,  and 
the    sacrametjt    of    matrimony.      The   rules    against 
secret  societies  were  renewed  the  Catechism  of  the 
Plenary  Council  was  adopted.    Councilors  and  exam- 
iners of  books  were  appointed.    The  anniversary  of 
tiie  death  of  incumbents  of  the  see  was  to  be  observed 
as  prescribed  by  Archbishop  Marechal.' 

In  September,  1853,  the  Blithers  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  who  had  in  the  last  century  attended  Baltimore 
from  one  of  their  old  stations,  were  gratified  at  being 
able  to  commence  a  church  of  their  own  in  that  city, 
now  grown  to  be  the  great  Catholic  see  of  the  land! 
The  corner-stone  of  the  Church  of  St.  Ignatius  was 
laid  by  the  Most  Rev.  Archbishop.  Beside  it  was 
soon  to  rise  Loyola  College.  That  institution  was 
formally  opened  on  the  22d  of  February,  185.-),  the 
eloquent  William  George  Read  pronouncing  the  in- 
augural  address.* 

In  a  pastoral  issued  on  the  2d  of  July  Archbishop 
Kenrick  explained  to  the  faithful  the  rules  adopted 
in  the  synod.     An  attempt  at  this  time  to  obtain  a 


•  Metro,,„litftn.  i.,  pp.  139,238.  287,  345,417;  Freeman's  Journal, 
Junu  18.  l.s.);j ;  "  Synodiis  I)ia>(:esanii  llallimorensis.  niense  Junio  1853 
liabita."    nnltimore,  IS-IS. 

•  Detroit  Cath.  Vindicator,  Get.  8,1853;  Metropolitan,  lii.,  p  199 
About  thi«  time  the  eliurcli  at  DouRlioregan  Manor  was  enlar-eil  and 
Milorned  by  Clmrles  Carroll,  Esq.      Detroit  Vindicator,  Aug.  5  1854 


M 


I  ■*!■ 


372      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

just  modification  of  tl)e  public-school  system  failed, 
the  intolerant  majority  insisting  that  the  schools 
must  be  under  Protestant intiuence,  and  that  Catholics 
who  had  founded  the  State  had  no  right  to  a  voice  in 
ihe  management  or  teaching. 

The  naval  service  of  the  country  showed  a  similar 
spirit  in  distant  seas.  Lieutenant  Monroe,  U.  S.  N., 
on  the  Vincennes,  while  in  the  harbor  of  Hong  Kong, 
was  suspended  by  Commodore  Ringgold,  and  a  Mr, 
Schermerhorn  put  in  irons  for  refusing  to  attend  Prot- 
estant religious  service.'  Early  in  1854  the  diocese  of 
Baltimore  and  the  Catholic  body  at  large  sustained 
a  loss  in  the  death  of  Fielding  Lucas,  who  was  born 
at  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  in  1781,  and  had  for  many 
years  been  the  most  extensive  publisher  of  Catholic 
books  in  the  country,  investing  a  capital  which  no 
other  at  the  time  could  command.  Drawn  to  the 
Catholic  Church,  he  had  for  many  years  been  a  regu- 
lar attendant  at  its  services,  always  manifesting  a 
liberal  public  spirit.  In  his  last  illness  he  was  re- 
ceived into  the  true  fold  and  died  fortified  by  the  sac- 
raments." 

The  jul)ilee  proda'med  in  the  diocese,  in  October, 
18;')4,  was  by  the  wise  regulations  adopted  the  means  of 
renewing  piety,  and  bringing  many  back  to  the  prac- 
tice of  their  Christian  duties.  The  Archbishop  then 
jM'oceeded  to  Rome,  and  on  his  return  in  a  pastoral 
announced  to  his  clergy  and  faithful  that  tiie  Sover- 
eign Pontiff  had,  on  the  feast  of  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception, defined  as  an  article  of  faith,  "the  exevin*- 


'  Metropolitan,  1  .  p.  334  ;  Detroit  Viiiiliciitor,  Aug.  13,  1854.  Frif- 
iimn's  .lournnl.  Aug.  5,  1S.">4.  A  fwling  of  hostility  to  tlie  ('alliolic  re- 
ligion wan  (lisplayc'l  -sliorlly  before  by  Uie  couiuiunder  of  the  Sail 
Jacinto.     See  Pillsbiirgh  CiUholic,  x.,  p.  91. 

*  Metropolitun,  ii.,  p.  258. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


373 


tion  of  tlie  Blessed  Virgin  from  all  stain  of  oriffinal 
sm."  " 

The  Eighth  Provincial  Conncil  of  Baltimore  met 
m  the  Cathedral  on  the  5th  day  of  May,  1855     This 
synod  no  longer  gathered  the  Bishops  of  the  whole 
conntry ;  but  around  the  Metropolitan  were  the  suf- 
fragan Bishops,  Whelan  of  Wheeling,   O'Connor  of 
Pittsburgh,  McGill  of  Richmond,  Neumann  of  Phila- 
delphia, Young  of  Erie,  and   the  administrators  of 
two  vacant  sees,   Very  Rev.  John  Barry  of  Savan- 
nah, and  Very  Rev.  P.  N.  Lynch  of  Charleston.     The 
acts  of  the  Plenary  Council  left  little  for  local  coun- 
cils, but  the  Eighth  Baltimore  Council  declared  its 
full  acceptance  of  the  deKnition  of  Pope  Pius  IX 
"that  the   doctrine  which  holds   tV  ^  the  Blpssed 
Virgin  Mary,  at  the  first  instant  of  ..er  conception, 
was  by  a  singular  grace  and  privilege  of  Almighty 
God,  in  view  of  the  merits  of  Jesus  Christ,  the  Saviour 
of  the  human  race,  preserved  free  from  all  stain  of 
original  sin,  was  revealed  by  God,  and  therefore  is  to 
be  firmly  antl  constantly  believed  by  all  the  faithful." 
It  was  enacted  that  all  were  to  observe,  after  August, 
1857,  the  full  form  laid  down  in  the  Roman  Rkual 
for  the  baptism  of  adults.    Priests  receiving  letters 
dismissory  from  a  bishop  were  to  lose  entirely  the  title 
of  the  mission  in  that  diocese.     Fees  for  matrimonial 
dispensations  were  forbidden.      The  pew  rents  and 
offerings  of  the  faithful  for  the  support  of  the  clergy 
were  declared  to  be  subject  to  ecclesiastical  authority. 
The  appointment  of  the  Bishop's  Council,  and  the 
establishment  of  a  oathedraticum  or  contribution  from 
each  church  were  regulated. 

The  matter  of  opening  an  American  College  at 
Rome  for  the  reception  of  students  sent  from  dioceses 
ill  this  country  to  that  city  in  order  to  enjoy  the 


'A 


•J 


374       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

advantages  of  tlie  College  de  Propaganda  Fide,  was 
also  taken  up,  and  the  foundation  of  such  a  college 
warmly  supported. 

The  opening  of  an  American  College  at  Rome  was 
greatly  desired  by  Pope  Pius  IX.,  who  had  on  the  1st 
of  January  addressed  the  Archbishop  of  New  York 
and  his  suffragans  urging  a  general  action  of  the 
Archbishops  and  Bishops  of  the  United  States  to  effect 
it.  Some  bishops  thought  the  attempt  premature,  and 
that  in  their  actual  struggles  they  were  in  no  position 
to  assume  new  burdens ;  but  the  Pope  regarded  the 
matter  as  beyond  discussion,  and  desired  active  steps 
to  be  taken  "  to  erect  in  this,  our  fair  city  of  Rome,  a 
college  appropriated  to  the  clergy  of  your  nation." 
It  was,  we  believe,  the  first  recognition  of  the  people 
of  this  country  as  a  nation. 

The  Pope  promised  to  aid  the  great  work,  and  as 
soon  as  the  difficulties  of  his  position  permitted  he 
gave,  for  the  use  of  the  Bishops  of  the  United  States, 
a  large  and  well  arranged  building  which  had  been 
occupied  by  a  community  of  Visitation  Nuns,  together 
with  an  elegant  church  adjoining  it.  Archbishop 
Keiirick  in  a  pastoral  appealed  to  the  faithful  to  raise 
a  fuiul  necessary  to  maintain  at  Rome  the  students 
sent  from  the  different  dioceses  to  the  American  Col- 
lege.' On  the  Wth  of  August,  I808,  Cardinal  Barnabo,' 
addressing  Archbishop  Hughes,  urged  the  Bishops  of 
the  United  States  to  complete  *'  with  alacrity  what  the 


'  Concilium  Bnltimorcnse  Provinciiilo  VIII,  hultitum  nnno  1855;  Bnlli- 
more,  1S.57.  Letters  of  Pius  IX.,  Aiii:.  9,  1S.">,  Jiiii.  1,  18,"),  Feb.l2,  IHoO. 
MetroiM-litiin,  iii.,  p.  7(M{.  Ix'tter  of  Caniinal  Uarimbo,  Aug.  15,  1S.")S. 
Arihl)i«li<)i>  Keiiriek,  Piistorul,  Oct.  10,  1858. 

»  Letter  of  Cnr(liiial  Barnnbo.  Freeman's  .lotirnnl,  Oct.  23,  18.W.  See 
also  Nov.  aO.  1S58.  Ct.  -  Minor,  April  It),  Dec.  21.  1859.  Guardian, 
Mar.  3,  IjoO. 


DIOCEt',  BALTIMORE.  875 

Roman  Pontiff  had  begun,  and  what  he  had  so  earn- 
estly  promoted  in  deed  and  word." 

The  liouse  and  church  tlius  assigned  for  the  future 
training  of  students  from  tiie  United  States  stand  in 
a  central  and  liealthy  part  of  Rome  near  the  great  in- 
stitutions  which  they  would  frequent.  The  Catholics 
of  the  United  States  undertook  to  furnish  it  suitably 
establish  a  fitting  library,  and  create  a  fund  for  its 
maintenance.  In  Rome  "  the  clerical  student  is  sur- 
rounded by  everything  that  can  elevate  taste,  enlarge 
the  mind,  and  strengthen  the  faith."  "Her  numerous 
colleges,  monasteries,  and  academies  afford  him  fre- 
quent opportunities  of  listening  to  disputations  on  the- 
ology and  philosophy,  and  to  the  lectures  of  distin- 
guished scholars  on  literature,  history,  and  science  " 

Collections  were  made  in  the  different  dioceses  and 
the  requisite  fitting  up  of  the  college  followed  Dur- 
ing the  year  1859  the  choice  of  a  rector  occupied  the 
minds  of  those  in  authority,  and  of  fifteen  presented  by 
members  of  the  American  hierarchy,  the  Sacred  Con- 
gregation de  Propaganda  Fide,  with  the  approval  of 
the  Poi)e,  selected  Very  Rev.  William  McCloskey  a 
native  of  New  York  State,  and  at  the  time  Professor  of 
Moral  Theology  at  Mount  St.  Mary's  Seminary  The 
college  was  opened  by  Canlinai  Barnabo  on  tiie  eve 
of  the  Immaculate  Conception,  the  students  being 
under  the  care  of  a  protector.  The  paternal  heart  of 
Pius  IX.  was  greatly  consoled  by  the  hope  that  the  new 
institution  would  prove  an  efficient  means  in  spread- 
ing and  maintaining  the  faith  in  the  United  States 
It  was  honored  on  the  2()th  of  January,  1800,  by  Pope 
Pius,  who  came  in  state  lo  offer  the  holv  sacrifice  in 
the  college  church  dell'  Umiltu.  He  was  received  by 
several  cardinals,  with  Mgr.  Bt'dini,  I?ev.  Br.  Smith, 
the  acting  rector,  by  Bishop  Bacon  of  Portland,  and 


m 

'•"il 


i.1 


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.      'f 


m 


ft:.i 


I 


(K: 


Iff'  <" 
fii  ■"■■ 


? 


376      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

by  the  Bishop  of  Liverpool.  After  his  colhition,  ad- 
dresses were  made  and  then  the  Sovereign  Pontiff 
spolce  touchingly  of  his  positi  i  and  the  zeal  of  his 
predecessors  for  the  diirnsion  of  the  faith. 

Though  the  college  had  thus  been  opened  and  begun 
its  useful  work,  the  collections  in  the  United  States 
l)roved  insufficient  to  maintain  it  properly.  When 
the  distracted  state  of  the  country  in  18(52  checked  the 
movement  here,  the  Rector  of  the  College  found  it 
necessary  to  borrow  live  thousand  dollars  in  order  to 
provide  for  the  forty-one  students  then  within  its 
walls,  several  of  whom  had  won  distinctions  at  the 
public  examinations  of  the  Propaganda,  and  who 
were  all  commended  for  zeal  and  piety.' 

Maryland  was  not  a  State  where  new  churches  were 
constantly  rising,  yet,  in  1855,  corner  stones  of  new 
buildings  for  divine  worship  were  laid  in  Baltimore, 
at  Georgetown,  in  Kent  County,  Long  Green,  and  at 
Clarksville.  The  church  of  St.  Bridget,  at  Canton, 
was  dedicated  on  rhe  8th  of  July.* 

During  the  sunnner  of  1855  Archbishop  Kenrick 
made  extended  visitations. 

Colonel  Bernard  U.  Campbell,  a  Maryland  Catholic, 
known  and  honored  by  all  in  social  and  business  cir- 
cles, died  in  1855,  in  liis  sixtieth  year.  He  deserves 
lasting  remembrance  for  his  life-long  efforts  to  collect 
and  preserve  the  material  for  the  history  of  the 
Church  in  the  United  States.  Patient,  accurate, 
sound  in  judgment,  clear  and  interesting  in  his  state- 
ment of  facts,  his  contributions  have  been  a  great 
storehouse  for  later  writers.' 


'Cnth.  Mirror,  Oct.  11.  1862:  Browiison's  Review,  y.vii.,  p.  253. 
*  MctrojKililiin,  iii,,  pp.  ;«7.  70S. 

'  Col.  Cunipbill  pul>li.<lu.'d  iiolliiiiL:  in  book  form,  but  his  life  of  Ardi- 
bishop  Carroll,  begun  in  the  U.  .S.  Cnth.  Mnirnzino,  and  other  eonlribii- 


III 

^^^^^^^H    i 

P>IHjk 

rs^^ 

DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


377 


By  Ji  rule  of  the  Catliolic  Church  no  priest  coming 
into  II  diocese  can  officiate  at  the  altar  or  say  mass 
without  the  authority  of  the  bishop  of  the  diocese 
where  he  intends  to  stay.  Washington,  being  the 
capital  of  the  United  States,  occasionally  received 
priests  from  other  countries  to  whom  this  rule 
applied.  General  Walker,  an  American  adventurer, 
made  himself  for  a  time  President  of  Nicaragua,  and 
sent  a  priest  as  his  envoy  to  the  United  States.  This 
ecclesiastic  applied  to  the  Archbishop  of  Baltimore  for 
faculties  to  say  mass,  but  Most  Rev.  Dr.  Kenrick 
absolutely  declined. 

In  1856,  an  infamous  petition  was  presented  to  the 
Maryland  House  of  Delegates,  aiming  to  harass  and 
subject  the  devoted  religious  women  in  our  convents 
to  the  visitation  and  examination  of  b  utal  men 
who  sought  only  to  destroy  the  institutions.  It 
was  laid  on  the  table  by  a  vote  of  nearly  four  to 
one. 

To  defeat  the  scheme  more  effectually  the  petition 
was  referred  to  a  committee,  which  unanimously 
reported  that,  in  their  opinion,  the  charges  were 
groundless,  that  the  laws  and  courts  were  entirely 
adequate  to  protect  any  person  or  persons  detained 
against  their  will,  and  that  no  furtiier  legislation  was 
necessary. 

Several  churches  were  dedicated  in  1856-57,  and  the 
Catholic  popuhition  of  Baltimore  was  then  estimated 
at  80,814,  for  whose  use  there  were  thirteen  churches. 
A  church  destroyed  by  tire  was  rebuilt  and  dedicated 
in   September,  1857.     At  Mount  St.  Mary's,  Emmits- 

tioim  to  the  vwrimlicals  of  the  day,  and  his  papers  read  before  the 
Maryhind  Historical  Society,  are  a  iiisliiii?  inoiimnent.  To  me  tite  aid 
afforded  by  him  in  life,  by  his  printed  worii,  and  by  many  of  his  tran- 
scripts and  collections,  has  been  incalculable. 


'51 


!.^ 


.i'^i 


378       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


burg,  the  corner  stone  of  a  new  clinrch  was  laid,  and 
another  in  Baltimore  for  a  German  congregation. 

The  venerable  Cathedral  witnessed,  during  the  year 
1857,  the  consecration  of  Bishop  Eider  of  Natchez  and 
Bishop  Barry  of  Savannah,  and  (he  next  year  of  Dr. 
Verot  as  Bishop  of  Danabe  and  Vicar  Ajjostolic  of 
Florida. 

Georgetown  College  continued  to  enjoy  reputation 
and  success,  but  in  November,  1857,  it  lost  one  of  its 
most  eminent  professors,  Father  George  Fenwick,  a 
liriest  of  remarkable  literary  attainments,  and  of  the 
ability  to  imbue  young  men  with  a  love  of  letters. 

Early  In  1858,  Archbishoi)  Kenrick  established  in 
liis  diocese  the  devotion  of  the  Forty  Hours,  during 
which  the  Blessed  Sacrament  is  exposed  for  that  term 
commemorating  the  time  our  Lord  remained  in  the 
Sepulchre.  Originating  with  a  pious  Capuchin,  then 
adopted  by  St.  Charles  Borromeo  to  attract  the  faith- 
ful from  the  excesses  of  Carnival  time  to  prayer  and 
recoiled  ion.  promoted  by  St.  Philip  Neri  and  St. 
Francis  de  Sales,  this  devotion,  lirst  practiced  in  this 
country  early  in  the  last  century  at  Natchez,  had 
never  been  regularly  established.  The  action  of 
Archbishoj)  Kenrick  led  to  its  general  introduction,  to 
the  great  benefit  of  religion.' 

The  Ninth  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore  opened 
May  2,  1858.  With  the  Archbishop  Most  Rev.  Fran- 
cis P.  Kenrick,  there  were  i)resent  Bishops  O'Connor 
of  Pittsburgh,  ^fcGill  of  Richmond,  Neumann  of 
Philadelpliia,  and  his  coadjutor  Bishoj)  Wood, 
Young  of  Erie.  Barry  of  S;ivannah,  Lyiich  of  Charles- 
ton, and  Rt.  Rev.  Augustine  Verot,  Vicar  Apostolic 


'  Mptropolitun,  iv.,  pp   133,  578,  .IIS  :  v.,  pp  45,'),  .W2,  767  :  Freeman's 
Jouriml,  June,  Aug.,  1857  ;  History  of  Georgetown  College,  p.  193. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 
^11  as  Kl.  Rev.  Bonifsu 


379 


of  Florula,  as  well  as  Hi.  Rev.  Boniface  Wimmer, 
Abbot  of  St.  Vincent,  of  the  order  of  St.  Benedict, 
and  the  Superiors  of  the  Jesuits,  Redeniptorists, 
Doniiniciins,  and  Passionists.  Bishop  Whehm  of 
Wheeling  was  absent  in  Europe. 

Among  the  subjects  discussed  was  a  petition  to  the 
Pope  to  dispense  perpetually  with  the  abstinence  on 
Saturday,  which  had  been  temporarily  suspended  ; 
to  affirm  by  a  decree  tiie  verbal  exemption  of  soldiers 
and  sailors  in  the  American  army  and  navy  from  ab- 
stinence except  on  Ash  Wednesday,  the  last  three 
days  of  Holy  week,  tlie  vigils  of  the  Assumption  and 
Christmas.  The  Archbishops  and  the  Bishops  of 
Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh,  Wheeling,  Charleston,  and 
Savannah,  agreed  to  send  sixteen  students  to  the 
American  College  in  Rome  and  puy  a  stated  sum  for 
their  maintenance.  The  matter  of  a  translation  of  the 
Bible  was  also  taken  up ;  great  praise  was  given  to  that 
in  course  of  publication  by  Archbishop  Kenrick,  but 
as  it  was  understood  that  Rev.  John  Henry  Newman 
of  the  Oratory,  an  acknowledged  imister  of  the 
purest  English  style,  was  about  to  devote  himself  to 
the  important  work  of  preparing  a  new  translation,  a 
committee  of  Bishops  was  appointed  to  open  corre- 
spondence with  the  English-speaking  Bisliops  of  the 
world  and  secure  a  general  action.  Unfortunately 
Cardinal  Newman  never  began  the  work,  Archbishop 
Kenrick's  text  has  never  been  printed  for  general  use, 
and  is  known  only  to  scholars.  The  Bibles  issued  by 
publishers  have  been  so  constantly  altered  that  the 
English-speaking  Catholic  body  has  a  host  of  discord- 
ant Bibles,  resembling  only  in  name  the  Douay  Bible. 

The  Holy  See,  through  Cardinal  Barnabo,  acting  on  " 
the  request  of  the  Council,  granted  to  the  see  of  Bal- 
timore the  prerogative  of  place  in  Councils  or  meet- 


1 1; 


I'll 


I  ' 


..**' 


m 


880       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ings  of  any  kind  lield  by  the  Archbishops  and  Bisliops 
of  tlie  United  States,  and  the  right  of  placing  liis 
tlirone  above  even  Arclibishops  older  by  date  of  con- 
secration. The  requests  in  regard  to  abstinence  were 
granted. 

As  Alexandria  had  at  this  time  been  restored  to 
Virginia,  that  portion  of  the  District  of  Columbia  was 
detached  from  the  diocese  of  Baltimore  and  placed 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  Richmond.' 

The  Congregation  of  the  Most  Holy  Redeemer  was 
now  firmly  established  in  the  country,  vocations  were 
numerous,  there  being  from  twelve  to  sixteen  candi- 
dates in  the  novitiate,  and  occasionally  more  ;  while 
in  the  House  of  Studies  at  Cumberland  there  were  at 
this  time  fifty- three  pursulngtheir  ecclesiastical  course. 
All  this  was  the  growth  of  ten  years.  The  congre- 
gations and  districts  confided  to  them  by  the  Bishops 
were  increasing,  and  their  missions,  given  in  churches 
throughout  the  country,  produced  great  fruit. 

On  the  0th  of  October,  1858,  Mount  St.  Mary's  Sem- 
inary and  College  put  on  the  robes  of  gladness  to  cele- 
brate the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  its  establishment  by 
Rev.  John  I)u  Bois.  Addresses  were  delivered  by 
Rev.  President  McCaffrey,  James  MoSherry,  Esq., 
poems  in  English  and  Latin,  by  George  H.  Miles,  Esq., 
and  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  C.  Pise,  and  an  eloquent  ser- 
mon preached  by  Rev.  A.  L.  Hitselberger.  The  ser- 
vices   drew  to    the    inotmtain   Archbishop    Hughes, 

'  Decrplum  S.  CoiiKrejrationis  de  Propajjaiula  Fide.  Aug.  15,  laW. 
(.'onciliuni  Hallimorcnsc  Provinciale.  IX.  liabiium  anno  IB-W.  Haiti- 
more.  There  was  also  aclion  as  to  solemn  vow.s  of  religion,  as  to 
rcsorviiig  the  Blessed  Haeramont  in  convent  chapels,  and  in  regard  to 
clergymen  acting  as  physicians.  Metropolitim,  18')8,  p,  325;  Berichte  der 
Lcopoldinen  Bliftiing,  xx.\.,  p.  41  ;  Freeman  s  Journnl,  May  5,  1858. 

'  Rorichte  der  [.eopoldinenHliftung,  xxx.,  p.  41.  The  Jubilee  at  Mount 
St.  Mary's,  ()ctolx;r  6.  1858  ;  New  York.  1859. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


881 


Bishops  Carrell,  Elder,  Louglilin.  McCloskey,  Mc- 
FarJaiul,  and  Wood,  with  a  hosts  of  priests  and  laymen, 
alumni  of  the  College.' 

On  the  18th  of  January,  1859,  Hon.  Isaac  Toucey, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  to  wliom  Dr.  Jedediah  V.  Hunt- 
ington, an  eminent  Catholic  writer,  had  appealed,  re- 
lieved the  Catholic  cadets  of  the  Naval  Academy  at 
Annapolis  from  religious  persecution.  They  had  pe- 
titioned for  their  religious  rights,  but  were  compelled 
to  attend  Protestant  service  and  not  permitted  to  hear 
mass  on  Sundays.  Secretary  Toucey  wrote:  "The 
Department  has  issued  an  order  which  will  permit  the 
youths  at  the  Academy  of  the  Catholic  persuasion,  to 
attend  divine  worship  on  Sundays  at  churches  of  their 
own  faith."  ' 

Rock  Hill  Academy  extended  its  buildings  and 
the  Sisters  of  Charity  had  plans  prepared  for  a  grand 
hospital  near  Mount  Hope  Asylum.  The  following 
year  saw  a  new  asylum  erected  there  and  the  corner 
stone  of  St.  Joseph's  Orphan  Asylum  laid. 

In  his  LbMiten  Pastoral  Archbishop  Kenrick  called 
attention  to  the  necessity  of  providing  for  the  Ameri- 
can College,  and  directed  a  special  collection  for  its 
temporary  maintenance.  He  also  dwelt  on  the  neces- 
sity of  prayer  for  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  amid  the  dif- 
ficulties by  which  he  was  environed.  With  his  suffra- 
gans he  not  only  issued  a  pastoral  to  his  flock  but  also 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  venerable  Pope,  expressing 
their  sympathy,  a  letter  which,  as  he  stated,  afforded 
liim  great  comfort  and  joy.' 


'  Secretary  Toucey  to  J.  V.  Huntington.  Jan.  18,  1859;  Catli.  JUrror 
Yvh.  20.  1859. 

■'  Pastoral.  Calh.  Mirror.  Feb.  11,  1800 ;  Pastoral,  July  14,  I860;  Let- 
ter of  Uie  Archbishop  of  Hallinxire,  etc..  to  tlie  Pope,  July  5, 1860 ;  Reply 
Of  P!'<8  IX..  Aug.  16 ;  lb.,  Sept.  23,  1800 ;  See  Nov.  3,  Dee.  15. 


:.L' 


&i- 


'>r^'-  MJ 


382      THE  CHURCH  IS  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Old  shririHs  of  religion  dear  to  the  Catholic  heart 
from  the  t'ojoiiial  days  of  oppression,  like  Boone's 
chapel,  where  Archbishop  Carroll  was  baplized,  and 
Reeve's  chapel  in  Charles  County,  were  reithused  by  solid 
and  becoming  churches.  Holy  llosary  and  St.  Peter's. 
New  churches  called  for  by  the  growth  of  the  Catholic 
body  rose  at  Mechanicstown,  Locustpoint.  Tlagers- 
town,  Fell's  Point  and  Hill  Top,  while  in  the  City  of 
Washington  the  tine  church  of  the  Fathers  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus  was  dedicated  to  St,  Aloysius,  and 
the  corner  stone  laid  for  St.  Paul's  in  Baltimore. 

The  condition  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  induced  the 
Archbishop  in  November  to  direct  the  recitation  of 
special  prayers  for  him.' 

Early  in  January,  Maryland  lost  the  eloqiient  Jesuit 
Father  James  Hyder,  a  native  of  Ireland,  long  iden- 
tified with  Georgetown  College,  where,  after  filling 
several  chairs  as  professor,  he  had  directed  the  insti- 
tution most  successfully  as  president.  He  founded 
the  Philodemic  Society,  and  inspired  the  young  men 
to  celebrate  the  landing  of  the  ^faryland  Pilgrims, 
and  thus  led  to  the  exercises  at  old  St.  Mary's  which 
made  the  founders  of  the  province  generally  known 
and  revered.  Father  Hydei-  was  also  for  a  time  Pro- 
vincial of  his  order.  He  expired  in  Philadelphia  on 
the  12th  of  January,  KSGO." 

THE  CIVIL  WAll  IN  AMERICA. 

The  year  1800  had  been  one  of  great  political  excite- 
ment in  the  United  States,  and  as  the  time  for  the 
Presidential  election  drew  nigh,  the  patriotic  lovers  of 
their  country  were  tilled  wiih  gloomy  forebodings,  as 

'  Cnth  Jlirror,  Apr.  16,  Nov.  19.  IH.IO. 

'.I.  F.  McLniiiililiii.  "  F^ulojiy  on  Hcv.  Dr.  Ilydt-r,  S.  .1."  Wiisliington^ 
1800  ;  History  of  Georgetown  ("ollefe'e,  New  York,  1891 ,  p.  125,  etc. 


Fr-^iii! 


IH: 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


888 


ii  division  of  tlin  republic  or  war  became  certain.     The 
North  and  the  South  were  filled  with  animosity  against 
each  other.     There  had  been  a  jealousy  between  the 
two  sections  from  the  commencement.     The  selection 
of  the  Federal   District  was  a  compromise  between 
them.     The  war  with  England  in  1812,  favored  by  the 
South,  was  so  bitterly  opposed  in  New  England  that 
the  withdrawal  of  the  Northern  States  was  openly  de- 
bated and  a  convention  called  at  Hartford  gave  evi- 
dence of  the  feeling.     The  passage  of  a  tarilf  actby 
Congress,  which  discriminated  against  the  South,  led 
South  Carolina  to  refuse  to  pay  duties,  and  only  the 
stern  decision  of  President  Jackson  i)revented  an  open 
rupture.     Gradually  the  great  question  between  the 
North  and  South  became  that  of  slavery.     Human 
bondage  had  prevailed  in  all   the  original   thirteen 
States,  but  as  the  use  of  slave  labor  was  less  economi- 
cal and  less  productive  at  the  North,  the  slaves  were 
gradually  emancipated    in    all  the  States  north  of 
Maryland.     In  the  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio, 
the  existence  of  slavery  was  prohibited  by  an  organic 
act  of  the  Continental  Congress.     The  country  west  of 
the  Mississipi)i,   acquired    from  France  and   Spain, 
under  whom  slavery  prevailed,  became  a  subject  for 
debate  in  Congress  when  it  was  proposed  to  admit 
Missouri  as  a  State.    The  patriotism  and  ability  of 
Henry  Clay  warded  off  the  danger  by  a  compromise, 
which  permitted  slavery  south  of  a  lixed  line,  and  ex- 
cluded it  forever  from  States  to  be  formed  north  of 
that  line.     When  the  country  west  of  Missouri  was 
opened  to  settlers,  the  question  came  up  again  as  to 
the  proposed  States  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.    Settler-s 
from  the  North  and  South  poured  into  Kansas,  eacli 
side  determined  to  have  the  new  State  suit  its  views. 
AVhile  the  advocates  of  slavery  and  the  Free  State 


Jrl 


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11 

^KlIlM 

M| 

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IM 

Kl 

H 

#g#       TH,     CHUItCtt  ry  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Uleti  rt-en  ►^nj/jiKUiK  in  t'tual  hostilities,  the  whole 
country  wiis  .ixt'lieil.  Moretluui  three  thoiiHiiiKl  I'rot- 
«stuiit  miaisters  in  New  Euglufid  s^it  a  petition  to 
Congress  ugaiiiNt  the  imssivge  of  a  corni)roniise  bill 
which  left  the  quesi  )n  of  the  admission  of  slavery  lo 
the  jieople  after  thn  adniissif  m  of  Kansas  and  Me- 
bm#ka  as  States.  Pulpits  evei.  ohoed  with  appeals 
for  moni«y  to  send  ritles  to  the  Northern  men  in  Kan- 
fias.  The  very  persons  who  should  have  labored  for 
l)eace  were  jiracticnlly  hurrying  rnen  to  strife  and 
i)loodshed.  They  wrre  the  same  class  who  had  as  per- 
Histently  and  frantically  intlamed  the  public  mind 
against  the  Catholic  cliurch  and  its  adherents. 
Churches  were  rent  asunder.  Those  at  tlie  North  and 
South  would  hold  no  communion  with  eacli  otlier. 

In  this  excitement  the  Catholic  elergy  and  i)eople 
had  taken  no  part.     Archbishop  Hughes  wrote  truly : 

"  If,  unhappily,  an  event  which  is  sometimes  al- 
luded to  as  a  possible  contingency,  namely,  a  division 
of  the  country,  should  ever  take  place,  the  Catholics 
will  have  had  no  voluntary  part  in  bringing  about 
such  a  calamity.  We  trust  that  it  will  never  occur. 
Should  it  ever  unfortunately  happ^^n,  it  will  not  be  by 
their  co-operation.'' '  After  the  war  had  ended.  Bishop 
Lyiu^h  of  Charleston  could  say  to  Secretary  Seward  : 
'*  I  am  not  conscious  of  ever  having  .said  or  done  any- 
thing to  originate  the  war.  to  exact^baie  it,  or  to  i)ro- 
long  it  an  hour.'  The  l-^eeman's  Journal,  an  influen- 
tial Catholic  pai)er,  .said  as  early  as  lbO(3 :  "On  the 
<piestion  of  slavery  Catholics  alone  are  agreed  at  the 
North  and  at  the  South,  and  this  is  not  the  result 
ol  any  hibored  attempts  to  enforce  unanimity — it  is 

'Close  of  "  Tilt!  f'alliolic  Prr-s  "  iis  oriiriniilly  written.     Tlic  Arrli 
bisliop  iiltcrc'il  it  ill  the  pr(ii)f,  uikI  I  kept  both  tlie  ppMif  iiml  alteratiuu. 
"Hisliop  I.ymh  to  Hon.  \V.  H,  Scwnrd,  June  24,  1805. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


38fl 


spontanooiiH.  Iti^lit  views  coniniend  themselvei  nat- 
unilly  to  tlio  niinds  of  men  who  receive  (he  universal 
teuciiing  on  tiiis  ?iiil)j»>ct  and  who  do  not  ullow  them- 
selves to  be  led  astray  by  alwtrart  'inquisitions  or 
hearken  to  the  voice  of  self-elected  exponents  of  the 
Divine  law  as  they  understand  it."'  "  \V.  might 
allude  incidentally  to  one  fact  pregnant  with  mean- 
ing to  all  Southern  men  at  the  present  crisis/'  wrote 
the  oldest  Catholic  paper,  the  Miscellany.  "Catholics 
as  such  are  the  only  religicms  body  exempt  from 
fanariiism  on  ih.?  slavery  question  and  bound  by  their 
creed  to  th.>  support  of  the  Constitution."  '  During  the 
war  the  altitude  of  the  C'hurch  was  Christian  and 
]Kiiriotic.  "  In  the  very  beginning  of  the  Mar,"  wrote 
Bishoi)  Spalding  to  Home,  "  our  Hishoi)s  in  more  than 
one  provinciial  council  publicly  and  officially  declared 
in  their  pastorals  that  they  had  nothing,  and  the 
Catholic  Church  had  nothing,  to  do  with  the  causes 
which  had  induced  the  war,  and  that  they  would  not 
on  any  account  enter  into  the  matter,  except  by  daily 
prayers  fervently  recited  before  the  lioly  altar  for  the 
public  good,  and  for  the  return  of  i)eace  and  i>ros- 
perity.  Tuis  declaration  on  their  i)art  luul  a  most 
happy  effect  on  the  public  estimation,  when  all  com- 
])::'vd  the  difference  between  the  true  Catholic  Church 
of  all  times  and  all  nations  and  the  local  sects  of  yester- 
day, which  furiously  took  one  side  or  other  in  the 
midst  of  the  tempest  and  fire  and  blood  of  war.  Our 
holy  Church  thus  truly  showed  itself  the  Church 
of  God,  who  is  not  Deus  dissentionis  sed  pacis  et 
charltatis."  ' 

When  the  two  sections  of  the  country  were  arrayed 

'  Fii'fiiiuirs  Journal,  Ffbruarv  9,  IsriO. 

«U.  .-a   tiiih.  Miscellany,  Oitobor,  1S56. 

•'  Bi«iuip  SpalcUiig'H  Dlsserta/ioiie  ncUu  Guorrn  Civile  Americana.  18C.3. 


t3;  V 


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380       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


mm 


I' 


against,  each  other  in  actnsil  war,  the  Catholic  clergy 
hastened  to  give  their  services  in  the  canii),  the  battle- 
field, the  hospital,  and  the  prison.  Sisters  left  their 
quiet  schools,  their  hospitals,  and  asylums,  to  minister 
to  the  sick,  wounded,  and  dying,  who  in  thousands 
needed  their  aid.  The  battlelields  in  various  dioceses 
will  thus  record  their  services. 

The  fanatical  spirit  which  had  animated  the  men  of 
the  North  and  their  instigators  at  Charlestown,  Bath, 
Philadelphia,  Newark,  led  some  of  the  officers  and 
soldiers  wantonly  to  injure  and  destroy  the  Catholic 
churches,  schools,  and  convents  in  the  South  where 
the  faitiiful  were  few  and  poor.  Catliolics  and  the 
Catholic  Church  had  done  nothing  to  cause  the  war; 
they  did  much  to  mitigate  its  horrors,  and  keep  Chris- 
tian lessons  before  the  soldiers  ;  they  suffered  great 
losses  as  their  reward  on  earth. 

AVhen  the  war  actually  opened.  Archbishop  Ken- 
rick,  "in  consideration  of  the  disturbed  state  of  the 
country,  which  is  threatened  with  the  calamities  of 
civil  war,"  directed  the  prayerof  peace  to  be  added  in 
the  mass  until  further  noti(!e.  He  recommended  to 
all  religious  communities  the  daily  recital  of  the 
Litany  of  the  Saints  for  the  same  purpose,  and  to 
all  the  faithful  earnest  prayer  to  (iod  to  direct  the 
counsels  of  our  rulers  and  all  those  in  authority  to 
peace. ' 

Thus  throughout  the  country,  at  the  call  of  the 
Church,  clergy  and  people  united  in  prayer  to  God  to 
arrest  the  fratricidal  conflict  and  restore  peace  to  the 
land. 

Troops  from  Northern  States  jmured  into  Maryland 
on  their  way  to  the  seat  of  war.     Georgetown  College 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


387 


saw  main'  of  its  students  depart,  and  in  May  several 
of  its  buildings  occupied  by  the  Sixty-nintli  and 
Seventy-ninth  New  York  regiments,  the  former  nearly 
all  Catholics,  with  Rev.  Thomas  Mooney  as  chaplain, 
and  edifying  in  their  conduct.' 

As  the  camps  formed  around  Washington  con- 
tained many  Catholic  soldiers,  priests  from  the  col- 
lege and  others  visited  them  to  say  mass  and  attend 
the  sick.  Their  services  were  still  more  required  after 
the  battle  of  Bull  Run  in  July,  which  filled  the  hos- 
pitals with  wounded  and  dying  men."  To  meet  the 
wants  of  the  Catholic  soldiers  in  the  army  appli- 
cation was  made  by  Archbishop  Kenrick  to  Rome, 
and  Pope  Pius  IX.,  by  his  rescript  of  August  1, 
authorized  the  respective  dioceses  to  give  the  priests 
selected  as  army  chaplains  and  accompanying  the 
regiments  from  each  State,  faculties  to  be  exercised  on 
the  march,  and  for  two  months  after  reaching  the 
main  army,  when  their  powers  were  to  cease  unless  re.- 
iiewed  by  the  Bishop  in  whose  diocese  they  happened 
to  be,  or  unless  it  was  impossible  to  reach  the  local 
Bishop  or  communicate  with  him.' 

Amid  all  the  din  of  arms  Archbishop  Kenrick  made 
a  visitation  in  the  southern  counties,  confirming  in 
many  churches,  among  others  in  St.  Peter's,  Bean- 
town,  recently  erected  on  ground  left  by  Thomas 
Courtney  Keeves,  and  Nanjemoy,  where  Fatlier  Samuel 
Barber,   S.  J.,  had  about  a  year  before  reared  one 


'  History  of  Gpor^^elown  Collejre,  New  York,  1891,  p.  204. 

•  The  old  si)iril  prevailed,  and  tiie  t'aliiolic  jiriest  zealously  disoliarij- 
in.uliis  duty  often  felt  its  effects.  Thus  the  Dominiean  Father,  M.  F. 
MeGralh.  Chaplain  of  llie  .Military  Ilosjjitals,  found  it  neeessary  todefend 
himself  publicly  av'ainst  a  cliaru'eof  disloyalty  made  by  a  member  of 
<'onuie.s.s.     Calh.  ^lirror,  March  25,  lS(i2. 

^  l{es<Tipt,  .Vug.  1,  1801,     Calh.  Mirror,  Sept.  21,  1801. 


m 


m 


'•s.-t 


1  "i 

1^1 


I 


388      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

dedicated  in  honor  of  St.  Ignatius.     He  subsequently 
visited  other  portions  of  his  diocese. 

When  hiter  in  the  year  President  Lincoln  appointed 
a  day  of  humiliation,  fasting,  and  prayer,  the  Arch- 
bishop, in  a  circular  addressed  to  the  clergy  of  his 
diocese,  directed  the  collect  for  any  tribulation  and 
Archbishop  Carroll's  prayer  for  the  authorities  to  be 
recited  on  that  day,  and  the  latter  prayer  to  be  recited 
on  all  Sundays  at  the  narochial  mass. 

Mother  Mary  Catharine  Wynne,  who  established  the 
first  house  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  in  the  diocese  of 
Baltimore,  and  who  had  won  general  esteem  by  her  vir- 
tues and  ability,  died  at  the  convent  In  Baltimore.  Sep- 
tember 28,  1801.^  What  services  the  Sisters  of  different 
communities  we're  in  these  sad  days  unostentatiously 
rendering  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  thirty- 
four  Sisters  of  Charity  left  Baltimore  together  on  the 
20th  of  July,  1862,  to  devote  their  experienced  ser- 
vices to  the  sick  and  wounded  in  General  McClellan's 
army,  and  that  nearly  lifty  more  were  sent  to  other 
points.' 

In  June,  on  the  feast  of  the  holy  Apostles  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  Archbishop  Kenrick,  in  a  pastoral, 
urged  his  flock  to  consider  the  condition  of  the 
Sovereign  Pontiff  and  the  necessity  of  aiding  him 
by  prayer  and  collections  of  Peter's  Pence,  and  espe- 
cially by  entering  the  Arch-confraternity  of  St.  Peter. 
Later  in  the  year  he  called  for  a  collection  through- 
out the  diocese  to  sustain  the  American  College  at 
Rome. 


'  Ibid.,  .Tunc  29.  St-pt  6,  Oct.  5.  1861,  June  2ft,  1802.  Faflur  Siiimicl 
HarlKT,  8.  .F.,  liad  Ih'oii  inuiiy  yours  professor  in  Geor/ielown.  President 
of  GonzaiTii  College,  Wu-shiniJrton,  Master  of  Noviees.  and  active  in  thu 
work  of  the  ministry.  He  died  ut  St.  Tlionms'  .Manor,  Feb.  23,  1804. 
iu  his  forty-ninth  year. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


889 


After  the  second  battle  of  JBull  Kun  imich  of  the 
buildings  of  Georgetown  College  and  even  Trinity 
Church  near  it  were  seized  by  government  for  hospital 
purposes.  St.  Aloysius'  Church  was  also  demanded, 
but  St.  Aloysius'  Hospital  was  at  once  erected.  Sub- 
sequent battles  increased  the  number  of  patients, 
and  it  was  not  till  February,  1803,  that  the  church 
and  college  buildings  were  restored.  Sixty  Sisters 
of  Charity  were  sent  from  Baltimore  to  attend  the 
hospitals  in  and  around  NVashington,  and  others  were 
summoned  to  Baltimore  to  attend  the  military  hos- 
pital there. 

An  evidence  of  the  hostility  of  many  of  the  govern- 
ment officials  was  brought  out  in  a  curious  case,  where 
a  Catholic  was  prevented  from  obtaining  his  goods 
from  the  Customhouse,  because  he  would  not  swear 
on  a  cross.  Tliis  he  refused  to  do,  as  he  considered 
it  a  wanton  insult,  based  on  intense  ignorance  and 
bigotry.  When  he  transferred  the  goods  to  another 
to  get  them  passed,  the  government  attempted  to  seize 
them,  but  the  case  came  before  Judge  Giles  in  the 
United  States  Court  and  then  the  District  Attorney 
saw  the  full  disgrace  of  the  proceedings :  he  waived 
all  claim  on  the  part  of  the  government.' 

During  the  spring  of  1863  Archbishop  Kenrick 
seemed  to  enjoy  his  usual  health.  He  ordained 
several  of  the  young  Redemptorists  at  Annapolis,  and 
in  May  convened  the  priests  of  his  diocese  for  a  clerical 
retreat.     In  consequence  of  the  President's  proclama- 


'  Ciith.  AliiTor,  June  'JH,  Oct.  11.  18(W  ;  Miir.  '21,  18«3  ;  Cath.  Herald, 
July  5,  IKdooct.  -J.-),  \m-i\  History  of  Georgetown  College,  p.  207. 
Another  evuk'uce  was  the  visit  of  Provost  Marshals  to  Catholic  educa- 
tioiirtl  insiitiitiousto  make  boys  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  !  Cath.  Mirror, 
June  20,  iHdii.  Another,  the  profaniition  of  Holy  Rosary  Church  near 
Marlboro,  Mil.,  Cath.  llerakl,  Oct.  7,  ISIiiJ. 


1 


t 


■f!  U\ 


■.:4 


'I' 


390      THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

tion  he  ordered  the  prayer  for  the  authorities,  and 
the  Litany  of  tlie  Saints,  to  be  recited  in  all  the 
churches,  and  directed  the  faithful  to  be  exhorted  by 
luuniliation  and  prayer  to  endeavor  to  ai)i)ease  the 
Divine  anger,  and  to  obtain  a  return  of  jjeace  and 
l)rosperity,  with  a  great  increase  of  spiritual  blessings 
for  our  whole  country. 

The  Diocesan  Synod  met  on  the  Feast  of  the  Ascen- 
sion, and,  after  a  pontifical  nuiss  by  the  Most  Rev- 
erend Archbishoj),  the  statutes  were  read  to  the 
assembled  clergy  by  the  Superior  of  the  Seminary  of 
St.  Sulpice,  who  had  been  appointed  promoter.  Sug- 
gestions were  made  by  several  priests  and  adopted. 
The  clergy,  through  the  i)romoier,  asked  that  Dr. 
Kenrick's  revised  version  of  the  Bible  should  be 
adopted  as  the  only  one  authorized  for  the  diocese. 
Conferences  for  the  clergy  were  established  and  regu- 
lations made  as  to  pews,  banns,  marriages,  the  use  of 
churches  for  co)U!erts,  the  ai>i)robation  requisite  for 
the  publiiiition  of  prayer-books,  the  Benediction  of 
the  Blessed  Sacrament,  confessions,  and  tlie  necessity 
of  proper  faculties  for  saying  n)ass,  without  which  no 
priest  was  to  l)e  allowed  to  officiate  in  cliurches.  The 
cultivation  of  vocations  to  the  priesthood  was  ini- 
l>ressed  on  all.' 

Work  on  the  portico  of  Baltimore  Cathedral  had 
been  going  on  for  some  time,  and  in  June.  1803.  the 
ten  columns  were  raised,  under  the  direction  of  El)en 
Naxon,  who  had  made  designs  after  a  careful  study 
of  the  drafts  and  ))lans  of  Mr.  Latrolx*.  the  original 
architect  of  tJie  building.' 

Archbishop  Kenrick,  in  the  early  part  of  June,  gave 

'  SyiKKlus   nid'cesftim  Haltiiiioi'fiisis,  iin'tisc  Muii,  1803.  hubitii  Ualti- 
iiiori.  1K6;J.     Ciilli.  Minor,  .Ian  — .luiii'.  1«(J3, 
"CaUj.  Mirnir,  June  20,  1803. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


891 


confirmation  in  several  churclies  at  Baltimore,  Wash- 
ington, and  Alexandria.  On  the  7th  of  July  he  retired 
to  rest  in  his  usual  health  and  cheerfulness,  but  in 
the  morning  all  were  shocked  to  iind  only  his  lifeless 
remains.  The  piety,  humility,  and  charity  which 
marked  his  life,  with  his  absolute  devotion  to  his 
sacred  duties,  had  been  a  long  preparation  for  death. 
These  pages  have  traced  his  career,  in  Kentucky,  in 
Piiiladelphia,  and  Baltimore.  In  the  latter  diocese 
he  established  the  Infant  Asylum,  Aged  Women's 
Home,  St.  Agnes'  Asylum  for  Destitute,  and  intro- 
duced the  Sisters  of  Mercy.  His  reputation  for  learn- 
ing placed  him  among  the  highest.  Thoroughly 
versed  in  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  he  spoke  French, 
Spanish,  Italian,  and  German  Huently.  He  gave  the 
Church  in  the  United  States  excellent  dogmatic  and 
moral  theologies,  a  new  English  version  of  the  Bible, 
with  critical  notes,  a  vindication  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  a  noble  work  on  the  Primacy  of  the  Apostolic 
See,  treatises  on  Baptism  and  Justilication.  His  con- 
troversial works  were  marked  with  great  learning, 
calmness,  and  charity. 

The  requiem  was  offered  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Richard 
Whelan,  Bishop  of  Wheeling,  Bishop  Timon  of  Buf- 
falo pronouncing  the  eulogy,  his  old  and  devoted 
friend,  Rt.  Rev.  Michael  O'Connor,  being  present  in 
the  sanctuary.  Bishop  Timon  dwelt  on  his  disin- 
terestedness. "He  was  disinterested  in  everything; 
he  sometimes  even  gave  away  his  clothing;  money  he 
could  not  keep.  It  was  well  it  was  so.  A  poor  but 
good  priest  came  to  him,  who  had  not  a  place  in 
which  to  lay  his  head.  If  the  dead  were  living  he 
would  l)y  no  means  allow  me  to  tell  you  the  circum- 
stances. The  priest  had  no  vestments  ;  tlie  Arch- 
bishop gave  them  to  him.     He  gave  them  away,  but 


I  >  1 


P    'T\ 


rf! 


I'. 
R 

k. 

It' 


392      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

he  thought  none  knew  it — they  were  replaced.  A 
poor  Bishop  on  his  way  to  Rome  stopped  with  him. 
He  was  without  due  vestments  ;  the  venerable  Arch- 
bishop again  gave  away.  I  could  not  tell  you,  for  it 
would  keep  you  too  long,  how  mortified  was  his 
hidden  life,  how  lie  buried  all  his  learning,  all  his 
talents,  in  Christ  Jesus.  He  had  always  time  for 
prayer  and  all  hi* duties."  ' 

VERY  REV.  HENRY  BENEDICT  COSKERY,  ADMINISTRATOR,  1863-1866. 

On  the  death  of  Archbishop  Kenrick,  Very  Rev. 
H.  B.  Coskery  became  again  Administrator  of  the 
diocese  of  Baltimore,  sede  vacante.  He  was  born  at 
Hain's  Farm,  Middleburg,  July  19,  1808.  Entering 
St,  Mary's  Seminary  he  was  ordained  in  1834  and  was 
first  stationed  at  Belair,  then  at  EUicott's  Mills,  where 
he  built  St.  Paul's  Church.  He  was  called  to  the 
Cathedral  in  1839  by  Archbishop  Eccleston,  who  in 
time  made  him  Vicar-General.  He  held  this  position 
under  Archbishop  Kenrick,  and  subsequently  under 
Archbishop  Spalding.  Though  appointed  Bishop  of 
Portland  in  1854,  he  returned  the  bulls.  He  died 
while  again  Adminstrator  of  the  diocese,  February  27, 
1872.' 

During  his  administration  the  Sisters  of  Charity 
completed  the  central  building  and  north  wing  of 
their  new  Mount  Hope  Retreat  on  the  Reisterstown 
road  near  Baltimore,  one  of  the  finest  asylums  in  the 
country  for  the  insane. 

'  Cath.  Mirror,  July  ll-August  15,  Oct.  31,  1863;  Calh.  HernUI,  July 
18.  1863.  Whfti  Htnri  de  Courcy's  Sketches  of  the  Catholic  Church 
appeared,  Archbishop  Kenrick  wrote  to  him  to  protest  against  the  inser- 
tion of  an  anecdote  of  his  charity,  taken  from  Father  Mazzuchelli's 
work,  without  absolutely  denying  its  correctness,  and  Mr.  de  Courcy 
liad  it  suppressed  in  the  next  edition. 

»  Calh.  Mirror,  Mar.  2,  1872. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


393 


The  Carmelite  Nuns  also  carried  out  a  plan  ap- 
proved by  the  late  Archbishop,  and  on  the  29th  of 
September  sent  a  colony  under  Mother  Gabriel  to 
found  a  ne^v  Carmel  in  St.  Louis. 

On  the  21st  of  February,  1804,  a  Universalist  church 
on  Calvert  Street  which  had  been  purchased  by  the 
colored  Catholics  was  dedicated  to  God  under  the 
invocation  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  by  the  Very  Kev. 
Administrator. ' 

MOST  REV.  MARTIN  JOHN  SPALDING,  SEVENTH  ARCHBISHOP  OF 
BALTIMORE,  1864-18G6. 

When  the  see  of  Baltimore  became  vacant  by  the 
death  of  Archbishop  Kenrick,  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  which  had  through  its  civil  and  mill- 
tary  officials  evinced  in  many  cases  unfriendliness  to 
the  Church,  attempted  to  interfere  at  Rome  in  the 
appointment  of  his  successor.  The  unwarrantable 
intrigue  failed.  The  Holy  See  selected  Rt.  Rev. 
Martin  J.  Spalding,  Bishop  of  Louisville,  to  occupy 
the  see  of  Carroll.  His  learning,  his  virtues,  his  pru- 
dence in  a  border  State,  where  his  liock  was  politically 
divided,  as  well  as  his  Maryland  origin,  all  fitted  him 
for  the  dignity.  The  choice  was  welcomed  by  the 
American  hierarchy,  as  well  as  by  the  clergy  and 
laity  of  the  diocese  of  Baltimore.  "  In  receiving 
you,"  wrote  the  Very  Rev.  Administrator,  "it  will 
not  seem  to  us  that  we  are  receiving  a  stranger,  but  a 
k)ng  known  and  tenderly  loved  father.  With  one  ac- 
claim of  joy,  Baltimore  will  greet  you,  her  seventh 
Archbishop." 

He  received  on  the  11th  of  June  the  papal  rescript 

'  Currier,  "  Carmel  in  America,"  Biiltiniore,  1890.  p.  266 ;  Citli.  Mirror, 
Sept.  19,  1868,  Feb,  27.  1864.  Tlie  arrest  of  Messrs.  Kelly  iind  Piet,  who 
were  sent  to  Fort  McHenry  on  a  frivolous  charge,  caused  a  temporury 
suspension  of  the  Catholic  Mirror. 


1,-1  {m>  •' 


894       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

which  promoted  liim  to  tlie  see  of  Baltimore.  Though 
reluctunt  to  break  the  associations  witli  liis  native 
State  and  the  clergy  whom  he  knew  so  well,  lie  yielded, 
and  took  possession  of  his  new  see  on  the  31st  of  July,' 
1864. 

He  soon  began  his  visitations,  which  were  inter- 
rupted by  illness,  and  issued  an  earnest  circular  to 
arouse  the  faithful  to  maintain  the  orphan  asylums. 
His  pastoral  in  the  spring  of  1865  explained  the 
famous  Encyclical  of  Pope  Pius  IX.,  and  announced 
the  jubilee. 

The  diocese  had  many  charitable  institutions,  but 
it  was  felt  that  a  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd  was 
needed.  Archbishop  Spalding  had  seen  and  admired 
tlie  i)atient  work  of  tlie  Sisters  in  recalling  sinful 
women  to  a  Cliristian  life.  The  Motiier  General  of 
the  Sisters  had  approved  the  establishment  of  a  house 
in  June,  1864.  A  large  old  private  mansion  with 
grounds  occupying  nearly  a  square  were  given  for  the 
l)urp()se  by  Mi-s.  Emily  McTavish.  Sister  Mary 
Ignatius  as  Superior,  with  four  other  sisters,  left  tlie 
convent  in  Louisville,  and  on  the  4th  of  August,  1864, 
took  possession  of  the  new  convent,  entering  immedi- 
ately on  their  charitable  work. 

Archbishop  Spalding  received  the  ])allium  at  the 
hands  of  Bishop  Wood  of  Philadelphia  on  the  22d 
of  March.  When  the  next  month  saw  tlie  assassina- 
tion of  President  Linijoln.  he  issued  a  circular  in 
which  he  reminded  his  tiock  of  the  duty  "of  uniting 
with  their  fellow-<!itizens  in  whatever  may  be  deemed 
most  suitable  for  indicating  their  horror  of  the  crime 
and  their  feelings  of  sympathy  for  the  bereaved.'    We 


'  Ix!Uer  of  8i»tpr  Mnry  lunaUus,  Cuth.  Mirror,  Feb.  25,  1865;  lb., 
Aug.  fl,  1864-April  22,  1865. 


DIOCESE  OF  BALTIMORE. 


305 


ulso  invite  them  to  join  together  in  Imniblo  and 
earnest  siippliention  to  God  for  our  beloved  but 
iilliicted  country." 

Yet  almost  immediate  attempts  were  made  through 
the  press  and  otherwise  to  charge  the  Catholics  of 
lower  Maryland  with  having  been  parties  to  a  general 
consi)iracy  against  the  late  President.  xVbsurd  as  the 
calumny  was,  it  undoubtedly  led  to  the  arrest  and 
execution  of  Mrs.  Surratt  by  order  of  a  military  tri- 
bunal. 

When  President  Johnson  appointed  a  day  of  humil- 
iation and  prayer,  the  Archbishop  issued  a  circular 
prescribing  the  services  for  the  occasion. 

During  all  this  period,  when  Catholics  lived  in 
constant  alarm,  new  churches  were  begun  at  West- 
nunster.  Mount  Savage,  and  Baltimore  ;  the  Immacu- 
late Conception  and  St.  Bartholomew's  were  dedi- 
cated.' 

On  the  24th  of  May,  Archbishop  Spalding  convened 
the  sixth  synod  of  the  diocese,  in  which  nineteen 
statutes  were  promulgated.  At  its  close  he  issued  a 
pastoral  to  his  flock  explaining  the  statutes  on  culti 
vating  vocations  to  the  priesthood  in  families,  and 
preparing  children  duly  for  their  first  confession  and 
communion,  on  honoring  the  patronal  feast  in  each 
church ;  on  the  Associations  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Faith  and  the  Holy  Childhood ;  on  Christian 
marriage,  funerals,  and  the  nund)er  of  neglected 
children  constantly  lost.     He  also  exhorted  the  faith- 

'  After  Mrs.  Surnitt's  cruel  death  a  government  detective  endeavored 
to  entrap  a  priest  into  an  expression  of  opinion  to  justify  liis  arrest.  Tlu; 
reign  of  terror  was  so  complete  that  Arclibishop  S|)alding  wrote  to  Rev. 
J.  A.  Walter,  who  attended  the  poor  victim  to  the  scaffold,  not  to  as 
sert  her  innocence  Rev.  .T.  A.  Walter,  in  the  U.  8.  Cath.  Historical 
Magazine,  iii.,  p.  353;  Archbishop  Spalding  to  Rev.  J.  A.  Walter  and 
n'ply.    See  Cath.  Mirror,  Apr.  29,  Oct.  21,  1835. 


'  ill 


■:■'!» 


'if 

•4' 


M  *^ 


ii      I 


:' 


39J      Tllh'  CHURCH  LV  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ful  fo  resi)()M(l  ,i,'»'iuM-()iisly  to  th«?  cull  for  aid  to  the 
Sovereign  PontilF. 

Some  eminent  (Jsitholics  dropped  away,  among 
whom  may  he  noted  Hon.  Roger  B.  Taney,  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Su[)reme  Court  of  the  United  States; 
Father  Larigaudelle  l)id)ui.s.son,  S.,I.,  once  president  of 
Georgf>io\vn  College,  and  Hev.  Leonard  Obermeyr.' 

In  September  the  Archbishoi)  exhorted  liis  flock  to 
contribute  liberally  to  aid  their  fellow-Catholics  in 
the  South,  who,  greatly  reduced  in  ninnbers,  wen? 
struggling  to  rebuild  the  churches  and  -ustitutions 
destroyed  diiring  the  war. 

A  strange  exhibition  of  fanaticism  was  made  to- 
ward the  close  of  the  year  when  Dr.  Stokes,  .lie 
attendant  physician  of  Mount  Hope  Hospital,  and 
Sister  Mary  Blenkinsop,  the  superior  of  the  institu- 
tion, were  indicted  in  the  Criminal  Court  of  H„  imore 
City  for  cruelty  to  patients.  The  better  to  secure  a 
conviction  the  State  removed  the  cases  to  Towson- 
town,  but  after  protracted  delays,  when  the  case  came 
on,  the  evidence  was  so  utterly  flimsy  that  the  State 
abandoned  the  prosecution.' 

With  the  year  18(56.  preparations  began  for  lioKling 
the  second  Plenary  Council  in  the  reopened  CatJutlrnl, 
Archbishop  Si)alding  having  received  letters  ai)p()int- 
ing  him  Apostolic  Delegate  to  preside  at  its  sessions. 

'  Acta  Synodi  Diorcsiina'  H.vtiinorcnslH  Sextm  ;  una  cum  constitu- 
liimiluis  nl)  illiistrisslnio  ao  rcvorcndisNiino  Mailino  .loaniic  Spalding. 
Aichicpisoopo  Haltimorciisi.  lalis  ot  proinulpaliH.  iJalliiiiori',  1805. 
Pastonil  Ix-ttcr,  Catli   Mirror,  Jiinp  19,  1H6.5. 

»  Oidier,  "  Hcport  of  the  Trial  of  Dr.  Win  H.  Stokes  and  Mary  RUmi- 
kinsop,  physician  and  Sislcr  Sui>prior  of  Mount  Hope  In><titulion,"  Hal- 
tlniore.  ismt ;  Caih.  Mirror,  Dw.  23,  180.5,  Fib.  24,  1800  ;  Spalding, 
"Life  of  the  .Most  Hev.  M.  .1.  Simlding,  I).  1>.,  Aruhbi.-ihop  of  Haiti- 
more."    New  York,  1873,  pp.  208-297. 


ill 


CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

KT.  IlEV.  JOHN  NEI'OMUCENE  NEUMANN,  FOUHTH  IIIBHOI',  1862-1860. 

The  diocese  of  Philadelphia,  long  embaiTassed  by 
troubles  from  within,  hud,  under  the  care  of  Rt.  Rev. 
Dr.  Kenrick,  entered  on  a  career  of  prosperity  and 
spiritual  progress  that  not  even  the  most  terrible  and 
crut'l  assaults  from  without  could  check.  To  succeed 
the  learned  and  devoted  prelate  who  had  achieved  so 
much,  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  selected  Father  John 
Nepomucene  Neumann,  of  the  Congregation  of  the 
Most  Holy  Redeemer,  a  priest  of  great  piely,  solid 


^  / 


(PiU"f. 


BtOSATUllE  OK   IIISIIOP  NEUMANN. 

virtue,  learned,  devoted,  and  experienced.  He  was 
rector  of  St.  Alphonsus',  Baltimore,  when  the  bulls 
arrived  with  an  imperative  order  requiring  their 
acceptance,  and  he  was  consecrated  in  that  church 
on  Passion  Sunday,  March  28,  1852.  by  Archbishop 
Kenrick  of  Baltimore,  with  Rt.  Rev.  Bernard  O'Reilly 
of  Hartford  and  Rev.  Francis  L'homme  as  assistants. 
He  proceeded  at  once  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 
J'eceived  by  a  committee  of  the  clergy  and  escorted  to 
Ids  residence,  his  known  aversion  to  all  jmnip  or 
parade  preventing  any  display.     One  of  his  first  acts 

3;i: 


m 


-r^. 


Jii'jtAl 


IT' 


;)i)8     THE  ciiriicii  IX  tiik  united  states. 

was  to  visit  the  prison,  wliere  liis  prayt'is  uiid  plead- 
ings at  la.st  indnct'd  two  convicted  iniirdcn'rs  to  pre- 
pare for  deatli  l)y  api)roacliin^  the  sacnunt-nts.  In 
his  toucliin^'  pastoral  to  his  tU)ck  liishop  Neumann 
recommended  the  great  work  of  the  Cathedral,  praised 
the  exertions  already  made  for  parocliial  schools,  and 
urged  all  congregations  to  erect  those  needed  institu- 
tions. He  also  announced  the  jubilee  granted  by  the 
Pope. 

From  the  outset,  Hishop  Neumann  felt  his  inability 
to  manage  the  liuancial  alTalrs  of  a  large  diocese,  and 
saw  that  his  cloistered  life  had  unfitted  him  for  im- 
pressing the  faithful  or  inspiring  great  and  needed 
works.' 

In  his  diocesan  synod,  held  April  20  and  'l\,  18.53, 
Bishop  Neunuinn  direc^ted  the  Devotion  of  the  Forty 
Hours  to  be  observed  by  all  churches  in  turn.  Thf 
Litany  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  was  directed  to  be  sung 
or  the  rosary  recited  before  high  mass  on  Sundays  an<l 
holidays.  Rulej  were  laid  down  for  the  regular  prep- 
aration of  children  to  make  their  iirst  commuidon, 
in  regard  to  banns,  baptism,  and  the  proper  care  of 
chnrclies.  The  society  for  the  conversion  of  all  in 
this  country  out  of  the  true  fold,  and  that  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Faith,  were  earnestly  recom- 
mended ;  and  the  necessity  of  establishing  i)arochial 
schools  was  impress<'(l  on  all  pastors  of  churches. 

To  many  the  introduction  of  the  Devotion  of  the 
Forty  Hours  seemed  premature,  but  an  almost  miracu- 
lous circumstance  encouraged  the  Bishop.  He  issued 
a  pamphlet  containing  a  history  of  the  devotion,  with 
the  manner  of  conducting  it,  the  prayers  being  given 
in  Latin  and  English.     The  devotion  was  first  cele- 


'  Bishop  Xemnunii  to  Anliliisliop  Kcurick.  Aug.  !M,  Nov.  26,  lt«2. 


Ir  ••  ;  f 


DIOCESE  OF  lUlLAUELl'tllA. 


300 


brnto,!  in  the  chiu-ch  of  St.  Philip  Nen  Tiie  fiiithfiil 
iiijiiiifosttMl  tiu'ii-  lovH  forOiii'  lioicl  not  only  by  attHUcl- 
Ing  tlio  public  exm-ises,  Imt  l)y  th«  uteiuly  iiitlux  of 
worshipers  throughout  the  ihiy.  l-:n<'ou raged  l)y  this, 
other  churches  zealuu-ly  entered  into  the  devotion, 
Htiniulated  in  185.1  by  ihe  grant  to  the  faithful  of  the 
diocese  of  the  same  iiululgences  as  were  gained  by 
those  who  performed  it  in  Rome.  Bishop  Neunumn's 
devotion  to  Our  Lord  in  the  Holy  Eucharist  led  him 
also  to  establish  in  1H;"55  the  Arch-confraternity  of  the 
Blessed  Sacrament.' 

His  visitations  extended  to  the  larger  congregations 
every  year,  to  the  snmller  eveiy  two  years.  Jjy  the 
experience  thus  ac(piire(l  he  knew  perfectly  well  the 
state  of  each  parish,  and  had  it  accurately  mapjjed 
out.  At  all  stations  where  there  were  enough  Catho- 
lic families  lie  encouraged  the  building  of  churches. 
Under  this  impidse  churches  were  begun  or  completed 
in  many  places,  including  one  for  the  Italians  in 
Philadelphia.  Twenty  were  put  up  during  the  first 
year.  Among  these  was  one  at  Ivy  Mills,  where  the 
Catholic!  family  of  Willcox  had  for  many  years  given 
a  room  in  their  mansion  for  the  regular  olTering  of  the 
holy  sacrifice.  There  could  luive  been  few  Catholics 
in  the  neighborhood,  as  the  congregation  remained 
small  till  ab()ut  1842,  when  we  find  Hishop  Kenrick 
confirming  thirty  there.  Ten  years  later  the  congre- 
gation had  increased  to  five  or  six  hunured,  and  St. 
Thomas's  Church  was  erected  ami  dedicated,  August 
2S,  185;}.' 

When  Bishop  Neumann  took  possession  of  the  see, 
Trinity  Church  was  under  an  interdict.      Litigation 

'  .Vctii  Syiiodi   Pliilmlilpliiiiisis  (^uurtii>  liabitii'  die  20  et  21  Aprilis, 
1H.-.3. 
*  PniK'rs  from  Mrs.  I),  W.  odidinc. 


4  « 


li 


"•  M' 


400       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

was  going  on,  and  the  counsel  for  the  malcontents  in- 
dulged in  the  most  virulent  abuse  of  the  holy  Bishop, 
treating  him  and  all  who  upheld  Catholic  discipline 
as  odious  Jesuits.  Bishop  Neumann  saw  no  way  to 
save  the  faithful  excex>t  to  organize  a  new  congre- 
gation, after  Archbishop  Bedini,  the  nuncio  of  the 
Pope,  failed  to  adjust  the  differences  at  that  church. 

Tlie  Bishop  took  great  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the 
religious  communities,  and  their  educational  and  chai*- 
itable  work,  and  it  was  with  great  regret  that  he  saw 
the  Visitation  Nuns  close  their  academy  and  withdraw 
from  the  diocese.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  organized 
a  "  Committee  for  the  Education  of  Catholic  Youth," 
consisting  of  the  pastor  and  two  laymen  from  each 
church.  He  personally  visited  the  schools,  to  be  as- 
sured of  their  efficiency. 

The  seminary  of  the  diocese  established  by  Bishop 
Kenrick  had  been  for  eleven  years  directed  by  the 
Priests  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Mission.  About 
the  time  of  the  accession  of  the  Bishop  their  re- 
duced numbers  compelled  these  Fathers  to  withdraw. 
Bishop  Neumann  then  organized  a  faculty  for  this 
important  institution,  Rev.  William  O'Hara,  D.  D., 
becoming  rector  and  principal  professor  down  to  1801. 
Younger  or  less  advanced  students  had  been  sent 
to  St.  Charles's  College  in  Maryland,  but  Bishop 
Neumann  in  time  secured  the  Aston  Ridge  Female 
Seminary  at  Glen  Riddle,  which  became  the  prep- 
aratory seminary,  under  A'ery  Rev.  Jeremiah  F. 
Slianahan. 

St.  Joseph's  College,  opened  by  the  Fathers  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus  in  18.")].  was  regularly  chartered  in 
1S.')4,  but  did  not  attain  the  expected  success. 

Bishop  Neumann  was  alive  to  all  wants  of  liis 
diocese  ;  he  planned  an  Infant  Asylum  and  a  Hospital 


il^ 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


401 


lor  Immigrants.  He  introduced  the  Sisters  of  the 
Holy  Cross,  from  Le  Mans,  France,  to  take  charge 
of  an  industrial  school,  and  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame, 
from  Namur,  and  Sisters  of  the  Immaculate  Heart  of 
Mary  to  direct  parochial  schools.  On  the  9th  of 
April,  1855,  acting  on  the  suggestion  of  Pope  Pius 
IX.,  he  formed  a  community  of  Sisters  of  the  Third 
Order  of  St.  Francis,  to  visit  and  care  for  the  sick, 
and,  where  necessary,  undertake  other  charitable  and 
educational  work.  This  community  now  numbers 
many  convents  and  several  hundred  members  in  vari- 
ous parts.  New  churches  were  still  planned  or  erected 
in  many  places,  as  at  Lykenstown.  Delaware,  Lancas- 
ter, Fremont,  Pottstown,  Hawley,  Tamaqua,  and  Ash- 
land, Bishop  Neumann,  who  had  a  horror  of  extrava- 
gance and  debt,  keeping  a  vigilant  eye  against  ^ 
rashness. 

In  obedience  to  a  formal  invitation  Bishop  Neumann 
set  out  for  Rome  in  October,  1854,  to  be  present  at  the 
solemn  promulgation  of  the  dogma  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  Before  his 
departure  he  issued  a  pastoral  full  of  unction  and  of 
devotion  to  the  Mother  of  God.  After  the  conclusion 
of  the  ceremonies  in  Rome,  Bishop  Neumann  visited 
his  native  place,  which  he  hoped  to  enter  unobserved, 
but  where  he  was  received  with  all  pomp.  Prepara- 
tions had  been  made  to  lodge  him  grandly,  but  he  de- 
clined all,  thankfulljs  saying:  " The  few  days  of  my 
stay  in  my  native  place  I  must  spend  with  my  old 
father.  Filial  affection  requires  this  of  me."  Tie  could 
not,  however,  escape  all  the  honors  that  awaited  him. 
Returning  by  way  of  Munich  he  reached  New  York 
on  the  27th  of  Marcli. 

During  his  absence  in  Europe  the  rebellious  trustee.s 
of  Holy  Trinity  Church  sent  a  jietition  to  the  legisla- 


t  .%''t 


^.«fl 


I 


iH 


it    '? 


1? 


402       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ture,  full  of  malice  and  impiety,  hoping  to  obtain  the 
passage  of  a  law  to  create  confusion  in  all  the  Catho- 
lic churches  of  this  State.  Such  a  law  was  actually  in- 
troduced by  Mr.  Paulson,  but  Rt.  Rev.  M.  O'Connor, 
Bishop  of  Pittsburgh,  protested,  and  Very  Rev.  E.  J. 
Sourin,  as  Vicar-General  of  Philadelphia,  made  an  able 
remonstrance  showing  that  the  trustees  as  elected  did 
not  represent  the  real  Catholics  of  the  congregation, 
and  while  authorized  to  encumber  the  property  of  the 
congregation  with  debt,  had  no  power  to  raise  money  to 
meet  or  discharge  it.  lie  proposed  a  renewal  of  the 
law  by  which  the  title  to  churches  could  be  vested  in  the 
Bisliop  of  Philadelphia  or  the  Bishop  of  Pittsburgh.' 

After  issuing  a  jiastoral  to  his  tioek  on  the  1st  of 
May,  ISaf),  Bishop  Neumann  attended  the  Eighth  Pro- 
vincial Council  of  Baltimore,  where  he  showed  that 
the  increasing  number  of  Catholics  and  churches  re- 
quired a  division  of  his  diocese,  and  i)roposed  the 
erection  of  sees  at  Pottsville  and  Wilmington.' 

In  the  lifth  synod  of  the  diocese,  held  in  October, 
18.").'),  it  was  agreed  to  solicit  the  Holy  See  to  make 
St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  the  Patrons  of  the  diocese. 
Councillors  were  appointed,  and  a  chancery  estab- 
lished, the  erection  and  proper  management  of  pa- 
rochial schools,  and  careful  instructicm  of  the  young, 
otherwise,  were  earnestly  enjoined.  Founded  masses 
were  forbidden,  and  strict  rules  were  adopted  as  to 
marriages  and  burials.  Ecclesiastical  revenues  were 
detined,  and  no  priest  was  to  hold  church,  cemetery, 


>  Pittsburgli  Catholic,  x.,  pp.  381,  397;  xii.,  p.  9  ;  Siwecli  of  Eli  K.  Price, 
March  21.  1855. 

•  IIu  was  convinced  that  more  could  be  done  in  Philadelphia  by  one 
whose  natural  gifts  enal)li  d  him  to  arouse  the  faithful  and  officiate  to  their 
satisfaction  on  irreal  iM'casions.  He  was  almost  certain  of  his  transfer  to 
Pottsville.    Letters  to  Archbishop  Kenrick,  Nov.  19,  1856. 


I 


btain  the 
le  Ciitlio- 
:ually  iu- 
'"  Connor, 
ev.  E.  J. 
.e  an  able 
^ctecl  did 
legation, 
■ty  of  the 
money  to 
al  of  the 
ted  in  the 
tsbnrgli.' 
he  1st  of 
■  htli  Pro- 
wed  that 
rches  re- 
)osed  the 

October, 
to  make 
!  diocese, 
ry  estab- 
iit  of  pa- 
e  yonng, 
d  masses 
,ed  as  to 
lues  were 
cemetery, 

Kli  K,  Price, 

pliitt  by  one 
eiiitetotlieir 
Is  transfer  to 


'4 

Msif^H 

t; 

^r^ttu^^l 

* 

ctStt^^l 

' 

.(^nl^^H 

■ 

H 

,1   R 


lyi' 


■  //;.  .  IIVIUH  L\   I !•'. 


.stri'.ij  sr:  /7.w. 


\n\*\  full  of  niuHce  and  impiety,  hoping  to  obtain  the 
j)u.ss!ig»!  of  a  law  to  cieutH  confusion  in  all  llin  ('atlio- 
lie  eliurches  of  tliis  Slutt'.     Such  a  law  was  aci  iially  iu- 
tro*luc*Kl  by  Mr.  Paulson,  but  lit.  Rev.  M,  O'Uonm  •, 
Bishop  of  IMttsburgli,  protested,  and  \"ery  Rev.  K.  - 
SoiiVin,  as  N'^i-'ar-General  of  rinladel[)liia,  made  an  a!.- 
reni'instrance  showing  fiiat  the  irustet's  as  eiocted  UM 
not  rej)n'sent  the  real  Catholics  of  the  congregation, 
and  while  atithorized  to  encuinber  tho  [u-operty  f»f  tli*? 
fongtvgatiou  with  debt,  had  ^lo  pownr  to  raise  money  to 
meet     r  disehart;-?  it.     He  proposed  a  renewal  of  th»' 
law  by  vhioli  the  title  to  cluil;  Ues  eould  be  vested  in  i 
Bishop  of  Phiiadelpiiia  or  th  •  Bishop  of  Pittsbnrgi 

After  isisniug  a  ]iastoral  "v  his  lh»ek  mi  rhe  1st    -f' 
^fay,  IH.").'^,  H,>iliop  Neumann  attended  tlic  Kighth  Pro 
vineial   CoUiteil  of   Baltimore,  wjiere  he  diowetl  thti?. 


■iri(t 


iin'ctH'S  r- 


the  in<'ieasing  nund)t'r  of  (';iilii>lic 
rpured  i\  division   of   his   diocese,   and  pru]>osed  ti 
erection  of  sees  at  Pottsvillo  and  Wilmington.' 
fn  the  fifth  synod  of  the  dioc(;.s<'.  held  in  CHTnht 
"     ]:    '\,,.    iiireed   f<;  sniicii  the  Holy  See  to  mak-- 
•  r  ami   Bi,  Paul  the  Patrons  of  the  dio(Jes»'., 
'     V      '■^'''^'  ''"'^  '•   <'hancery  i>stal»- 
.:,  :i  o])i'r  managi'iuent  of  )ia- 

roehiai  i«*b<*ijl-  s  fiction  df  ili.'  young, 

otherwise,  were  •  ■  ■,  euj.>ined.     F'liirdt'l  masse;* 

v.ore  forbidden,  '.m:^  ^iiict  rules  were  ad"i'ted  :is  to 
marriages  and  buriais.  Et  olesiastical  n-vetmes  were 
delin»,'<l,  ;<iid-  an  [>riest  was  to  hold  church,  cemetery 


i'    ■) 


'  I'iusbiirjrl!  Cutliolic.  x.,  i>[i.  ««1.  3SJ7;  xii    p  ft  ;  Spt-ei It  .•!  i:ii  Iv   I'rio 
M  in  b  'il,  18;W. 

=  lie  vva«  convitu'i  ■!  ;li  ir  :i  .■■  .  •.,;,i  h  .i^mi' iii  I'hil.i'i.  '  .■■•  oi.- 
wliosi-  natural  gi.^l.s  •  iiubli-l  liim  luiin.u^^c  ilns  faithful  iml  ultu  jati  u>  iln  • 
MAlififaftioii  on  irrcat  (wcaKions.  Hf  «;'«  almost  ciitiitn  of  his  irauHftsr  ';..> 
J'otMvilliv    l.<'liii>  |i>  ArdibislHii  Kfiiviok.  Nuv.  lit,  IfiSt'.. 


t  > 


bin  in  tbe 
u*  ('.■itho. 
lually  iu- 
ViJonnc! 
lev.  E.  J 
l*^  nil  aliii.' 
ected  (lil 
jregatioi! 
i-ty  of  x\m 
tiiout'y  to 
val  vi.  !*!►' 
•tedin  tl.' 
tsbiimi  . 
the  I  St 
ghtl.  Pi-. 

»\V(.'(1    til'. 

po.st'd   ti 
n,' 

L  Ootobe; 
to  make 

a  diocese. . 
I'V  estah 
■nt  of  pa- 
IH  voimil;' 
■id  niassetif 
te<l  :i^   to 
tines  wert- 
cemetery 

Eli  K   I'l  I 


icialc  1(1  Uii  - 
lis  Iransffer  lo 


R^  RtV.JOHN  NEPOMUCENt  NEUMANN, 

P  Q  U  RT  H   6  I  b.  H  0  P  OF  f  H  i  LA  [i  E  L  f-  H  I  A 


*•  ^   ./:,^ 


■m 


1 

Hi 

■i 

! 

1 

■ 

B  ' 

^^■^^^^H^^' '' 

'  i^HESP ' 

llpwif'! 

SbR^' 

«|^Bi 

^mif '  -i ' 

nil 

% 

^MBHfij- 

■  *  i  ■■ 

•If  '^BIh  j  1 

DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


403 


parocliial  residence,  or  other  church  property  in  his 
own  name,  or  mingle  his  own  with  church  moneys. 
Tlie  Bishop  distinctly  reserved  the  right  to  remove  any 
pastor  unlit  for  the  management  of  the  temporal  af- 
fairs of  the  parish  or  neglectful  therein.  To  promote 
piety  throughout  the  diocese  all  pastors  were  urged  to 
have  a  novena  or  Te  Deum  before  the  feast  of  the  Im- 
maculate Conception.' 

Meanwhile  he  continued  his  exertions-,  to  complete 
the  Cathedral,  a  committee  being  appointed,  parochial 
collections  regularly  made,  and  an  annual  meeting 
held.  His  resolve,  faithfully  adhered  to,  was  to  pro- 
ceed with  the  building  only  as  long  as  he  could  com- 
mand the  funds  necessary  for  it.  Laboring  almost 
alone  at  his  pro-cathedral,  attending  to  his  correspond- 
ence, making  visitations,  and  giving  missions  left  the 
good  Bishop  little  leisure.  In  1856  he  visited  lif  ty-two 
churches,  laid  corner  stones,  and  dedicated  new  shrines 
of  religion. 

The  Sovereign  Pontiff  did  not  divide  the  diocese, 
but  gave  Bishop  Neumann  a  coadjutor  in  the  person 
of  Rev.  James  Frederic  Wood,  a  native  of  Philadelphia 
and  at  the  time  a  priest  of  the  diocese  of  Cincinnati. 
He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Antigonia,  and  coadju- 
tor with  the  right  of  succession,  in  the  Cathedral  of 
Cincinnati  on  the  20th  of  April,  1857,  Bishop  Neumann 
having  gone  on  to  be  present  and  escort  him  to  Phihi- 
deljihia.  He  acted  as  assistant  Bishop  at  the  conse- 
cration with  Bishop  Whelan  of  Wheeling. 

Bishop  Wood  was  soon  rendering  efficient  aid  to  the 
holy  incumbent  of  the  see,  visiting  many  churches 
and  institutions  and  giving  confirmation.     He  called  a 

'  Acta  .^^ynodi  Did'scosiimv  Pliiladclpliieiisis  Qiiiiifa<  linbitre  a  Hevmo. 
Joaiinc  Nopomuceuo,  Epi.scopo  Pliihulelphieusis  .  .  .  difbus  3,  4,  ct  5 
Octobris,  1855. 


■  v..:{ 


S  '  ,v, 


^>    '■'.••-'^-Jl 


404      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


!|Si 


V,' 

^9 

i[ 

n 

% 

MB 

ii; 

1 

1        ^ 

■'■J 

£ 

\        \ 

li 

meeting  of  the  clergy  in  June,  and  Bishop  Neumann, 
after  exphiining  the  object,  announced  that  the  chief 
care  of  the  great  work  had  been  committed  to  Bishop 
Wood.  He  urged  the  importance  of  a  united  effort  to 
complete  tlie  Cathedral  by  calling  for  the  payment 
of  all  subscriptions  made,  as  well  as  of  contributions 
from  others. 

Bishop  Neumann  convened  his  clergy  in  a  synod  in 
October,  ISoT,  and,  relieved  of  much  external  work  by 
the  aid  of  his  coadjutor,  seemed  to  devote  himself 
more  especially  to  the  increase  of  the  interior  spirit 
in  the  communities,  institutions,  and  churches.  The 
establishment  of  a  novitiate  in  his  diocese  for  the 
Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  and  of  the  Preparatory  Seminary 
at  Glen  Riddle  marks  this  period. 

The  Cathedral  advanced  more  rapidly,  and  in  1858 
the  walls  were  completed.  The  keystone  was  set  and 
on  September  13, 1859,  the  Catholics  of  Philadelphia 
gathered  in  immense  numbers  to  witness  the  ceremony 
of  blessing  the  cross  and  raising  it  to  its  lofty  position. 
Bishop  Neunmnn  presided.  Bishop  Spalding  deliv- 
ered a  masterly  and  eloquent  address  on  the  cross, 
after  which  the  coadjutor  of  Philadelphia  blessed  the 
symbol  of  salvation.  The  Bishops  and  clergy  then 
moved  in  procession  to  the  exterior  of  the  Cathedral, 
when  the  cross  was  borne  out  and  raised  to  its 
jwsition  amid  the  cheers  and  shouts  of  the  gathered 
midtitude. 

(jod  seems  to  have  spared  his  servant  to  see  tlie  com- 
pletion of  the  great  edifice  in  his  honor,  before  calling 
him  to  his  reward.  On  the  5th  of  January,  18(50, 
Bishop  Neumann  showed  signs  of  pain,  but  continued 
his  ordinary  duties,  and  rt  dinner  seemed  cheerful ; 
after  the  meal,  however,  he  said  to  a  Redemptorist 
Father  who  called  :  "  I  have  a  strange  feeling  to-day  : 


ES. 

'eiiniiinn, 
the  chief 

0  Bishop 
L  effort  to 
payment 
ributions 

synod  in 
work  by 

1  himself 
lor  spirit 
les.  The 
I  for  the 
Seminary 

1  in  1858 
3  set  and 
ladelpiiia 
ceremony- 
position, 
ng  deliv- 
he  cross, 
essed  tlie 
rgy  then 
athedral, 
'd  to  its 
gatliered 

the  coni- 
re  calling 
try,  1800, 
ontinued 
cheerful ; 
jmptorist 
;  to-day  : 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


405 


I  never  felt  ic  before.  I  have  to  go  out  on  a  little 
business,  and  the  fresli  air  will  do  me  good."  He 
accordingly  left  the  house  to  sign  papers  regarding 
church  property,  but  on  his  way  home  through  Vine 
Street  he  staggered,  and  fell  on  the  steps  of  a  private 
residence.  He  was  immediately  carried  in,  and  physi- 
cians were  summoned,  but  all  efforts  to  restore  him 
failed.  "A  few  deep-drawn  sighs  and  the  beautiful 
soul  had  abandoned  its  earthly  t'jnement." 

His  secretary  hastened  from  the  episcopal  residence, 
but  arrived  too  late.  As  the  news  spread,  it  received 
little  credit,  but  the  next  day,  the  feast  of  Epiphany, 
the  beloved  Bishop  was  commended  to  the  prayers  of 
the  faithful.  On  Saturday  his  venerated  remains  lay 
in  state  in  the  Cathedral  chapel,  and  on  Monday  they 
were  carried  to  St.  John's  Church,  where  the  solemn 
requiem  mass  was  offered  by  Bishop  Wood.  Aicli- 
bishop  Kenrick  of  Baltimore  delivered  the  feeling 
funeral  discourse  on  one  whom  he  knew  and  appreci- 
ated so  thoroughly.  Bishop  Neumann  was  then  in- 
terred in  a  vault  before  the  altar  in  the  lower  chapel 
of  St.  Peter's  Redemptorist  Church. 

The  holy,  mortified  life  of  Bishop  Neumann,  liis  com- 
plete detachment  from  all  earthly  things,  his  purity 
and  devotedness,  had  impressed  all  with  the  belief 
in  his  great  sanctity.  His  intercession  was  sought 
by  many,  and  the  result  spread  widely  the  conviction 
that  God  wished  him  to  be  the  instrument  of  consol- 
ing the  afflicted.  So  general  was  the  confidence,  and 
so  marked  the  favors  received,  that  the  preliminary 
steps  for  his  canonization  were  begun.  The  cause 
was  duly  introduced  in  the  Congregation  of  Rites  in 
December,  1888.  The  episcopal  process  was  conducted 
under  the  authority  of  Archbishop  Ryan,  and  having 
been  concluded  in  two  years  was  transmitted  to  Rome, 


,?'-^ 


•■:;  '^- 


1 

i 

1 

™ 

! 

1 

Sit 


i  \-\l 


■■>'{ 


iiii* 


BT.  IlEV.  JAMK8  FHKDKIUC   Wool),  FIHII    IlISllul' OF  I'lllbAlJl-MMIIA. 


(  K^Hx 

t 

'  iM^HH 

fe^ 

-i 

I 

Hi 

i^ 

1  5 

11;      -I:.-; 


n^ 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


407 


I.I.I'III.V. 


where  it  was  examined  and  ai)proved.    The  Pontif- 
ical Process  will  next  be  taken  up.' 

nT.  REV.  JAMES  FllEDElUC  WOOD,  FIFTH  BISHOP,  1860-1866. 

The  lit.  llev.  Jaine.s  Frederic  Wood,  to  whom,  by 
the  demise  of  Bisiiop  Neumann,  the  mitre  of  Phila- 
delphia pas.sed,  was  the  son  of  an  English  merchant 
who  settled  in  that  city.  James  was  born  there  April 
27,  1812,  and  receivin<i:  a  «:ood  education,  obtained  a 
position  in  the  Branch  Bank  of  the  United  States. 
Some  years  later  he  became  connected  with  a  bank  in 
Cincinnati,  and  rose  to  important  offices.  Brought  up 
a  Unitarian,  he  found  that  creed  unsatisfactory,  and 
seeking  the  truth  in  sincerity  was  led  to  the  Catholic 
Church.  He  was  received  by  Bishop  Purcell,  in  April, 
1836,  and  after  enjoying  for  a  year  the  spiritual  conso- 
lations for  which  he  h)nged,  he  resolved  to  devote  his 
life  to  the  service  of  the  altar.  IIh  was  soon  sent  to 
the  College  of  the  Propaganda,  and  after  a  long  and 
thorough  course,  Avas  ordained  priest  by  Cardinal 
Fransoni,  March  25,  1844.  It  was  after  years  of 
])arochial  service  at  the  Cathedral  and  St.  Patilck's, 
Cincinnati,  that  he  was  elected  as  coadjutor  to  Bishop 
Neumann. 

The  diocese  of  Philadelphia,  when  its  entire  admin- 
istration devolved  on  Bishop  Wood,  comprised  the 
most  populous  part  of  Pennsylvania,  with  Delaware. 
It  had  one  hundred  and  fifty  churches,  and  one  hun- 
dred  and    forty-two   priests.      The    diocese  had   its 

'  Horner,  "Life  of  Right  Rev.  .lolm  N.  Ncumnnn,  D.  D..C.  SS.li., 
Fourtli  Bislinp  of  Pliiliidulpiiiii,"  Xcw  Yoik,  1884.  "  Funeral  Obsequies 
of  lit.  Rev.  Jolin  M.  Neumann."  etc.,  Piiiladelpliia.  1800;  Ave  Maria, 
xx.x.,  p.  181  ;  Berielite  dor  Leopoidincn  Sliflun>r,  xxv.,  p.  33;  Metro- 
politan, i,  vi ;  Freeman's  .loiirnal,  Aug.  7,  1852  ;  18.19  ;  Pittshursrli 
ratholif.  ix..  p.  24o;xvi.,  p.  if>4  ;  Cath.  Herald,  xx.,  xxvi.;  Ouli. 
Mirror,  !.,  x., 


k 


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408       THE  CHURCH  LW  THE  UNITED  ST  A  TES. 

flourishing  theologiciil  seminary  nnd  a  preparatory  col- 
lege.  Tho  .Fenuits  hail  Ht.  Joseph's  College,  I*hiln- 
ilelpiiia;  there  was  another  St.  Joseph's  College  in 
Snsipiel'anna  County.  The  Liidies  of  the  Sacreil 
Heart,  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph,  of  Notre  Dame,  and  of 
the  Ininiacnlate  Heart  had  flourishing  acadi-nues. 
Jesuits,  Augustinians,  lledeuiptorists,  Conventual 
and  Reformed  Pranciscans  were  laboring  in  their  re- 
spective spheres.  There  were  hospitals,  asylums,  and 
industrial  schools,  under  Sisters  of  the  (?ood  Shep- 
heril,  Sisters  of  Charity,  and  Sisters  of  the  Holy  Cross. 
The  parochial  schools  already  numbered  forty,  with 
8031  pupils.  The  population  of  the  diocese  was  esti- 
mated at  200,000. 

Under  his  vigorous  impulse  chundies  were  begun  or 
dedii  ated  in  18G0  at  Walnut,  llonesdale,  Tacony, 
Bridesburg,  Reading,  Nippenose  Valley,  and  in  Phila- 
deli)hia. 

On  the  21st  of  January  he  issued  a  circular  direct- 
ing jn-ayers  for  the  lately  deceased  bishop,  and  also 
the  prayer  for  the  Pope,  that  God  would  protect  him 
and  confound  his  enemies,  whose  aim  was  to  "re- 
duce the  Sovereign  Pontiff,  as  far  as  possible,  to  the 
condition  of  a  subject  and  a  vassal."  The  collection 
made  for  the  relief  of  the  Pope  was  transmitted  in 
September,  with  a  letter  full  of  devotion  to  the  succes- 
sor of  St.  Peter.  Pope  Pius  IX.  replied  on  the  1st  of 
November,  expressing  his  delight  at  the  sentiments  of 
the  Bishoi),  his  clergy,  and  pe(>[)le. 

During  the  year  Philadelphia  lost,  in  the  ]»erson  of 
Eugene  Cummiskey  (.Fuue  23),  one  of  the  pioneer  Cath- 
olic publishers  of  the  country,  who  in  early  days  s  t 
forth  Haydock's  HibK  .  Chailoner's  Bible  and  T.  ,a- 
ment,  Butlers  Lives  of  the  Saints,  and  other  works 
requiring  great  outlay. 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILA  DKLPHIA. 


409 


•■  'n 


to  "  re- 


TliH  year  IHOI  begiui  with  niaiiife.stiitioiis  of  Catholic 
1)ioh:iv.ss,  churches  dedicated  at  the  Falls  of  Schuyl- 
kill, Iteadiug,  and  Moscow  ;'  and  the  Sisters  of  Mercy 
began  their  labors  in  the  diocese  by  establishing  ail 
academy  for  young  ladies.  Hut  the  civil  war  soon 
paralyzed  the  energies  of  the  country,  and  all  felt  its 
efre(;ts.  Priests  were  called  uway  to  act  as  chaplains 
to  tile  Catholic  soldiers  in  the  regiments  formed  in 
that  part  of  Pennsylvania,  (Governor  Curtin  having 
aitplied  to  Bishop  Wood  for  names  of  priests  who 
could  be  assigned  to  that  duty,'  Sisters  were  sum- 
moned to  become  nurses  to  the  sick  and  wounded  in 
the  hospitals  and  on  the  battlelield.  Yet  with  all 
their  devotedness  to  tlie  Republic,  Catholics  saw  thati 
their  lack  of  all  fanaticism  made  them  objects  of  sus- 
picion to  those  who  confounded  it  with  patriotism.' 

The  Cathedral  was  so  far  completed  that  on  Passion 


'  rath.  Minor.  Fob.  Ifl ;  Xov,  80,  IHfll  ;  Catli.  Herald,  il.id.  ;  SLl^nul's 
Cliui-ch.  burned  Nov.  2(1,  18(11,  was  rebuilt  and  dcdieated  Hept.  21,  1803. 

»  Kt!V.  John  MfCosker,  chaplain  of  the  r).-)ih  I'a,,  died  in  the  .service  ; 
Rev.  Mr.  Mariin,  chaplain  of  the  »ii)th  I>a  ,  went  through  McClcllan's cam- 
paign.    'Jatli.  Herald,  June  7,  14,  July  12.  18(i2. 

"An  amusing  instance  occurred  in  September,  ISfil?.  A  man  applied 
for  relief  at  (lie  Cathedral  rectory,  stating  tluit  he  had  run  awav  from 
lioine  ill  Ireland,  and  been  forced  into  the  C'ciifederatc  army.  He  had 
written  home,  and  wislied  a  decent  bo.irdii'j;  piucf  till  means  arrived  to 
enable  him  to  return  to  Ireland.     A  ig  clergyman  gave  him  the  ad- 

dress of  n  worthy  man,  signing  his  own  name  and  that  of  the  Bishop's 
secretary,  The  young  priest  so<>ii  nfler  went  to  un  institution  to  make 
Ids  nmiual  retreat.  The  Hishop's  secretary  was  suddenly  astonished  to 
find  himself  arrested  on  a  charsrc  of  liigh  treason  for  ii  conspiracy  aim- 
ing to  overthrow  the  government  of  the  United  States.  The  young  fel- 
low, excited  by  li(pior,  liji..  hoitstwl  of  being  a  Confederate  officer  ;  the 
paper  with  the  names  (»f  two  priests  was  found  on  him.  This,  to  some 
ndnds,  was  .sutllciei.i.  Bishop  Wood  and  a  lawyer  accompanied  the  sec- 
retary iM'fore  a  (Commissioner,  and  it  wa.s  soon  found  that  the  scamp  had 
never  In-en  in  the  Confederate  service,  but  was  a  deserter  from  an  Ohio 
regiment.     The  grand  case  of  high  tresison  fell  to  the  ground. 


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410       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Sunday,  1862,  Bishop  Wood  announced  that  it  would 
be  opened  on  Easter  Sunday  for  Vespers  and  the 
Papal  benediction.  On  that  day  the  Catholic  corn- 
nuinity  poured  out  in  crowds  to  see  the  building  used 
for  the  service  of  God  which  had  been  so  long  carried 
on  at  sacrifices  by  all.  After  the  services  several 
addresses  were  made,  and  at  the  close  of  the  Bishop's 
remarks  the  Te  Deum  was  chanted. 

Bishop  Wood  soon  after  announced  to  his  Hock  in 
a  pastoral  his  intended  dei)arture  for  Rome  to  attend, 
by  invitation  of  the  Pope,  the  canonization  of  the 
Japanese  martyrs.  In  August,  1802,  the  Sisters  of  the 
Society  of  the  Holy  Child  Jesus,  whose  mother  house 
is  at  Maytield,  England,  opened  an  academy  for  young 
ladies  at  Towanda,  Bradford  Co.,  on  land  given  them 
by  the  Ducliess  of  Leeds,  and  also  a  parochial  school. 
The  next  year  six  other  Sisters  arrived  and  estab- 
lished a  house  near  the  Church  of  the  Assumption 
on  Spring  (-rarden  Street.  Soon  after  Very  llev.  C. 
H.  Carter  purchased  for  them  i)roperty  at  Sharon 
Hill,  Delaware  Co.,  where  they  established  a  mother 
h()u.se  and  novitiate,  with  an  academy  for  young 
ladies.  In  a  few  years  a  second  house  Avas  established 
in  Philadelphia.  The  community  has  now  several 
houses  in  the  West. 

Meanwhile  Bishop  Wood,  having  returned,  an- 
nounced the  plenary  indulgence  granted  by  the  Pope 
for  the  pious  observance  of  St.  Patrick's  day.  and  in  a 
pastoral  letter  called  for  relief  for  the  suffering  people 
of  Ireland. 

In  March,  1803,  expired  one  of  the  pioneer  priests  of 
Pennsylvania,  Rev.  Patrick  Rafferty  of  Fairmount, 
■who,  after  active  service  in  Ireland  in  the  Revolution- 
ary movements  of  i7!)8,  came  to  America,  and  front 
his  ordination,  in  1822,  labored  for  years  in  the  hardest 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


411 


and  most  laborious  missions  of  the  interior  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Pennsylvania  was  not  the  scene  of  hostilities  till  the 
snmnier  of  1863,  when  Lee's  cavalry  ravaged  the  coun- 
try around  Chambersburg,  and  his  whole  army  soon 
*  confronted  Meade  at  Gettysburg.  Before  that  terrible 
battle,  Father  Corby,  C.  S.  C,  gave  absolution  to  the 
Catholics  in  Sickles'  brigade;  other  chaplains  pre- 
pared men  to  die.  When  Lee  drew  off  priests  and  re- 
ligious hastened  to  the  temporary  hospitals  to  prepare 
all  who  could  bear  removal  to  be  transported  to  the 
government  hospitals. 

In  August  the  Cathedral  was  thrown  open  for  inspec- 
tion. The  Bishop,  in  his  address  on  the  occasion,  ex- 
plained the  design  carried  out  in  the  paintings,  and  the 
necessity  of  paying  for  what  had  been  done  and  what 
remained  to  do.  Just  as  the  year  1864  opened,  St. 
Joseph's  College  near  Montrose  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
and  the  diocese  lost  one  of  its  literary  institutions.' 

Bishop  Wood,  on  the  feast  of  the  Holy  Name,  in 
view  of  the  efforts  made  to  blind  and  deceive  the 
faithful,  and  entangle  them  in  the  meshes  and  shac- 
kles of  secret  societies,  declared  them  unlawful  and 
forbidden,  and  warned  his  flock  to  refrain  from 
any  alliance  with  them.  "To  say  nothing  of  tiie 
Masons,  Odd  Fellows,  Sons  of  Temperance,  etc.,  about 
whose  condemnation,"  says  the  Bishop,  "no  doubt 
can  exist,  these  societies  are  known  by  various  other 
appellations,  sucn,  for  example,  as  the  National 
Brotherhood,  lately  condemned  by  the  Bishops  of 
Ireland,  the  Fenian  Brotherhood,  and  in  addition  to 
these  the  Molly  Maguires,  Buckshots,  and  others 
whose  spirit  is  equally  obje<!tionable."  ' 

•  Ciilli.  IlcraUl,  April  9,  Kt ;  May  17.  1863;  Aug.  12,  1868. 

«  Catli.  Mirror,  Jiui.  30,  1864;  Pittsburgh  CaUiolic,  xx.,  p.  413. 


:1 


1         ! 


1.        •.  ilv 


412      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  great  event  of  the  yenr  was  the  solemn  dedica- 
tion of  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  which 
took  place  on  the  20th  of  November,  1804.  Arch- 
bishop Spalding,  the  Metropolitan  of  the  province, 
Archbishops  Piircell  and  McCloskey,  Bishopp  Fitz- 
patrick,  Timon,  Domenec,  Bayley,  Loughlin,  McFar-* 


MEDAL  BTRCCK   IJY   niailOP   WOOD  ON   THE   DEDICATION 
OK   III8  CATHKDUAI.. 

land,  de  Goesbriand,  Luers,  with  IJisliops  Farrell  and 
Lynch  from  Canada,  and  Rt.  Rev.  Jioniface  Wim- 
nier,  O.  S.  R.,  Abbot  of  St.  Vincent's,  were  jtresent, 
making  th«'  scene  the  most  imposing  ever  witnessed 
in  Philadelphia.  After  the  ceremony  of  dedication 
Bishop  Wood  offered  a  solemn  pontifical  mass,  dur- 


11 


mm. 


DIOCESE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


413 


iiig  wliich  Archbishop  Spalding  delivered  one  of  his 
grand  discourses.  The  work  begun  by  Archbishop 
Kenrick,  and  continued  by  the  saintly  Neumann,  was 
thus  happily  concluded,  and  the  vast  Cathedral  regu- 
larly opened  for  the  solemn  worship  required  by  God's 
first  and  great  commandment.  To  commemorate  the 
auspicious  occasion  Bishop  Wood  had  a  medal  struck, 
the  finest  piece  of  numismatic  work  connected  with 
the  church  in  this  country." 

At  Easter,  186.5,  Bishop  Wood  announced  the 
Jubilee  granted  by  Pope  Pius  IX.,  and  prescribed 
tlie  conditions  by  which  the  faithful  could  gain  the 
spiritual  favors  offered,  encouraging  all  to  return  to 
God  by  a  sincere  use  of  the  sacraments,  no  longer 
paralyzed  by  schism,  but  harmonious  and  full  of 
faith. 

In  a  pastoral  letter,  dated  December  8,  1865,  Bishop 
AVood  announced  that  he  had  undertaken  another 
great  dior  <  ^;  work.  This  was  the  erection  of  a 
theologic;  i^  inary,  such  as  the  increasing  wants  of 
the  diocese  required.  He  had  purchased  the  Reming- 
ton estate  on  the  Lancaster  road,  about  five  miles 
from  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  station  in  PhMa- 
(lelphia.  Here  on  the  4th  of  April,  1866,  su./  ..  d 
by  a  hundred  i^riests,  he  laid  the  corner  stone  of  the 
Seminary  of  St.  Charles  Borronieo,  in  the  presence 
of  a  large  concoui'se  of  the  laity.  Father  Michael 
O'Connor,  S.  J.,  once  rector  of  the  Seminary,  and 
subsequently  Bishop  of  Pittsburgh,  delivered  an  ad- 
dress. At  this  time  there  were  sixty-eight  pupils  in 
the  grand  and  forty  in   the  preparatory  seminary. 


■m 


-:r'f 


'  Our  illustmtion  gives  the  obverse  of  tlie  mednl,  the  size  of  the  original. 
Tlie  reverse  sliows  tlie  interior  of  the  cnthedrul  witli  tlic  legend  :  "  Ti:  ics 

Pi^TRI'S  KT  81JPKU   IIANO   PHTRAM  AKDIKrOAUO  KCCI,K8IAM  MKAM.      Va8 
I  I.KCTIONIS  EST  MIIU  ISTJi  UT  I'OUTKT  NOMEN  MEUM  COKAM    GENTIBUS." 


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414       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

while  four  others  belonging  to  the  diocese  were  prose- 
cuting their  studies  at  Rome.' 

In  August  a  circular  announced  the  convocation  of 
a  Plenary  Council  of  the  Church  in  the  United  States, 
and  Bistiop  VV^ood  could  attend  it,  convinced  that,  in 
many  respects,  his  diocese  was  in  clergy,  churches, 
and  institutions,  one  of  the  first  in  the  country. 

'■  Historical  Skelcli  of  tlie  Pliiliulclphin  Tlieologicnl  Seminary  of  St. 
Charles  Borromeo,  Philadelphia,  l^iitl.  p.  38.  Iteports  of  the  Seminary, 
Catli.  Mirror,  April  21,  IbfiO. 


bKAL  Of  UlaUOV   tik.VUAliH. 


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CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 

RT.  REV.  MICHAEL  O'CONNOR,  BISHOP,  1854-1860. 

Ox  the  erection  of  the  see  of  Erie,  Bisliop  O'Con- 
nor was  transferred  to  it,  but  as  Rev.  Josue  M. 
Young  declined  the  mitre  of  Pittsburgli,  Bishop 
O'Connor,  to  the  joy  of  his  clergy  and  people,  was- 
restored  to  them  by  a  brief  of  February  20,  1854. 
During  the  vacancy  the  diocese  had  been  administered 
by  Very  Rev.  E.  McMahon. 

The  diocese  of  Pittsburgh,  after  the  division,  com- 
prised the  counties  of  Allegheny,  Washington,  Greeue, 
Fayette,  Beaver,  Lawrence,  Butler,  Armstrong,  Indi- 
ana, Westmoreland,  Cambria,  Blair,  Huntingdon, 
Bedford,  and  Somerset,  with  a  Catholic  population 
of  forty  thousand,  seventy-five  churches  erected  or 
in  progress,  fifty-seven  priests,  seventeen  theological 
students,  St.  Vincent's  Benedictine  Monastery,  with  a 
college  under  the  care  of  the  Fathers  and  succursal 
houses  at  CarroUtown  and  Indiana  ;  a  house  of  the 
Passionist  Fathers  ;  Franciscan  Brothers  directing 
an  academy  and  schools  ;  Sisters  of  Mercy  managing 
a  hospital  and  aboi;t  to  open  a  house  of  industry, 
in  charge  also  of  academies,  schools,  and  orphan  asy- 
luu)  ;  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  were  engaged  in  similar 
work. 

During  the  short  vacancy  of  the  see,  Pittsburgh  was 
visited  by  the  representative  of  the  Pope,  Archbishop 
Cajetau  Bedini.  The  vile  stories  circulated  against 
him  led  American  Kuow-nothings  and  German  infidels 


I  1 


hi 


1 


416       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

to  unite  in  insulting  him.  On  resuming  the  care  of 
tlie  diocese,  Bishop  O'Connor  pushed  the  erection  of 
the  Catliedral,  and  was  gratified  to  see  churches  begun 
at  Allegheny,  Sharpsburg,  Brookville,  Clearville,  and 
Kittaning,  and  St.  James's  dedicated  in  Pittsburgh, 
and  other  churches  in  Allegheny,  Temperanceville, 
and  Loretto. 

The  Sisters  of  the  Humility  of  Mary,  a  community 
founded  by  Rev.  J.  J.  Begel  in  1854,  took  charge  of 
the  orphan  asylum  at  New  Bedford.  They  proved  suc- 
cessful where  others  had  failed.  Having  as  their  es- 
pecial work  the  care  of  ori)hans  and  the  sick,  and  tlie 
instruction  of  poor  children,  their  services  were  solic- 
ited elsewliere,  and  as  the  community  grew,  they 
established  houses  also  in  the  dioceses  of  Erie  and 
Cleveland.' 

Dr.  O'Connor  sailed  in  October,  1854,  to  Europe,  and, 
after  transacting  some  business  connected  with  his 
diocese,  arrived  in  Rome  to  attend  the  definition  of 
the  dognui  of  the  Lnmaculate  Concei^tion.  On  his 
return  he  was  consoled  by  the  completion  of  his  Ca- 
thedral, which  was  solemnly  dedicated  on  Sunday, 
June  24,  1855.  Archbishop  Hughes,  Bishops  Por- 
tier,  Whelan.  Henni,  O'Reilly,  Spalding,  Rappe,  Neu- 
mann, McGill,  Loughlin,  Aniat,  Young,  O'Regan, 
Timon,  and  Carrell,  gathered  to  the  solemn  service. 
The  pontifical  high  mass  was  offered  by  Bishop  Por- 
tier  of  Mobile,  and  the  dedication  sermon  preached 
by  Archbishop  Hughes.  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  is 
built   of  brick  in  the  form  of  a  Roman  cross,  two 


'The  foiindor,  Rev.  .John  JoHcpli  IJi  id,  wiis  horn  in  Franco,  April  5, 
1817,  iind  WHS  ordained  Dec.  IS,  1S41.  He  was  an  exenii)lary  priest 
iuid  a  man  of  profound  and  varied  learning.  He  died  at  New  Bedford, 
Jiin.  23,  lb84,  afler  four  years'  illness,  llouck,  "  Norllieru  Oliio," 
p.  79. 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 


417 


'  f.'l 


hundred  and  twenty  feet  long,  one  liundred  and  six- 
teen feet  wide  in  front.  It  has  a  dome  supported 
by  four  massive  Norman  pillars,  its  full  height  being 
two  hundred  and  seventy-two  feet.  Tlie  interior  is 
adorned  by  frescoes  and  statuary,  and  the  five  altars 
are  rich  in  carvings  and  highly  gilt.  It  cost  about 
tliree  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

The  community  of  Benedictines  had  grown  and 
prospered.  New  lands  were  accpiired,  and  suitable 
buildings  for  various  purposes  were  erected.  On  the 
l.'jth  of  July,  1852,  St.  Vincent's  was  formally  recog- 
nized as  a  non-exempt  priory  by  Bishop  O'Connor. 
Archbishop  Bedini  visited  it  tlie  next  year  and  or- 
dained three  Benedictines  as  priests.  In  1855  Prior 
Wimmer  visited  Rome,  and  i*ope  Pius  IX.,  on  the 
24th  of  August,  made  St.  Vincent's  an  exem])t  Abbey, 
and  on  the  17th  of  the  ensuing  month  appointed  Rt. 
Rev.  Boniface  Wimmer  mitred  abbot  for  the  term  of 
three  years. 

St.  Vincent's  College,  opened  in  1849,  had  thriven 
with  the  growth  of  the  comnmnityj  It  was  cliartered 
as  a  university  May  10,  1853,  and  soon  had  a  large 
number  of  students.  Tlie  course  was  thorough,  and 
pupils  had  peculiar  advantages  for  acquiring  a  practi- 
cal knowledge  of  German. 

The  Redemptorists  were  laboring  earnestly  in 
Pittsburgh,  under  the  venerated  Father  Seelos  and 
others.  They  gave  missions  in  many  parts  of  the  dio- 
cese, and  in  1851  laid  the  foundation  of  St.  Joseph's 
German  Orphan  Asylum.  It  was  soon  completed,  and 
the  School  Sisters  of  Notre  Bame  cared  for  many  chil- 
dren. It  was  destroyed  by  iire  in  July,  1854,  but  a 
temporary  home  was  secured  for  the  Sisters  and 
orphans,  and  a  fine  edilice,  eighty  feet  by  forty,  soon 
rose  in  its  place. 


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418       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Seven  new  churches  were  erected  during  the 
year  1855,  and  several  corner  stones  laid,  as  at 
Chartier  s  Creek,  Washington,  Wilmore,  Jefferson, 
Red  Bank,  Cameron's  Bottom,  Ligonier,  and  Sum- 
merhill. 

Bishop  O'Connor  felt  the  necessity  of  a  diocesan 
seminary  to  train  priests  under  his  own  eye.  He 
began  one  in  1844,  and  two  years  after  removed  it 
to  Birmingliam,  where  Rev.  Thomas  McCidhigli  pre- 
sided over  it.  The  Father.-,  Oblate  of  Mary  Immacu- 
late next  took  charge  in  1848,  but  it  was  subsequent- 
ly conducted  by  Rev.  James  O'Connor,  afterward 
Bishop  of  Omaha.  Tlie  ravages  of  the  cholera 
closed  it  in  1851,  and  other  important  works  pre- 
vented its  re-opening  till  1850,  but  it  was  soon  trans- 
ferred to  Gflenwood,  where  it  continued  in  successful 
operation  till  187G  under  Rev.  James  O'Connor,  Rev. 
James  Keogii,  and  Rev.  S.  Wall. 

Bishop  O'Connor  had  suffered  for  years,  and  was- 
now  advised  to  make  an  extended  tour  in  the  hope  of 
obtaining  a  restoration.  He  endured  constant  head- 
aches, preventing  any  continuous  mental  Avork. 
Yielding  to  advice,  he  visited  Rome,  Egypt,  and 
the  Holy  Land,  warmly  greeted  on  his  return  by  his 
flock  in  the  early  part  of  1857.  At  Rome  he  had 
convinced  the  authorities  of  his  inability  to  discharge 
his  episcopal  duties,  aiul  the  Rev.  John  B.  Byrne  of 
St.  Matthew's  Church,  Washington,  was  appointed  as 
his  coadjutor  May  9,  1857.  Difficulties  arose,  and  he 
returned  the  bulls. 

Bishop  O'Connor,  before  long,  was  unable  to  make 
tile  usual  visitation  of  his  dio(tese,  and  the  Bishop 
of  Erie  relieved  him  of  some  of  the  more  urgent  calls 
for  his  presence.  Six  new  churches  were  added  to 
the  diocese  in  1857  and  1858,  Trinity  and  St.  Patrick's 


JS. 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 


419 


•l!lg 


the 

I,  a»  at 
pfferson, 
lul  Suiii- 

diocesan 
ye.  He 
iioved  it 
agli  pre- 
Itninacu- 
isequent- 
fterwanl 
cholera 
rks  pre- 
)n  trans- 
iiccessriil 
lor,  llev. 

and  \va» 
i  hope  of 
nt  liead- 
il  work, 
ypt,  and 

n  by  his 
?  he  had 
lischarge 
Hyrne  of 
ointed  as 
J,  and  lie 

to  make 
3  Bishop 
;ent  calls 
idded  to 
Patrick's 


at  Latrobe,  New   Derry,  Birmingham,  East  Liberty, 
and  Broad  Top. 

He  issued  a  pastoral  letter  in  November,  1858,  and 
endeavored  to  check  the  extravagance  that  prevailed 
ill  funerals  ;  but  in  July  of  1859  he  visited  Rome  to  ob- 
tain release  from  a  burthen  now  beyond  his  strength. 

During  his  absence  the  episcopal  residence  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  lire,  and  on  his  return  he  took  u]i 
his  abode  in  the  part  that  escaped  the  tiames  and 
which  was  temporarily  repaired.  His  resignation  of 
the  see  was  accepted  by  the  Pope  on  the  23d  of  May, 
1860.  In  a  touching  letter  he  bade  farewell  to  a  dio- 
cese where  all  were  devoted  to  him.  This  drew  from 
the  Cathedral  congregation  an  address  full  of  the 
deepest  regret,  to  which  he  replied,  in  terms  which 
showed  that  the  good  of  the  diocese  impelled  the  act, 
"■This  life,  with  its  pleasures  and  its  toils,  will  soon 
pass  away.  What  we  shall  have  done  for  God  is  the 
only  tiling  of  value  that  will  remain."  He  then  sailed 
to  Europe  and  entered  the  novitiate  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  his  former  dignity  known  only  to  the  Superiors. 
In  time  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  to  the  scholastics  at  Boston,  gave 
retreats  when  his  health  permitted,  and  occasionally 
lectured  and  preached.  Relieved  from  the  responsi- 
bilities which  had  pressed  so  heavily,  his  health  i.n- 
proved,  though  it  was  never  restored.  He  died  at 
Woodstock,  Md.,  October  18,  1872,  venerated  by  his 
religious  brethren,  as  he  had  been  at  Pittsburgh. 

Right  Rev.  Michael  O'Connor  is  one  of  the  glories 
of  the  American  Church.  He  was  a  learned  theolo- 
gian, and  one  of  the  best  Patristic  scholars  we  have 
ever  had  in  this  country.  Possessed  of  great  intel- 
lectual power  and  force,  he  had  mastered  many  sci- 
ences, and  in  his  written  and  oral  works  impressed  all 


^£5;v's: 


,n1 


.t; 


■■'1 

1^   .  .« 


m  I 


420       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

by  the  solidity  and  clearness  of  his  argiuneiits.  But 
he  was  not  absorbed  in  study  or  retiection  ;  he  was 
eminently  a  man  of  action,  and  drew  all  irresistibly 
to  whatever  his  calm  judgment  proposed.' 

VEKY  REV.  JAMES  O'CONNOK,  ADMINIHTIIATGB,  1860. 

The  care  of  the  diocese  of  Pittsburgh,  sede  vacante, 
devolved  on  Very  Rev.  James  O'Connor.  During  the 
brief  period  of  his  control  a  meeting  of  Catholics  was 
held  at  Pittsburgh  to  express  sympathy  for  the  Pope  ; 
the  Church  of  the  Passionist  Fathers  was  dedicated 
by  Bishop  Young  of  Erie  ;  tluM-fu-ner  stone  of  a  church 
was  laid  on  the  historic  Braddock'a  field,  where  ]?eau- 
jen,  fortified  by  the  sacraments  in  the  chapel  of  Our 
Lady  at  Fort  Duquesne,  died  in  the  'irms  of  victory. 
The  Peter's  Pence  of  the  (lioce.sc,  anu)unting  to  $i;}aol>, 
drew  a  letter  of  gratitude  from  Pope  Pius  IX, 

BT.  BEV.  MICHAEL  DOMENEC,  C.  M.,  SECOND  BISHOP,  1800-1866. 

The  clergyman  elected  by  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  to 
fill  the  see  of  Pittsburgh  was  Rev.  Michael  Domenec, 
Priest  of  the  Congregation  of  tht>  Missions,  qualified 
by  long  exjierience  in  seminaries  as  a  trainer  of  theo- 
logical students,  as  well  by  active  and  successful  woik 
as  a  missionary  in  Missouri  and  Pennsylvania.  He 
was  born  near  Tarragona  in  Spain  in  181(5,  but  in  his 
youth  the  civil  wars  induced  his  parents  to  seek  a 
refuge  in  France.  Michael,  after  completing  his  stud- 
ies at  college,  entered  the  seminary  of  the  Priests  of 


'  Lnnibing.  "  History  of  the  Ciitholir  Cliiirrli  in  tlie  Diocesfs  of  PiUs- 
hurtiU  and  Allofthony."  New  York,  1880.  pp.  .')4-H4.  211,  etc.;  Pittslmrgh 
Catholic.  X.,  p.  45;  xvii..  p.  148  ;  Mctroixilitan.  iii;  vi. ;  Fri-eniunV  Journal, 
Pel)..  1H,'):{,  etc. ;  Ciith.  Mirror,  ,Fumc  :{(>,  An.!,'.  2.5.  1800  JtoosnuilkT, 
"St.  Vincenz  in  Pennsylvania,"  pp.  120-l(iO;  Heck,  "  Gohicncs  .lulii- 
lllnin  (h'sWirkonsder  KedetnptoristenviUer  au  der  St.  Pliilonienu  Kirciie 
in  I'ittsburgh."  pp.  192-221. 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBURGH. 


431 


the  Mission  at  Paris,  and  was  before  long  admitted  to 
the  Congregation.  Yielding  to  tiie  appeal  of  Very  Rev. 
John  Tiinon  for  the  American  Mission,  yonng  Doinenec, 
with  tlie  permission  of  his  superiors,  sailed  for  this 
country,  reaching  the  Barrens,  Missouri,  February 
10,  1838.  Completing  his  theological  course,  he  was 
ordained  June  !}(),  1839,  was  employed  at  Cape  Girar- 
deau, and  the  Barrens,  and  in  1845  was  sent  with 
some  companions  to  the  Seminary  of  St.  Vincent, 
lie  also  attended  St.  Stephen's  Church,  Nicetown,  and 
erected  that  of  St.  Vincent  do  Paul  at  Cfermantown. 
Having  been  elected  Bishop  of  Pittsbrtgh,  September 
28,  1800,  he  proceeded  to  his  see,  and  was  consecrated 
on  the  9th  of  December  in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Paul 
by  the  Most  Rev.  Francis  Patrick  Kenrick,  Arch- 
bishop of  Baltimore,  assisf<Ml  by  Right  Rev.  Richard 
V.  Wlielan,  Bishop  of  Wlieeling,  and  Right  Rev. 
JoHue  M.  Young,  Bishop  of  Erie.  Bishops  Timon, 
Wood,  and  Lynch  of  Toronto  were  also  present,  with 
Right  Rev.  Boniface  Wimmer,  O.  S.  B.,  Abbot  of  St. 
Vincent's.  During  the  solemn  pontifical  mass,  thn 
Bishop  of  Buffalo  delivered  an  eloquent  discourse,  in 
wiiich  he  spoke  of  his  long  and  favorable  knowledge 
of  the  new  Bishop.' 

After  receiving  an  address  of  welcome,  to  which  lie 
responded  in  hopeful  terms.  Bishop  Domenec  began 
his  visitations  to  become  familiar  with  the  condition 
of  his  bishopric.  These  apostolic  visits  extended  to 
the  close  of  the  following  year. 

In  April,  1862,  Bishop  Domenec  proceeded  to 
Rome  to  attend  the  canonization  of  the  Japanese 
martyrs,  and  while  in  Europe  visited  Madrid.  Here 
he  had  several   audiencs  with  the  Queen   ami  her 

'  Pitlsbiirpli  Catholic,  xvii.,  p.  332  ;  Catli.  Herald,  and  Catli.  Mimr, 
Dec.  22,  18fiO. 


r  ■ 


'  f 
if 


r  :f 


11 


■■- 1 


■h 


i 


422      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ministers,  mid  showed  decisively  the  impolicy  of  any 
recognition  l)y  Spiiiu  of  tlte  sonthern  Confederacy. 
He  was  eminently  successful  in  liis  mission,  and  was 
again  in  Pittsburgh  by  the  middle  of  September. 

Even  in    these    times  of  war  there  was  Catholic 

growth,  evidenced    by   tlie  erection  of   churches  at 

Altoona,  Williamsburg,  liirniingham,  and  Uniontown, 

IS  well  as  of  German  churches  at  Altoonu  and  l^Jiw- 

renceville.' 

In  his  pastoral  letter  announcing  the  Jubilee  he 
f'arnestly  comnit'iideil  the  diocesan  seminary  to  thf 
charity  and  zeal  of  the  faithful,  and  closed  with  an 
appeal  for  prayers  that  God  would  arrest  the  war. 
"  Pray,  dearly  beloved  in  Christ,  that  the  carnage 
may  ceasf,  that  we  may  speedily  be  r^'stored  to  union 
and  that  peace  which  the  world  cannot  give,  that  tiie 
present  strife  being  ended,  our  country  may  resume 
that  course  of  peaceful  prosperity,  with  whi<li  hitherto 
God  has  vouchsafed  to  blnss  it  in  so  remarkable  a 
manner."  ' 

There  was,  however,  dissatisfaction  brewing  in  the 
diocese,  which  long  entailed  its  uid»appy  effects.  Very 
Kev.  E.  McMahon,  who  had  been  for  thirteen  years 
rector  of  the  Cathedral,  and  administrator  of  the  dio- 
cese during  the  bishoi>'s  absence  ;  Very  Rev.  James 
O'Connor,  president  of  the  diocesan  seminary  ;  and 
Rev.  Dr.  James  Keogh,  who,  after  being  secretary  to 
the  Bishop,  filled  the  same  position,  a  priest  of  extra- 
ordinary h-arning  and  ability,  left  the  diocese  for  that 
of  Philadelphia. 

The  usual  Catholic  Directory  was  suspended  for 
two  years  during  the  war,  but  a  locally  printed  re- 

■  Ciilh.  Mirror.  .Tan.  r,  ■  Nov.  0,  IMrtl. 

'  Ui«lioi>  DoJiKiifi-,  I'ttslonU  Li-ittr,  tjiiii  24,  1802.  Ibid.,  Oct.  4. 
1862. 


¥h 


,»i 


DIOCESE  OF  PITTSBUHOH. 


423 


t     f 


port  of  the  diocese,  at  the  beginning  of  1862,  shows 
«iglity-fonr<!liur(;h»)s,  eighty-two  priests,  St.  Michael's 
Tli»^()logicul  Seniiiuiry,  St.  Vincent's  Abbey,  with  its 
saminary  and  college,  an  academy  under  the  Francis- 
can Brothers  at  Loretto,  St.  Xavier's  academy  for 
young  ladies  under  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  ft)nr  orphan 
asylums,  a  Mercy  Hospital  and  House  of  Industry, 
twenty-six  schools,  and  an  estimated  Cathuiic  popula- 
tion of  fifty  thousand.' 

In  the  s])ring  of  180;i  Bishop  Bomenec  ai)pealed  to 
his  ttock  to  aid  tin-  distp  ssed  people  of  Ireland.' 
During  that  and  the  foil  wing  year  churches  were 
dedicated  at  Lawrenceville,  New  Brighton,  Hollidays- 

BIONATURK  OK  IIIHItOr  DOMKMtC. 

burg.  New  Germany,  and  Manchester,  also  St.  Augus- 
tine's, and  a  church  begun  at  Brady's  Bend. 

In  November,  1865,  three  Sisters  of  St.  Francis  came 
from  Buffalo  and  opened  St.  Francis'  II(>-;i)ital  on 
Forty-fourth  Street,  Pittsburgh.  Tli*'  successful  treat- 
ment of  the  inmates  insured  success,  and  the  Sisters 
in  time  directed  an  orphan  asylum  and  schools.' 

Several  new  churches  and  St.  Paul's  New  Orphan 
Asylum  showed  the  spread  of  Catholicity  in  1860.* 

'  PittsbtirRli  Ciitliolic.  Ciilh.  Ilcnild.  Mar.  22,  29,  1H62. 

«  Pastoral  I/'ttcr,  (Jiitli.  Mirror,  April  18,  1803. 

'  LambinR,  "  History  of  the  Cutliolie  Cliurcli  in  the  dioceses  of  Pitts- 
burs-'h  and  Ailef;heny."  New  York,  1880  ;  pp.  85-90,  178,  273,  338,  391, 
492-94. 

«  Cuth.  Mirror.  Aug.  12.  1805.  Oct.  0.  1806. 


>  if 


•■  •    Si, 


ir       I' 


'  '« 


;  K 


s  t 


\:V 


CHAPTER  V. 
DIOCESE  OF  ERIE. 

BT.  REV.  MICHAEL  O'CONNOR,  FIRST  B''.IIOP,  1853-1854  ;    RT.  REV. 
JOaUE  M.  YOUNO,  SECOND  BISHOP,  1854-1806. 

.  WiiKN  the  diocese  of  Pittsburgh  was  divided  and  a 
see  erected  at  Erie,  Rt.  Rev.  Micluiel  O'Connor  was 
transferred  to  it  from  Pittsburgh,  July  29,  1853. 
He  proceeded  to  Erie,  avoiding  all  announcement  of 
his  coming  and  all  ceremonial  and  disjilay.  The 
residence  of  the  clergy  had  no  space  to  spare,  and  he 
found  it  impossible  at  that  season  to  hire  a  house,  so 
that  he  took  up  his  abode  at  a  hotel  for  the  winter. 
The  new  diocese,  whose  lighter  burthen  he  expected 
to  bear  in  his  failing  health,  included  the  counties  of 
Mercer,  Venango,  Clarion,  Jefferson,  Clearfield,  Elk, 
McKeon,  aiul  Potter,  and  as  much  of  Pennsylvania  as 


SIOK.^TCUK  OF   UlsriOP  OCON.VOH   OK   KIUK. 

lay  north  and  west  of  them.  Here  in  the  last  days  of 
the  French  struggle  to  maintain  h»'r  hold  iu  North 
America  had  been  a  line  of  po:»ts,  and  Catholic;  chap- 
lains offered  the  holy  sacrilice  from  Prescpi'  He 
(  Ei'it'i  to  Fort  Duque -ne  (PittsburghV  Now  Erie  had 
two  little  churches,  one  for  the  faithful  of  English,  one 


;    RT.  REV. 

eel  and  a 
inor  was 
>9,  1853. 
ement  of 
,y.  TiiH 
3,  and  he 
liouse,  so 
e  winter, 
expected 
unties  of 
eld,  p:ik, 
Ivaniii  as 


•Mi' 


it  days  of 
in  North 
)li(!  chnp- 
r-squ'  He 
Erie  had 
gdish,  one 


DIOCESE  OF  ERIE. 


425 


for  tliose  of  German,  speech.  There  was  in  the 
county  a  French  settlement  with  two  churches. 
Tliere  were  in  all  twenty-eight  clmrclies,  and  two 
more  building,  with  fourteen  priests  and  twelve  thou- 
sand Catholics.  Monks  and  nuns  of  St.  Benedict, 
the  latter  from  the  convent  of  St.  Walburga  at  Eicli- 
stadt,  were  already  laboring  there. 

But  his  stay  at  Erie  was  not  to  be  permauent.  Rev. 
J.  M.  Young  declined  absolutely  to  accept  the  see  of 
Pittsburgh'  and  attempt  to  govern  that  diocese  after 
one  so  beloved  as  Bishop  O'Connor.  It  was  accucd- 
ingly  resolved  at  Rome  to  transfer  Dr.  O'Connor  back 
to  liis  former  see  and  elect  Rev.  J.  M.  Young  Bishop 
of  Erie. 

Josue  M.  Young  was  a  native  of  Shapleigli,  Me., 
born  there  October  29,  1808,  brought  up  without  the 
slightest  ray  of  Catholic  triitli,  trained  to  the  printing 
art,  apparently  not  the  path  to  lead  to  a  mitre  in  the 
Catliolic  Church.  A  steady  Catholic  printer  in  the 
newspaper  office  was  often  tlie  butt  of  jokes,  in  which 
Young  joined,  till  he  began  to  respect  a  man  who 
could  explain  and  defend  his  faith.  Young  began  to 
read  and  examine;  his  uiind  cleared.  In  1827,  while 
engaged  in  Portland,  after  editing  and  publishing  a 
paper,  he  heard  of  the  coming  of  Bishop  Penwick, 
and  through  his  old  fellow-typographer  sought  an  in- 
terview. Bishop  Penwick  at  once  understood  his  posi- 
tion. Young  was  soon  convinced  that  the  Catholic 
WU3  the  one  true  faith,  and  sought  admission  within 
the  fold.  Bai)tizpd  by  the  name  of  Josue  Mary,  he 
resolved  to  become  ;i  priest,  and,  proceeding  to  Cin- 
cinnati, was  ordained  in  1837.  A  thorough,  energetic 
man,  he  was  an  earnest  missionary  in  and  near  Lan- 


'  Hev.  J.  M.  Young  to  Archbishop  Kcurick,  Sept.  18,  34.  1853. 


■  n 


•^! 


L     v  1.    I 


4n 


m 


hl->\ 


420      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

caster.  He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Erie  in  tlie 
Cincinnati  Cathedral  April  23,  1854,  by  Archbishop 
Piircell,  assisted  by  Bishops  Spalding  of  Louisville 
and  Rappe  of  Cleveland.  He  was  installed  in  St. 
Patrick's  Church  as  his  pro-cathedral  on  the  7th  of 
May  by  Bishop  Tinion.  So  poor  and  frail  was  tlie 
edifice  that  during  the  ceremony  the  gallery  fell  and 
a  woman  was  fatally  injured.' 

After  examining  the  condition  of  his  diocese,  he 
issued  a  pastoral  letter  announcing  the  Jubilee,  and 
exerted  liimself  to  make  it  i)rolitable  to  his  flock. 
Under  his  practical  energy  Pithole  and  Clarion  had 
churches,  and  one  was  projected  at  Gerard  in  18r)4. 
Before  the  close  of  18o8  there  were  churches  there,  at 
Arondell,  Conneautville,  Farniington,  Greentownship, 
Jordan,  Neilsburg,  increasing  the  churches  to  thirty- 
nine.  By  this  time  the  Benedictine  nuns  had  estab- 
lished a  convent  at  Erie  also,  and  a  young  ladies' 
academy  had  been  erected  at  Corsica. 

After  making  a  visitation  of  his  diocese  in  the 
autumn,  administering  confirmation,  among  other 
places  at  St.  Francis'  brick  church,  Clearfield,  the 
oldest  in  his  diocese,  Bishoj)  Young  passed  into  the 
diocese  of  Pittsburgh  to  aid  liishop  O'Connor  by 
administering  confirmation  there. 

'"oward  the  close  of  ISi^i^  Bishop  Young  appealed 
to  the  faithful  and  directed  a  collection  to  be  taken 
up  for  the  American  Collegn  at  liome.  In  the  same 
year  the  Benedictine  Fathers  took  charge  of  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Erie,  which  was  soon  i)rosi)ering. 

When  the  civil  war  began  in  1801  the  diocese  of 
Erie  had  twenty-one  priests  and  thirty-eight  chui'ches. 
The  ravages  of  war  did    not  reach  it.     During  the 

'  Detroit  Vindicutor,  .May  0,  20,  1H44  ;  I'roomiiirx  Juuriml,  May  7, 14, 
Nov.  25,  1854. 


Vi     ' 


DIOCESE  OF  ERIE. 


427 


li,  -'■■ 


struggle  churches  roseatCorry,  Meadville,  Randolph, 
Titusville,  Suminit  T(^p,  Cranberry,  and  Knox.  The 
Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  directed  St.  Anne's  Academy, 
Corsica,  in  1863,  and  St.  Hippolyte's  Academy  had 
been  opened  at  Meadville.  In  1865  the  Sisters  of  St. 
Joseph  proceeded  to  Erie,  where  they  opened  an 
academy  and  day  school,  and  also  established  St. 
Vincent's  Hospital, 

The  diocese  was  still  developing  in  its  steady  growth 
during  the  year  1866,  when  Bishop  Young  died  sud- 
denly on  the  18th  of  September.  He  had  been  in  his 
usual  health  ;  he  arose  and  offered  the  holy  sacrifice 
at  an  early  hour.  In  t!ie  afternoon  several  calls  were 
made,  and  he  started  for  the  post-office,  but  returned 
after  taking  a  few  steps,  and  reaching  his  room,  sat 
down.  Rev.  Thomas  Carroll  of  St.  Patrick's,  who  re- 
resided  with  him,  was  in  the  adjoining  office.  Hearing 
an  unusual  noise,  or  a  call  from  the  next  room,  he 
hastened  in  and  found  Bishop  Young  in  his  death 
agony.  After  receiving  the  last  absolution  and  ex- 
treme unction  he  exi)ired.  His  requiem  mass  \  -" 
offered  by  Bishop  Rappe,  who  reached  the  house  ■>:. 
the  moment  of  his  death.  Bishop  Domenec  delivered 
the  funeral  discourse. 

Bishop  Young  was  a  typical  New  Englander, 
determined,  active,  energetic,  a  strong  advocate  of 
tentperance,  and  zealous  for  education.  He  was  most 
disintere.-led,  never  calling  on  his  clergy  for  heavy 
contributions,  and,  stern  as  he  was  in  manner  and 
language,  winning  their  respect  and  attachment.' 


fHXi 


<  tU 

i 


'  Pitfsbnrirl)  Catliolio,  xiv.,  p.  270  ;  xv. 
Mirror,  April  9,  1859,  Sept.  30,  1800. 


p.  274  ;  xxiii.,  p.  252  ;  CiUh. 


n 


'  1 

1 

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I'''!! 


CHAPTER  VI. 

DIOCESE  OF  RICHMOND. 

RT.  ItKV.  JOHN  McOILL,  THIRD  BISHOP,  1853-1866. 

VllUJiNiA,  though  scourged  at  this  time  by  yellow 
fever,  showed  greater  Catholic  activity  than  had  yet 
been  seen.  The  growtli  of  the  Ciiurch  excited  the 
Know-nothings  to  act,  but  Governor  Wise  coini)letely 
defeated  their  schemes  and  i)lots,  and  liishop  McCxill 
in  a  plain  and  vigorous  letter  drew  a  clear  distinction 
between  Know-nothingisiu  as  a  political  system  and 
as  a  secret,  oath-bound  association  aiming  to  injure 
theCathol'c  Churcii. 

Bishop  Mctiill  i)iirchased,  in  ISo'i,  .1  lot  in  the  rear 
of  his  Cathedral,  and  commenced  an  addition  required 
by  the  ip-rease  of  the  congregation.  The  altar  was 
dedicated  August  80,  isr);"). 

In  1853  liev.  Francis  Devlin,  of  Norfolk,  erected  a 
line  church  at  Portsmouth,  and  before  the  close  of  the 
year  the  Redeinptorists  gave  a  mission  in  it  which 
brought  back  many  of  the  tepid,  and  led  to  the  receji- 
tion  of  several  converts,  among  others  of  Mi-.  (?eorge 
.Syrian.  Two  years  after  Norfolk  and  I'ortsmouth 
were  visited  l)y  yellow  fever,  and  iiev.  I'^rancis  Devlin 
heroically  attended  the  sick  till,  seized  with  a  second 
attack,  he  died  a  victim  of  charity.  From  the  first 
appt^arance  of  the  disease  he  was  ccmstant  in  Ids  at- 
tention to  the  j)oor,  performing  all  the  duties  of  a 
nurse,  arranging  their  beds  and  bringing  them  food. 

A  few  months  latei-  tlu;  Rev.  .lohn  Teeling  was  sum- 
moned as  a  witness  in  a  murder  case  in  Richmond, 

■us 


as 


DIOCESE  OF  lilCHMOND. 


429 


and  was  questioned  as  to  statements  made  to  him  by 
the  dying  woman.  Rev.  Mr.  Teeling  declined  to  an- 
swer ;  all  that  lie  knew  as  a  citizen  he  was  ready  to 
state,  but  what  was  confided  to  him  in  the  confes- 
sional lie  was  bound  to  bury  in  secrecy,  though  death 
were  the  penalty  for  refusal.  The  Court  sustained 
the  witness,  holding  iiny  infringement  upon  the  tenets 
of  a  re!igi(;us  denomination  as  a  violation  of  a  funda- 
mental law,  which  guarantees  perfect  freedom  to  all 
classes  in  the  exercise  of  their  religious  duties. 

On  tile  13tli  of  October,  1855.  Bishop  McGill  con- 
vened the  first  diocesan  synod  of  Richmond,  which 
was  attended  by  ten  priests.  Bishop  McGill  renewed 
the  statutes  promulgated  by  Bishop  Whelan  as 
Bishop  of  Richmond.  He  declared  the  decrees  of  the 
Baltimore  councils  to  be  in  force.  He  recommended 
devotion  to  the  Immaculate  Conception,  and  announced 
that  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  had  been  adopted  as  \n-h\G\- 
pal  patron  of  tlie  diocese.  Strict  regulations  were 
made  as  to  faculties,  the  dress,  and  life  of  the  clergy. 
No  priest  was  to  collect  out  of  the  diocese.  The  edu- 
cation of  the  young  was  to  be  the  conscientious  care 
of  all.  Regulations  were  adopted  as  to  church  funds 
and  property,  which  were  never  to  be  held  in  individ- 
ual names  by  i)riests  of  the  diocese  ;  the  erection  and 
proper  furnishing  of  churches,  the  ritual,  registers. 
the  administration  of  the  sacraments,  burials,  the 
Forty  Hours'  Devotion  and  the  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Faith  and  the  Arch-confraternity  of  the 
ImmacMilate  Heart  of  Mary.  Provision  for  aged  and 
inlirm  priests  was  earnestly  commended. 

At  the  close  of  18.-)0  St.  Patrick's  Church,  Norfolk, 
was  destroyed  by  fire.  Thi^  Rev.  Mr.  O'Keefe  reso- 
lutely s(>t  to  work  to  rebuild  it,  and  it  was  dedicated 
iu  October,  18.kS.     During  the  latter  year  there  were 


,.-* 


.   tf4t 
t] 


•i  i 


••!' 


430       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

coru'"  stones  laid  at  Fredericksburg  and  Fairfax  sta- 
tions, the  church  at  the  former  phice  being  dedicated 
in  April,  1859,  the  latter  in  September,  1860.  Corner 
stones  wert  laid  at  Wan-enton,  nari)er's  Ferry,  OM 
Point  Comfort,  Marti nsburg,  and  Grafton.  Bi.-liop 
Mclrill  laid  the  corner  litone  of  St.  Patrick's  Churcli, 
Richmond,  June  12,  18;)!i,  and  in  an  eloquent  address 
defended  the  ceremoniet!  of  the  Church. 

About  the  same  time  lie  in  a  pastoral  letter  promul- 
gated the  Jubilee  and  enrouraged  bis  growing  tlock 
to  reap  a  rich  harvest  of  sthitual  blessings.' 

The  District  of  Colombia,  as  originally  laid  out, 
embraced  a  part  of  Virginia  in-'luding  (L;'  cii  y  of  Alex- 
iindria.  Tiiis  was,  in  time,  ceded  back  to  thai  State, 
and  the  Sovereign  i^ontiff  by  a  rescript  of  August  15, 
18.")8,  atK:.v\ed  It  to  the  <liocese  of  Richmond.  The 
Catholic  churci',  there  l).i'!  generally  been  attended  by 
the  Jesuit  Pathers  of  Georgetown  College,  and  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  Father  Peter  Kroes,  S.  J.,  was  un- 
tiring hi  li-s  efforts  to  comfort  and  assist  the  sick  and 
wouiuled  soldiers,  who  more  than  once  showed  their 
gratitude  and  veneration  for  him.' 

Iti  August.  1800.  Bishop  McGill  placed  under  the 
care  <if  the  Benedictine  Fathers,  St.  Mary's  Church, 
Richmond.  The  Germans  formed  a  congregation  as 
early  as  1848,  under  Rev.  Mr.  Braun,  and  for  a  time 

'  Keily,  "  Momoniiula  of  the  Ilifitory  of  tlic  Catholic  Church,  Uich- 
tnoiul,  Va.,"  Norfolk,  1HT4  ;  Mctropolitiin,  i.,  p.  14tt;  iv.,  p.  lOr) ;  Detroit 
Vindicator,  Sept.,  Oct.,  lsr>r);  Freeman's  .louriial,  Sept.  1,  18r)r),  Feb., 
ISO!  ;  Cath.  Mirror.  Fch,  9,  1S61  ;  I'astoral  Letter,  Freetniin's  .loiirnul. 
Oct.  28,  18r)4  :  Ciith.  .Mirror,  .July  0,  1850.  Hev.  .1.  Teeling  to  Arch- 
bishop Kenrick.  Oct.  Vi,  \Wr>. 

'  Sii.itita  Synodi  Uichniondensis  Prinup,  mcnse  Octobris  Anno  Domini 
18.'8,  habine.     Baltimore.  1857. 

Ciirne,  "  .V  Brief  Sketch  of  the  History  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  .Vle.v- 
andri;>  ;  '   Norfolk.  1874. 


u 


',<■'•  1 


DIOCESE  OF  RICHMOND. 


431 


Oi- 


rentetl  a  jihice  for  temporary  worship.  Tu  IS.")!  they 
hiid  the  corner  stone  of  a  church,  and  were  for  a  time 
attended  by  the  Jesuit  Fatliers.  Soon  after  Benedic- 
tine nuns  arrived,  who  established  an  academy  and  ii 
parocliial  scliool. 

Never  liad  tlie  prospects  of  Catholicity  in  Virginia 
seemed  brighter  or  more  encouraging ;  but  after  the 
election  of  Abraham  Lincoln  as  President,  in  Novem- 
ber, 1800,  the  Cotton  States  seceded,  the  Confederate 
States  were  organized,  and  Virginia,  at  last,  decided 
to  join  them.  It  became,  in  consequence,  the  great 
battle-ground  of  the  war.  The  plains,  the  forests,  the 
swamps,  became  areiuis  which  drank  deep  of  human 
blood.  In  the  alteriuite  advances  and  movements  of 
the  armies,  churches  and  institutions  were  swept  away 
or  made  desolate,  the  congregations  were  scattered  far 
and  wide,' 

The  Catholics  who  constituted  the  mass  of  many 
regiments  in  both  the  United  States  and  Confeder- 
ate armies,  during  the  four  years'  struggle  on  the 
soil  of  Virginia,  were  attended  by  priests  who  came  as 
chaplains  from  other  dioceses  or  by  the  priests  of  the 
diocese  of  Richmond,  near  them. 

Tlie  Bishop  in  his  pastoral,  February  4,  18(51,  said: 
"The  present  times  are  full  of  tribulation,  and 
the  displeasure  of  God  seems  to  weigh  upon  the  na- 
tions." "The  fortunes  and  fate  of  our  beloved  coun- 
try are  now  trembling  in  the  scab  ' ,  and  we  know  not 
what  ruins  and  disasters  may  be  impending.  Our 
chief  hope  is  in  the  merciful  providence  cf  God.  Let 
us  pray  to  Ilim  who  holdeth  in  his  hands  the  fate  of 
nations,  to  control  events  so  as  to  conduce  to  his  own 


'^1 


I  IJ 


J 


>r\-m\ 


1 


'  Mw)smuller, 

281-84, 


"St.   ViiiiTiiz   ill    l\iiiisylviuiien."      New  York,  pp. 


4     4! 

t  ii 

I 

'^1 


I-' 


r 


1.1  ii:   ''■■ 


liili 


l:-i" 


:]:l 


-;f 


^HB  1  if' 

432      77 f/;;  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

greater  lioiior  jiiul  glory,  and  to  tlie  greater  good  of 
liis  i)e()i>le."  He  directed  the  collect  for  peace  to  be 
said  ill  all  masses  until  Holy  Week.' 

The  .lesiiit  Fatliers  Tissot,  O'Hagan,  and  McAfee, 
Rev.  Mr.  Scully,  Rev.  Mr.  Mooney,  and  others,  la- 
bored in  the  camps  of  the  United  States,  while  Rev. 
Mr.  Plunkett  was  olliciating  for  Louisiana  volunteers 
at  Camp  Shiners,  Father  O'llagaii,  soon  to  be  a  pris- 
oner, in  Richmond.  Sisters  of  Charity  wt-re  in  attend- 
ance on  the  sick  and  wounded  at  Richmond,  while 
other  Sisters  of  Charity  and  t)f  M«'rcy  were  no  less  de- 
votedly engaged  at  Fortress  Monroe.  Where  there 
were  woe  smd  misery  and  disease,  the  Catholic  priest 
and  religious  woman  were  ready  to  do  the  works  of 
mercy.  l?ishop  McGill.  in  person,  visited  the  Catho- 
lic soldiers  in  Libby  prison  and  sent  ])riests  to  minister 
to  them.' 

As  t  lie  war  prolonged  its  terrible  course,  the  Catholic 
liishops  in  the  Confederattf  States  ajjpointed  the  period 
from  DfccmbHr  l.to  December  20,  18G3,  as  a  time  of 
special  prayer  for  peace.  In  many  places  where  the 
United  States  forces  entered  the  churches  were  idaced 
under  the  charge  of  provost-marshals  who  established 
tiu'ir  own  religion,  and  directed  Catholic  priests  what 
l)rayers  to  recite  in  their  churches.  Rev.  Thomas  A. 
Hecker  of  Mai'tinsburg,  not  recognizing  this  pseudo- 
episcopal  powei',  was  aiTested.  Winchester  had  a 
little  stone  church  on  the  hill,  erected  at  the  close 
of  the  last  century ;  it  was  turned  into  a  stable,  and 
iinally  set  on  lire  by  General  Banks's  army,  so  that 


'  nisliop  McGill.  Pastoral  LetttT,  C'alli.  Mirror,  February  0,  1861. 
Guardian.  Fclu-uary  W.  1S(!1. 

•'  C'ath  .Mirror.  .July  20.  ISOl  ;  .Vcvcinlicr  14,  ISfW  ;  .Vunals  of  tlio  Prop- 
airation  of  tlu'  Faltli.  xxvi.,  )i|>.  240.  ^>l."i;  I'iUsbiirgii  Catholic  .\i.\., 
IM".  147,  177  ;  (\iili.  Iltiald.  .Vug   D,  iy«2. 


DIOCESE  OF  RICHMOND. 


433 


■when  the  storm  of  war  had  passed,  the  Catholic  body- 
had  onlj'  a  mass  of  ruins. 

St.  Joseph's  Church  at  Martinsburg,  built  up  by  labor 
and  sacrifices,  met  a  similar  treatment.  It  had  been 
dedicated  only  on  the  30th  of  September,  1800  ;  but 
the  Jessie  scouts  stabled  sixty  horses  within  the  walls 
dedicated  to  the  service  of  God,  while  the  sacristies 
were  used  as  prisons.  The  Ciiurch  of  St.  Vincent  de 
Paul  at  Bath  was  also  destroyed  by  fire,  while  used 
as  quarters  by  Confederate  soldiers.' 

In  1804  Jiishop  McGlll,  looking  to  tlie  future,  pur- 
i'hased  a  fine  old  mansion  on  Church  Hill,  in  order, 
when  better  days  came,  to  establish  an  academy  for 
young  ladies  there  under  the  A'isitation  nuns.  This 
pr<\ject  he  was  al)le  to  carry  out  two  years  later. 

Early  in  1805  tlie  Bishop  of  Richmond  applied,  but 
api)arently  without  success,  to  tiie  authorities  in 
Washington  for  permission  to  pass  the  lines,  so  as  to 
jtrocei'd  to  Rome. 

L'nder  his  impulse  Staunton  erected  a  schoolhouse 
(luring  the  war,  and  in  1800  the  Sisters  of  Charity  and 
School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  established  academies  in 
Richmond. 

It  was  not  till  after  the  surrender  of  the  armies  of 
Lee  and  Johnston  that  Bishop  McGill  was  able  to 
visit  his  diocese  and  ascertain  fully  the  actiud  con- 
dition of  his  flock.  The  condition  of  the  State  was 
disheartening.     A  new  order  of  things  had  set  in. 

In  his  pastoral  letter,  issued  on  the  2d  of  February. 
1800,  he  dwelt  on  the  demoializalion,  license,  and  vice 
<'aused  by  the  war,  on  the  spread  of  religious  error  and 
indifference.  He  warned  his  flock  to  strive  for  the 
(yhrislian  education  of  their  children,  to  avoid  secret 


fv 


XIX., 


'  Ri'ily,  "  Ciinewiiizo,"  and  I.cUcrs. 


(■  .( 


|i|lhM! 


9. 


434       THE  CHURCH  IS  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

societies  and  the  previiiling  tendeiiry  for  danjieroiis 
amuscriietits.  lie  urged  tljeni  to  prolit  by  the  season 
of  Lent,  and  reconunended  especially  to  flieni,  "the 
Arch-confraternity  of  •^Ve  Immaculate  Ilfurt  of  Mary 
for  the  Conversio'  i  'dinners  "  and  "  tlie  Associatioti 
for  tile  Propn  ;  iLiim  of    i'    Faith.'*' 

During  tin-  war  liishop  McGill  issued  •'Tlie  True 
Churcli  Indie;  ted  to  tlie  Inquirer,"  and  "Our  Failii, 
the  Victory." 


C'ulh.  Mirrur,  Feb.  10,  Juu.  12,  Auir.  2ff,  IS66. 


%      ' 


Ki      !! 


H 


CHAPTER  VII. 

DIOCESE  OF  WHEELING. 

IIT.  REV.  llIfHAUD  V.  WHELAN,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1SS3-1866. 

When  Bisliop  Whehiii  took  possession  of  the  dio- 
cese of  Wheeling  in  1850  it  contained  four  churclies: 
at  Wiieeling,  Parkersburg,  Weston,  and  Wythe- 
villr  :  one  log  chapel,  near  Kingwood  ;  two  priests, 
Rev.  Austin  Grogan  and  Rev.  Bartholomew  Stack ; 
a  few  students,  one  convent,  a  girls'  and  a  boys' 
school,  the  Cathedral  revenues  scarcely  able  to  give 
him  -iupport,  with  no  help  conii'  from  the  iive  or 
six  thousand  sheep  scattered  ovc  .m  area  of  twenty 
thousand  square  miles!  His  plain  two-story  brick 
residence  corivsponded  with  the  other  institutions 
of  the  diocese.  Three  priests  were  soon  ordained  for 
his  arduous  missions.  In  18r)2  Rev.  Stephen  Huber 
was  placed  at  Wellsburg  to  attend  the  faithful  in  that 
district  and  visit  the  German  settlers  in  AVetzel  County. 
Other  seti'  "m,  ".ts  of  the  same  nationality  were  grow- 
ing up  in  r  .stc  II,  Marshall,  and  Doddridge  counties. 

In  1>!.".3,  a  colony  of  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph,  from 
Caro!  ,,  l>^t,  Mo.,  came  to  Wheeling  to  establish  an  in- 
firn.  ry  and  >en  :  novitiate  Avith  a  view  to  future 
work  in  sci,  :  <  inveits  were  not  few  or  persons 
of  no  standing  iH.')!  Benjamin  Rush  Floyd,  after 

Jong  --'iidy  jiiid  \)rayer,  was  received  into  the  Catholic 
Caureh.  The  next  year  he  was  a  candidate  for  the 
office  of  circuit  .judge.  His  religion  was  made  a 
pretext  for  opposition.  "Tin-  rule,  it  seems,"  he 
said,  in  answer  to  a  letter,  "  is  ii       to  be  that  anyone 

•135 


1 

■m  H 

uL    'awl 

if  '1 

i 

n 

•  i 

■■  \-1 

l\ 


■>n 


■■"■^■^■i 


'si 

':-'  ':■■■'' I 


I 


if 


U    '>' 


i     A 


4 


AM       Tllh:  CllUHCII  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

who  i)i'ufesH«'s  tlie  ('iitliolif  religion  is  unlit  to  lioUl 
oJIlce,  is  to  bf  ostriicizt'd  by  his  fellow-cilizt'iis,  and  be- 
come the  vi<'tiin  of  a  relii;ious  persecution.  It  will  be 
a  sad  <h«y  for  tlie  country  wlien  religious  toleration 
and  the  inestimable  blessing  of  religious  freedom  is  to 
be  destroyed,  when  a  religious  test  is  regarded  as  a 
necessary  (lualificatiou  [ov  office."' 

Jiishop  Whelan.  ith  but  few  jtriests.  superintended 
the  erection  of  new  churches.  He  laid  oil  tlie  district, 
selected  a  (ientral  position  in  some  growing  place,  and 
stationed  a  priest  there  to  attend  the  outlying  sta- 
tions, in  many  of  which  chapels  grew  up,  for  the  faitli 
was  pn  'rved.  A  church  was  begun  in  1S;"»2  at  Nicho- 
las Court  House,  ami  the  (fermans  in  i\[arshall  County 
were  preparing  in  their  methodical  way.  In  lt^.");{ 
a  priest.  Rev.  H.  Stack,  was  stationed  at  Weston  to 
attend  a  large  district. 

When  .Vrchbishop  Hedini  visited  Wheeling,  the  iii- 
tidels  from  the  continiMit  of  Euro[te  prepared  to  niol) 
the  envoy  of  the  I'opeand  attaclc  the  (Cathedral.  The 
mayor  of  the  ci'  \  deplored  his  inability  to  afford  pro- 
tection. Bishoi)  Whelan  told  the  chief  magistrate  of 
the  city  that  he  would  take  the  protection  into  his 
own  hands,  and  asked  him  to  make  known  to  the 
rioters  that  the  first  one  who  i)assed  within  the  Cathe- 
dral railings  would  be  unhesitatingly  sliot  down.  The 
Bishop  prepared  accordingly,  and  when  tht^  rioters 
came  cursing  and  howling,  they  abstained  from  actual 
violence.  One  of  them  did  throw  a  stone  and  br(»kt'  a 
pan*!  of  glass,  but  as  he  was  promptly  felled  to  the 
ground  by  a  strong  arm.  the  mob,  tinding  that  there 
was  serious  work  before  them,  disbanded.* 


>  B.  R.  Floyd   to  J.  Pcpiicr.  Feb.  20.   1853. 

'  nislir)p  Whelan  to  .VrclibislKip  Kciirick,  Jan.  9,  18.13,  discribes  the 
visit  of  tlif  Nuncio  us  most  gratih  iiig. 


>•;! 


■  f 


;  to  hold 
i,  and  be- 
lt will  be 
ulcratioii 
doiii  is  to 
I'ded  as  a 

•intended 
r' district, 
lace,  and 
ying  sta- 
tlie  faith 
lit  N'itdio- 
11  County 
In  i8r)3 
r'eston  to 

X,  the  lu- 
ll to  mob 
i-al.  'I'liM 
IFord  i)ro- 
istrato  of 
into  his 
n  to  tilt' 
heCathf- 
wn.  The 
le  rioters 
)in  actiud 
il  broke  a 
^d  to  the 
hat  there 


It'scrlbes  the 


DIOCESE  OF    WHEELING. 


487 


In  1837  Rev.  VV.  Cunidnghani,  having  completed 
and  i)aid  for  brick  churches  at  Monndsville  and  Fair- 
mount,  became  rector  at  Grafton.  The  German  Catli- 
olics  at  VVheeling  complained  that  they  had  not  a 
separate  high  mass  at  the  Cathedral  every  Sunday,  al- 
though sermons  in  German  were  preached  every  Sun- 
day. They  accordingly  hired  an  old  synagogue  and 
prepared  to  erect  a  church  of  their  own,'  Hishop 
VVhelan  laying  the  corner  stone  on  the  Dili  of  Decem- 
ber. The  next  year  St.  John's  Chapel  was  dedicated 
at  Sweet  Springs,  and  two  chapels  soojt  rose  on  the 
Kanawha.     Then  a  chapel  at  Tazewell  Court  House. 

Bishop  Whelan  soon  after  went  to  Europe,  and  was 
absent  during  18r)7-r)8  in  the  interest  of  his  diocese. 

llev.  n.  F.  Parke,  at  Wythaville,  found  many  of  his 
flo(^k  drifting  into  Tennessee  in  search  of  better  wages. 
He  followed  them  in  his  visits  and  reported  to  the 
Hishop  at  Nashville,  who,  in  time,  stationed  a  priest 
at  Knoxville.  In  ISfiS  Bishop  Whelan  erected  a 
frame  chapel  near  "Mason  City,  and  secured  a  ceme- 
tery and  parsonage  lot  for  the  Catholic  miners. 

The  next  year  the  Church  of  St.  John  thei  Evangelist 
was  erected  at  Sweet  Springs  by  Rev.  .1.  W.  Walters, 
and  Parkersburg  had  a  thriving  parochial  school.  In 
Wheeling  St.  Alphonsus'  Church  erected  by  the  Bishop 
for  the  German  Catholics,  a  fine  edifice  tifty-live  feet  by 
one  hundred  and  twenty,  was  dedicated  by  the  Bishop, 
whose  visitations  extended  to  all  parts  of  his  diocese 
in  the  yea.-s  18.")0  and  1800. 

When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  Bishop  VVhelan  had 
nine  priests  actively  and  profitably  enjployed,  faith- 
fully attending  the  small  and  scattered  bodies  of  Cath- 
olics.    Though  hostile  forces  were  actually  facing  each 


'  Same  to  same,  May  10,  1858. 


-  ■."■:•  M 


C  (   =•  ^i 


tir 


438      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

other  in  his  diocese,  Bishop  Whehm,  in  1861,  bought 
ground  in  Parkersburg  for  a  convent  academy,  drew 
his  phms,  and  laid  the  foundation.  As  the  war  went 
on  liev.  Mr.  Walsh  was  -irrested  and  compelled  to 
leave  Wytheville  ;  Rev.  Mi.  Malone  was  in  like  man- 
ner driven  from  Grafton.  Rev.  II.  F.  Parke  was  sent 
by  the  Bishop  to  look  after  the  congregations  thus  de- 
prived of  pastors.  He  came  into  the  very  midst  of 
hostile  operations,  and  while  endeavoring  to  remove 
the  Blessed  Sacrament  from  the  church  at  Wytheville, 
was  tired  upon,  and  thougli  he  escaped  his  companion 
was  seriously  wounded.  He  himself  was  for  a  time 
under  guard  as  a  prisoner  on  his  own  house.  Rev.  Mr. 
Heidencamp,  then  on  his  way  to  Wytheville,  reached 
the  battlefield  in  time  to  baptize  General  Albert  Jen- 
kins, fatally  wounded  near  Dublin  Depot.  That  clergy- 
man was  not  allowed  to  remain  at  Wytheville,  General 
Scammon  agreeing  to  pass  him  through  the  Union 
lines,  on  condition  that  he  did  not  return  during  the 
war. 

.  Amid  such  perils  and  dangers  there  was  little  oppor- 
tunity to  obtain  Catholic  prayer-books  or  catechisms, 
but  John  O'Callaghan,  a  shoemji  .cer  of  Wytheville, 
hnd  a  catechism  printed  at  his  own  expense  in  1802, 

Bishop  Whelan,  though  continually  menaced,  was 
not  deprived  of  his  liberty  or  rights  as  a  citizen,  and 
was  constantly  ])lanning  new  itistitutions  to  be  estab- 
lished when  the  war  ended.'  There  was  no  faltering, 
and  in  1804  the  Visitation  nuns  found  their  buildings 
insufTicient  to  accommodate  their  sixty  boarders  and 
♦eighty  externs. 

The  iiishop  sent  Rev.  Dani<'l  O'Connor  to  Clarks- 
burg, where  he  bought  a  ground,  contracted  for  brick, 

'  Bishop  Wheliin  to  .Vrciibisliop  Kiiirick.  Miiy  'ii.  18C2. 


•>  I 


i'^^< 


DIOCESE  OF  WHEELING. 


439 


secured  a  government  warehouse  for  temporary  use, 
ai'd  obtained  the  use  of  army  teams  to  draw  the  ma- 
terial to  erect  the  Church  of  the  Immacuhite  Concep- 
tion (1804-05). 

Bishop  Whelan,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  issued  a 
circular  directing  his  clergy  to  invite  their  flocks  to 
hear  mass  on  June  1,  the  day  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent as  a  day  of  humiliation  and  thanksgiving.  In 
1800,  when  peace  was  restored,  the  Bishop  made  a 
regular  visitation,  and  at  every  ir.i.aion  was  gratified 
to  see  converts  prepared  for  confirmation.  He  found 
a  large  meeting  house  for  sale  at  Lewisburg;  at  Nicho- 
las Court  House  he  started  a  movement  to  rebuild  the 
church;  at  Charleston  he  selected  i)roperty  for  church 
and  school.  He  helped  a  church  at  Cripple  Creek,  and 
said  mass  in  the  University  of  Virginia. 

During  the  war  the  United  States  Government  di- 
vided the  State,  and  the  diocese  of  Wheeling  embraced 
much  of  the  new  State  of  West  Virginia." 

In  1800,  the  diocese  numbered  twenty-three  churches, 
sixteen  i^'iests,  and  eight  students  j)i'eparing  for  holy 
orders,  St.  Vincent's  College,  iinder  Rev.  F.  Louage, 
witli  eighty  jnipils,  three  academies  under  Visitation 
nuns  and  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph,  and  an  orphan  asylum. 

'  Sermon  prciichcd  at  a  r('(|iiicin  mass  for  tlic  soul  of  Rt.  Rev.  R.  V. 
Wheluii ....  Sept.  0,  1874.  Very  Rev.  II.  F.  Parke,  "  West  Virginia 
Correspondence;"  '■  llielianl  Vincent  Wliclan,  Uisliop  ;"  "Glimpses 
Into  the  History  of  the  Old  Dominion  C'lmrch,"  etc.,  in  Catli.  Mirror, 
1888;  Freeman's  Journal,  1852-1800;  Cath.  Herald,  x.w.,  etc. ;  Pilt-sburgh 
Catholic,  xii.,  etc.;  Cath.  Mirror,  1859-18G0. 


I 


-tsl 


IM,': 


I'  ■ 

V  h 


II 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
DIOCESE  OF  CHARLESTON. 

RT.     UEV.    PATRICK    NEESON    LYNCH,    ADMINISTRATOR,    1855-1858. 
THIRD  BISHOP,  1858-1866. 

The  care  of  the  diocese  of  Charleston  devolved,  by 
the  death  of  Bishop  Reynolds,  on  Very  Rev.  P.  N. 
Lynch,  as  administrator.  About  this  time  the  Sisters 
of  Mercy  established  the  Academy  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception,  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  and  the  Church  of 
Our  Lady  of  Mount  Carniel,  once  a  Presbyterian 
church,  was  dedicated. 

An  event  of  importance  not  only  to  the  diocese  of 
Charleston,  but  to  the  Church  throughout  the  United 
States,  was  the  step  finally  taken  by  J)r.  I^evi  Silliman 
Ives,  Episcopalian  Bishop  of  North  Carolina.  A 
native  of  Meriden,  Conn.,  educated  in  New  York, 
he  became  a  minister  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  In  his  ministry  he  won  general  esteem  for 
his  learning,  devotedness,  and  exalted  character.  His 
marriage  to  a  daughter  of  Bishop  Ilobart  of  New  York 
seemed  to  bind  him  irrevocably  to  that  church.  But 
the  Oxford  movement  came:  lie  felt  the  force  of  the 
writers  in  England  and  shared  their  labors.  He  clung 
for  a  time  to  the  idea  that  the  Anglican  (/hurch  could  be 
brought  back  to  the  truth.  As  this  hope  vanisiied,  the 
difficulties  of  his  position  became  paijifully  apparent, 
and  he  describes  them  in  his  "Trials  of  a  Mind." 
Yielding  at  last  to  the  call  of  Divine  grace,  he  laid 
down  his  office  in  a  letter  to  tlie  Convention  of  North 
Carolina.     He  was  then  in  Rome,  having  gone  abroad 

410 


RT.    IlKV.    P.    M.    LYNCH,   TIIIUD   BISHOP  OF   CHAllLKSTON. 


. 

■  1 

'".                ^ 

'  -i 

^      1 S' 

'ifln 

fll|^HBH||H| 

•;•. 

Y-    ■ 

1' 

i 

1 

1     "    "    .     " 

1 

1 

1        i.    -VtSt' 

■fm 

1 

\    !     .- 

■i  ■ 

< 

442       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OP  ii  leave  of  absence.  His  trials  were  ended.  He 
•was  received  into  the  Church,  and  was  confirmed  by 
Pope  Pius  IX.  His  wife  soon  followed  his  example, 
and  they  returned  to  the  United  States,  where  he 
published  a  work  in  explanation  of  his  course.  He 
became  a  contributor  to  our  best  Catholic  periodicals, 
and  when  the  Catholic  Protectory  was  established  in 
New  York,  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  organiza- 
tion, and  by  his  ability  made  the  Protectory  a  most 
successful  institution.  He  died  October  13,  1807,  for- 
tified by  all  the  sacraments  of  the  Church,  consoled  in 
that  supreme  hour  by  all  the  hopes  Ihat  the  true  faith 
can  give.  Several  Episcopal  clergymen  had  been 
already  received  into  the  Church,  but  the  example  of 
a  Bishop,  thus  sacrificing  all,  influenced  many  who 
were  wavering  between  the  call  of  conscience  and  the 
worldly  consequences.' 

The  Rev.  Dr.  McCaffrey  of  Mount  St.  Mary's  was 
appointed  to  the  see  of  Charleston,  but  he  absolutely 
declined.  The  administration  accordingly  remained 
in  the  hands  of  Very  Rev.  Dr.  Lynch,  wl'o  attended 
the  eighth  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore,  in  May, 
18^5,  whert  he  was  one  of  the  promotei's,  and  the 
learned  Rev.  James  A.  Corcoran  became  one  of  the 
.-•Nretaries.' 

Though  the  anti-Catholic  feeling  was  violent  in  the 
country  at  this  time,  and  Rev.  P.  Ryan,  who  labored 
at  RaU'igh  and  other  i>oints  in  Norih  Carolina,  was 
rei)eatedly  threatened  with  public  violence.  Rev.  J.  .1. 
O'Conneli,  assisted  by  Rev.  L.  P.  O'Connell,  opened 

'Freeman's  Journal.  Feb.  12.  1853  ;  Mctropolilun  i..  i>  94;  Of'on 
iiell,  "  ratliolicily  in  Hie  {"«ri>liniis  mu\  Georfria,"  New  York,  1870, 
pp.  41f}-17.     MesKen,il<"-  of  Hie  Saered  Heart,  18U1. 

' roiullimu  Uallimorciisc  I'rovinciale  VIII. .  habilum  auuo  1855.  Bal- 
timore, 18.'>7. 


M 


DIOCESE  OF  CHARLESTON. 


443 


St.  Mary's  College  at  Columbia,  and  obtained  a  fa- 
vorable charter  from  the  State.' 

In  the  spring  of  1858  bulls  arrived,  elevating  to  the 
see  of  Charleston  the  able  administrator  known  and 
respecttl  by  the  clergy  and  people. 

Patrick  Neeson  Lynch  was  born  at  Clones,  Ireland, 
March   10,  1817,  and   his  family  soon  after  settled 
at  Cheraw,   S.    C.     In  early  youth  he  entered   the 
ecclesiastical  seminary  of  the  diocese,  but  his  talents, 
piety,  and  application  induced  the  Bishop  to  send 
him  to  Home,  where  he  won  liigh  distinction  in  tlie 
College  of  the  Propaganda.     After  his  ordination  in 
1840  he  was  stationed  at  the  Cathedral  in  Charleston. 
Here  he  remained  several  years,  editing  for  a  time  tiie 
United  States  Catholic  Miscellany.     His  controversy 
with  Rev.  Dr.  Thornwell  showed  alike  his  power  and 
his  gentle  spirit.     Bishop  Reynolds  made  him  pastor 
of  St.  Mary's  Church,  principal  of  the  Collegiate  In- 
stitute, and  Vicar-General  of  the  diocese.    Archbishop 
Kenrick  of  Baltimore   proceeded  to  Charleston,  and 
on  the  14th  of  Mar(!h,  1858,  consecrated  him  Bishop 
of  Charleston,  the  assistants  being  Bishop  Portier  of 
ISIobile  and  Bishop  Barry  of  Savannah.     The  episco- 
pal ring,  presented  to  the   new  Bishop  by  liis  conse- 
crator,  was  onc;^  worn  by  Cardinal  Ximenes.     Bishop 
McGill  delivered  an  eloquent  discourse  on  the  form 
and  government  of  the  Church.     The  venerable  father 
of  Dr.  liynch  was  present. 

Cue  of  his  lirst  duties  was  to  attend  the  ninth  coun- 
cil of  the  province  of  Baltimore,   which  opened  in 

May.' 

Bishop  Lynch  began  an  active  visitation  of  the  con- 


'  OConnell,  pp.  331-33  ;  400,  43.". 

■"■'o^cilium    Biiltimorcnse  Provinciiilc  I.,  liiibituni  anno  1858. 


Bal- 


iiir 


r 


,3 


.1 


'n\ 


1 


?:u 


444      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


gregations  in  the  two  States  placed  under  his  episco- 
jKil  cliarge.  There  was  life  and  energy.  Rev.  J.  J. 
O'Connell  had  erected  St.  Patrick's  Church  and  a 
house  at  Walhalla  for  a  little  flock  that  had  gathered 
there ;  Rev.  T.  Berniingham  was  building  a  stone 
churcli  at  Edgefield  Court  House.  The  church  at  Co- 
lumbia had  been  enlarged  to  meet  the  wants  of  the 
congregation,  which  had  increased  to  seven  liundred. 
More  hopeful  tlian  his  predecessor,  he  resolved  to 
recall  the  Ursulines.  Six  of  the  community  set  out 
from  Covington  and,  after  a  brief  stay  in  Baltimore, 
continued  on  to  Columbia,  where  Bishoji  Lynch  saw 
better  prospects  than  in  Charleston  for  an  academy. 
Securing  an  advantageous  site,  the  Ursulines  .soon  re- 
newed their  convent  life  in  the  State,  under  Mother 
M.  Baptista  Lynch  as  Superior,  dedicating  their  house 
and  academy  to  tlie  Immaculate  Conception.  In  Jsis 
visitations,  even  in  North  Carolina,  Bishop  Lynch 
made  a  favorable  impression  on  those  without  the  fold 
at  Raleigh,  Fayetteville,  Charlotte,  and  other  places. 
At  Raleigh,  a  hall  in  the  State  House  was  ol'^ered  to 
him  for  a  lecture. 

About  this  time  the  Ori)han  Asylum  under  lue  3is- 
t<»rs  of  Mercy  received  a  considerable  legacy  under  the 
will  of  Hon.  William  McKenna  of  Lancaster.  Yet 
with  all  these  favorable  indications  the  old  antagonism 
to  the  Ciiurch  was  still  strong.  Meetings  were  held 
in  Columbia  to  take  steps  to  compel  Bishop  Lynch  to 
sell  the  American  Hotel,  which  he  liad  ]>urchased  for 
the  Ursulines;  but  he  was  not  easilj-  daunted.  He 
offered  to  give  up  the  pn)j)t'rty,  but  on  his  own  terms  : 
if  they  would  find  lots  of  similar  size  within  limits 
designated  by  him  and  put  up  a  three-story  brick 
building  there  according  to  his  plans,  and  convey  it 
to  him  in  exciiange.     Then  a  public  meeting  was  also 


DIOCESE  OF  CHARLESTON. 


445 


called  to  protest  against  any  interference  witli  the 
Ursuline  ladies. 

The  next  year  the  little  Catholic  body  at  the  capi- 
tal lost  Eilnmnd  Bellinger,  Ji.,  who  stood  at  the  head 
of  hi '  profession,  and  who  had  been  appointed  by  the 
legislaiure  to  codify  the  laws  of  the  State.  The 
church  at  Columbia,  designed  by  the  State  architect, 
Major  Nearnsie,  a  Catholic,  was  dedicated  in  1859. 

The  next  year  saw  a  church  purchased  at  Raleigh 
from  the  Baptists  and  dedicated  under  the  invocation 
of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  and  a  church  at  Apple  River. 
But  the  political  sky  was  already  clouding  over.  The 
result  of  the  election  led  to  violent  measures  in  the 
South,  Carolina  leading  the  way.  The  tiring  on  the 
"Star  of  the  West,"  and  the  bombardment  of  Fort 
Sumter  opened  the  war.  Yet  St.  Joseph's  Church 
was  dedicated  at  Charleston  in  1801,  but  it  was  the 
only  mark  of  progress  for  many  a  year.  In  time  came 
a  conscrii^tion  law,  forcing  even  priests  into  the  ranks. 
It  was,  at  last,  agreed  to  detail  them  for  camp  and 
hospital  duty  as  cliaplains.  One  of  the  little  band  of 
priests,  Rev.  Felix  Can*,  died.  Rev.  Messrs.  Croghan, 
P.  Ryan,  and  L.  P.  O'Connell  served  nobly  in  hos- 
pitals and  on  the  11  ib^a.  Sisters  of  Mercy  from  South 
Carolina  hastened  to  *hv  Jiospitals,  and  their  services 
were  needed  even  as  far  as  Richmond.  When  Rev. 
Mr.  Murphy  died  of  the  yellow  fever  at  Wilming- 
ton, N.  C,  Rev.  Dr.  Corcorar  hastened  to  till  his 
place. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  Chai'lc^Hon  contained 
fifty  thousand  inhabitants,  of  whon  lie  Catholics 
were  estimated  at  ten  tiu)usand.  Besides  the  Cathe- 
dral there  were  St.  Mary's,  St.  Patrick's  and  St.  Jo- 
seph's churches,  the  Seminary,  Convent  of  the  Sisters 
of  Mercy,  and  an  orphan  asylum.     The  dangers  from 


-ij 


I    i. 

lilt.' 


n 


'i 


44()       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

war  were  great,  but  on  tlie  lltli  of  December,  18C1, 
there  broke  out  in  a  factory  a  lire  which  was  soon  be- 
yond control  as  it  swept  from  street  to  street.  About 
four  o'clock  the  next  morning  St.  Finbar's  Cathedral 
was  wrapt  in  tinmos,  :in<l  shortly  after  tive  o'clock  the 
steeple  fell  in  with  agreat  crash.    The  brown  stone  resi- 


m  INS  OK   8T.   KINDAU'S  CATHKKKAI.,  ClIAULKBTON, 
DECKMHKU,    1801. 

dence  of  the  Bishop  was  also  destroyed,  and  in  it  per- 
ished a  large  and  tine  library  ;  the  Convent  of  the 
Sisters  of  Mercy,  with  the  orphan  asylum  and  boys' 
school,  were  all  laid  in  ashes.  The  fruit  of  long  years 
of  endeavor  and  sacrifice,  to  the  value  of  one  hundred 
and  eighty  thousand  dollars,  was  swept  away,  and  the 
Catholics   remaining  in   the  city  were   left  helpless. 


'^m 


H. 


DIOCESE  OF  CHARLESTON. 


447 


Bishop  Lynch  erected  two  chapels  to  give  temporary 
relief  to  his  city  tiock,  but  they  and  the  churches  that 
escaped  the  flames  were  in  range  of  the  shells  when 
tlie  bombardment  of  Charleston  began.  The  orphan 
asylum  was  transferred  t-  "uuter;  they  reopened 
their  academy  in  a  safer  part  of  the  city,  accepting  a 
building  generously  offered  by  a  Protestant  gentle- 
man. Bishop  Lynch  remained  near  his  ruined  Cathe- 
dral till  nearly  forty  shells  burst  around  his  house, 
some  in  the  very  garden  used  by  his  priests.  Then  he 
sought  a  safer  residence  for  all.' 

The  land  and  naval  forces  of  the  United  States  oc- 
cupied Port  Royal  Harbor,  and  the  church  at  Beau- 
fort became  a  military  storehouse.  The  Catholic 
chaplain  attending  the  United  States  troops  who  oc- 
cupied New  Berne,  N.  C,  Rev.  N.  Giesen,  found  the 
church  there  deserted  but  intact.  It  was  neat,  with 
three  handsome  paintings.  The  priest's  house  had 
been  visited  by  prowlers,  but  much  furniture  was  left, 
and  a  little  library.  He  officiated  there  for  a  time, 
and  Catholics  who  had  retired  inland  came  back  to 
approach  the  sacraments.  lie  urged  that  steps  be 
taken  to  save  the  property  from  the  fate  of  the  church 
at  Washington,  burned  by  the  United  States  troops 
when  they  evacuated  the  place,  leaving  only  graves 
and  blackened  ruins.  The  zeal  of  Bishop  Lynch 
and  his  clergy  was  excited  in  behalf  of  the  United 
States  prisoners  brought  to  the  State  during  the  war. 
xVmong  the  first  of  these  was  Colonel  Corcoran  of 
the  OOth  N.  Y.  N.  G.,  taken  at  the  Battle  of  Bull  Run 
and  sent  to  Columbia,  where  he  was  confined  in  the 


'  The  r.  S.  ("iith.  :Miscplliiiiy,  foundfd  by  Hishop  Enp;liind,  continued 
till  the  conuneiicemeiit  of  the  Civil  War,  when  the  title  beciinie  objec- 
tionable. A  few  numbers  were  issued  under  a  new  name,  but  it  was 
then  discontinued. 


'■^W 


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448       THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

<!onimon  jnil,  nnd  detained  as  a  hostage.  To  his  joy 
iiud  that  of  liis  Ciitliolio  fellow-prisoners  Colonel 
Corcoran  was  regularly  visited  by  Rev.  J.  J.  O'Connc  ., 
and  mass  said  for  them,  till  the  sacred  liturgy  vas 
rudely  interiupted  by  officials  This  jail  was  the  first 
place  burned  by  Sherman's  men. 

In  1804  J^ishop  Lynch  proceeded  to  Europe  and 
made  a  report  to  the  Propaganda  on  his  diocese. 
About  this  time  a  hitter  from  .feflferson  Davis,  thank- 
ing the  Popt'  lor  the  sentiments  in  favor  of  peace  ex- 
pressed in  his  letter  to  the  Archbishops  of  New  York 
and  New  Orleans,  was  presented  to  his  Holiness,  and 
in  it  Mr.  Davis  declared  that  the  ])e()ple  of  the  South 
had  always  desired  peace.  Pope  Pius  IX.  replied,  ac- 
cording to  established  usage,  expressing  his  consola- 
tion at  his  desire  for  peace.  "May  it  i)lease  God  at 
tlie  same  time  to  make  the  other  peoples  of  America 
and  their  rulers,  reflecting  seriously  how  tei'rible  is 
civil  war,  and  what  calamities  it  engenders,  listen  to 
the  inspirations  of  a  calmer  spirit,  and  adoi)t  reso- 
lutely the  part  of  peace."  The  action  of  the  Poi)e 
was  simply  i)ersonal,  and  in  no  way,  as  some  pretended, 
recognized  Hi-  < 'onfederate  States  as  an  indei)eiident 
government.  'i'Ue  Stat<^  Department  at  Rome  had  no 
intercourse  ivilli  the  Confederate  States  whatever," 

Bishop  Lyn  h  estimated  the  Catholics  in  Charleston 
at  eleven  thousand,  inColunil)ia  about  two  thousand, 
in  Sumter  six  hundred,  Ivlgehrld  ninety,  Cheraw 
sixty,  in  Wilmington,  N.  C,  twelve  hundred,  Fayett.e- 
ville  two  hundred,  ('harlotte  two  hundred  and  fifty, 
Riileigh  one  hundred  and  fifty  ;  about  twenty  thou- 
saiul  Catholics  in  the  two  Carolinas.     The  Bahamas 


'  .Ifffersoii   Davis  to  Poiw  Pius  IX.,  Sept.  23,  1863;  Pope  Pius  IX.  to 
JiffiTsoii  Duvis,  Die.  3,  1863.   , 


il 


i;-    J 


DIOCESE  OF  CHARLESTON. 


44!> 


lind  been  annexHil        iiis  (V  >oese,  but  lie  knew  n( 
iiife'  of  their  actual  i    iiclitioi.      The  visitations  wlii. 
he  had  made  liefure  hostilities    wgan  were  practically 
susix'udecl.      His  C     liedral  and   residence,  with  his 
semiiiii  y,  were  gone,   and  his  seminarians  were  ut 
Mount  St.  Vi  ir\  's  or  in  Europe.    lie  still  maintained 
schools  at  Charleston,   Columbia,   and  Wilmington. 
He  had  til  teen  priests,  all  overburdened  with  labor.' 
In  a  letter  to  one  of  the  Cardinals  he  sp^^ke  of  the 
wonderful     nlluence  produced  by  the  devo, .dnes.s  of 
the  i)rieMt.s  ;  nd  sisters,  and  their  absence  of  all  pr-  ti 
san  feeling.     His  great  consolation  was  the  pro 
of  the  Ursuline  Convent  and  Academy  at  d 
attended  l-y  pupils  of  the  very  best  families. 

The  immense  work  to  be  effected  when  h<  .ties 
ceased,  and  the  resources  to  be  created,  were  not  over- 
looked, but  he  trusted  in  Providence  ; '  yet  the  worst 
had  not  come.  Sherman,  with  his  army  corps,  swept 
down  through  -rgia,  took  Savannah,  t lien  pushed 
into  South  Car  iiiia.  Columbia  was  soon  in  his  hands, 
and  in  flames.  On  the  17th  of  February,  1805,  the 
Ursuline  (Convent  and  Academy,  St.  Mary's  College, 
the  church,  and  school,  were  involved  in  tiie  common 
destruction.  Charleston  soon  fell,  and  a  conflagration 
increased  the  general  misery.  Then  North  Carolina 
beheld  the  desolating  army  sweep  across  its  territory 
till  Siierman  confronted  Johnston,  who  soon  surren- 
dered. 

Tiie  Hislioj)  was  abroad,  and  addressed  Secretary 
Seward  to  be  i)ennitted  to  return  to  his  diocese.  He 
told  what  he  and  his  clergy  had  done  to  relieve  the 


1 

'  Bisliop  l.yndi.  "  Itcsponsioncs  H.  Ii  r^pi.scopi  Cm  ilopolituul  .... 
ml  S.  (■ongR'giitioiicm  de  I'lop    Fidu."     Oct.  1.5.  ]>*i\\. 

'  Hi<li(ip  Lyiidi  to  a  Cardiiml,  Home,  -Vug.  1.')  -04,  Sec  Annals  of 
the  Propagation,  xxvii.,  p,  383. 


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450      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

condition  of  the  United  States  soldiers  in  prisons  and 
hospitals.  He  was,  at  last,  j)ermitted  to  do  so,  and  on 
the  12th  of  January,  1866,  wrote  from  Charleston  :  "I 
tind  my  hands  full  here  and  my  heart  overfull.  What 
suffering  !  How  much  to  do  !  How  little  to  do  it  with  ! 
I  have  not  yet  got  a  house  to  live  in.  I  have  arranged 
to  commence  at  once  the  erection  of  a  temporary  pro- 
cathedral  in  such  shape  as  to  serve  for  a  part  of  a  future 
one.  The  Boys'  Orphan  Asylum,  Sisters'  Convent  and 
Female  Orphan  Asylum  are  still  unrepaired.  We  have 
finished  the  repairs  of  the  injured  churches  or  nearly 
so.  I  would  like  also  to  liave  a  negro  church."  '  As 
we  have  seen,  every  sign  of  Catholicity  was  swept  from 
Columbia ;  in  other  parts  churches  had  been  seized  for 
profane  uses  and  terribly  handled.  In  North  Caro- 
lina the  church  of  Washington  was  gone.  As  a  i 
strange  contrasr.  the  Church  of  St.  Mary,  Star  of 
the  Sea,  had  been  built  on  Sullivan's  Island  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Bermingham,  with  bricks  from  the  ruins  of  Fort 
Sumter." 


'  Bishop  Lynch  to  Archbishop  Spalding,  Jiin.  12,  1866.  During  the 
bombardment  St.  Josepli's  Cliurch  suffered  serious  injury. 

•O'Coiiuell,  pp.  1,500;  Freeman's  Journiil,  1853;  1866;  Cath.  Mirror. 
1859;  1866  ;  Cuth.  Herald  ;  Metropolitan,  i;  vi. 


f   1 


:m 


risons  and 
so,  and.  on 
ijston  :  "I 
11.  What 
loit  with  ! 
i  arranged 
orary  pro- 
if  a  future 
invent  and 
We  have 
or  nearly 
ch." '  As 
wept  from 
seized  for 
)rth  Caro- 
le. As  a 
r,  Star  of 
id  by  Rev. 
ns  of  Fort 


During  the 
Catli.  Mirror. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

DIOCESE  OF  SAVANNAH. 

BT.    REV.    JOHN    BARRY,   ADMINISTRATOR    AND    SECOND    BISHOP 

1857-1859.  ' 

On  the  heroic  death  of  Bishop  Gartland  and  Bishop 
Barron,  the  whole  mission  duty  at  Savannah  devolved 
on  Rev.  Edward  Qiiigley,  till  Very  Rev.  John  Barry,  to 
whom  the  administration  was  committed,  hastened  to 
share  his  perilous  labors.  Though  two  priests  fell,  like 
the  Bishop,  victims  to  their  zeal,  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Barry 
was  spared.  When  the  terrible  disease  ceased  its 
ravages  he  devoted  himself  to  his  duties  as  adminis- 
trator. Having  attended  almost  every  mission  in 
Georgia,  he  could  plan  Judiciously  for  the  best  inter- 
ests of  each  place.  As  administrator  he  attended  the 
Eighth  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore,  and  there 
urged  that  the  portion  of  Florida  subject  to  the  Bishop 
of  Savannah  should  be  erected  into  a  separate  juris- 
diction. The  Sovereign  Pontiff,  acting  on  the  request 
of  the  Council,  established  the  vicariate  apostolic  of 
Florida  in  1857. 

Bulls  at  last  arrived  elevating  him  to  the  episcopal 
dignity,  to  which  the  hard-working,  unambitious  mis- 
sionary was  obliged  to  submit.  He  was  consecrated 
Bishop  in  the  Cathedral  of  Baltimore,  on  Monday, 
August  2,  18i)7,  Archbishop  Kenrick  being  consecrator, 
assisted  by  Bishoji  Portier  of  Mobile  and  Bishop 
Neumann  of  Philadelphia.  Bishop  McGill  of  Rich- 
mond delivered  on  the  occasion  an  eloquent  discourse. 

451 


•si- 

i;. 

1  1 

-*1   ^*l 


-\1 


.;    i 


452      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


•■4 
1 

1 
\ 

i' 

.  < 

, 

! 

t 

Bishop  Young  was  also  present  with  Very  Rev.  Dr. 
Lyncli,  administrator  of  Charleston.' 

Bishop  Barry  was  born  in  County  Wexford,  Ireland, 
in  1799,  and  was  ordained  to  the  priestliood  by  Bishop 
England  at  Charleston,  September  24,  ISaf).  In  his 
long  missionary  career  he  had  labored  in  every  church 
in  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia.  He  was  sent  to  Augusta 
and  made  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity 
in  1827,  and  was  soon  Vicar-General  for  the  State  (jf 
Georgia.  Bishop  Reynolds  recalled  him  to  Charleston, 
made  him  Vicar-General  of  the  diocese,  with  the 
charge  of  the  Cathedral  and  all  vacant  churches.  In 
the  cholera  of  1832,  at  Augusta,  he  not  only  gave  the 
sick  his  priestly  care,  but  buried  them  with  his  own 
hands  when  death  claimed  them.  He  introduced  the 
Sisters  of  Our  Lady  of  Mercy  at  Augusta  and  estab- 
lished schools.  Just  before  his  consecration  he  laid 
the  corner  stone  of  a  new  church  at  Augusta,  on  the 
19th  of  July. 

The  long  years  of  labor  soon  showed  how  they  had 
undermined  his  health.  He  attended  the  Ninth  Pro- 
vincial Council  of  Baltimore  on  the  1st  of  May,  1858, 
but  after  the  close  of  the  sessions  he  went  to  Eurojje, 
in  July.  1859,  for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  On  reach- 
ing Paris  ills  maladies  imueased  so  alarmingly  that  he 
was  conveyed  to  the  institution  under  the  care  of  the 
Hospital  Brothers  of  St.  John  of  God.  He  was  visiied 
by  his  Eminence  Cardinal  Morlot,  Archbishop  of  Paris, 
and  received  all  care,  but  he  exi)ired  on  the  21st  of 
November,  1859.  His  funeral  services  were  held  in 
the  Chur(;h  of  the  Foreign  Missions,   Rt.   Rev.  Dr. 


'Ciitli.  Mirror,  Auj?.  H.  1857  ;  PittsburicU  Ciitliolic,  xiv  ,  p.  180  ;  Pilot, 
Auk  15.  O'ConncU,  "  Ciitholicitj'  in  tiie  C'nroliiias  and  Gcorjria,"  pp. 
529-5H5  ;  Concilium  Biiltimoreuse  Frovinciule  VIII.,  iiabitum  iiuno  1855, 
pp.  4,  11. 


iS. 
Rev.  Dr. 

,  Ireland, 
y  Bishop 
.  In  ]iis 
•y  cluirch 
Augusta 
y  Trinity 

State  of 
arleston, 
with  the 
'hes.  In 
gave  the 

his  own 
uced  tlie 
lul  estab- 
i  he  hiicl 
1,  on  the 

they  had 
nth  Pro- 
iiy,  1858, 
I  Euroi)e, 
)n  reach- 
y  tlmt  he 
re  of  the 
IS  visiied 
of  Paris, 
B  21st  of 
hehl  in 
Rev.  Dr. 

180  ;  Pilot, 

orfriii,"  pp. 

tiiiiio  1850, 


DIOCESE  OP  SAVANNAH-V.  A.  FLORIDA.    453 

Amantlion  officiating.  Not  long  before  his  death  an 
unscrupulous  hand  set  fire  to  the  church  in  Augusta, 
dear  to  him  by  many  associations. 

The  administration  of  the  diocese  on  the  death  of 
Bishop  Barry  remnined  iu  the  hands  of  Very  Rev. 
Peter  VVhelan.  He  was  born  in  Wexford  in  18(J0,  and, 
after  his  ordination  by  Bishop  England,  had  labored 
zealously  in  North  Carolina  and  Georgia.  Long  ser- 
vice at  Savannah,  and  as  general  chaplain  to  the 
Catholics  ia  the  Confederate  service  from  Anderson  to 
Tybee,  followed,  till  he  was  taken  prisoner  at  Fort 
Pulaski  and  confined  for  some  time  in  Fort  Lafayette, 
When  his  release  was  obtained  lie  returned  to  Georgia 
and  died  February  5,  1871,  While  administrator  he 
addressed  a  letter  of  sympathy  to  the  Pope,  to  which 
Pius  IX.  replied  in  fatherly  words,' 

VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  FLORIDA. 

RT.  REV.  AUGUSTINE  VEROT,  BISHOP  OF  DAN.VBE  A\i>  VICAK 
APOSTOLIC,  1857-1801. 

On  the  9th  of  January,  1857,  the  Sovereign  Pontiff, 
at  the  request  of  the  Council,  of  Baltimore,  detached 
eastern  Florida  from  the  diocese  of  Savannah,  and 
erected  it  into  a  vicariate  apostolic.  The  new  vicariate 
included  all  that  part  of  the  State  lying  east  of  iae 
Apalachicola  River.  The  Catliolics  here  were  compar- 
atively few,  and  the  hope  of  increase  limited.  St. 
Augustine  had  its  church  and  its  congregation,  mainly 
descended  from  the  New  Smyrna  Minorcan  colony  : 
there  were  churches  at  Fernandina,  Key  West,  and 
Palatka,  in  the  old  Spanish  i)!Ut,  and  at  Tallahassee, 

'  Cath.  Herald,  xxv.,  p.  254  ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  xiv.,  p.  186,  xvi., 
p.  339,  xvii  ,  p.  243  ;  Freeinaa's  Journal,  Aug.  7,  1858  ;  Cath.  Mirror, 
Aug.  13,  1859. 


.  "I  I 


■ii! 


nx.    REV.    AU008TINE   VEUOT,    V.    A.   OF   FLOKIDA   AND  BIBHOP 
Or'  SAVANNAH. 


DIOCESE  OF  SAVANNAH-V.  A.  FLORIDA.    455 

Jacksonville,   and  Middleburgh,  where  an    English- 
speaking  population  had  grown  up. 

To  direct  the  new  vicariate  the  Pope  selected  Rev. 
Augustine  Verot,  a  priest  of  the  community  of  St. 
Sulpice.  He  was  born  at  Puys,  Prance,  in  May,  1804, 
and  coming  to  this  country  in  1830,  was  for  years  a 
professor  in  St.  Mary's  Theological  Seminary  and  the 
College  then  directed  by  the  Sulpitians.  He'was  next 
pastor  of  the  church  at  EUicott's  Mills,  and  showed 
energy  and  activity  in  parochial  duty.  On  receiving 
his  bulls  as  Bishop  of  Danabe  and  Vicar  Apostolic  he 
was  consecrated  in  the  venerable  Cathedral  of  Balti- 
more, on  the  25th  of  Aprii,  1858,  by  Archbishop  Ken- 
rick,  assisted  by  Bishop  McGill  of  Richmond  and 
Bishop  Barry  of  Savannah.  After  attending  the 
Ninth  Provincial  Council,  in  May,  1858,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Florida  with  Rev.  Mr.  Madeore  and  reached 
St,  Augustine  on  the  1st  of  June,  where  he  was  in- 
stalled by  Bishop  Barry  and  received  with  joy. 

Florida,  after  being  part  of  the  dioceses  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba,  and  from  1787  of  Havana,  became  part  of  that 
of  New  Orleans.  When  Spain  sold  Louisiana  to  the 
United  States,  the  Bishop  of  Havana  was  directed  by 
his  government  to  resume  control  over  Florida,  and 
Bishop  Portier  of  Mobile,  to  whose  diocese  it  was  as- 
signed, could  not  exercise  any  jurisdiction  till  Spain 
sold  Florida  to  the  United  States  in  1821.  He  visited 
St.  Augustine  at  the  earliest  moment,  but  it  was  too 
far  from  Mobile  for  him,  with  his  limited  resources,  to 
do  much  for  it. 

A  spirit  of  resistance  to  ecclesiastical  authority  was 
soon  manifested.  An  Act,  incorporating  the  Church 
at  St.  Augustine,  was  obtained  from  the  Territorial 
legislature,  July  2,  1823.  and  one  still  more  mischie- 
vous, December  30,    1824.       Tlie   United   States  had 


■\n 


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s 


And      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

already  seized  the  Franciscan  convent  for  barracks, 
the  site  of  the  house  inhabited  by  the  Bislioi)s  auxiliar 
for  many  years,  and  the  venerable  pilgrimage  of  Our 
Lady.  As  if  this  robbery  were  not  enough,  it  gave 
the  Bishop's  house  site  to  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
congregation.  Bishop  Portier,  finding  liiinself  unable 
to  send  a  priest  to  St.  Augustine,  asked  Bishop  Eng- 
land of  Charleston  to  assume  charge  of  that  part  of 
his  diocese.  Rev,  Edward  F.  Mayne,  an  excellent 
priest,  a  fellow-student  with  Archbishop  Hughes  in 
the  Seminary,  was  stationed  at  St.  Augustine,  but  the 
trustees  drove  him  out,  and  a  lo(!al  judge  held  that 
all  the  powers  of  the  Spanish  king  under  the  Bull  of 
Julius  II.  passed  to  the  United  States,  and  were  con- 
veyed in  some  mysterious  way  to  the  trustees  of  a 
single  church  !  Rev.  Mr.  Mayne  hired  a  private  room 
in  which  to  offer  the  holy  sacrifice.  Bishop  Portier 
visited  St.  Augustine  in  1832,  but  the  trustees  wei-e 
obstinate.  It  was  six  years  before  the  Bishop  could 
place  Rev.  C.  Rampon  and  Rev.  P.  Hackett  in  the 
desolate  church  of  St.  Augustine. 

The  Priests  of  Mercy  took  charge  of  St.  Augustine 
and  the  missions,  and,  as  early  as  1847,  Rev.  Benedict 
Madeore  obtained  documents  on  which  he  applied  to 
Congress  for  a  restoration  of  the  Franciscan  convent, 
and  for  comi>ensation  for  the  church  property  illegally 
seized  and  sold.  The  case  was  clear,  the  evidence  wa» 
sufficient,  but  the  United  States  by  the  decision  of  its 
arbitrator  refused  all  redress.' 


'  Report  of  the  Solicitor  of  tlie  Treasury  witli  dociimcnts  in  relation  to 
the  Catholic  Church  at  St.  Augustine,  to  pertain  property  lield  by  the 
United  States,  at  that  place.  Senate  Doc,  JiOlii  Cong.,  2(1  Sept.  Report 
of  the  (Senate)  Coniniittce  on  Private  F/uid  Claims,  !JOlh  Cong.,  1st  sess. 
Mar.  21.  1848,  .June  2ft,  1848.  Hev.  Mr.  Mudeore,  a  most  venerable  and 
truthful  man.  a.ssured  me  Uiat  U»e  arbitrator  sent  for  lilm,  and  asked 


P,     ■] 


;•! 


)an'acks, 
auxiliiir 
;e  of  Our 
it  gave 
ll)iscoi)al 
If  unable 
lop  Eiip:- 
t  part  of 
iixcellent 
iiglies  in 
,  but  the 
leld  tliat 
e  Bull  of 
r'ere  con- 
:ees  of  a 
ate  room 
)  Portier 
ees  we»"e 
oj)  could 
tt  in  the 

ugustine 
Benedict 
pplied  to 
conveut, 
illegally 
lence  was 
ion  of  its 


n  relation  to 
held  by  tlie 
"pt.  Report 
llg.,  1st  sess. 
■nernhlo  and 
II ,  itiid  asked 


DIOCESE  OF  SAVANNAH-  V.  A.  FLORIDA.     457 

When  the  vicaiiate  was  established,  llev.  E.  Aubril 
and  Rev,  S.  Sheridan  were  at  St.  xV ugustine ;  llev.  W. 
T.  Hamilton  at  Jacksonville,  where  there  was  a  small 
chapel ;  St.  Mary's,  Star  of  the  Sea,  at  Key  West,  was 
vacant ;  there  were  little  chajiels  at  the  stations  of 
Black  Creek,  Fernandina,  and  St.  John's  Beach,  and 
at  Palatka  they  were  building  one.  There  was  no 
convent,  school,  or  institution  of  any  kind. 

In  a  pastoral  to  his  Hock  announcing  the  Jubilee  in 
the  autumn  of  ISSS,  Bishop  Verot  urged  the  faithful 
to  unite,  where  possible,  and  erect  a  small  church  at 
least,  and  maintain  a  Sutulay  school.  He  urged  them 
to  cultivate  piety,  especially  by  joining  pious  asso- 
ciations. On  his  part  he  promised  every  exertion  to 
obtain  priests  to  visit  all  stations  regularly.  He  then 
made  a  visitation  of  the  southern  and  western  parts  of 
liis  vicariate.  At  the  approach  of  Lent,  his  pastoral 
endeavored  to  remove  the  lax  ideas  prevalent  from 
Spanish  days  as  to  fasting  and  abstinence.' 

He  enlarged  the  church  at  Fernandina ;  replaced 
one  in  ruinous  condition  at  Tallahassee  by  a  more  be- 
coming structure,  erected  a  church  at  Middleburgh, 
and  had  schools  for  both  sexes  at  St.  Augustine.  He 
made  efforts  to  obtain  Sisters  of  Mercy,  and  a  colony 
from  Hartford  opened  an  academy  on  the  1st  of 
April,  1859. 

Having  thus  by  his  activity  given  an  impulse  to  re- 
ligion, Bishop  Verot  visited  Europe  and  returned, 
toward  the  close  of  1859,  with  six  priests  for  his  vicar- 
iate, four  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools— who  soon 


■what  tlie  Catholics  were  willing  to  pay  for  a  favorable  report ;  and  that 
when  he  declared  that  they  were  not  able  to  pay  anything,  the  decision 
was  made  against  their  claim. 

'  Pastoral  Letter  of  lit.  Rev,  Bishop  Verot  to  the  Catholics  of  Florida, 

1858 


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458       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

opened  an  academy— and  additional  Sisters.  A  church 
was  soon  erected  at  Mandarin,  and  a  priest  stationed 
tliere,  but  tlie  Churcli  at  St.  Jolin's  Bar  was  destroyed 
during  tlie  year  by  a  hurricane. 

On  tile  1st  of  February,  1861,  he  issued  a  pastoral 
letter  urging  his  flock  to  profit  by  the  holy  season. 
Poor  as  his  vi<!ariate  was,  it  sent  its  tribute  of  Peter's 
Pence  to  Rome,  which  drew  from  Pius  IX.  a  touching 
and  grateful  letter. 

Meanwhile  the  see  of  Savannah  was  declined  by 
Rev.  P.  J.  Lavialle,  and  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  trans- 
ferred Bisho])  Verot  to  Savannah,  leaving  him  still 
Vicar  Apostolic  of  Florida. 

RT.  BEV.  AUaUSTINE  VEROT,  THIRD   BISHOP  OF  SAVANNAH,  AND 
VICAR  ArOSTOLIO  OF  FLORIDA,  1861-1866. 

Bishop  Verot  having  received  the  official  announce- 
ment of  his  transfer,  on  the  1st  of  September  set  out 
for  Savannah  by  way  of  Fortress  Monroe,  accompanied 
by  Rev.  T.  H.  O'Neill  and  a  subdeacon.  War  and 
disease  prevailed.  Rev.  Silvain  Huninq  died  at  Key 
West  heroically  in  August.  One  of  the  Bishop's  early 
acts  was  the  dedication  of  St.  Patrick's  Church,  Au- 
gusta, erected  by  the  zeal  and  to  a  great  extent  by  the 
means  of  Rev.  G.  Duggan,  the  untiring  missionary. 

The  forces  of  the  United  States  occupied  Jackson- 
ville, Fla.,  but  evacuated  it  in  March,  1863.  As 
they  retired  the  soldiers  set  fire  to  the  town.  The 
Catholic  church  and  rectory  were  too  obnoxious  to  be 
spared.  They  were  set  on  fire,  and  pillaged  of  every- 
thing, even  the  organ  being  torn  to  pieces.     Two  regi- 

'  Bishop  VtTot,  "  Annuls  of  tin-  Propiigntion  of  tho  Faith,"  xxii.,  p. 
372,  xxvii  ,  p.  250;  Metropolitan,  vi.,  p.  !124  ;  Pittsburjjh  Catliolic, 
XV.,  p.  60;  B'reeman's  Journal,  Julj'.  Pastoral  Letters,  1859;  Feb.  1, 
1861. 


HIHI: 


['■         :-! 


DIOCESE  OF  SAVANNAH-V.  A.  FLORIDA.    459 

ments,  the  0th  Connecticut  and  the  8th  Miiine,  accused 
each  other  of  being  tlie  ffuilty  parties.  The  wretched 
condition  of  the  United  States  prisoners  at  Anderson- 
ville  appealed  to  Bishop  Verot's  sympathy ;  lie  sent 
two  priests,  who  consoled  the  Catholics  by  the  offices 
of  religion,  and  attended  the  sick  and  dyiii<r.  Bishop 
Verot  himself  labored  in  this  terrible  stockade.  ]}e- 
fore  the  close  of  the  war  the  church  at  St.  John's  Bar, 
Fla.,  was  pillaged,  the  soldiers  arraying  themselves  in 
the  vestments,  and  carrying  off  the  diurch  plate.  St. 
Mary's  Church  in  Camden  Co.,  Ga.,  and  the  elegant 
church  at  Dalton  were  also  destroyed  by  lire.  Yet  the 
Catholics  did  not  lose  courage  ;  the  church  of  the  Most 
Holy  Trinity,  the  largest  and  finest  church  in  Augusta, 
was  completed  and  dedicated  April  12,  18G;}.  Tliougii 
l)attles  were  fought  at  Atlanta,  the  cliurch  escaped, 
after  the  occupation  by  the  United  States  troops,  hav- 
ing been  protected  by  a  well-disposed  colonel. 

In  November,  180;3,  Bishop  Verot  issued  a  pastoral 
letter  in  which  he  announced  that  the  Pope  had 
granted  a  plenary  indulgence  to  all  who  received  holy 
communion  and  prayed  fervently  for  peace  between 
the  1st  and  20th  of  November.' 

The  commanding  general,  in  carrying  out  plans  of 
fortification  at  Savannah,  in  spite  of  the  Bishoi)'s  re- 
monstrance, occupied  the  Catholic  cemetery,  demol- 
ished a  partly  erected  mortuary  chapel,  and  swept 
away  the  neat  inclosure. 

Bishop  Verot's  diocese  and  vicariate  apostolic,  it 
will  be  seen,  had  much  to  suffer  The  able-bodied 
men  in  the  congregations  had  bees  j  tifted  for  the  Con- 
federate army  or  had  been  scattered  in  all  directions. 


'  Lenten  Piistorals,  1862,  1803  ;  Pastoral  Letter,  Nov.  11,  1862;  Peace 
Pastoral,  No%X'niber,  1803. 


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460     DIOCESE  OF  SAVANXAH-V.  A.  FLORIDA. 

After  the  bnrniuj?  of  Colninl)ia,  some  of  the  Unsu- 
line  nuns  establiHlied  ii  ronvont  and  acadt^my  at  Afa- 
con  ;  and  the  Sisters  of  Meiry  at  St.  Augustine  sent 
a  colony  to  Columbus,  Ga. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  war  the  poet  priest,  Rev. 
Abram  J.  Ryan,  assisted  Rev.  0.  Duj-gan  at  Auf>:usta 
and  became  editor  of  the  Paciticuitor,  to  which  the 
Bishop  occasionally  contributed. 

In  his  pastoral  letter  for  Lent,  IStU,  Bishop  Verot 
exhorted  his  flock  to  penance  to  avert  from  tlicmselves 
and  the  country  the  evils  that  afflicted  them.  In  that 
announcing  the  Jubilee  in  the  autumn  of  J8G0,  Bishop 
\''erot  said:  "The  Jubilee  could  not  come  upon  you 
at  a  better  time  than  af'.er  that  lon^  and  sangui- 
jiary  war  which  has  caused  the  blood  of  your  sons 
to  flow  so  profusely,  and  has  deluged  the  land  in 
liuman  gore,  and  converted  it  into  a  heap  of  smoking 
ruins.  We  have  spoken  to  the  Holy  Father  of  your 
misfortunes,  i)rivati<)!is,  sufferings  during  the  war, 
and  of  the  ruin  and  devastation  that  now  prevail 
everywhere.  His  tender  and  compassionate  heart 
sympathizes  deeply  with  your  misfortunes,  and  he  has 
invoked  the  blessing  of  God  in  a  special  manner  over 
yon,  in  view  of  your  present  destitute  condition." 

When  the  struggle  ended  Mrs.  Jefferson  Davis  was 
in  Georgia  and  i)enniless.  "  No  institution  of  my  own 
ohurch,"  she  said,  "  offered  to  teach  my  poor  children. 
One  ilay,  three  Sisters  of  Charity  came  to  see  me  and 
brought  me  Ave  gold  dollars,  all  the  money  they  had 
in  the  world.  They  almost  forced  me  to  take  the 
money,  but  I  did  not.  They  then  offered  to  tak<>  my 
children  to  their  school  in  the  neighborhood  of  Savan- 
nah, where  the  air  was  cool  and  they  could  be  com- 
fortably cared  for  during  the  summer  months." 

On  the  1st  of  August,  18(3(5,  Bishop  V^erot  addressed 


DIOCESE  OF  SAVANNAH-V.  A.  FLORIDA.    4U1 

a  pastonil  Inttwr  to  his  llocik,  announcing  the  coming 
of  a  Plenary  Council,  and  directing  prayers  for  the 
Divine  guidance  over  its  deliberations.  lie  also  spoke 
of  the  necessity  of  educating  the  negroes  and  imbuing 
them  with  religion  and  morality.' 


'  Bisliop  Vcrot,  licntcri  Pastoral  for  1804  ;  .Jiibileo  Pnsloral  for  1865  ; 
Lenten  Pastoral  for  1806.  (^atli.  Mirror.  Nov.  11,  1865,  Sept.  1,  6,  1H61; 
1866  ;  Annals  of  tlie  Propajjation  of  the  Faith,  xxvii.,  p.  3H4  ;  x.wiii. 
p.  !m.  Bishop  Verot  declaretl  these  letters  to  be  garbled  and  niistraus- 
lated  ;  Pittsburgh  Culhollc,  xxviii.,  pp.  283,  280. 


HIONATbllK  OK  IIISIIOI'   YOLNO  OF   EHIE. 


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CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 
MOST  REV.  JOHN  HUGHES,  FIRST  ARCHBISHOP,  1853-1884. 

When  the  diocese  of  Brooklyn,  embracing  Long 
Island,  and  that  of  Newark,  embracing  the  part  of 
New  Jersey  which  had  been  subject  to  the  Bishops  of 
New  York,  were  set  off  in  1853,  tlie  diocese  of  New 
York  contained  the  city  and  county  of  New  York, 
Westchester,  Putnam,  Dutcliess,  Rockland,  Orange, 
Ulster,  Sullivan,  and  Richmond  counties.  There 
were  about  fifty  churches,  and  more  than  a,  hundred 
priests.  The  diocese  possessed  its  theological  semi- 
nary, St.  John's  College  at  Fordhani,  that  of  St. 
Francis  Xavier  in  New  York,  several  academies  under 
the  Brothers  of  tJio  Christian  Schools.  Ladies  of  the 
Sacred  Heart,  and  Sisters  of  Charity,  the  last-named, 
with  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  conducting  also  institutions 
for  the  relief  of  tho.se  who  appeal  to  Christian  charity. 
The  Catholics  of  the  diocese  were  estimated  at  about 
28(>,0(K),  more  than  half  the  churches  and  people  be- 
ing in  the  City  of  New  York,  As  the  great  i)()rt  of 
the  United  States  the  city  received  nearly  two-thin^ 
of  all  the  immigrants  reaching  the  country,  and 
though  many  proceeded  to  new  homes,  a  consider- 
able number  lingered  there  for  a  time,  Tiiey  require<l 
church  accommodation,  priestly  aid,  counsel,  and  not 
unfrequently  relief. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK, 


463 


Archbishop  Hughes  exerted  himself  to  increase  the 
number  of  churches  in  New  York,  and  tliose  of  St. 
Francis  Seraph,  St.  Stepnen's,  Transfiguration,  St. 
Lawrence's,  the  Holy  Cross,  the  Annunciation,  and 
the  I.iimaculate  Conception  at  Melrose,  with  churches 
at  Port  Chester,  White  Plains,  and  Poughkeepsie, 
siiow  what  was  effected  in  1853.  This  was  undertaken 
at  a  time  when  the  streets  resounded  with  anti-Catholic 
preaching  by  violent  ranters,  and  attacks  were  made 
with  impunity  on  Catholic  processions. 

The  arrival  of  the  nuncio,  Archbishop  Bedini,  en- 
abled the  fanatics  to  resort  to  new  schemes  for  mis- 
representing Catholics,  and  the  Express  newspaper 
led  the  way  in  a  career  of  falsehood.  But  to  show 
that  the  gates  of  hell  were  not  prevailing  against  the 
Church,  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  witn  ;d,  on  the  30th 
of  October,  the  grandest  religious  function  ever  per- 
formed within  its  walls,  the  consecration  of  Rt.  Rev. 
John  Loughlin,  Bishop  of  Brooklyn,  Rt.  Rev.  James 
Roosevelt  Bayley,  Bishop  of  Newark,  and  Rt.  Rev. 
Louis  de  Goesbriand,  Bishop  of  Burlington,  by  Most 
Rev.  Cajetan  Bedini,  Archbishop  of  Thebes  and 
nuncio  of  Pope  Pius  IX. 

The  condition  of  Catholics  in  the  diocese  became, 
however,  so  precarious  that  Archbishop  Hughes,  on 
the  15th  of  December,  1853,  issued  a  short  pastoral 
letter  to  his  flock.  His  words  were  characteristic: 
"  If  there  be,  as  it  has  been  insinuated,  a  conspiracy 
against  the  civil  and  religious  rights  which  are  secured 
to  you  by  our  Constitution  and  laws,  defeat  the  pur- 
pose of  that  conspiracy  by  a  peaceful  and  entirely 
legal  deportment  in  all  the  relations  of  life.  But  on 
the  other  hand,  if  such  a  conspiracy  should  arise,  un- 
rebuked  by  the  public  nuthorities  to  a  point  really 
menacing  with  destruction  any  portion  of  your  prop- 


<\Mit 


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464      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


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«rty,  whethei"  your  private  dwellings,  your  churches, 
your  hospitals,  orphan  asylums,  or  other  Catholic 
institutions,  then,  in  case  of  any  attack,  let  every  man 
be  prepared  in  God's  name  to  stand  by  tlie  laws  of  the 
country  and  the  authorities  of  the  city  in  defense  of 
such  rights  and  property." 

The  impulse  given  to  the  establishment  of  Catholic 
parochial  schools  showed  the  spirit  of  the  clergy  and 
faithful. 

The  holding  of  a  Council  in  the  new  province  of 
New  York  became  necessary,  and  it  was  convoked  in 
the  usual  form  for  the  month  of  September,  1854. 
The  Archbisliop,  with  his  seven  suffragans,  the  Bish- 
ops of  Albany,  Boston,  Buffalo,  Hartford,  Brooklyn, 
Newark,  and  Burlington,  with  their  theologians,  and 
Very  Rev,  Clement  Boulanger,  Superior  of  the  Canada 
and  New  York  mission  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  at- 
tended. The  fathers  of  the  Council,  in  amice,  mitre, 
and  cope,  liishop  McCloskey,  attired  for  the  celebra- 
tion of  mass,  with  cross-bearers,  acolytes,  and  clergy, 
moved  in  procession,  chanting  psalms,  from  the  Arch- 
bishop's house  through  the  streets  to  the  main  en- 
trance of  the  Cathedral,  During  the  mass  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,  the  Arclibishop  preached  one  of  his  eflfective 
discourses.  Referring  to  the  Council  he  said,  "It  is 
an  event  in  the  history  of  the  Ciiurch  in  this  country. 
Tliere  are — there  must  be— many  within  the  sound  of 
my  voice  who  recollect  the  time  when  there  wns  no 
Bishop  in  all  that  is  now  this  province,  and  scarcely 
more  than  two  or  three  priests," 

The  presciibed  decrees  of  the  Council  of  Trent  were 
read  and  the  profession  of  faith  made.  Congregations 
were  ai>pointed  to  consider  the  questions  of  ecclesias- 
tical ])roperty.  ju''sdicti<)U  in  neighboi'ing  dioceses, 
and  the  education   of  the   Vdung.     Questions  as   to 


r^i: 


»'«fi 


DIOCEr 


NEW  YORK. 


466 


newspapers  assuming  to  he  Catholic,  and  as  to  the 
publication  of  banns,  were  subsequently  referred.  The 
decrees  were  six  in  number  ;  the  first  expressed  their 
veneration  aitd  obedience  to  the  Holy  See,  the  next 
promulgated  the  decrees  of  the  provincial  and  plenary 
councils  of  Baltimore.  Incurring  of  church  debts  by 
priests  without  due  authority,  and  the  exercise  of 
faculties  beyond  diocesan  limits,  were  forbidden.  The 
Catholic  education  of  the  young,  and  the  erection  of 
suitable  residences  for  priests  near  churches  Avere 
strongly  urged.' 

The  pastoral  letter  of  the  Council,  dated  October  8, 
1854,  dwelt  on  holy  matrimony  and  the  education  of 
the  young,  and  especially  commended  the  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Faith. 

Before  setting  out  for  Rome  Archbishop  Hughes  in 
n  pastoral  letter  announced  the  Jubilee,  and  impressed 
on  all  the  necessity  in  future  of  having  banns  for 
marriage  publicly  read.  He  also  made  known  the 
proposed  founding  of  a  Magdalen  Asylum  under  the 
care  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Good  Shepherd,"  and  he 
called  on  the  faithful  to  contribute  the  sum  necessary 
for  the  commencement  of  the  work.  Another  grcsat 
project,  long  a  subject  of  deep  thought,  was  also 
made  public,  the  erection  of  a  Cathedral  church  worthy 
of  the  diocese. 

Archbishop  Hughes  was  a  conspicuous  figure  in 
the  life  of  the  country.  As  questions  bearing  on  the 
Church  arose,  or  were  put  forth  by  the  New  York 
press,  he  readily  took  iip  the  issue.  His  logic,  his 
wit,  his  satire,  all  told,  and  as  he  had  implicit  confi- 
<lence  in  the  honesty  and  uprightness  of  the  American 


'  CoiK'lliuin    Noo-Ebonict'iisc    Priinum.   habituin    anno   1854. 
Yoik,  1855.     Fret'uwu's  Jouiuul,  Oct.  7,  1854. 


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466      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

mind,  he  never  failed  to  appeal  to  public  opinion  in  a 
way  that  won  liini  respect,  where  he  failed  to  convince. 
He  thus  became,  without  any  esign  on  his  part,  the 
representative  of  Catholic  thought  in  the  eyes  of  the 
general  public. 

During  the  session  of  1854-55  the  Legislature  of 
New  York,  on  the  petition  of  the  long  rebellious  trus- 
tees of  St.  Louis'  Church,  Buffalo,  passed  a  bill 
more  revolutionary  in  its  character  than  any  theory 
relative  to  the  tenure  of  land  advocated  in  modern 
times.  It  is  the  first  enactment  denying  individual 
property  in  land,  and  asserting  the  right  of  the  State 
not  only  to  confiscate  all  land  without  compensation, 
but  even  to  convey  it  at  will.  It  made  void  any  deed, 
lease,  or  devise  of  any  Catholic  Bishop,  and  on  his 
death  vested  the  property  in  any  incorporated  con- 
gregation happening  to  use  the  same;  but,  if  the 
congregation  was  not  incorporated,  escheating  the 
property  to  the  State.  This  Act  confiscated  the 
property  of  five  bankrupt  boards  of  trustees,  sold 
under  judicial  or  other  legal  process  and  purchased 
by  Archbishop  Hughes  with  his  own  money,  an- 
nexed it.  to  the  State  domain,  and  conveyed  it  back  to 
the  bankrupts  without  consideration.  The  incor- 
poration required  by  the  State  was  one  in  wliich 
boards  of  trustees  were  elected  by  pew  and  seat 
renters,  not  required  to  be  Catholics,  attendants  at 
the  church,  or  participants  in  its  sacraments,  a  sys- 
tem which  liad  been  modified  to  suit  several  Protest- 
ant denominations. 

Tiie  Act  was  not  framed  to  benefit  Catholics  or  their 
Church,  but  was  drawn  up  and  passed  by  their  avowed 
and  bitter  enemies  to  introduce  confusion  and  ruin  into 
their  temporal  affairs.  Erastus  Brooks  and  James 
O.   Putnam  in  the  Senate  advocated    the  bill,   the 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


467 


former  with  such  wanton  disregard  of  truth  Jiat 
Archbishop  Hughes  deemed  it  necessary  to  expose  his 
misstatements  in  a  series  of  letters. 

The  law  was  a  dead  letter ;  not  a  Catholic  congrega- 
tion in  the  State  incorporated  in  a  way  to  gratify  the 
4?nemies  of  religion.  Catholics  bore  the  invasion  of 
their  rights  in  silence.  There  were  no  petitions  or 
remonstrances  against  the  passage  of  the  Act.  They 
left  their  enemies  free  to  show  to  the  fullest  extent 
their  hatred  of  Catholicity.' 

In  1857  the  School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame,  a  commu- 
nity which  had  displayed  remarkable  care  in  training 
its  members  for  educational  work,  began  its  labors 
in  the  diocese.  This  order,  founded  by  Blessed  Peter 
Fourrier  in  France,  had  spread  to  Germany  and  did 
excellent  service  to  religion  till  it  was  swej)t  away  by 
the  French  revolution.  It  was  revived  by  the  lioly 
Bishop  Michael  Wissmann,  and  the  new  institute  was 
approved  by  Pope  Pius  IX.,  January  23,  1854.  After 
its  introduction  into  the  diocese  of  Milwaukee  this 
community  spread  rapidly,  and  the  Priests  of  the 
Congregation  of  the  Most  Holy  Redeemer  obtained  a 
colony  to  direct  the  schools  connected  with  their 
large  church  on  Third  Street,  New  York." 

About  the  same  time  the  Daughters  of  St.  Angela 
Mnrici.  who  had  attempted  to  establish  a  house  in 
New  York  early  in  the  century,  returned  under  better 


'  Brooksiiina  :  or  the  Controversy  between  Senator  Brooks  iind  Arch- 
bishop Hughes.  New  York,  1855  :  Works  of  Archbisliop  Hughes,  ii., 
p.  549.  Freeman's  Journal,  Nov.  11,  1854,  Jan.  13, 1835.  Putnam, 
"  Addresses,  Speeches  and  Miscellanies,"  Buffalo,  1880. 

Wlien  the  Civil  War  began  and  New  York  needed  Catholic  soldiers 
in  the  field,  it  repealed  in  March,  1863,  this  Act  worthy  of  the  worst  days 
of  the  Frencii  Revolution. 

•^  Letter  of  Her.  A.  Urbanek,  Aug.  11,  1855. 


1 

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468       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

auspices.  On  the  16th  of  May,  ISoG,  Mother  Magda- 
len Stehlen,  with  a  colony  of  eleven  sisters  from  St. 
Louis,  founded  an  Ursuline  convent  at  East  Morrisa- 
nia,  which  has  prospered  by  means  of  its  academy, 
and  has  established  a  second  house  on  Henry  Street, 
New  York. 

The  introduction  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Good  Shep- 
herd, annouticed  by  the  Archbishop,  met  with  obsta- 
cles and  delays,  and  it  was  not  till  November,  1857, 
that  two  sisters  from  Angers  came  from  Philadelphia 
to  New  York,  and  under  Mother  Magdalen  of  Jesus, 
opened  their  institution  in  a  hired  house  on  East 
Fourteenth  Street.  Two  years  later  a  site  was  ob- 
tained and  a  tine  structure  erected  at  the  foot  of  East 
Ninetieth  Street. 

Archbishop  Hughes  had  been  maturing  plans  for  the 
erection  of  a  Cathedral  on  Fifth  Avenue,  on  property 
which  had  belonged  to  Catholics  from  the  beginning 
of  the  century,  where  the  Jesuit  Fathers  had  main- 
tained a  collegiate  institute,  and  the  silent  Trappists 
had  labored  and  prayed.  Architects  had  submitted 
plans,  but  that  of  James  Renwick  was  finally  adopted, 
and  the  ground  was  cleared  early  in  1858.  On  the  14th 
of  June,  1858,  he  issued  a  circular  announcing  a  i)er- 
sonal  call  on  Catholic  gentlemen  to  obtain  for  the  com- 
mencement of  the  work  (me  hundred  subscriptions  of 
one  thousand  dollars  each.  The  amount  was  promptly 
promised. 

The  feast  of  the  Assumption,  August  15,  1858,  was 
set  for  the  ceremony  of  laying  the  corner  stone.  By 
four  o'clock,  lots,  lanes,  rocks,  every  open  space 
within  half  a  mile  in  each  direction  was  lilled  with  an 
orderly  gathering,  such  as  had  never  before  assembled 
on  Maidiattan  Island.  Archbishop  Hughes  proceeded 
to  the  platform  erected,  surrounded  by  his  suffragans 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


469 


Bishops  McCloskey,  McParland,  Bacon,  Bayley, 
Loughlin,  and  tie  Goesbriand,  then  after  an  address 
breatliing  his  gratitude  for  tlie  consoling  event,  he 
blessed  the  cross  and  the  stone  with  the  prescribed 
ceremonies. 

The  work  soon  began,  and  was  soon  carried  on  so  far 
as  to  show  what  a  magnificent  temple  of  God  it  was 
designed  to  be. 

A  number  of  zealous  converts  to  thp  faith,  Isaac  T. 
Hecker,  Augustine  F.  Hewit,  George  Deshon,  and 
Francis  A.  Baker,  entered  the  novitate  of  the  Congre- 
gation of  the  Most  Holy  Redeemer,  and  after  being 
ordained  gave  eighty-eight  missions  from  1851,  in  sev- 
enteen Cathedrals  and  sixty-six  parish  churches  in  all 
the  country  east  of  the  Mississippi.  A  teclinical  in- 
fraction  of  an  order  by  Father  Hecker  led  ultimately  to 
their  expulsion,  and  with  the  sanction  of  the  Sovereign 
Pontiff  they  formed  themselves  with  the  approbation 
of  Archbishop  Hughes  into  a  religious  congregation 
under  the  title  of  "The  Missionary  Priests  of  St.  Paul 
the  Apostle,"  and  prepared  to  continue  their  work. 

The  corner  stone  of  their  church,  under  the  invo- 
cation of  St.  Paul  the  Apostle,  was  laid  in  June, 
1859. 

Under  their  energeticsuperior,  Rev.  Isaac  T.  Hecker, 
the  Paulists  revived  their  mission  work  and  took 
charge  of  the  parochial  district  around  them.  P\'ither 
Hecker  also  established  The  Catholic  World,  the 
most  successful  magazine  ever  Issued  for  the  faithful 
in  this  country,  and  also  organized  The  Catholic  Pub- 
lication Society  for  the  diffusion  of  Catholic  tracts  and 
books  at  a  low  i>rioe. 

Meanwhile  other  churches  had  grown  up  to  meet 
the  wants  of  the  increasing  tlock,  the  Immaculate 
Conception,  Assumption,  St.  Gabriel's,  in  the  city, 


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470      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

churches  atPort  Jervis,  Sing  Sing,  Morrisania,  Clifton, 
Mount  Vernon,  Poughkeepsie,  Newburgh,  Matteawan, 
and  other  needed  points.  There  had  been  an  attempt 
by  a  zealous  priest  to  establish  an  Italian  church,  but 
it  was  defeated  by  the  violence  of  the  Italians  them- 
selves. Some  of  these  churches  were  erected  by  Ger- 
man Catholics,  who  also  established,  in  1859,  an  Orphan 
Asylum  for  children  of  their  race,  obtaining  a  charter 
for  the  institution  and  purchasing  twenty-eight  lots 
on  Eighty-ninth  Street.  By  1850  the  diocese  con- 
tained seventy  churches,  more  than  half  with  pa- 
rochial schools,  and  one  hundred  and  thirty 
priests. 

In  January,  1860,  the  Archbishop  of  New  Yoi'k, 
witli  his  suffragans,  assembled  in  the  Second  Provin- 
cial Council,  which  was  not  held  with  all  the  pre- 
scribed formalities,  and  adopted  no  decrees.  A  pas- 
toral letter  was  issued,  however,  in  which  the  Fathers 
of  the  Council  spoke  emphatically  against  the  enemies 
of  the  Papacy  and  showed  the  right  of  the  Popes  to 
the  Patrimony  of  St.  Peter.' 

The  establishment  of  parochial  schools  was  all  the 
more  necessary,  as  the  New  York  Board  of  Education 
enforced  the  reading  of  the  Protestant  Bible  in  the 
schools,  and  withheld  the  pay  of  teachers  who  did  not 
submit  to  the  by-law  directing  it.  The  hostility  of 
those  in  power  went  to  the  length  of  seizing  Catholic 
children  without  warrant  of  law  and  confining  them 
in  Protestant  institutions." 

On  the  14th  of  April.  1801,  Archbishop  Hughes  is- 
sued his  letter  convoking  the  Third  Council  of  the 
Province,  which  met  on   the   1st   of  June.     It  was 

'  The  Piistornl  liOtter  of  the  Most   Rev.  Arclibisliop  luul  Suffragan 
Prcliitfs  of  thn  Province  of  New  York  ;  New  York,  1860. 
»  Boston  Pilot,  March  13.  1859  ;  CalU.  Mirror.  Feb.  4.  1860. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


471 


nttended  by  tlie  Bishops  of  Albany,  Buffalo,  Brooklyn, 
Portland,  and  Hartford,  the  prior  of  the  Benedictines, 
the  custos  of  the  Reformed  Franciscans,  the  vice 
ooinmissary  of  the  Conventual  Franciscans,  the  vice 
superior  of  the  Jesuits,  and  the  Rector  of  the  Redeinp- 
torists.  The  Bishop  of  Newark  arrived  subsequently, 
but  Bishop  de  Goesbriand  of  Burlington,  who  was  ill, 
was  represented  by  his  Vicar-General.  The  seven  de- 
crees adopted  refer  to  the  discharge  of  priestly  duties, 
the  superintendence  of  schools,  the  devout  celebration 
of  mass,  marriages,  the  necessity  of  keeping  Church 
funds  apart  from  others,  and  the  tenure  of  Church 
property.  The  Sacred  Congregation  de  Propaganda 
BMde  declared  the  decrees  api)roved,  and  Pope  Pius 
IX.,  on  the  25th  of  August,  1801,  approved  their  de- 
cision.' 

When  the  Civil  War  opened,  paralyzing  the  country. 
Archbishop  Hughes  carefully  refrained  from  anything 
likely  to  add  to  its  bitterness.  The  call  on  the  State 
of  New  York  for  regiments  of  militia  to  sustain  the 
laws  was  responded  to,  and  Archbishop  Hughes  ap- 
pointed Rev.  T.  J.  Mooney  chaplain  of  the  69th  Regi- 
ment, which  was  mainly  composed  of  Catholics.     It 

'Concilium  Provincinlc  Neo-EI)oraccnse  III.,  nieiise  .lunii,  1861,celi'- 
briitiim.  New  York,  1802.  A  Pastoral  letter  of  the  Archbishop  and 
Bi.sliops  of  the  Province  of  New  York  in  Provincial  Council  n.s.senible(l  to 
the  Clersry  and  Laity  of  their  ciiarsio.  New  York,  1801.  On  the  matter 
of  education  the  Pastoral  said  :  "  We  still  have  to  deplore  that  in  mo.st  of 
the  States  comprised  within  this  Kcdesiasiical  Province,  in  the  public 
schools,  for  the  cstahli-slimciit  and  maintt^nance  of  which  we  have  to  bear 
an  equal  share  of  the  burthen  with  our  fellow-citizens,  the  rights,  the 
faith,  and  the  conscience  of  our  children  are  not  tuiually  respected.  We 
liopc  that  a  sense  of  justice  will  ultimately  remove  the  evil  ;"  bnt  it  urged 
tlie  faithful  everywhere  toerect  and  maintain  .schools  where  theirchildren 
would  not  be  "exposed  to  the  danger  of  perversion.  Your  cliildren 
will  then  be  your  consolation  during  this  life,  your  crown  of  glory  in  tlio 
iie.\t." 


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472       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

was  (xuartered  for  a  time  at  Georgetown  College,  and 
took  part  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run. 

Regiments  of  volunteers,  Meagher's  Irish  Brigade, 
and  Corcoran's  Legion,  were  subsequently  raised  and 
care  was  taken  for  the  spiritual  good  of  the  Catholics 
who  constituted  the  mass  of  the  soldiers. 

At  the  opening  of  the  war  a  correspondence  between 
Archbishop  Hughes  and  Bishop  Lynch  of  Charleston 
showed  clearly  the  moderation  and  patriotism  as  well 
as  the  Christian  charity  which  animated  both  prelates. 

While  condemning  the  action  of  the  Southern 
States  and  adhering  to  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  Archbishop  Hughes  was  actuated  by  no  feeling 
of  hostility  to  the  South,  nnd  refrained  from  anything 
tending  to  inflame  the  public  mind.  The  Metropoli- 
tan Record,  founded  by  him  when  he  commenced  his 
Cathedral,  displeased  him  by  its  inteniperate  course, 
and  he  withdrew  all  countenance  from  it.  The  Free- 
man's Journal,  edited  by  James  A.  McMaster,  at  first 
took  strong  ground  against  Southern  writers  like 
Bishop  Lynch  and  Rev.  Mr.  Perche.  In  time,  how- 
ever, it  censured  bitterly  the  conduct  of  the  Republi- 
cans in  power.  This  led  to  action  by  a  United  States 
grand  jury,  and  to  the  exclusion  of  the  paper  from 
the  mails.  It  was  suppressed  after  the  issue  of 
August  24,  1861,  and  Mr.  McMaster  himself  was  ar- 
rested witliout  warrant  or  indictment,  and  long  con- 
fined a  close  prisoner  in  Fort  Lafayette.  No  formal 
charge  was  ever  made  against  him,  nor  was  he  ever 
brought  to  trial.  His  case  was  simply  one  of  the 
arbitrary  arrests  which  disgraced  our  government.' 

In  time  there  arose  a  danger  of  the  recognition  of 
the  Confederate  States  by  governments  in  Europe, 


'  Publication  was  not  rcsumcil  till  April  19,  1862. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


478 


and  after  the  Trent  affair,  fear  that  Eiighiml  might  go 
even  fiirtlier.  Tlie  United  States  government,  which 
liad  faltered  about  receiving  an  An^hbishop  as  envoy 
from  the  Pope,  now  earnestly  desired  Arcld)isliop 
Huglies  to  go  to  Europe  as  envoy  of  tlie  United  States. 
He  absolutely  declined  to  accept  any  official  position, 
but  expressed  his  willingness  to  use  all  his  efforts  to 
prevent  the  prolongation  of  the  war  or  greater  effusion 
of  human  blood. 

He  sailed  to  Europe  on  the  Africa  in  November, 
1801,  and  after  reaching  Liverpool  proceeded  to  Paris. 
There  he  had  interviews  with  the  members  of  the 
ministry,  and  was  honorably  rec.Mved  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Paris.  After  some  delay  he  obtained  an 
interview  witlithe  Emperor,  Napoleon  III.,  and  placed 
in  a  clear  light  the  real  position  of  affairs  in  America, 
to  show  that  it  was  for  the  interest  of  France  to  ad- 
liere  to  her  long  course  of  amity  with  the  government 
of  the  United  States.  The  impression  he  produced 
was  such  that  he  went  further,  and  urged  the  Emperor 
to  act,  if  necessary,  as  arbitrator  between  the  United 
States  and  England,  in  the  difficulty  which  had 
arisen.  The  influence  that  Archbishop  Hughes  pro- 
duced on  the  councils  of  Prance  at  this  juncture 
is  undeniable,  and  was  fully  recognized  at  Washing- 
ton. 

On  reaching  Paris  lie  wrote  to  Cardinal  Barnabo  to 
explain  the  nature  of  his  mission,  and  after  conclud- 
ing his  work  in  Paris  he  proceeded  to  Rome.  Though 
many  had  censured  the  Archbishop,  he  found  that 
Cardinals  Antonelli  and  Barnabo  and  the  Pope  him- 
self approved  of  his  conduct. 

After  being  present  at  the  canonization  of  the 
Japanese  martyrs  he  went  to  England,  and  preached 
in  Dublin  on  the  20th  of  July,  on  the  occasion  of  the 


•  4 


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474 


Ji, 


CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


laying  of  tlue  oornor  stone  <»f   lU''  Catholic   Univer- 
sity. 

He  returned  to  Xew  York  in  Angiist  iind,  after  giv- 
ing all  account  of  In.  nlssion,  resumed  tlie  work  of  tiie 
dioopse. 

An  Iwpoitnnt  institution  witr  undertaken  in  tlie 
spring  'f  186:{.  Tliis  was  the  estabii.slmient  of  a 
Catliolic  Reformatory.  To  effect  it  a  society  was 
formed  under  tlie  title  of  "  Tiie  Society  for  the  Pro- 
tection  of  Destitute  Catholic  Childrnii,"  which  was 
duly  incorporated  April  14,  18U;J.  A  house  for  boys 
was  opened  in  Kighty-sixth  Street  under  the  Brothers 
of  the  Christian  Schools,  and  a  separate  institution  for 
girls  uniler  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  With  Dr.  Uivi 
Silliman  Ives  as  president,  the  Society  prospered,  and 
its  work  was  so  beneticnal  that  in  W~)  the  Varian  farm 
in  Westchester  County  was  i)urchased  and  buildings 
erected,  the  corner  stone  being  laid  by  Archbishop 
McCloskey. 

In  the  spring  of  1803  an  Act  was  introduced  into 
the  Legislature  giving  Catholic  churches  power 
to  incorporate  in  a  way  to  make  their  property 
secure. 

The  health  of  Archbishop  Hughes  was  iilready  men- 
aced. It  declined  rapidly  after  his  return,  and  most 
of  his  remaining  days  were  marked  by  suffering. 
The  last  great  object  that  engaged  his  mind  was  the 
establishment  of  a  theological  seminary,  not  as  before, 
for  his  own  diocese  only,  but  for  all  those  of  the  prov- 
ince, which  then  eml)raoed  New  England,  New  York, 
a;,d  New  Jersey.  As  his  suffragans  favored  the  proj- 
ect, the  Archbishop  profited  by  an  opportunity  to 
X)urchase,  at  less  than  one-third  its  cost,  a  fine  bu?1 1 
ing  on  Mount  Ida  at  Troy,  erect'^d  by  the  Methodis^^s 
for  a  university,  and  with  it  grounds  occupying  f  o:t»e 


3*1:2^ '-f  Si   vi 


it 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YOHK. 


475 


'''•i\ 


thirty-SHven  acros.     He  did  not  live  to  see  t]u'  semi- 
nary actually  establislied. 

Tli«  diocese  moved  on  gmdualiy.  No  new  work  ol' 
importance  was  uiidertaktMi.  The  ci  i^y  and  fait liful 
had  grown  to  look  to  tlie  masterful  mind  of  the  Arcli- 
bisliop  for  the  initiative  in  every  new  found  ition,  so 
that  when  from  failing  energies  he  no  longer  gave  the 
word,  none  ventured  to  act. 

His  last  ])ublic  action  was  to  address  the  Catholic 
body  at  Ihc  tiine  of  the  draft  ri(jts,  but  he  showed  that 
he  had  lost  hib  old  power,  grasp,  and  energy.  At  this 
timt'  he  was  so  enfeebled  that  he  could  not  stand 
at  the  altar  long  enough  to  olYer  the  holy  sacii- 
(ice.  From  December,  18(53,  he  was  confined  to  his 
bed,  and  on  the  2l)th,  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Starrs,  V.  O., 
announced  to  him  the  opinicm  of  the  physicians  that 
he  could  not  recover.  Mass  was  said  in  his  room, 
on  the  ;kl  of  January,  by  Rev.  John  McElroy,  S.  J. 
Toward  evening  spasn\s  came  on,  and  he  died  with 
a  smile  on  his  lips,  while  Bishoj)  McCloskey  of 
Albany  was  reciting  the  prayers  for  a  departing 
soul. 

His  body  was  conveyed  to  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral, 
where  a  solemn  requiem  mass  was  offered  on  the  7th, 
'»y  Uishop  Timon,  Bishop  McCloskey  pronouncing 
the  funeral  discourse,  six  other  bishops  and  nearly 
two  hundred  priests  being  present,  llis  remains  were 
laid  in  a  vault  beneath  the  altar,  and  in  time  were 
removed  to  a  crypt  in  the  great  Cathedral  on  Fifth 
Avenue  which  he  began. 

Thus  ended  the  tnost  remarkable  episcopal  adminis- 
tration that  New  York  had  yet  known.  He  found 
the  diocese  divided,  limid,  apathetic  ;  he  infused  into 
l)riests  and  peoi)le  i  spirit  of  energy,  courage,  and 
self-sacrifice.     The  progress  of  the  Cliurch  was  such 


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476       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

that  he  saw  four  dioceses  carved  out  of  his  own,  and 
the  progress  was  not  merely  material,  it  was  evinced 
in  the  spirit  and  devotedness  of  the  people  to  their 
religion.' 

During  the  time  of  Archbishop  Hughes  some  not- 
able Catholics  passed  away,  the  venerable  Thomas 
O' Conor  (1855),  editor  of  the  Shamrock,  the  first  paper 
in  New  York  for  Irish  and  Catholic  readers  ;  author, 
also,  of  a  careful  history  of  the  Second  War  with 
Great  Britain,  and  prominent  through  life  in  all  Cath- 
olic movements,  his  son,  Charles  O'Conor,  rising  to  the 
very  highest  position  at  the  bar  in  the  United  States. 
Another  was  Pierre  Toussaint,'  a  colored  man,  who,  by 
his  virtues,  his  piety,  charity,  and  zeal,  had  won  uni- 
versal esteem  and  regard  (1853),  and  Jedediah  V. 
Huntington  (1862),  a  convert,  editor  of  the  Metropol- 
itan, of  the  St.  Louis  Leader,  and  author  of  poems 
and  works  of  fiction  evincing  remarkable  literary 
power. 

Another  layman,  long  resident  in  New  York,  where 
lie  devoted  the  leisure  left  by  mercantile  business  to 
gathering  facts  and  contributing  sketches  to  Catholic 
papers  in  France,  among  others  a  series  on  the  history 
of  the  Church  here,  was  Henri  de  Courcy  de  la  Roche 
Heron,  of  an  old  Breton  family.  He  died  in  France 
in  1862.  His  sketches,  translated  into  English,  were 
for  many  years  the  source  to  which  most  readers 
went  for  a  knowledge  of  the  progress  of  Catholicity. 


'  Hassard's  "  Life  of  the  Most  Rev.  John  Hughes,  D.  D.,  First  Arch- 
bishop of  New  York. "  New  York,  1806  ;  Works  of  Archbishop  Hughes, 
2  vols..  New  York,  1864;  Brooksiana.  New  York,  1855;  Tanffe.  "A 
History  of  St.  Johns  College,  Fordlmm.  X.  Y.,"  New  York  ;  Freeman's 
Journal,  1853  ;  1864  ;  Metropolitan  Recoril,  1859  ;  1864 ;  Cath.  Mirror, 
etc.  . 

•  Memoir  of  Pierre  Toussaint,  born  a  slave  ;  Boston,  1854. 


ETS. 

own,  and 
8  evinced 
B  to  their 

ome  not- 
Tliomas 
rst  paper 
;  author, 
Tar  with 
all  Cath- 
ng  to  the 
cl  States. 
,  who,  by- 
won  uni- 
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letropol- 
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literary 

k,  where 
siness  to 
Catholic 
e  history 
la  Roche 
n  France 
ish,  were 
readers 
olicity. 

First  Arch- 
op  Huglics, 
Tiinffe,  "A 
Freeman's 
ith.  Mirror, 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


477 


MOST  REV.  JOHN  McCLOSKEY,  SECOND  ARCHBISHOP,  1864-1866. 

The  administration  of  the  diocese  devolved  for  a 
time  on  Very  Rev.  William  Starrs,  Vicar- General,  but 
the  speedy  promotion  of  Bishop  McCloskey,  who  had 
been  Coadjutor  to  Archbishop  Hughes,  with  the  right 
of  succession,  was  generally  looked  for.  He  was,  too, 
the  choice  of  the  Bishops  of  the  province  and  of  the 
clergy  of  the  diocese.  The  Sovereign  Pontiff  on  the 
6th  of  May,  1864,  promoted  him  to  the  archiepiscopal 
see  of  New  York.  When  the  formal  documents  ar- 
rived he  was  solemnly  installed  in  the  Cathedral  where 
he  had  been  ordained  to  the  priesthood. 


*  ^j 


SEAL  OP  BISUOI-  MCCLOSKEY  OP  ALBANY. 


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CHAPTER  II. 


&T4t 


"     'I 


DIOCESE  OF  ALBANY. 
RT.  BEV.  JOHN  McCLOSKEY,  FIKBT  BISHOP,  1852-1864. 

As  the  diocese  of  Albany  embraced  several  sparsely 
settled  counties,  with  lew  large  towns,  Bishop 
McCloskey  found  churches  needed  at  many  points, 
and  appointed  zealous,  hard-working  priests  to  erect 
them. 

The  Catliedral  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  at 
Albany  was  approaching  completion,  and  was  dedi- 
cated on  the  30th  of  October,  1858.  To  the  ceremony 
came  Archbishops  Hughes  of  New  York  and  Mosquera 
of  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  Bishops  Bourget  of  Montreal, 
Fitzpatrick,  Timon,  and  Whelan.  The  line  edilice  vras 
not  yet  completed  in  all  its  details,  but  its  imposing 
nave,  the  storied  windows,  each  the  gift  of  a  church 
in  the  diocese,  showed  what  it  would  be  when  fin- 
ished. Archbishop  Hughes  not  only  officiated  in  bless- 
ing the  church  and  consecrating  the  altar,  but  also 
preached  on  the  occasion.  Among  the  faithful  gath- 
ered there  was  one  who  remembered  the  lirst  little 
church  in  Albany,  when  it  and  St.  Peter's  Church, 
New  York,  were  the  only  two  churclies  in  the  State. 
Bishop  McCk)skey  had  already  doubled  the  number 
of  his  churches  ;  but  the  progress  continued,  the  cor- 
ner  stones  of  churches  were  soon  laid  at  Syracuse, 
Plattsburgh,  and  Watertown.  St.  Patrick's  in  West 
Utica,  St.  John's,  Schenectady,  churches  at  Olmstead- 
ville,  Dannemora,  Ilarrisburgh,  Pinckway,  Brasher,. 
Redford,  and  Rouse's  Point  were  dedicated. 

473 


DIOCESE  OF  ALBANY. 


47& 


In  March,  1853,  the  Catholics  of  Oswego  petitioned 
the  legislature  for  a  division  of  the  school  fund,  show- 
ing that  the  schools  maintained  by  the  fund  were  such 
that  Catholics  could  not  benefit  by  them.     A  case  in 
the  diocese  soon  proved  the  anti-Catholic  spirit  of  the 
public  schools.     On  the  8th  of  August,  1853,  William 
Callahan,  a  Catholic  pupil  in  the  district  school,  South 
Easton,  Washington  County,  was,  with  the  sanction  of 
the  trustees,  severely  punished  with  a  ferule  and  ex- 
pelled from  the  school  by  the  teacher,  Margaret  Giflord, 
for  declining  to  I'ead  and  study  the  Protostant  Testa- 
ment.    Henry  S.  Randall,    State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools,  when  the  matter  was  laid  before  him, 
declared   the    teacher's    conduct    "to    be  not  only 
unwarrantable,   but  barbarous."     But  there  was  na 
safeguard  of  positive  law,  and  Catholic  children  re- 
mained liable  to  similar  treatment.    The  decision  seems^ 
even  to  have  excited  great  bitterness,  if  we  nuiy  judge 
from  the  attempt  soon  after  to  burn  down  the  Catholic 
church  at  Palmyra,  and  the  treatment  of  the  Catholic 
children  in  the  Albany  almshouse,  whom  the  authori- 
ties distinctly  claimed  the  right  to  bring  up  as  Protest- 
ants. 

In  1855  churches  were  dedicated  at  two  future  epis- 
copal sees  :  Ogdensburg,  where  in  the  last  century  the 
Abbo  Picquet  had  his  mission  of  the  Presentation,  and 
Syracuse.  The  first  synod  of  the  diocese  of  Albany 
met  on  Sunday,  October  7, 1855,  the  clergy  and  Bishop 
moving  in  procession  from  his  house  on  Lydius  Street 
to  the  main  entrance  of  the  Cathedral ;  the  Very  Rev. 
J.  J.  Conroy  was  promotor,  Rev.  F.  P.  McFarland, 
secretary,  when  the  assembly  began  its  regular  ses- 
sions. 

In  September,  1858,  the  corner  stone  of  St.  Peter's 
College,  Troy,  to  be  conducted  by  the  Brothers  of  the 


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Christian  Schools,  was  laid  by  Bishop  McCloskey. 
Tiiis  was  one  of  the  many  projects  of  Rev.  Peter  Hav- 
ernians,  to  whom  Catholicity  in  Troy  owes  so  much. 
The  next  year  the  corner  stone  of  another  college  was 
laid  at  Syracuse,  but  in  neither  case  were  the  institu- 
tions successfully  established. 

Catholicity  had  some  drawbacks  :  an  accident  in  a 
church  at  Oswego  in  March,  1859,  when  the  floor  gave 
way  and  several  lives  were  lost,  and  some  time  previous 
the  burning  of  the  church  vt  Cohoes. 

While  on  his  way  to  Port  Kent  in  July,  1859,  with 
two  of  his  priests.  Bishop  McCloskey' s  carriage  gave 
way  and  he  extricated  himself  from  the  wreck,  fortu- 
nately with  but  little  injury.  In  a  collision  on  the 
Hudson  River  railroad  the  next  January,  Bishop 
McCloskey  escaped  with  a  severe  fracture. 

The  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  who  had  conducted 
an  academy  at  Albany,  purchased  in  the  summer  of 
1859  the  elegant  estate  of  Joel  Rathbone,  known  as 
Kenwood,  about  two  miles  from  the  city  on  the  Bethle- 
hem road.  Their  academy  opened  at  this  delightful 
spot  soon  won  a  high  reputation. 

Among  other  signs  of  progress  at  this  time  were 
churches  at  Malone,  and  at  Greenbush,  opposite  Al- 
bany, wliere  the  large  shops  had  many  Catholic  work- 
men. 

Churches  rose  at  Watertown  and  Champlain,  and 
Albany  met  its  increasing  Catholic  population  by 
erecting  St.  Joseph's  Church.  Institutions  began  to 
appear,  an  orphan  asylum  at  Troy,  and  one  at  Utica, 
while  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  Madame  d'Youville's 
foundation  at  Montreal,  commonly  called  Gray  Nuns, 
foutuied  a  house  and  began  work  at  Plattsburgh.  The 
Conventual  Franciscan  Fathers  under  Very  Rev.  Leo- 
l)old  Moczygemba  had  established  a  convent  with  a 


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DIOCESE  OF  ALBANY. 


481 


novitiate  and  house  of  study  at  Syracuse,  and  a  con- 
vent at  Utica,  with  a  school  for  girls  directed  by  Sis- 
ters of  the  Third  Order  of  St.  Francis. '  Brothers  of  the 
Christian  Schools  were  directing  asylums  and  schools. 
The  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart  had  a  flourishing 
academy  at  Albany.  The  Sisters  of  Charity  had  ex- 
tended their  work  of  education  and  mercy.  At  the 
beginning  of  1861  there  were  ninety  priests  in  the 
diocese  and  one  hundred  and  seventeen  churches, 
twenty-seven  parochial  schools,  and  six  orphan 
asylums. 

Though  the  diocese  lost  one  of  its  most  zealous  and 
active  priests.  Rev.  Michael  Hackett  of  Salina,  the 
work  went  on.  The  Catholics  at  Chittenango  bought 
a  neat  Baptist  church  and  soon  had  it  dedicated. 
Cooperstown  had  its  church,  and  St.  Bernard's  rose 
at  Cohoes.  The  Catholics  of  the  diocese  were  shocked 
to  learn  in  September,  1863,  that  Rev.  Michael  Olivetti, 
the  priest  stationed  at  Port  Henry,  had  been  murdered 
and  his  body  thrown  into  Lake  Champlain. 

The  development  of  Catholicity  in  northeastern 
New  York  had  thus  been  steady  and  solid,  and  the 
diocese  was  in  a  high  degree  of  prosperity  when  the 
brief  arrived  promoting  Bishop  McCloskey  to  the 
Archiepiscopal  see  of  New  York." 

'  This  community,  established  In  the  United  States  in  1850,  thougli  it 
lost  some  by  death  and  others  who  returned  to  Europe  in  ill  health,  had 
at  the  beginning  of  1804  eighteen  priests  and  ten  clerics. 

*  Freeman's  Journal.  1853,  1864  ;  J.  Talbot  Smith,  "A  History  of  the 
Diocese  of  Ogdeusburg,"  New  York,  pp.  41, 425. 


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RT.  REV.  JOHN  J.  OONUOY,  SECOND  BISHOP,  1865-1866. 

The  Very  Rev.  Jolin  Joseph  Conroy,  who,  during 
the  vacancy  of  tlie  see  of  Albany  became  administra- 
tor, was  born  at  Clonaslee,  Queen's  County,  Irelaiul, 
about  18*29.  Coming  to  this  country  at  tlie  age  of 
twelve  he  studied  at  Montreal  and  pursued  his  theo- 
logical course  at  Emmitsburg  and  St.  Joseph's  Semi- 
nary, Fordham.  lie  was  ordained  priest  in  June,  1842, 
and  became  president  of  St.  John's  College.  Prom 
1844  he  was  pastor  of  St,  Joseph's  Church,  Albany, 
displaying  zeal  and  energy  in  parochial  work.  He  re- 
built the  church,  brought  the  Sisters  of  Charity  into 
his  district,  and  founded  St.  Vincent's  Orphan  Asy- 
lum. His  ability  as  Vicar-General  led  to  his  appoint- 
ment as  Bishop  of  Albany.     He  shrunk  from   the 


BIGNATURE  OF  BISHOP  CONROY. 


dignity,  but  he  was  consecrated  October  15,  18G5,  in 
the  Cathedral  at  Albany,  Archbishop  McCloskpy  be- 
ing consecrator,  assisted  by  Bishop  Timon  of  Buffalo 
and  Bishop  Loughlin  of  Brooklyn,  and  Archbishop 
Purcell  preaching  on  the  occasion. 

Known  and  appreciated  throughout  his  diocese, 
Bishop  Conroy,  in  the  visitations  which  he  soon  un- 
dertook, stimulated  anew  the  zeal  of  the  faithful  and 
planned  new  institutions  for  their  general  good. 


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CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OP  BUFFALO. 

BT.  REV.  JOHN  TIMON,  FIRST  BI8H0P,  1853-1866. 

After  the  Plenary  Council  Bishop  Tiriion  found 
himself  confronted  by  the  questions  of  the  treatment 
of  Catholic  children  in  the  public  schools,  and  by  the 
question  of  the  tenure  of  Church  property.  The  Cath- 
olics petitioned  the  sciiool  authorities  to  exempt  their 
children  from  the  compulsory  reading  of  the  Protes- 
tant Bible.  The  petition  met  the  usiud  fate.  Bishop 
Timon  then  made  the  subject  the  topic  of  one  of  his 
pastoral  letters. 

The  trustees  of  St.  Louis'  Church  remained  defiant ; 
and  when  Archbishop  Bedini  was  sent  to  this  coun- 
try, the  whole  question  was  investigated  by  him  un- 
der a  commission  from  the  Pope.  In  conformity  with 
the  known  discipline  of  the  Church  he  decided  against 
the  trustees.  They  replied  with  terms  of  violent  de- 
nunciation. A  letter  of  Cardinal  Fransoni  produced 
no  effect,  and  the  trustees  were  finally  excommunicated 
Juno  22,  1854.  They  soon  saw  that  their  hold  on  their 
dupes  was  failing,  and  made  a  feigned  submission  to 
obtain  a  removal  of  the  interdict.  This  was  scarcely 
done  when  they  petitioned  the  Legislature  to  make  a 
general  law  by  which  all  Catholic  Church  property 
could  be  placed  under  the  control  of  irresponsible  men 
like  themselves.  As  we  have  seen,  a  most  unconstitu- 
tional law  was  passed,  and  for  some  years  disgraced 
the  statute  book  of  New  York. 

But  the  Catholic  body  was  increasing.     In  1853  the 

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DIOCESE  OF  BUFFALO. 


486 


corner  stones  of  St.  Mary's  Church  at  Dunkirk,  and 
also  of  churches  at  Scottsville  iind  St.  Mary's,  Roch- 
ester, were  laid.      A  church  was  opened  at  Albion. 

To  obtain  means  to  erect  his  proposed  Cathedral 
Bishop  Timon  visited  Mexico,  Spain,  and  other  coun- 
tries, and  not  in  vain.  A  line  site  was  secured,  and 
the  corner  stone  of  St.  Joseph's  Cathedral  was  laid  in 
February,  1852.  The  untiring  efforts  of  Dr.  Timon 
enabled  him  to  complete  the  edifice  and  it  was  soleitmly 
dedicated  in  July,  ISoo,  by  Rt.  Rev.  John  McCloskey, 
Bishop  of  Albany,  and  Rt.  Rev.  John  Loughlin, 
Bishop  of  Brooklyn.  Archbishop  Hughes  delivered 
an  eloquent  sermon  at  the  high  niass,  and  Bishop 
Henni  of  Milwaukee  preached  at  vespers  in  German. 

In  1853  Bishop  Timon  began  St.  Vincent's  Infant 
Asylum  on  ground  given  by  P.  A.  Lecouteulx,  Esq., 
and  secured  a  large  site  for  a  cemetery  near  Buffalo. 
Two  years  after  he  obtained  Sisters  of  the  Immacu- 
late Heart  of  Mary  from  the  mother  house  at  Cleve- 
land. A  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  under  competent 
Sisters  began  its  work  in  1856. 

Four  Sisters  of  Charity  of  our  Lady  of  Refuge,  with 
Mother  Mary  of  Jerome  Tournais  as  Superior,  arrived 
from  their  house  at  Rennes,  France,  in  June,  1855,  and 
founded  a  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd  on  Ellicott 
Street,  which  soon  removed,  however,  to  Washington 
Street  near  St.  Peter's  Church. 

Brothers  of  the  Holy  Infancy  came  to  direct  orphan 
asylums  for  boys,  and  Sisters  of  St.  Bridget  to  teach 
poor  girls,  but  these  communities  did  not  become 
permanent.  The  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  from  St.  Louis, 
who  established  an  academy  at  Canandaigua,  were 
more  successful. 

A  most  important  element  for  the  future  good  of 
the  diocese  was  the  introduction  of  a  colony  of  Re- 


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480       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

formed  FiaiiciHCiina  from  Italy  under  Fiitlier  Pum- 
phihis  da  Magliano,  as  Guardian.  Tliis  l)raiicli  of  thn 
Friars  Minor  known  in  France  ns  Recollects,  had 
labored  zealously  in  Canada  while  the  province  was 
uufler  French  sway.  One  crossed  the  Niagara  River 
and  reported  the  existence  of  oil  springs  as  early  as 
1029;  Fathers  Membre,  Hennepin,  and  Ribourde  were 
with  La  Salle  at  Niagara,  jmuI  said  mass  in  a  tempo- 
rary chapel  in  his  little  fort.'  The  colony  from  Italy 
came,  iiuluced  by  Nicholas  Devereux  of  Utica,  who 
gave  the  Fathers  two  hundred  acres  ol  land  and  a 
donation  of  live  thousand  dollars.  They  began  their 
labors  at  Ellicottville  June  19,  ISof).  They  have  since 
built  up  a  large  college  and  seminary  at  AlleglKuiy. 

On  the  HOth  of  September,  ISoo,  Bishop  Timon  held 
the  first  synod  of  the  clergy  of  his  diocese  in  St. 
Joseph's  Cathedral.  Bishop  Timon  gath, .  ed  his 
priests  in  similar  synods  annually  for  nmny  years, 
and  by  pastoral  letters  on  every  important  occasion 
endeavored  to  rouse  the  zeal  of  the  Catholics  com- 
mitted to  his  care.' 

Catholics  in  the  almshouses  were  often  denied  the 
privilege  of  having  their  own  worship,  and  compelled 
to  attend  Protestant  services.  Bishop  Tinujii  took 
the  matter  up  with  his  wonted  earnestness,  and  in 
18.")8  the  Catholics  were  allowed  to  have  their  own 
service. 

The  churches  of  the  Immaculate  Conception,  St. 
Anne's,  and  the  Holy  Angels',  Buffalo;  St  Joiin's, 
Lockport;  St.  Mary's,  Rochester;  and  ciiurclies  at 
Elmira  and  Oiean  Mere  pushed  on  in  18r)7  and  18.')8. 

'  Sec  Reminirton,  "  Shipyard  of  the  Oiiffln."    Buffiilo,  1881, 
'SyiKxls,  Sept.  30,  1855,  Oct.  0,  185(1,  Jiiiio   25,  1860,  May.  1801,  etc. 

Sniiic  of  the  Ads  were  appiirciilly  ininlcd,  but  I  liavu  never  bt'cii  able  to 

obtain  any  prior  to  the  iweulietb  ^1SS0>. 


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DIOCESE  OF  BUFFALO. 


487 


The  Uuflfalo  Juvenile  Asylum  was  opened  under  a 
craft ily  drawn  Act,  evidently  intended  to  favor  Protes- 
tant prose) ytisni  and  force  the  Catliolic  inmates  to 
.surrender  their  faith.  Against  it,  and  the  intoler- 
ant House  of  Refuge  at  Rochester,  strong  remon- 
stances  were  made,  and  some  concessions  extorted. 

In  1857  the  theological  seminary  of  Our  Lady  of 
the  Angels,  directed  l)y  the  Priests  of  the  Mission, 
was  opened  near  Niagara  City,  and  though  a  fire  laid 
it  waste  for  a  time,  it  soon  resumed  its  useful  career, 
and  continues  to  this  day  to  be  of  great  service  in 
training  young  men  to  the  learning  and  spirit  of  the 
priesthood. 

After  visiting  Europe  in  1858  Bishop  Timon  pub- 
lished the  Jubilee  and  exposed  the  relics  of  St.  Pere- 
grinus,  taken  from  the  Catacombs  and  bestowed  upon 
him  by  the  Pope.  The  next  year  Buffalo  began  a 
Catholic  hall,  and  several  new  churches  for  English 
and  German  speaking  faithful  arose.  Among  the 
events  of  the  year  may  be  noted  the  consecration  in 
St.  Joseph's  Cathedral  of  Rt.  Rev.  John  J.  Lynch, 
C.  M.,  Bishop  of  Toronto. 

In  1800  Bishop  Timon  obtained  a  suitable  site  and 
erected  the  Providence  Insane  Asylum,  where  tlie 
Sisters  of  Charity  were  soon  ministering  to  minds 
diseaaed.  When  civil  war  threatened  the  country 
Bishop  Timon  frankly  sustained  the  government  of 
the  United  States,  and  on  the  3d  of  December,  1800, 
issued  a  peace  circular. 

Though  the  Christian  Brothers  arrived  in  his  dio- 
cese in  1801  and  several  churches  were  begun,  the 
long  years  of  incessant  activity  began  to  show  their 
intluence  on  the  Bishop.  lie  visited  Europe  in  1802, 
but  when  anonymous  publications  were  circulated 
grossly  attacking  his  character,  the  pious  and  aged 


•  J 


.\H 


ii 


4HH      Tiri'J  CllUliCU  IS  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


IJishop  rwn'er  recoveivd  froiii  tlit)  blow.  His  /cjil  for 
his  flock  was  shown  in  frequent  iind  tonching  pas- 
torals. He  sunk  gradually,  medical  aid  failiiiK  to 
check  the  progress  of  the  malady.  On  P.dm  Sunday, 
18(57,  he  preached  for  the  last  time  in  his  Cathedral, 
seated,  his  weakne.ss  not  permitting  him  to  stand. 
The  next  day  he  was  conveyed  to  his  bed  after  nu)rn- 
ing  prayers,  and  the  physicians  pronounced  dissolu- 
tion at  hand.  The  Bishops  of  Toronto  and  l[airdltt)n 
hastened  to  his  bedside.  Holding  his  criu-ilix  he 
constantly  repeated  ejaculatory  prayers.  Fortilied 
with  all  the  sacraments,  he  expired  on  Tuesday  even- 
ing,  April  16,  1807.' 

'  DiMitlicr.  "  The  Life  and  Times  of  the  lU.  Hi-v.  John  Tiinon,  I)  1)., 
First  Uoiniiii  Catholic;  Hislmp  of  liif  Diocese  of  HulTiilo,"  IJiitTiih),  1870; 
ncrichle  dcr  Lcopoliliiicn  StiftuiiR.  xxv.,  p.  19;  Mctropoliliin,  i-vi  ; 
Froemun's  Joiirniil.  July,  la53  ;  1880  ;  Cath.  Mirror,  etc.,  St.  Joseph's 
CatheUrul,  Bullulo,  1858. 


r:  * 


\ 


■  *  i 


IM 


/ 


RT.   REV.  JOHN   LOrOMLIN,  FIU8T  BISHOP  OP  IIUOOKLYN. 


1 

:  1 


4  ■ 


p 

■.!•! 

i  H 

M 

nil 

III 


r    I 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF  BROOKLYN. 
RT.  BEV.  JOHN  LOUOHLIN,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1853-1866. 

Pope  Pius  X.  on  the  29th  of  July,  1853,  by  his  Bull 
"De  Incolutnitate  Christianse  Gregis"  erected  the 
see  of  Brooklyn,  and  elected  as  its  first  Bishop  the 
Very  Rev.  John  Loughlin,  then  Vicar-General  of 
New  York.  The  diocese  was  to  comprise  Long  Island, 
which  was  thus  detached  from  that  of  New  York, 
The  Island  had  been  known  to  the  Spanish  navigators, 
who  gave  it  the  name  of  Island  of  the  Holy  Apostles, 
apparently  from  its  being  first  discovered  on  the  feast 
of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  It  comprises  three  coun- 
ties. Kings,  named  in  honor  of  Charles  II.,  who  died 
in  the  faith  of  his  mother,  and  Queens,  named  in 
honor  of  his  pious  Catholic  wife,  Catharine  of  Bra- 
ganza. 

During  the  sway  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company 
we  find  scarcely  a  trace  of  Catholicity,  the  case  of  the 
FrHUchmau  at  Breukelen,  who  was  fined,  in  1658,  for 
pleading  that  he  was  a  Catholic  when  called  upon  to 
pay  for  the  support  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  minister, 
being  one  of  the  exceptions.  The  period  of  English 
rule  is  equally  barren  of  allusion  to  Catholicity  ;  but 
after  the  Revolution  some  Catholics  made  their  home 
in  Brooklyn.  From  1785,  when  St.  Peter's  Church, 
the  first  in  the  State,  was  erected  in  New  York,  the 
faithful  in  Brooklyn  crossed  the  East  River  to  fulfill 
their  Christian  duties  witliin  its  walls.  Among  these 
early  Catholics  was   the  fatlier  of  the  late  Cardinal 

400 


DIOCESE  OF  BROOKLYN. 


491 


but 


McCloskey,  who  was  one  oi  the  first  purchasers  of 
pews  at  St.  Peter's,  and  Mrs.  Charlotte  Melnoth, 
whose  academy  for  young  Uidies  enjoyed  a  high 
reputation. 

When  the  little  band  of  Catholics  grew,  priests  used 
to  cross  the  river  to  attend  them.     Among  those  who 
thus  attended  the  little  congregation  were  Rev.  John 
Power,  Rev.  P.  Lariscy,  O.  S.  A.,  who  offered  the  holy 
sacrifice  at  Mr.  William  Purcell's,  corner  of  York 
and  Gold    Streets,  Rev,  P.   Bulger  and   Rev.  Awly 
McCauley.     On  the  1st  of  January,  1822,  Mr.  Peter 
Turner  appealed  to  his  fellow-Catholics  to  take  steps 
to  secure  a  school,  a  church,  a  pastor,  and  a  cemetery. 
Tile  appeal  was  not  unheeded.     Lots  n'ere  purchased 
in  March,  and  the  ground  blessed  by  Bishop  Connolly 
in  April.     It  was  truly  Catholic  energy,  for  the  little 
flock  could  not  number  more  than  seventy  membei  - 
During  the  erection  of  the  church,  they  generally  had 
service  in  Daniel  Dempsey's  Long  Room.    The  corner 
stone  was  laid   at  last,  and  St.  James'  Church  was 
dedicated  by  Rt.  Rev.   John  Connolly,  August  28, 
1823 ;  Catholicity  had  found  a  home  in  the  future 
diocese  of  Brooklyn.     In  1825  it  had  a  resident  pastor, 
Rev.  John  Farnan. 

There  were  apparently  few  Catholics  beyond  Brook- 
lyn for  many  years,  but,  in  1834,  those  at  Sag  Harbor, 
near  the  easterly  end  of  the  island,  began  to  receive 
visits  from  New  York  and  Brooklyn.  Then  Williams- 
burg, Flushing,  and  Jamaica  became  stations.  The 
flock  in  Brooklyn  increased  so  that  St.  Paul's  was 
erected  in  1837,  on  ground  given  by  Cornelius  Heeny, 
who  became  a  resident.  Six  years  later  Astoria  had 
its  Cliurch  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  of  Mount  Carmel; 
Flushing,  the  Church  of  St.  Michael's;  Jamaica  and 
Sag  Harbor  each  a  church,  and  Williamsburg  had  its 


'■•W4] 


'^it 


492      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Church  of  St.  Mary  and  a  German  Church  of  the 
Holy  Trinity.  Brooklyn  had  an  orphan  asylum  and 
two  free  schools.  The  faith  .was  spreading  over  the 
Island.  When  Pius  IX.,  in  18o3,  created  the  new 
diocese  of  Brooklyn,  the  city  had  six  churches,  and 
Williamsburg,  now  included  in  its  limits,  two  more  ; 
there  were  churches  at  Astoria,  Flatbush,  Flushing, 
Jamaica,  and  Westburg.  There  'vere  priests  and  soon 
a  church  at  Fort  Hamilton,  and  a  priest  at  Sag  Har- 
bor, and  numerous  stations  were  regularly  attended. 
Sisters  of  Charity,  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools, 
and  Sisters  of  St.  Dominic  were  laboring  for  education 
or  charity. 

This  was  the  nucleus  for  his  new  diocese  which 
Bishop  Loughlin  found.  Many  of  the  churches  were 
poor  and  inadequate  for  the  congregations;  the 
schools  were  not  carefully  conducted.  The  Bishop 
took  hold  with  energy  and  aroused  a  new  spirit.  St. 
Benedict's  was  dedicated  in  September,  1853,  and  a 
month  later  the  Immaculate  Conception  Church.  St. 
Boniface's,  purchased  from  the  Episcopalians,  was 
dedicated  for  the  use  of  the  Germans  in  1854,  as  were 
Holy  Trinity  and  St.  Malachy's  at  East  New  York, 
and  a  new  church  was  begun  at  Flushing.  The  Cath- 
olic body  kept  growing  with  the  growth  of  Brook- 
lyn, and  the  faithful,  generally,  were  treated  with 
respect.  But  this  was  the  period  of  one  of  those 
unreasoning  ebullitions  against  tlie  Church,  in  which 
ignorant  and  misguided  Protestants  believe  that  they 
have,  a  perfect  right  to  destroy  Catholic  churches. 
The  corner  stone  of  St.  Mary's,  Willian)sburg,  and  soon 
after  that  of  St.  Patrick's  Church  had  just  been  laid, 
in  November,  1854,  when  a  riot  occurred  at  tlin  jmlls 
in  Williamsburg  bt-tween  members  of  the  Native 
American  party  and  the  Irish.     The  next  day  a  mob, 


DIOCESE  OF  BROOKLYN". 


493 


was 


formed  under  arms,  marched  through  the  streets  firing 
indiscriminately  on  all  they  suspected  of  being  Cath- 
olics. The  Mayor  in  vain  attempted  by  moderate 
words  to  induce  them  to  disperse.  They  proceeded 
to  the  Cliurch  of  St,  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  tore  down  the 
iron  railing,  and,  keeping  up  a  running  musketry  fire 
to  prevent  interrui^tion,  broke  down  the  churcli  door 
and  were  lighting  a  pile  of  combustibles  when  the 
Mayor  and  i)olice  appeared,  followed  by  a  detach- 
ment of  militia.  By  these  they  were  at  last  driven 
off  and  the  church  saved. 

There  was  need  of  energetic  communities  to  meet 
the  wants  of  his  flock,  and  Bishop  Loughlin  obtained 
from  Missouri  a  colony  of  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph,  who 
arrived  August  20,  1855,  and  were  soon  engaged  in 
teaching,  increasing  in  numbers  so  as,  in  less  than 
ten  years,   to  purchase  an   Episcopalian  college  at 
Flushing  to  transform  it  into  the  mother  house  of  the 
sisterhood.     The  Sisters  of  Mercy  entered  the  diocese 
of  Brooklyn  September  12,  1855,  and  their  commu- 
nity under  Mother  Vincent  Haire  were  soon  visiting 
the  sick,   instructing    ignorant  girls,   and    conduct- 
ing the  girls'  school  at  the  Cathedral.    In  1862  they 
entered  their  new  convent  on  Willoughby  Avenue. 
Brooklyn  needed  a  young  ladies'  academy  in  which 
education  of  a  high  order  could  be  given  to  pupils. 
To  efl'ect  this,  the   Bishop  obtained  a  colony  of  the 
Visitation    Nuns    from    the    diocese   of    Baltimore, 
Mother  Juliana  Mathews,  with  six  professed  and  one 
lay  sister,  were  soon  installed   in  their  convent  on 
Lawrence     Street,   and    in  a  few  years    founded  a 
second    convent    and    academy    at    New    Utrecht. 
Churches  increased.     St.  Joseph's,  St.  Mary's  Star  of 
the  Sea.  Our   Lady  of  Mercy,    Help  of  Christians, 
were  dedicated  in  18.')5.     The  next  year  saw  the  bless- 


h-  II 
*i  ii!! 


l^^M 


494       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ing  of  St.  Michaers  Church,  Fhisliing  ;  St.  Monica's, 
at  Jamaica  ;  St.  Anthony's,  at  Greenpoint ;  St.  Mi- 
chael's, East  New  Yorlc  ;  and  several  others.'  P^ven  in 
the  remote  part  of  the  Island,  at  Greenport,  where 
Catholics  were  few  and  prejudice  so  strong  that  Rev. 
Michael  Curran  of  Astoria  could  find  no  shelter  ex- 
cept the  hallway  of  a  tavern,  with  his  valise  for  a  pil- 
low, and  mass  had  been  said  in  a  barn,  could  boast 
of  a  little  church  dedicated  in  honor  of  St.  Agnes. 
Not  only  cliurches  but  schoolhouses,  with  all  the 
necessary  requirements,  were  rising  throughout  the 
Island. 

The  diocese  was  now  full  of  activity  and  energy. 
AVhen  the  appeals  came  for  tlie  American  College  or 
for  the  relief  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  the  liberality  of 
the  Catholics  showed  their  zeal  and  devotedness. 

Political  excitement  and  even  the  great  Civil  War 
seemed  to  check  in  nowise  the  progress  of  Catho- 
licity in  the  Islaml  diocese.  Each  succeeding  year 
saw  new  churches  in  Brooklyn  and  other  parts  of 
Long  Island.  In  1861  died  a  great  and  laborious 
jn-iest.  Very  Rev.  John  Stephen  Raffeiner,  the  apos- 
tle, in  our  times,  of  his  Gei-man  countrymen.  He  was 
born  at  Walls,  in  Tyrol,  December  20, 1785.  Educated 
by  the  Benedictines,  at  Innspruck  and  Rome,  he 
adopted  the  medical  profession  and  was  at  the  head 
of  a  military  hospital  in  Mihm.  Entei'ing  on  a  course 
of  theology  he  was  ordained  in  May,  182."),  and  arriv- 
ing at  New  York  in  January,  1833,  was  received  into 
the  diocese  by  Bishop  DuBois.  His  labors  were 
constant  and  widespread,  as  these  pages  have  fre- 
quentlj'  shown.     His  funeral  services  were  celebrated 

'  Flalbush  Church  was  erected  in  tlio  niitumn  of  1^51,  after  the  Cath- 
olics had  for  some  years  liad  services  in  tiie  Curran  llttu.se.  Stiles,  "  His- 
ttiiT  <(f  the  County  of  Kings,  "  i.,  p.  240. 


DIOCESE  OF  BROOKLYN. 


405 


'  *  L 


by  Bishop  LougUlin,  assisted  by  Very  Rev.  AVilliam 
Starrs,  Vicar-General  of  Xew  York,  and  Arclibisliop 
Huglies  paid  a  tribute  to  bis  long  apostolic  career.' 

The  next  year  saw  the  destruction  by  fire  of  the 
Male  Orphan  Asylum,  corner  of  Bedford  Avenue  and 
Willoughby  Street,  containing  two  hundred  and  fifty- 
eight  orphan  boys  under  the  care  of  the  Brothers  of 
the  Third  Order  of  St.  Francis,  who  had  entered  the 
diocese  in  1860.  It  was  a  fine  new  building  erected 
in  185G,  and  but  recently  enlarged.  Though  the  fire 
broke  out  in  the  middle  of  the  night,  all  tlie  inmates 
were  safely  conducted  out,  only  two  being  missing. 
Some  ladies  who  were  conducting  a  fair  for  sick  and 
wounded  soldiers  resolved  to  continue  it  for  the  benefit 
of  the  orphans,  who  lost  everything.  For  this  Bishop 
Loughlin  jiublicly  and  feelingly  returned  his  thanks. 

The  churches  erected  or  rising,  like  St.  Peter's,  St. 
Vincent  de  Paul's,  Annunciation,   St.   Joseph's,  St. 
Anne's,   St.   Margaret's,   St.    Ignatius',  at  Ilicksville, 
were  supplying  accommodations  for  the  faithful,  and 
Bishop  Loughlin,  who  had  clung  to  St.  James',  Biook- 
lyn's  first  church,  as  his  pro-cathedral,  began  to  think 
of  a  suitable  Cathedral  for  his  prosperous  diocese.     A 
site  was  ]nitchased  on  Lafayette  Avenue,  between  Cler- 
mont an<l  Vnnderbilt  avenues,  and  plans  were  drawn 
by  Patrick  Keely,  an  architect  of  high  rank.    It  was 
to  be  a  vast  Gothic  Cathedral  of  the  French  style  of 
the  thirteentli  century,  three  hundred  and  fifty-four 
feet  long,  with  a  transept  of  one  hundred  and  eighty 

feet. 

Oil  ihe  tragic  deatli  of  President  Lincoln  Bishop 
Loughlin  issued  a  touching  circular  to  his  clergy. 

In  1800  the  Sisters  of  the  Poor  of  St.  Francis  estab- 


'DtT  Apologct,  July  24,  1803;  MdiisiiiiiUcr,  "St  Vincenz  in  Penn- 
sylvtink'ii,"  pp.  '235-37. 


'M 


! 


■-'sil 

■■■'-11 


X 


496      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

lislied  St.  Peter's  Hospital,  meeting  a  want  long  felt 
by  tlie  Catholics  of  Brooklyn. 

In  June,  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  Constantino  Pise,  a  priest 
of  learning,  and  one  of  the  first  to  attempt  to  create  a 
literature  for  the  Catholics  of  this  country,  passed 
away.  He  was  born  at  Annapolis,  November  22,  1801, 
and.  after  an  education  at  Georgetown  and  Rome, 
became  a  professor  at  Mount  St.  Mary's.  After  his 
ordination  in  182;")  he  was  employed  in  the  diocese  of 
Baltimore  ;  and  was  for  a  time  chaplain  of  the  United 
States  Senate.  Coming  to  New  York,  he  was  sta- 
tioned at  St.  Patrick's,  St.  Joseph's,  and  St.  Peter's  ; 
then  founded  the  Church  of  St.  Charles  Borromeo, 
where  he  remained  till  death.  He  edited  the  Metro- 
politan and  in  part  the  Catholic  Expositor,  wrote  a 
volume  of  poems,  a  history  of  the  Church,  several 
l)()pular  religious  treatises  and  tales.  He  was,  indeed, 
the  pioneer  of  a  Catholic  literature  in  this  country. 

When  Bishop  Loughlin  was  summoned  to  the 
Plenary  Council,  his  diocese  had  twenty-three  churches 
in  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  and  twenty  churches  in  the 
rest  of  the  Island,  eleven  convents  and  academies, 
three  orphan  asylums,  and  sixteen  parochial  schools.' 
— — i 

'  U.  S.  Cath.  Ilisloricnl  Ma<;aziii(\  i.,  p.  298  ;  iii.,  p.  413  ;  Mitdioll 
"  Goldi'ii  Jubilee  CcUbnitioii  of  the  Ht.  l{ev.  Jolin  Loughlin,  D.  D., 
First  Hisiiopof  Brooklyn,"  Brooklyn,  lt<91  ;  Frcenmu's  Journal,  Nov. 
18,  1854  ;  etc. 


long  felt 

3,  a  priest 
3  create  a 
y,  passed 
•  22,  1801, 
d  Rome, 
After  his 
liocese  of 
le  United 
was  sta- 
Petet's  ; 
5orroineo, 
lie  Metro- 
',  wrote  a 
h,  several 
s,  indeed, 
•untry. 
d  to  the 
( churches 
es  in  the 
oademies, 
I  schools.' 

3;  Mitchell 
hlin,  D.  D., 
juniul,  Kov. 


CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE  OF  NEWARK. 
RT.  REV.  JAMES  ROOSEVELT  BAYLEY,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1853-1866. 

Pope  Pius  IX.,  in  1853,  erected  the  see  of  Newark, 
assigning  as  its  diocese  the  State  of  New  Jersey.     As 
Bishop  he  elected  Rev.  James  Roosevelt  Bayley,  at 
the  time  Secretary  to  Archbishop  Hughes.    He  was  a 
j^randson  of  the  great  New  York  physician  Richard 
Bayley,  father  of  Mrs.  Eliza  Seton.    He  was  born  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  August  23,  1814.    His  early 
education  gave  him  a  taste  and  love  for  the  best 
English  literature,  and  his  inclinations  leading  him 
to  study  for  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Ohnrch,  he  became  a  pupil  of  the  famous  Rev.  Dr. 
Samuel  Farmar  Jarvis,  whose  study  of  the  Fathers 
made  him  a  guide  for  many  to  the  true  Church, 
though  he  never  entered  it  liimself.    Young  Bayley's 
evident  inclination  for  the  Catholic  faith  alarmed  his 
friends,  and    his    grandfather    sent    him   to  Rome, 
hoping  that  seeing  Catholicity  there  would  disabuse 
him.     There  his  wavering  ceased  ;  he  became  a  Cath- 
olic, knowing  that  he  forfeited  great  wealth  by  the 
step.     His  theological  studies,  begun  at  St.  Sulpice, 
Paris,  were  completed  at  Fordham,  and  he  was  or- 
dained by   Bishop    Hughes.    March  2,   1844.     After 
being  vice-president  of  St.  John's  College,  he  became 
secretary  to   Arrhbisliop  Hughes.     He  did  much  to 
rescue  the  archives  of  the  diocese  and  draw  up  lists 
of  the  clergy,  ordinations,  and  the  like.     During  this 
period  he  wrote  a   "Sketch   of  the   History  of  the 

4i»r 


■•'■  i';,  --"li: 


M  I 


"1 


mil 


498       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Catholic  Clinrch  on  the  Ishmd  of  New  York,"  and 
edited  Bishop  liruto's  "Recollections  of  the  French 
llevolntion,"  prefaced  by  a  sketch  of  that  remarkable 
prelate. 

He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Newark  in  St.  Pat- 
rick's Cathedral,  New  York,  by  Most  Rev.  Cajetan 
Bedini,  Archbishop  of  Thebes,  assisted  by  Bishop 
McCloskey  and  Jiishop  Rappe.  Rt.  Rev.  John 
Loughlin,  Bishop  of  Brooklyn,  and  Rt.  Rev.  Louis 
de  Goesbriand,  Bishop  of  IJurlington,  were  conse- 
cratec'  with  him,  rendering  the  wliole  ceremony  most 
imposing.  Archbishop  Hughes  preached  the  sermon 
of  the  day. 

New  Jersey  had  first  been  visited  by  Catholic  clergy 
in  the  days  when  James  Stuart,  as  Duke  of  York  and 
King  of  England,  held  power.  Tiie  Jesuit  Fathers,  who 
were  for  a  time  at  New  York,  evidently  officiated  in 
New  Jersey,  as  baptisms  are  recorded  at  Woodbridge, 
and  a  Catholic,  William  Douglas,  was  returned  to  the 
Assembly  from  Bergen,  in  1080.  After  that  we  find 
no  trace  till  the  German  Jesuit,  Father  Theodore 
Schneider,  traversed  New  Jersey,  seeking  the  lost 
sheep  of  the  house  of  Israel,  aiul  tradition  says  that 
he  used  his  medical  knowledge  to  pass  as  a  phy- 
sician visiting  the  Germans.  Bishop  Challoner 
alludes  to  his  labors,  evidently,  in  1756.  Unfor- 
tunately we  liave  few  records  of  his  missions. 
Father  Ferdinand  Farmer  succeeded  to  his  work  in 
New  Jersey.  We  find  him  baptizing  at  the  house  of 
Matthew  Geiger,  in  Salem  County,  as  early  as  June 
27,  1757.  Visits  to  Adam  Geiger's  and  the  Glass 
House  followed  regularly,  and  April  20,  1705,  he 
was  officiating  at  Ringwood,  on  the  border  line 
between  New  Jersey  and  New  York,  and  again  there 
in  November.     H«;  thus  traversed  the  whole  colony. 


m. 


:s. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEWARK. 


499 


rk,"  and 
'.  Fiencli 
naikable 

St.  Pat- 
,  Cajetiiu 

•  Bishop 
V.  John 
^v.  Louis 
e  conse- 
tny  most 
i  sermon 

ic  clergy 

I'ork  and 

liers,  wlio 

ciated  in 

)dl)ridge, 

ed  to  the 

t  we  tiiid 

rheodore 

the  lost 

>ays  that 

i  a  phy- 

Jhalloner 

Unfor- 

missions. 

work  in 

house  of 

•  as  June 
he  Glass 

1705,  lie 
■der  line 
ain  there 
e  colony. 


In  1766  he  \n  i  at  Baskingridge  and  Pikesland, 
besides  the  old  stations.  In  1708  Charlotteburg 
became  another  place  to  visit,  Pilesgrove  in  1770, 
then  Burlington  County,  Cohansey,  Long  Pond  (now 
Greenwood  Li'ke),  Mount  Hope;  Hunterdon,  Salem, 
and  Sussex  counties  ;  Greenwich,  Gloucester,  Oxford, 
and  Pompton.  This  apostolic  priest  year  after  year 
made  his  mission  tour  througli  New  Jersey,  every 
spring  and  autumn,  his  last  entry,  relating  to  the 
State,  being  at  Riiigwood,  July  30,  1786.  He  re- 
turned to  Philadelphia,  to  die  a  holy  death  a  few 
weeks  later  on  the  17th  of  August. 

Many  of  the  German  Catholics  in  New  Jersey  were 
brought  over  to  be  employed  in  the  extensive  iron 
works  established  about  that  time.    Father  Francis 
Beeston  visited  Mount  Hope,  Hibernia,  Long  Pond, 
Charlotteburg,  Lebanon,  and  Ringwood,  in  1787-80 ; 
Rev.    C.    Vincent    Keating    was  at    Ringwood    and 
JSIount    Hope    in  1791-92;  the  holy  Rev.  Lawrence 
Graessl,   in    almost    a  dying    state,  visited    several 
stations  in  New  Jersey  just  before  his  death  in  1793.' 
The  mission  at  Trenton  seems  to  have  had  a  reg- 
ular congregation  soon  after,  meeting  at  the  corner 
of    Queen    and    Second    streets.     In    1799    Rev.    D 
Boury  was  their  pastor,  and  in  1803  some  troubles 
required  a  visit  from  Bishop  Carroll.    About  this  time 
the  Catholics  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  estab- 
lished a  little  church  at  Macopin  ;  and  the  Catholics 
at  Bottle  Hill,  now  Madison,  were  visited  from  180.'). 
Ou  the  erection  of  the  dioceses  of  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  in  1808,  the  State  of  New  Jersey  was 
divided  between  them.     The  southern  portion  came 
thus  under  the  care  of  Rt.  Rev.  Michael  Egan,  but 


f  » 


1    ■' 


i  I    I 


'Tanguny.    "Documents  Rdating  to  the  Colonial  History  of  New- 
Jersey,"  Newark,  1880,  p.  312  ;  Register  of  F.  Ferdinand  Fanner. 


n' 


)     ! 


in. 


500       TIll'J  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

his  trials  iind  tliose  of  his  successor,  Bishop  Coiiwell, 
dieclced  pro^nvss  in  tiie  diocese.     New  Yoric  did  not 
receive  si  liislioi)   till    1815,  and   Very  Rev.  Anthony 
Kohlinan,  S.  J.,  the  administrator,  could  do  little  to 
introduce   priests  or  establish  missions,  but  we  iind 
inin  and  Rev.  Peter  Malou  visiting  Macoi)in  and  the 
few  Catholics  of  Patersoii.     Rev.  Arthur  Langdill  is 
reported  to  have  said  mass  in  the  latter  place  at  Mr. 
James  Gillespie's  house  on  Market  Street.     By  1820 
the  Catholics,  who  had  increased  to  al)out  one  hun- 
dred, erected  a  little  church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
twenty  feet   by  forty-live,   and    liad   Rev.    Richard 
Bulger  as  their  pastor.     The  iiu-rease  of  the  Catholics 
led,  in  1824,  to  an  attack  on  them  by  Orangemen.     This 
ilid  noi  prevent  the  faithful  from  undertaking  a  new 
church  the  next  year,  and  though  their  pastor,  Rev. 
Charles  Brennan,  died,  they  proceeded  under   Rev. 
John  Conroy  to  erect  anew  church  lifty-five  feet  by 
one  hundred  and  seventy,  and  the  corner  stone  was  laid 
by  Bishop  Du  Bois  in  Novend)er,  1828.     After  many 
trials  it  was  finally  completed  by  Rev.  Patrick  Duffy. 
By  1827,  the  number  of  Catholics  at  Newark  had 
become  so  considerable  that  they  resolved  to  erect  a 
church.     The  Rev.  Gregory  Pardow,  son  of  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Truth  Teller,  was  appointed  by  Bisliop 
Du  Bois  to  take  charge  of  the  mission,  and  he  ap- 
pealed successfully  to  the    faithful  of  the  diocese, 
although  he  met  bigoted  opposition  in  Newark  itself. 
In  December,  1829,  the  Catholics  of  Macopin  rebuilt 
their  church,  which  was  dedicated  by  tlie  veteran  Rev. 
Charles  1).    Pfrench,   assisted    by    Rev.    Francis  O. 
Douoghue  of  Paterson,  December  i:3,   1829.' 


'  Rjujm's  History  of  Trenton,  p.  i:J4;  Bulgfr,  "The  Cfitholic 
Dotlriueof  tliu  IJles.sid  EucliiiiiHt,"  Niw  York,  182-i  ;  V.  S.  Catli.  Mis 
ccllany.  Nov.  13,  ISao ;  Truth  Teller,  Mdi.  IS,   ISW.  July  7,  Oet.  27, 


DIOCESE  OF  NEWARK. 


601 


The  early  priests  at  No'v  Jersey  had  large  and 
laborious  districts  ;  a  senium  of  llev.  R.  Buiyer  on  tlie 
Hlessed  Eucharist  preached  by  him  in  Newton,  Sussex 
County,  was  printed  in  182'2.  Tliese  missionaries  from 
Paterson  visited  Macopin,  Bottle  llill,  Belleville, 
and   Newark,    and  so   returned  to  New   York. 

Under  the  energetic  administration  of  Bishop 
Iveiirick,  the  missions  of  the  diocese  of  Philadelphia, 
in  southern  New  .Jersey,  were  extended.  St.  John  the 
liaptist's  Church,  at  Trenton,  i)i'()spered,  and  in  1830 
St.  Mary's  Church  was  founded  at  Pleasant  Mills  ; 
but  Catholics  did  not  increase  rapidly  in  that  part  of 
the  State. 

New  Brunswick  next  felt  the  influence  of  Cath- 
olicity, and  the  Rev.  Joseph  A.  Schneller  began  a, 
church  in  18:U,  which  was  solemnly  dedicated  on  the 
19th  of  December.  Rev.  Mr.  Ileiard  was  soon  after 
stationed  at  Bottle  Hill,  now  Madison.  In  December, 
1838,  Bishop  Bu  Bois  dedicated  St.  Paul's  Church  at 
Belleville.  A  few  Catholics  attempted  to  settle  at 
Elizabeth  in  1820  but  were  soon  excluded.  After  the 
New  Jersey  Railroad  reached  Elizabeth,  in  1833,  a  few 
Catholics  settled  in  the  town,  and  Rev.  Ildephonsus 
^[t^drano  visited  them  occasionally  from  Staten 
Island,  but  could  secure  no  fitting  place  to  say  mass.' 

From  early  times  there  was  a  ferry  at  Hoboken  on 
the  line  of  the  Post  Road  to  Boston.  The  Catholics 
there  and  at  Paul  us  Hook,  afterward  Jersey  City, 
crossed  the  North  River  to  attend  St.  Peter's  Church. 
But  as  Jeisey  City  grew,  the  faithful  were  attended 

1827,  Nov.  29,  1828  ;  v.,  pp.  404,  308,  390  ;  vi.,  pp.  160,  223,  390,  286,  374, 
viii.,  p.  199;  xiv.,p.  382;  Wlicclcr's  Ciiminiil  Cases,  iii.,  pp.  82-100, 
Shiiner,  "  History  of  tlic  Catholic C'hurcli  in  Piitersoii,  N.  J.,"  Paterson, 
1883;  Silver  Jtil)ilee  of  Uev.  P.  Heimessy,  Kcctor  of  St.  Patrick's 
Churdi.  Jersey  City,  N.  J..  >Iay  30,  1888. 
'  The  City  of  Elizubelli,  Illiisinitcd.     I'.liziilietli,  1889,  p.  97. 


■:f.^.1 


i,  .  :;1 


'* 


1*1 


rm      THE  CllVHCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

there,  iiiul  St.  Peter's  Church,  established  in  1840,  was 
iledic'iitetl  April  MO,  184H.  Pertli  Aniboy,  Uinbert- 
villf,  Port  Elizabeth,  Madison,  Dover,  Somerville, 
«h>ncester  Point,  Cape  May,  Mount  Holly,  Orange, 
felt  Catholic  intluence  and  reared  churches. 

Wiien  tiie  wiiole  State,  as  a  diocese,  was  phused  un- 
der the  care  of  Bishop  Bayley,  he  found  three  churches 
in  his  episcopal  city,  and  thirty  in  the  rest  of  the 
State,  Sisters  of  Charity  at  Newark  conducting  an 
orphan  asylum  and  a  girls'  school,  with  another  school 
unthu-  the  same  Sisters  at  Jersey  City,  as  well  as 
many  parochial  schools.  He  was  duly  installed  in  St. 
Patrick's  Clmrcli,  which  became  his  pro-cathedral,  (m 
All  Saints'  Day,  by  Rt.  Rev.  John  McCloskey,  Bishop 
of  Ail'uny,  accomi)anied  by  the  Bishops  of  Boston 
und   Brooklyn. 

In  1843  a  few  zealous  Catholics  in  Elizabeth  waited 
on  the  liishop  of  New  York,  to  obtain  a  priest,  and 
the  next  springa  newly  ordained  clergyman,  Rev.  Isaac 
P.  Howell,  was  sent  to  establish  a  niission  there,  with 
another  at  Railway,  and  practically  to  attend  the 
Catholics  as  far  as  Somerville.  He  began  to  build  a 
4'hurch  at  Elizabeth  in  184r).  English  Neighborhood, 
Staidiope  among  the  iron  mines,  the  little  German  col- 
ony at  Stony  Hill,  next  had  churches,  then  Boonton. 
The  Gernuin  Catholics  at  Elizabeth  were  visited  by 
the  Redemptorist  Fathers  from  1849,  till  Rev.  Augus- 
tine Daubner,  O.  S,  P.,  became  their  resident  ])riest  in 
1802.  Mass  was  said  for  two  y-'ars  in  Peters's  build- 
ing, but  in  18r);{  St.  Michael's  Church  was  erected  on 
Smith   Street. 

Bishop  Bayley  was  soon  planning  institutions  ""d 
church  extension.  .I.-rsey  City  liad  a  i>'>pulatio  of 
twenty  thousand,  one  fifth  of  whom  were  Catholics. 
Lots  were  bought  on  Erie  Street,  and  the  Church  of  the 


m 


DIOCESE  OF  NEWARK. 


008 


InmuuMiliitH  Conception  was  dodicjited  Otober  21, 
lHr)r).  Tlie  corner  stone  of  St.  James',  Ntivvnrk,  waa 
laid  and  tlie  cliurch  soon  dedicated.  Tliat.  of  Our 
Lady  of  Grace  at  Hol)oken,  in  care  of  Rev.  A.  Cauvin, 
was  laid  and  the  cliur(!li  dedicated  June  24,  1855. 

A  college  for  the  higher  education  and  a  seminary 
for  the  diocese  next  occupied  tlie  Bisliop's  thoughts, 
and,  in  the  spring  of  1854,  lie  purchased  a  tine  house 
and  grounds  near  Ma<lison,  which  had  been  occupied 
by  Madame  Chegaray  as  a  young  ladies'  academy. 

The  Orangemen,  who  about  this  time  began  to  call 
themselves  The  American  Protestant  Association,  had 
found  a  congenial  element  in   New  Jersey.      They 
had  years  before  injured  Catholics,  and  on  September 
8,    1854,   attacked  St.   Mary's    German    Church,   on 
High  Street,  Newark,  broke  in  the  doors,  destroyed 
the  windows,  pews,  and  altar,  and  greatly   injured 
the  organ,  leaving  the  interior  of  the  church  a  perfect 
wreck.     They  were  armed,  and  in  their  indiscriminate 
firing  killed  a  Catholic  near  the  church.     As  usual, 
some  papers  attempted  to  throw  the  blame  on  the 
Catholics  and  the  Church,  but  Bishop  Bayley,  in  a 
spirited  letter  to  the  Courier  and  Enquirer,  rebuked 
that  New  York  daily  for  its  distortion  of  facts  and 
false  reasoning.     Father  Balleis'  poor  and  struggling 
congregation   lost  full  two  thonsnnd  dollars  by  this 
unprovoked  assault,  for  wb'  '    no  compensation  was 
ever  made  to  them.     In  the  order  of  God's  providence 
such   events  are  trials   lor  tlie  faithful,  but  do  not 
crush  them.     Protestants    resorted  to  vioh  ice,   yet 
before  the  month  ended  George  H.  Doane,  son  of  T)r. 
George   W.  Donne.    Bishop  of  the   Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church  in  N.'w  Jersey,  applied  to  Bishop  Bay- 
ley    to  be   received   into  the  Catholic  Church.     He 
persevered,    proceeded   to    Europe,    studied    for   the 


'     ► 

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It 

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604       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ministry,  and  returned  to  labor  for  years  at  Newark, 
as  priest,  vicar-general  and  for  a  time  administrator. 

While  St.  Mary's  congregation  were  planning  a 
new  church  in  Newark,  one  was  begun  at  West 
Bloomfield,  and  that  of  St.  Nicholas  Tolentino,  by 
the  Augustinian  Fathers,  at  Atlantic  City.  In  April, 
1857,  St.  John's  Church  at  Orange,  enlarged  and  im- 
proved, was  dedicated  by  Bishop  Bayley. 

Meanwhile  Seton  Hall  College  had  been  opened  at 
Madison,  and  a  faculty  selected  by  the  Bishop.  The 
course  of  study  was  carefully  adopted  and  the 
institution,  under  Rev.  Bernard  J.  McQuaid,  entered 
on  a  career  of  prosperity. 

Bishop  Bayley  endeavored  to  secure  the  Benedic- 
tine Fathers  for  St.  Mary's  Church,  Newark,  and,  in 
1866,  Rt.  Rev.  Abbot  Wimmer  sent  Father  Valentine 
Felder,  O.  S.  B.,  to  that  city.  A  fine  site  had  been 
secured  by  Father  Balleis  for  a  new  church  on  High 
Street,  and  plans  were  drawn  for  a  large  and  spacious 
stone  church.  Arrangements  were  completed,  the 
corner  stone  was  laid  November  1, 1856,  and  the  Bene- 
dictines formally  accepted  the  charge.  They  soon 
conjpleted  and  dedicated  the  church  and  had  a  priory, 
which  became  in  time  an  abbey,  and  by  it  soon  rose 
a  college. 

Ere  long  Sisters  of  St.  Benedict  came  to  open  an 
academy  and  take  charge  of  the  parochial  schools. 
The  corner  stone  of  the  new  St.  Mary's  Church 
was  laid  on  the  feast  of  All  Saints,  1866,  by  Bishop 

Bayley.' 

In  August,  1856,  the  Bishop  convened  his  first  dio- 
cesan synod  at  Seton  Hall  College ;  it  was  attended 

'  St.  Vincenz  In  Pennsylvanicn,  p.  235,  etc.  Dom  Nicholiw  Bal.iis, 
O.  S.  B..  soon  afler  celebrating  high  mass  at  8t.  Mary's,  died  suddenly  in 
Brooklyn,  Def- .  13,  1891.     He  was  bom  at  Salzburg,  Nov.  22,  1808. 


tv^ 


DIOCESE  OF  NEWARK. 


605 


by  twenty-eight  priests,  eight  others  being  nnable  to 
attend.  The  Blessed  Virgin  was  declared  to  be  the 
patroness  of  the  diocese,  and  the  Immaculate  Concep- 
tion, December  8th,  the  patronal  feast.  The  decrees, 
ritual,  and  ceremonial  of  the  Baltimore  Councils  wero 
adopted.  A  Board  of  Councilors  and  a  Chancery 
were  established.  Regulations  were  made  as  to 
priests  from  other  dioceses,  and  the  exercise  of 
faculties  within  the  limits  assigned  to  each  priest. 
Ths  life  of  the  clergy,  the  administration  of  the  sacra- 
ments, the  celebration  of  mass,  the  reverent  pres- 
ervation of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  and  the  proper 
religious  instruction  of  the  young  were  regulated. 
Rules  were  laid  down  in  regard  to  the  erection  of  new 
churches,  and  safe  guards  prescribed  to  save  ecclesi- 
astical property  from  maladministration.  Salaries, 
church  records,  insurance  against  fire,  and  suitable 
parochial  residences  were  aLo  treated  of.  The  neces- 
sity of  parochial  schools  and  their  proper  manage- 
ment were  inculcated.  Funerals  were  regulated ;  and 
members  of  secret  societies  were  to  be  denied  the 
sacraments.' 

In  the  summer  of  1857  a  condition  of  religious  per- 
secution in  the  Jersey  City  Almshouse  was  exposed. 
It  was  distinctly  proved  that  Catholic  paupers  were 
compelled  to  attend  the  services  of  a  ranting  preacher 
who  frequently  aspersed  the  Catholic  religion.  Chil- 
dren were  compelled  to  attend  the  Protestant  Sunday 
School  in  the  instit  .tions.  Rev.  John  Kelly  of  Jersey 
City  had,  in  vain,  sought  permission  to  celebrate 
mass  for  the  Catholic  inmates,  but  the  authorities 


'  Statuta  Novarcensis  Dioeceseos  u  Reverendissimo  Domino  Jacobo 
Roosevelt  Bayley,  Novarcensi  Episcopo,  iu  Synotlo  Dioeeesana  Prima 
habita  mense  Augusto,  1856,  in  Collegio  Setou  Hall,  Madisou,  N.  J.,  lata 
ct  promulgata.    New  York,  1857. 


'. ,•;?'! 


■;-■  '1 


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V''' 

It 


606      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

■would  permit  him  only  to  conduct  a  Protestant  service 
lor  all.  Though  a  committee  j  iiatified  the  intolerance, 
public  opinion  soon  compelled  some  concessions  of 
the  legal  rights. 

In  1858  St.  Michael's  German  Church  was  dedicated ; 
St.  Paul's,  Burlington,  and  a  church  at  Hudson  later. 
Rev.  A.  Wirzfeld  laid  the  cornerstone  of  St.  Patrick's 
Church,  Elizabeth,  since,  by  the  labors  of  Rev.  P. 
Hennessy  and  Rev.  M.Gessner,  grown  to  be  an  immense 
parish.  A  church  was  begun,  in  1859,  at  Fort  Lee  ; 
aided  greatly  by  the  illustrious  convert  Henry  J. 
Anderson,  as  well  as  others  at  Oxford  Furnace  and  Cam- 
den, and  the  next  year  at  Mendham  and  Hackensack. 
A  new  site  for  Seton  Hall  College  had  been  obtained 
at  South  Orange.  Here  one  building  was  erected  in 
1859,  and  the  corner  stone  of  another  laid  in  May,  1860, 
and  the  College  exercises  began  in  their  new  home 
before  the  close  of  the  year. 

To  form  Sisters  of  Charity  for  the  schools  and 
institutions  the  Mother  House  of  St.  Elizabeth,  with 
a  novitiate,  was  established  at  Newark  in  1860.  They 
removed  in  a  short  time  to  Madison,  where  a  flourish- 
ing academy  was  opened. 

The  same  year  the  School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame 
took  charge  of  the  German  parochial  schools  at  Tren- 
ton, and  soon  had  other  schools  in  Newark. 

The  Franciscan  Sisters  of  the  Poor  began  their 
labors  in  Hoboken  and  Jersey  City. 

In  his  Lenten  pastoral,  in  1861,  Bishop  Bayley 
exhorted  the  faithful  of  his  diocese  to  more  than 
usually  earnest  prayer  and  works  of  penance  in  view 
of  the  perils  and  dimculties  surrounding  the  Sov- 
ereign Pontiff,  and  the  evils  which  overhung  this 
pountry.  "  In  common  with  every  citizen  of  this 
noble  country,  we  cannot  but  grieve  at  those  sad  dis- 


:ii 


m 


Ml 


t  service 
lerance, 
sions  of 

iicated ; 
:>n  later, 
'atrick's 
Rev.  P. 
immense 
)rt  Lee  ; 
[enry  J. 
md  Cam- 
lensack. 
obtained 
ected  in 
ay,  I860, 
)W  home 

)ol8  and 
3tU,  with 
).  They 
flourish- 
re  Dame 
at  Tren- 

;an  their 

)  Bayley 
ore  than 
3  in  view 
the  Sov- 
ung  this 
of  this 
;  sad  dis- 


DIOCESE  OF  NEWARK. 


607 


sensions,  which  threaten  to  bring  strife  and  an- 
archy where  lately  everything  was  peace  and  pros- 
perity. The  change  has  been  so  sudden,  and  was  so 
little  anticipated :  the  evils  threatened  are  so  dread- 
ful ;  all  remedy  from  human  wisdom  or  statesman- 
ship is  so  apparently  hopeless,  that  we  are  obliged  to 
acknowledge  that  the  hand  of  God  is  upon  us.  And 
it  is  not  difficult  for  us  as  Christians  to  understand 
the  cause.  Our  country  was  too  prosperous,  and  men 
forgot  God,  and  became  proud." 

On  the  29th  of  June,  1862,  Pope  Pius  IX.  granted 
a  plenary  indulgence  to  Catholics  of  the  Newark 
diocese  who  approached  the  sacrament  on  the  feast  of 
St.  Patrick. 

The  Civil  War  did  not  directly  affect  the  diocese  of 
Newark,  and  it  steadily  advanced.  The  Church  of 
the  Immaculate  Conception  was  erected  in  Jersey  City  • 
St.  Peter's,  Jersey  City,  by  Rev.  Patrick  Corrigan ; 
St.  Boniface's,  at  Paterson;  Our  Lady  of  Mount  Car- 
mel's,  at^  v  ♦on;  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul's,  at  New 
Brunswic  k  ;  '".  Boniface's,  Jersey  City  ;  St.  Joseph's, 
Guttenburg;  and  in  October,  1865,  a  church  was 
dedicated  at  Hibernia,  which  had  been  visited  as  a 
station  eighty  years  before, 

Seton  Hall  College  sustained  a  loss  by  firG  ■  -y- 
ing  part  of  its  buildings  early  in  1866.  Duv-ug  the 
same  year  God  called  away  Rev.  John  Kelly,  who, 
after  years  of  labor  in  New  York  and  on  the  African 
coast,  did  much  to  build  up  Catholicity  in  Jersey 
City,  and  also  Rev.  Isaac  P.  Howell,  founder  of  St. 
Mary's  Church,  Elizabeth. 

The  diocese,  at  the  close  of  1866,  contained  about 
seventy-seven  churches  and  seventy  priests.' 

"'Freeman's  Journal,  1853;  1806  ;  Metropolitan,  1.,  vi.;  Cath.  Herald, 
Cath.  Mirror,  etc. 


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I.  ■? 


CHAPTER  VI. 

DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON. 
BT.  BEV.  JOHN  B.  FITZPATBICK,  THIRD  BISHOP,  1853-1866. 

The  diocese  of  Boston,  after  the  erection  of  sees  at 
Burlington  and  Portland,  was  reduced  to  the  State 
of  Massachusetts,  with  sixty-three  churches,  fifteen  in 
process  of  erection,  sixty-one  priests,  an  academy,  and 
asylums.     A  terrible  blow  had  just  befallen  it.    On 
the  afternoon  of  July  14,  1852,  just  before  the  annual 
commencement  of  Holy  Cross  College,  a  fire  broke 
out,  which    in  a  short    time  destroyed    the  central 
building.    Though  the  east  wing  and  much  of  the 
furniture  and  library  were  saved,  the  loss  amounted 
to   fifty   thousand   dollars.     The    neighbors    opened 
tlieir  doors  with  the  greatest  charity  to  the  professors 
and  pupils.     Without   means,  the  faculty  hesitated 
to  rebuild,  but    courage  came.    Bishop  Pitzpatrick 
issued  a  circular  warmly   commending  the  college, 
and  it  met  with  a  prompt  and  liberal  response.     The 
builders  were  soon  at  work,  and  Holy  Cross  College, 
enlarged  and  lemodeled,  opened  anew  on  the  3d  of 
October,  18r)3.    This  new  edifice  was  one  of  the  first 
visited  by  the    infamous    Nunnery  Committee.     A 
more  grateful  visit  was  that  of  Hon.  John  A.  Andrew, 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  who  examined  the  insti- 
tution in  1862,  and  presided  at  the  annual  commence- 
ment in  July,  1803.     When  a  petition  was  presented  to 
the  Ijegislature  in  1865,  that  body  without  opposition 

am 


III; 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON. 


609 


passed  a  bill  giving  Holy  Cross  College  its  patiently 
awaited  charter.' 

Meanwhile  many  of  the  churches  which  zealous 
priests  were  building  were  completed  and  dedicated, 
as  at  Newburyport ;  Our  Lady  of  the  Rosary,  at 
Spencer;  St.  John  the  Baptist,  at  Quincy ;  St.  Peter's 
and  St.  Paul's,  Soutli  Boston ;  while  sites  for  others 
were  secured  and  a  Free  Baptist  Church  at  Roxbury 
purchased  for  immediate  use. 

The  progress  was  not  regarded  with  a  kindly  eye 
by  those  in  whom  the  old  leaven  fermented.    In  March, 
1853,  twenty  lots  on  Leverett  and  Wall  streets,  Bos- 
"  ton,  were  purchased,  on  which  the  city  had  certain 
restrictions,  most  of  which  had  been  removed  by  a 
recent  vote  of  the  Council.     When  it  was  discovered 
that  the  object  was  to  erect  a  Jesuit  Church  and  col- 
lege on  these  lands,  the  city  rescinded  its  vote  and 
required  of  Father  McElroy  impossible  acts  to  prevent 
a  forfeiture  of    title.     Long   and  tedious  litigation 
ensued  and  another  site  was  finally  adopted.'    If  those 
in  authority  showed  such  disregard  of  the  rights  of 
Catholics,  the  ignorant  and  easily  misled  masses  went 
further. 

In  Jklarch,  1853,  a  mob,  raised  by  false  reports 
of  the  abduction  of  a  girl,  menaced  the  church  in 
Charlestown,  and  the  edifice  was  saved  with  difficulty 
by  the  authorities.  In  May  riots  against  Catholics 
were  excited  in  Boston  by  a  ranting  street  preaclier. 
In  July  the  houses  of  Irish  Catholics  were  attacked 
in  Manchester,  N.  II.,  and  in  Lawrence,  Mass. 


•  Historical  Sketch  of  the  CJollege  of  the  Holy  Croas,  Worcester, 
Mas8..  Worcester,  188a. 

« Metroi)oliliiii,  i.,  pp.  90,  651? ;  Bowilitch,  "  An  Argument  for  a  Ciitli- 
olic  ri>urchoutlie  Jail  Lands,"  Boston,  1853  ;  Freeman's  Jounval,  April 
23,  1853. 


;  *; 


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610       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  Catholic  clnirch  at  Mancliester  was  attacked  ; 
the  church  at  Dorchester  was  blown  up,  and  that  at 
Bath,  Me.,  set  on  lire,  showing  a  general  conspiracy 
to  destroy  the  church  property  of  Catholics.' 

The  authorities  of  the  great  State  of  Massachusetts 
were  next  to  enter  the  field  as  enemies  of  the  Catholic 
Church.  In  the  election  of  1854,  the  Know-nothings 
elected  the  Governor,  and  Senate,  and  every  member 
of  the  House  except  three  or  four.  In  January,  1855, 
the  two  Houses  named  a  committee,  and  on  the  15th  of 
February  authorized  and  instructed  it  "to  visit  and 
examine  theological  seminaries,  boarding  schools, 
academies,  nunneries,  convents,  and  other  institutions 
of  a  like  character."  They  visited  Holy  Cross  College ; 
then  adding  several  others  to  their  number,  they 
drove  to  the  Convent  of  the  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  at 
Roxbury,  and  ransacked  the  liouse  from  top  to  bot- 
tom, treating  the  Sisters  with  the  greatest  indignity, 
insolence,  and  even  indecency  ;  the  rooms  of  sick 
pupils  were  not  respected.  A  convent  at  Lowell  was 
next  subjected  to  this  illegal  invasion  of  its  privacy. 
These  men  pretended  to  go  as  representatives  of  the 
highest  morality,  yet  one  of  them  took  a  woman 
around  with  him,  representing  her  falsely  as  his  wife. 
The  Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  in  a  scathing  article, 
denounced  the  illegality,  iniquity,  and  corruption  of 
the  whole  affair,  and  Charles  Hale,  one  of  the  editors, 
issued  "  A  Review  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Nunnery 


'  At  Dorchester  a  keg  of  powder  wiis  i)laced  on  the  floor  and  fired  at 
three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  tlie  roof  ■v\  i-<  blown  oil,  and  tlie  east  end 
and  walls  demolished.  Boston  Transcri|)t,  July  5,  1854  ;  P'reeman's 
.Journal,  .July  1',  1854.  How  devoid  of  Cliristianity  must  be  creeds 
whielj  train  their  adiierenf.s  to  believe  it  lawful  lo  deprive  Catholics  of 
life  and  property,  and  liow  damaging  the  fact  Uiat  their  religious  litcra* 
turc  contains  not  a  volume  to  condemn  tlie  idea. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON. 


611 


Committee  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature "  which 
circulated  widely.  Caricatures  of  the  infamous  com- 
mittee  helped  also  to  rouse  the  honest  people  of  the 
State  to  just  indignation.'  Oppression  by  Legislature, 
municipality,  or  mob  could  not  check  Catholic  prog- 
ress. Amid  all  the  violence  created  throughout  the 
country  by  the  anti-Catholic  movement,  St.  Joseph's 
Church  was  dedicated  at  South  Reading,  the  Assump- 
tion at  Brookline,  St.  Martin's,  atTempleton,  churches- 
at  Medford  and  Holyoke.  These  were  followed  in 
I808  by  St.  James'  Church,  Federal  Street,  Salem  ;. 
Immaculate  Conception,  Boston;  St.  Anne's,  Worces- 
ter, and  a  church  at  North  Bridgewater."  Salem  had 
recently  lost  an  able  and  devnted  priest,  Rev.  James 
Conway,  who  had  labored  in  Maine,  saying  the  first 
mass  in  Bangor,  and  endearing  himself  to  the  Indians 
by  his  patient  care. 

Andrew  Carney,  Esq.,  a  wealthy  and  liberal  man, 
gave  tweli^e  thousand  dollars,  in  1850,  toward  St. 
Vincent  de  Paul's  Orphan  Asylum  for  Girls,  wliich 
was  established  on  Camden  Street,  Boston,  in  a  build- 
ing that  cost  $80,000.  Rev.  George  F.  Haskins,  an 
Episcopalian  clergyman,  of  an  ancient  Massachusetts 
family,  became  a  Catholic  in  1840,  and,  after  a  course 
of  study  at  Paris,  returned  to  Boston  in  1844  a. 
priest,  and  was  soon  pastor  of  St,  John's  Church. 
He  had  long  been  connected  with  reformatory  insti- 
tutions, and  took  a  deep  interest  in  neglected  boys. 
With  the  consent  of  Bishop  Fitzpatrick  he  began  a 
Catholic  Home  in  1851,  which  was  chartered  in  18551 

'  Hale,  "  A  Review,  "  Boston,  1855  ;  Freeman's  Journal,  Apl.  7-14, 
1855. 

'Metropolitan,  il.,  p.  513  ;  iv.,  p.  766  ;  Freeman's  Journal.  Sept.  23» 
1854 ;  Jan.  36,  May  1,  1859.  Origin  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  Salem, 
pp.  49,  etc. 


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612       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

as  the  House  of  the  Angel  Guardian.  As  an  asylum 
for  orphan  and  destitute  boys,  it  still  continues  its 
good  work.  A  fine  edifice,  one  hundred  and  thirty 
feet  square,  was  erected  for  the  House  on  Vernon 
Street,  Koxbury.' 

The  Churcli  had  grown  so  that  the  time  had  come 
to  give  Boston  a  Cathedral  worthy  of  it.  The 
Church  of  the  Holy  Cross  had  served  as  the  Cathe- 
dral of  Bishops  Cheverus  and  Fenwick :  but  the  prog- 
ress of  commercial  activity  around  the  cradle  of 
Catholicity,  made  it  no  longer  suitable  in  locality  or 
size.  On  the  16th  of  September,  1860,  the  holy  sacri- 
fice was  offered  for  the  last  time  on  the  venerated 
altar  by  liishop  Pitzpatrick.  T'le  edifice  was 
crowded ;  Catholics  hoary  with  age  tottered  to  the 
Cathedral  to  take  a  last  farewell.  In  his  discourse 
the  Bishop  spoke  touchingly :  "For  many  of  us  it  is 
like  the  house  in  which  we  were  born,  the  cradle  in 
•which  we  were  nurtured ;  for  here  we  were  regener- 
ated by  the  water  of  baptism  into  spiritual  life,  and 
here,  cherished  in  the  bosom  of  the  Church,  we  have 
been  fed  with  the  life-giving  bread  of  the  Divine 
Word,  and  strengthened  by  the  graces  of  sanctity 
and  redemption,  supplied  to  us  by  the  Spouse  of 
Christ."  He  reviewed  the  history  of  the  Cathedral  and 
of  the  diocese,  till  now  the  same  territory  formed  "four 
dioceses  with  their  respective  Bishoi)s,  two  hundred 
and  twenty  churches, — many  spacious  and  magnifi- 
cent,—one  hundred  and  seventy-four  priests,  and  many 
institutions  of  piety." 

For  a  time  the  Cathedral  congregation  occupied 


'  niinrt.  "Orplmnsnnd  Orphan  Asylums,"  Buffalo,  1885,  pp.  51-54; 
Mctroi)olilan,  iv.,  p.  20;},  v.,  p.  45."» ;  Freeman's  .Journal,  May  14,  1859; 
IJoston  Pilot,  Apl.  30,  1859  ;  Aiuuial  lioports  of  the  House  of  tlio 
Angel  Guardian,  Boston,  1850,  etc. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON. 


518 


the  new  Melodcon  on  Washington  Street,  till  a 
church  on  East  Castle  Street  was  purchased  and  dedi- 
cated as  Holy  Cross  Chapel.  A  new  site  was  soon 
secured  on  Washington  and  East  Maiden  streets,  and 
plans  made  for  the  new  Cathedral  by  the  architect, 
P.  Keely.' 

The  Eliot  school,  Boston,  in  March,  1859,  exhibited 
cruelty  and  intolerance  such  as  had  been  rebuked  by 
the  State  Superintendent  in  New  York.    Thomas  J. 
Whall,  a  Catholic  pupil,  was  ordered  to  repeat  the  Ten 
Commandments  in  the  Protestant  form  ;  he  declined, 
as  his  father  had  forbidden  him  to  do  so.     The  teacher 
sent  for  McLaurin  F.  Cooke,  the  second  master,  who 
flogged  the  boy  on  both  hands  for  thirty  minutes, 
declaring  that  he  would  whip  him  till  he  consented, 
for  he  had  nothing  else  to  do  the  whole  forenoon. 
The  inhuman  teacher  was  tried  for  assault  and  bat- 
ter}', and  the  case  was  argued  at  considerable  length, 
but  Judge  Maine  held  that  the  teacher  had  a  right  to 
inflict  the  punishment,  and  that  it  was  not  excessive 
or  malicious.'    One  hundred  Catholic  children  were 
expelled  for  refusing   to  submit  to    the  intolerant 
system,  and  the  monstrous  decision  of  the  judge  sus- 
taining the  cruelty  showed  Catholics  that  no  recogni- 
tion of  their  religious  rights  could  be  expected  from 
the  State  schools,   which  made  open  war  on  their 
religion,  and  that  they  must  establisli  schools  of  their 
own.      On   the  21st    of  March,   Bishop  Fltzpatrick 

-  Boston  Pilot,  Sept.  22,  Oct.  13,  1800  ;  Catli.  Mirror,  Oct.  20,  1860. 

'  Report  of  the  Trial  of  McLauriii  F.  Cooke,  sub-iimster  of  the  Eliot 
School  of  the  City  of  Ho.ston,  for  un  iissiuilt  and  hiittcry  upon  Thomas  J. 
Wall,  etc.,  Boston,  Freenian'.s  Journiil,  March  20,  1H.")9.  Judge  Maine 
isrnored  entirely  the  amendment  to  the  Constitution  Nov.  11, 1833,  wliich 
put  an  end  to  Protestant  contnM,  and  relieved  all  from  contributing  to 
or  attending  Protestant  worship.  See  able  review  in  Boston  Pilot, 
April  30.  1859. 


1     u 


I'.     \!B 


B14       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


addressed  a  letter  to  the  President  and  members  of 
the  School  Committee,  in  which  he  stated  in  clear  and 
convincing  language  the  reasons  why  Catholics  re- 
sisted the  enforced  use  of  the  Protestant  version  of 
the  Bible,  the  enforced  learning  and  reciting  of  the 
Ten  Commandments  in  their  Protestant  form,  and  the 
enforced  union  in  chanting  the  Lord's  Prayer  and 
other  religious  chants.  This  masterls  document, 
while  it  embarrassed  the  Board,  turned  the  tide  of 
public  opinion,  and,  a  few  months  later,  there  were 
elected  as  members  of  the  School  Committee,  a  Catho- 
lic priest  and  several  Catholic  I;iv!uen. 

As  a  token  of  Catholic  growth  it  may  be  noted  that 
the  site  of  the  old  City  Hall,  Harvard  Street,  Can>- 
bridgeport,  was  purchased  by  the  faithful  for  a  new 
church  and  a  site  on  the  very  crest  of  Bunker  Hill  for 
another.  Though  a  church  was  burned  at  Lynn, 
others  rose  at  Charlestown,  Chicopee,  Attleboro, 
Stoughton,  and  Hinsdale.' 

The  Catholics  at  Winchenden  had  some  years  be- 
fore iMirchased  a  site  with  a  large  barn,  which  had 
been  used  as  a  temporary  chapel.  Now,  with  means 
patiently  collected,  they  proceeded  to  build.  Even 
after  the  war  began  two  churches  were  i)urchased  in 
Boston,  on  Chambers  and  Wasliington  streets,  and 
one  at  South  Dedham  ;  the  Churches  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception  and  the  Gates  of  Heaven  were  dedicated. 
Churches  rose  also  at  Abingdon,  Indian  Orchard,  and 
Pittsfield.' 

Father  John  McElroy,  S.  J.,  failing  to  obtain  the 
site  first  selected,  erected  the  Church  of  the  Immaculate 

*  Boston  Pilot,  April  16,  30,  1859;  Freeman's  Journal,  May  7,  etc., 
1889  ;  Cath.  Mirror,  Feb.  5,  1859,  Sept.  17,  1864. 

'Boston  Pilot,  Dec.  22,  29,  1860;  Cuth.  Mirror,  1862,  1864;  Pitts- 
burgh  Catholic,  xix.,  xx. 


Ji 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON. 


610 


Conception  on  Harrison  A  vemie.     Near  it  rose  Boston 
College,  which  opened  in  1860,  and  three  years  later 
was  incorporated  by  the  State.    Under  the  presidency 
of  Father  John  Bapst  and  Father  Robert  Fulton  it 
soon  took  a  high  rank.     When  the  Civil  War  began 
Bishop  Fitzpatrick  ordered  prayers  for  the  Union. 
On  the  call  for  troops  Colonel  Thomas  Cass  raised 
the  9th  Massachusetts,  which  he  led  till  he  fell  with 
death  wounds  at  Malvern  Hill.     His  regiment  had 
two  Catholic  chaplains,  Rev.  Tlioraas  Scully  and  Rev. 
Charles  L.  Egan,     The  28th  Massachusetts,  mustered 
in  January  11,  1862,  had  as  its  chaplains  Rev.  Nicholas 
O'Brien  and  Rev.  Laurence  S.  McMalu  .i,  now  Bishop 
of  Hartford.    This  regiment  lost  its  Colonel  and  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel on  the  battlefield.     The  long  list  of 
killed  is  a  proof  of  Catholic  devotion  to  the  country 
which  should  make  the  State  blush  for  some  of  the  past.' 
One  of  the  last  acts  of  Bishop  Fitzpatrick  was  with 
other  Catholics  to  petition  the  Legislature  to  pass  an 
act  authorizing  the  several  Roman  Catholic  churches 
or  congregations  in  Massachusetts  to  assume  corporate 
powers  with  the  same  rights  to  hold  property  and 
estates  which  religious  parishes  have  by  law,  and  that 
such  corporate  powers,  in  every  case,  shall  be  vested 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  and  the  vicar-general 
of  the  diocese  in  which  such  church  or  congregation 
may  be— the  pastor  of  such  church  or  congregation 
for  the  time  being,  and  two  laymen  thereof  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  said  Bishop,  vicar-general,  and  pastor 
or  a  majority  of  them.     It  was  not  acted  upon  in  his 
lifetime,  but  Massachusetts,  true  to  her  old  record, 
rejected  the  petition. 


'  CiiUen, "  The  Story  of  the  Irish  in  Boston,"  Boston,  1890,  pp.  135, 137, 
140,  104-119. 


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610       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


f-  ^-1^ 


^ 


On  the  3(1  of  A  prll,  1804,  Andrew  Carney  a  native  of 
BalhiiiuKli,  Irelaud,  a  successful  nierchani,  famous  for 
his  charity,  died  in  Boston.  Besides  liberal  donations 
in  life  to  Catholic  institutions,  he  left  much  to  the 
Church  of  the  Immaculate  Conception,  the  House  of 
the  Angel  Guardian,  St.  Vincent's  Asylum,  the  Sisters 
of  Notre  Dame,  and  founded  the  Carney  Hospital, 
which  remains  a  monument  of  his  love  of  God's  af- 
flicted ' 

Early  in  life  Bishop  Fitzpatrick  had  been  attacked 
by  the  disease  which  at  last  resulted  in  death.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  constant  sufferer,  and  thougli 
warned  that  his  continual  discharge  of  duties  might 
result  in  sudden  death,  he  would  not  spare  himself. 

He  visited  Europe  in  1804,  and  a  short  time  after 
Ills  return,  he  was  seized  with  violent  pains  on  the 
14th  of  December,  1864.  It  was  late  in  the  evening 
and  his  attendant  wished  to  summon  one  of  tlie 
priests,  but  the  Bishop  declined,  reluctant  to  deprive 
of  his  rest  a  clergyman  who  had  much  laborious  duty 
the  next  day.  In  the  morning  Bishop  Fitzpatrick 
was  found  senseless  on  the  floor,  bathed  in  his  own 
blood.  He  lingered  for  some  time  and  died  February 
13,  1866.  He  had  calmly  and  patiently  prepared  for 
death,  and  his  mind  dwelt  only  on  his  diocese.  A 
few  days  before,  rousing  from  a  kind  of  lethargy  he 
exclaimed  :  "This  land  is  consecrated  to  the  Blessed 
Virgin  Mary,"  and  giving  his  episcopal  blessing  he 
continued,  "and  I  renew  the  consecration."  Then, 
holding  tlie  crucifix  aloft,  he  said  :  "  I  will  follow  the 
cross  to  the  end." 

His  obsequies  drew  to  Boston  the  Archbishops  of 

'  Cullen,  "Irish  in  Boston,"  p.  406.    The  will  of  Andrew  Carney. 
Boeton,  1866. 


DIOCESE  OF  BOSTON. 


517 


Baltimore  and  Kew  York,  all  the  Bishops  in  tluj 
States  of  New  York  and  New  Jvisey  and  in  New 
England.  Archbisliop  McCloskey  pionounctMl  the 
funeral  oration,  as  Bishop  de  Goesbriand  did  at  the 
Month's  Mind.' 

Archbishop  Bedini  pronounced  Bishop  Pitzpatrick 
one  of  the  three  great  Bishops  in  the  Unitei'  States. 

» In    Memoriam  of   Rt.   Kov.  Jolin    B.   Fitzputrlck.  Roston,  1866. 


1--  c 


ife: 


m^.: 


CHAPTER  VII. 


■'CI 


r  ■ 


hi 


.» ■' 


DIOCESE  OF  HARTFORD. 
RT.  BEV.  LERNAUD  O'REILLY,  SECOND  BISHOP,  1853-1855. 

TuE  diocese  lost  on  the  28th  of  Karch,  1853,  an  early- 
convert  to  the  faith,  Calvin  White  of  Derby,  who  for 
a  quarter  of  a  century  had  edified  the  Catholic  body 
by  his  piety  and  zeal.  Much  of  the  progress  of  Cath- 
olicity in  that  part  of  the  State  was  due  to  his  exer- 
tion and  example.  He  expired  at  his  home  in  his 
ninetieth  year,  fortified  by  all  the  sacraments. 
Brought  up  an  Episcopalian,  he  became  a  minister  in 
that  sect,  and  is  said  to  have  been  first  led  to  examine 
the  doctrines  of  the  Church  by  the  edifying  life  and 
clear  explanation  of  his  faith  given  by  an  old  Catholic 
soldier  of  the  Continental  army. 

Bishop  O'Reilly  was  at  this  time  in  Ireland,  seeking 
aid  for  his  diocese.  Meanwhile  new  churches  sprang 
up. 

A  church,  Newport,  R.  I.,  was  dedicated  by  Bishop 
Fitzpatrick  in  July,  1852  :  one  had  been  dedi- 
cated at  Birmingham,  Conn.,  Jlay  8.  Bridgeport 
saw  one  opened  under  the  invocation  of  St.  Mary  in 
January.  1853.  In  October  Archbishop  Bedini,  nun- 
cio of  Pope  Pius  IX.,  came  to  Connecticut  to  dedicate 
St.  Patrick's  Church,  New  Haven,  and  before  tlie 
close  of  the  year  St.  Joseph's  Church  was  dedicated 
also.  There  was  thus  great  prv)gress,  although  Trinity 
Church,  the  cradle  of  Catludicity  in  Hartford,  now  no 
longer  used,  was  destroyed  by  lire.  The  Sisters  of 
Mercy  from  Providen<'e  took  chai'ge  of  St.   Mary's 

M8 


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nX.    REV.    BEUNAUD  O'REILLT,   SECOND  BISHOP  OF  HAHTFOBD. 


i?"*< 


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620       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


School,  New  Haven.  They  first  occupied  a  house  on 
George  Street,  but  in  1854  removed  to  a  new  and  com- 
modious edifice  erected  for  them  near  the  church.  St. 
Patrick's  Church,  New  Haven,  erected  a  hirge  school- 
liouse  the  same  year.  In  the  spring  of  1854  Bisliop 
O'Reilly,  in  a  pastoral  letter,  appealed  for  a  regular 
and  organized  collection  to  maintain  seminarians  at 
institutions  where  they  could  prejiare  for  priestly 
work  in  the  diocese. 

Like  his  predecessor  Dr.  Tyler,  Bishop  O'Reilly  con- 
tinued to  reside  in  Providence,  and  erected  there  St. 
Joseph's  Church,  a  fine  Gothic  edifice,  seventy-five 
feet  by  one  hundred  and  fifty,  planned  and  superin- 
tended by  the  great  Catholic  arcliitect,  Keely,  It  was 
solemnly  dedicated  on  the  8th  of  May,  1854,  Bishop 
McGill  of  Richmond  preaching  on  the  occasion. 

St.  Francis's  Orplian  Asylum,  New  Haven,  opened 
by  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  in  1854,  was  soon  a  prosper- 
ous Institution,  affording  a  home  and  Catholic  educa- 
tion to  many  an  orphan.  It  was  incorporated  June 
22,  1865,  and  continues  its  beneficial  work  in  a  capa- 
cious edifice  on  a  ridge  overlooking  the  city. 

After  taking  part  in  the  Provincial  Council  of  New 
York  in  October,  1854,  Bishop  O'Reilly  dedicated  a 
church  at  Bristol,  as  he  had  already  done  at  Fairfield 
and  Newport,  and  announced  the  Jubilee  granted  by 
th^  Sovereign  Pontiff. 

The  Sisters  of  Mercy  had  been  devoting  their  lives 
to  the  instruction  of  the  ignorant  and  the  relief  of  tlie 
afflicted.  Yet  in  1855  a  mob  menaced  their  convent  in 
Providence,  threatening  the  helpless  Sisters  with  death 
and  their  house  with  destruction.  Bishop  O'Reilly 
faced  the  mob,  declaring:  "The  Sisters  are  in  their 
liimie  ;  they  shall  not  leave  it  even  for  an  hour.  I 
shall  i)rotect  them  while  I  have  life,  and,  if  needs  be^ 


DIOCESE  OF  HARTFORD. 


621 


register  their  safety  with  my  blood."     His  firmness 
had  its  effect,  and  the  mob  dispersed. 

In  December  Bishop  O'Reilly  again  visited  Europe 
for  the  good  of  his  diocese,  and,  eager  to  return  to  his 
duties,  embarked  on  the  23d  of  January,  1856,  on  the 
steamer  Pacific.  It  never  reached  our  shores,  nor  was 
any  trace  of  it  ever  found.  As  the  Bishop's  name 
was  not  on  the  list  of  passengers  hope  was  at  first 
entertained  that  he  had  not  embarked  on  that  vessel, 
but  by  April  it  was  known  positively  that  he  had 
been  one  of  the  passengers,  and  solemn  lequiems  were 
offered  for  the  repose  of  his  soul  at  Hartford  and 
Providence  in  June,  Archbishop  Hughes  pronouncing 
in  the  latter  place  the  funeral  discourse  on  the  lost 
Bishop  of  Hartford. 

By  this  time  the  diocese  of  Hartford  contained 
about  fifty-five  thousand  Catholics,  who  had  thirty- 
seven  churches  attended  by  thirty-nine  priests,  Sisters 
of  Mercy  at  Providence,  New  Haven,  Hartford,  and 
Newport,  three  orpha;*  asylums,  and  a  number  of 
schools. 


i 


il    <    -SfJ 


VERY  REV.  WILLIAM  O'REILLY,  ADMINISTRATOR,  1856-1858. 

The  Very  Rev.  William  O'  Reilly,  who  had  been  left 
in  charge  of  the  diocese  during  the  Bishop's  absence, 
became  administrator  sede  vacante.  During  the  years 
1856  and  1857,  corner  stones  were  laid  at  Merideii 
and  Wallingford,  and  a  church  at  Frankford  dedi- 
cated. An  evil  spirit  was  displayed  at  Norwalk, 
where  the  church  was  actually  set  on  fire,  and  on 
another  occasion  the  gilt  cross  surmounting  it  was 
sawed  off. 

Rev.  Thomas  P.  Ilendricken,  afterward  Bishop  of 
Providence,  had  acquired  a  fine  cemetery  at  Water- 


522      THE  CHURCH  /-V  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


:1      i, 


bury,  and  July  5,  1857,  the  foundation  of  the  great 
Cliurch  of  tlie  InimacuUite  Conception  was  laid  by 
Very  Rev,  William  O'Reilly.  On  its  completion  it 
•was  dedicated  by  Bishop  McFarland.  Rev,  Mr,  Ilen- 
dricken  also  established  a  convent  of  Notre  Dame  and 
schools. 

A  curious  law-suit  was  begun  against  Rev.  Thomas 
Qiiinn  of  Meriden.  A  Catholic  woman  liad  married  a 
man  who  had  a  wife  living  from  whom  he  had  obtained 
a  divorce.  Smitten  with  contrition,  she  applied  to  the 
clergyman,  who  told  her  that  she  was  living  in  adul- 
tery and  could  not  receive  any  of  the  sacraments  un- 
less she  left  the  man  who  was  not  and  could  never  be 
her  husband.  She  accordingly  left  him  and  made  her 
peace  with  God  and  his  Church,  On  this  the  man 
sued  Rev,  Mr.  Quinn  for  ten  thousand  dollars'  dam- 


ages. 


RT.  REV.  FRANCIS  PATRICK  McFARLAND,  THIRD  BISHOP, 

1858-1866. 

As  successor  to  Bishop  O'Reilly,  the  Holy  See 
elected  Rev,  Fi-ancis  P,  McFarland,  rector  of  St. 
John's  Church,  Utica  ;  a  learned  and  devoted  priest. 
He  was  born  in  Franklin,  Pa.,  April  10,  1819,  and 
received  a  careful  training  in  an  academy  conducted 
bv   Mr.  James  Clark,  subsequently  a  distinguished 


aV 


'  Rooney,  "  The  Connecticut  Catholic  Year  Book,"  Hartford.  1877  ; 
"  CVntcnniiil  Cclclmition  of  llic  First  Mass  in  ("oiinccticut,"  Hartford, 
1881  ;  Phelun,  "A  Ili-itory  of  the  Itise  and  Progress  of  Calholicisni  in 
\Vallingford,"  "Wullincford,  1887  ;  Freeman's  .loiirnnl,  Aup.  7,  1853, 
:May,  1850  ;  An  lihistrated  History  of  the  Parish  of  the  Immaculate 
C'ouccptiou,  Waterbury,  Ctmn.,  1801. 


POUTRAIT  OI**  IIT.  IlEV.  FKANCIS  P.  MCFARLAND, 
SECOND  BISUOP  OF  UAllTFOUU. 


I;     ,  'I 


mm 


i. 


'•I'i  f  ■■  '!■ 


C24      THE  CHURCH  IN  TiTE  UNITED  STATES. 

Jesuit.  After  a  course  of  divinity  at  Emniitsburg,  lie 
was  ordained  by  Archbishop  Hughes,  in  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral,  May  18,  1845.  He  filled  for  a  time  a  pro- 
fessor's chair  in  St.  John's  College,  and  then  was 
missionary  priest  at  WaLertown,  till. he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Utica. 

He  was  consecrated  in  St.  Patrick's  Church,  Provi- 
dence, on  the  14th  of  Murch,  1858,  by  Ar  ]ibisho|) 
Hughes,  Bishops.  Timon  and  Fitzpatrick  being  assist- 
ants, all  the  other  suffragans  of  Now  York  being 
present.  The  sermon  was  r^veacheci  by  Rt.  Rev. 
John  McCloskey,  Bishop  ol'  Albany.  Bishop  McFar- 
land  was  soon  actively  engaged  in  the  Cutholiu  proj.;;- 
tvss  of  the  diocese,  'tying  the  corner  stone  of  St. 
John's,  Fes\  Flaven,  April  18,  1858,  and  during  the 
year  dedictbig  churches  at  Providence,  Hiirrison- 
ville,  ManoliOa'or.  ynd  AV.tierbury.  The  steady  in- 
crease of  the  OatlioliT  body,  showing  their  zeal  by 
erecting  churcJio*),  was  remarkable;  before  sSCl 
churches  »^erf'  tL^dicated,  begun,  or  i)urchased  at  ^leri- 
den,  Putnam,  Phoiuixville,  Hartford,  Newtown, 
Naugatuck,  Buitic,  Westport,  Bristol,  New  Melftad, 
WiinT?\antic,  and  Southington.  The  church  at  AViili- 
inantic  was  a  Baptist  meeting-house,  purchased  iu 
1857  by  Rev.  Bernard  McCabe,  and  removed  to  a 
lot  already  secured  by  the  Catholic  body.  So  strong 
was  the  feeling  against  Catholics  that  Rev.  M. 
McCabe  had  been  i)reviously  locked  out  of  a  room 
which  he  had  hired,  compelling  him  to  set  up  an 
altar  in  a  vacant  lot.  On  an  other  occasion,  when 
after  officiating  at  Willimantic  he  took  his  convey- 
ance to  drive  to  Baltic,  the  wheels  came  off  and  he 
was  thrown  to  the  ground.  Ail  nuts,  bolts,  screws, 
and  other  fastenings  had  been  maliciously  taken  from 
the  vehicle. 


DIOCESE  OF  HARTFORD. 


525 


rg,  he 
;rick's 


During  the  prevalence  of  this  feeling  the  Know- 
nothings  gained  control  of  the  State.     One  of  their 
first  acts  was  to  pass  a  law  disbanding  all  the  militia 
companies,   composed     mainly    of    C:-*holics.     The 
AVashington    Erina    Guards   of    New    Haven,  Com- 
pany E,  2d  Regiment,  was  one  of  these.    In  five  years 
the    Northern  States  were  called    upon  fur  troops 
to    meet   the  advancing  armies  of  the  Confederate 
States.     The  command  of  a  regiment  was  tendered  to 
Captain  Caliill.     He  replied  :  "  Five  years  ago  I  was 
captain  of  a  company  of  volunteer  militia,  and  a 
native  of  New  England.     I  was,  with  my  comrades, 
thought  unfit  to  shoulder  a  musket,  and  the  company 
was  disbanded.     The  law  still  stands  on  the  statute 
book."     A  repealing  act  went  through  the  legislature 
in  a  single  day,  and  not  till  then  did  Thomas  W. 
Cahill  accept  his  commission  as  colonel,  or  begin  to 
raise  the  9th  Connecticut  Volunteers,    It  was  sent 
south  under  General  Butler,  and  routed  a  superior 
force  of  the  enemy  at  Pass  Christian,  Rev.  Mr.  Mul- 
lon,  their  chaplain,  narrowly  escaping  death.     Colonel 
Cahill,  as  brigade  commander,  defeated  Breckenridge 
at   Bayou   Gras  ;  the  regiment  served   subsequently 
under  Sheridan   in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  at  his 
famous  battle,  and  then  at  Savannah.      Everywhere 
these  Catholic  soldiers  proved  that  they  were  the 
worthiest  of  the  worthy  soldiers  of  their  State. 

Catholics  went  into  the  war  fron  purely  patriotic 
motives.  They  had  no  hostility  to  any  section  of  the 
country.  When  war  was  imminent,  Bishop  McFar- 
land,  on  the  14th  of  December,  1800,  issuev"  a  circular 
to  his  clergy,  dirt-ctiiig  them  to  exhort  all  their  flocks 
to  unite  in  fervent  prayer  for  the  preservation  of  the 
Union  and  peace  of  the  country.  He  exhorted  them 
to  works  of  mortitication  and  to  the  frequentation  of 


'■II 


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f^  ■  . 

526       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

the  sacraments.  "  If  we  turn  to  God,  with  our  whole 
hearts,  in  humility  ami  coutidence,  we  may  hope  that 
he  will  turn  from  his  tierce  anger  and  deliver  us 
from  the  evils  that  threaten  us." 

Rev.  Thomas  Quiiin  went  as  chapl  vin  to  the  1st 
Rhode  Island  Regiment  and  was  at  the  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  but  in  time  the  brave  men  dwindled  away  in 
successive  campaigns,  their  places  were  tilled  from 
other  organizations,  or  drafted  men,  and  it  ceased  to 
require  a  Catholic  chaplain. 

An  attempt  was  n)ade  in  October,  1863,  to  bring  the 
Catholic  parochial  schools  into  some  kind  of  harmony 
with  the  general  State  system  ;  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion offering  to  lease  the  buildings,  retain  the  Sisters 
in  charge  as  teachers,  but  with  the  right  to  fill  vacan- 
cies as  they  occurred  without  regard  to  religion.  On 
this  point  and.  that  of  religious  instruction,  no  defi- 
nite ground  wps  reached.  An  arrangement  Avas 
actually  made  in  regard  to  St.  Peter's  school,  Hart- 
ford, but  in  a  short  time  a  teacher  was  appointed  who 
insisted  on  reading  the  Protestant  Bible  to  the  Catho- 
lic children.  The  arrangement  with  the  State  system 
ceased,  and  Sisters  of  Mercy  resumed  charge  of  the 
school. 

In  1864  Bishop  McFarland  invited  to  his  diocese 
the  Reformed  Franciscan  Fathers  and  placed  them  in 
charge  of  St.  Joseph's  Church,  Winsted,  Conn.  In 
1866  the  Fathers  erected  a  brick  edifice  for  their  con- 
vent, and  besides  St.  Joseph's  attended  the  Catholics 
at  Norfolk,  Colebrook,  and  New  Boston.  They  soon 
had  a  community  of  Franciscan  Sisters  of  the  Third 
Order  to  direct  the  parochial  school. 

During  the  ensuing  years  Catholicity  grew  steadily, 
as  the  dedication  of  churches  at  Moosup,  Westerly,  Val- 
ley Falls,  and  New  Britain  evinced.     At  the  beginning 


DIOCESE  OF  HARTFORD. 


527 


of  1866  the  diocese  contained  lifty-six  churches  in 
Connecticut  with  forty  priests,  and  eigliteen  cliurclies 
in  Rhode  Ishind  with  twenty-four  priests ;  a  Fran- 
ciscan Convent  at  Winsted  ;  Sisters  of  Mercy  at 
Providence,  Newport,  Pawtucket,  New  Haven,  and 
Hartford  ;  Sisters  of  the  Tliird  Order  of  St.  Francis  at 
Winsted ;  Sisters  of  Charity  at  New  Haven  ;  twenty- 
two  parochial  schools,  most  of  them  for  boys  and 
girls,  under  separate  management.  The  Catholic 
population  was  estimated  at  eighty  thousand,  about 
equally  divided  between  Connecticut  and  Rliode 
Island,' 

'  Rooiicy,  "The  Connocticut  Ciitholic  Year  Book;"  Schcmatismus 
Custodiic  lleformiitiB  BuffHlunsis,  New  York,  1882,  p.  20 ;  Metropolitaa 
vi.,  p.  198.  etc.;  Freeraau's  Jourual,  Mcli.  20,  1858-1866;  Boston  Pilot, 
Mch.  20,  1838. 


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DK     i-3E  '1V    lU  RLINGTON. 
RT.  REV.  LOUIS  DE  Q0E8BRIAND,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1863-1866. 

Catiiolioity  erected  a  cliapel,  tliough  not  destined 
to  be  permanci  t,  within  the  liniits  of  tlie  present 
State  of  \'ermout  as  early  as  \mt\  when  tlie  Fiench 
occupied  Isle  La  Motte  and  tlu  ttieur  de  ia  Muthe, 
captaiTi  in  the  Curignan-Salieres  regiment,  raised  Fort 
St.  Anne  upon  it.  Within  the  fort  was  a  chapel, 
doubtless  dedicated  to  the  Mother  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin  Here  mass  was  certainly  offered  in  1006. 
Till'  fort  was  not  long  maintained,  but  its  ruins  are 
stilJ    to  be  seen. 

In  1731  Francis  Foncault  obtained  a  grant  of  lands 
for  a  seigneury  at  Windmill  Point,  now  in  the  town  of 
Alburgh.  He  set  apart  a  site  for  a  church,  parochial 
residence,  and  cemetery  ;  and,  as  he  promised  to  have 
the  church  ready  by  the  next  year,  the  Bishop  of 
Quebec  accepted  the  grant  and  promised  to  send  a 
priest ;  but  the  settlement  failed,  and  there  is  no  trace 
of  the  visit  of  the  priest.' 

After  the  American  Revolution  some  Catholics  from 
Canada  and  Ireland  began  to  settle  in  Verm  *.  the 
former  roving,  the  latter  -Tiiore  jiermanent.  Appai- 
entlv  before  the  establishment  of  'he  see  of  Boston, 
Rev.  Dr.  Matignuii  and  others  >     ited  tlutr  part  of 

'  Heliition  de  la  Nouvellc  Fniticc,  1604-65  ;  ilciiu'iiway,  "  Vcnnont 
llislorical  Ga/ctteir,  ii.,  p.  48S.  The  recent  legend  of  ii  visit  of  ii 
Fnnieiscnn  Father  has  not  the  f<li,Klitest  siijiport  '".\  the  Friiucis(  mu  writers 
8ugard  and  Le  Clercq. 

SSB 


RT.    REV 


(iOESBIlIAND,   BISHOP  OF  IJt'UUXGTON. 


'■■m 


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m 


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i    ii 


630       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


New  l^rigland,  sind  when  liishop  Plessis  of  Quebec,  in 
1815,  passed  through  Jiurlingtun,  the  Canudiaus  ap- 
pealed t(»  iiim  for  a  priest.  Rev.  Mr.  McQuade  was 
stilt  to  Vermont  iu  1821,  but  did  not  remain.  The 
lirst  priest  perni'inently  stationed  in  Vermont  was 
Rev.  Jeremiah  O'Callaghan,  who  began  his  mi.ssion  at 
Walliiigford  in  18;JU.  The  Oanadians  were,  liowever, 
for  many  years  atten<I  ,  by  the  apostolic  priest,  \'ery 
Rev.  P.  M.  Migneault  of  Chambly. 

Mrs.  Nicliols,  of  Vergennes,  a  convert,  and  ^fr. 
Archibald  Hyde,  a  convert  of  later  date,  were  great 
benefactors  of  the  Church  in  these  days.  In  1832 
Bishop  Ff  wick  dedicated  St.  Mary's  Church,  which 
liad  be<in  erected  at  Burlington. 

When  Pope  Pius  IX.  detached  Vermont  from  the 
diocese  of  Boston  and  erected  a  see  at  Burlington  in 
1853,  there  were  churches  at  Montpelier,  St.  Albans, 
Fairlleld,  Swanton,  and  Castleton,  and  a  Canadian 
churcli  dedicated  in  honor  of  St.  Joseph  at  Burling- 
ton. There  were  five  priests  in  the  State,  but  no 
institutions.  Rev.  Ueorge  A.  Hamilton,  sent  to  St. 
Albans  in  1847,  won  many  to  the  faith  :  G.  G.  Smith 
and  his  family,  Hon.  L.  B.  Hunt,  and  B.  H.  Smalley. 
Rev.  Mr.  Hamilton  purchased  a  site  for  a  church  in 
1848,  and  the  corner  stone  was  laid  the  next  year  by 
Bishop  McCloskey  of  Albany.  Tiie  church  at  High- 
gate  was  begun  by  him  the  next  year. 

The  burthen  of  the  episcopate  in  the  State  was  im- 
posed on  Rev.  Louis  de  Goesbriand,  a  native  of  St. 
Urbain,  in  the  Breton  diocese  of  Quimper,  son  of  a 
peer  of  France,  a  man  of  ability  and  faith,  and  a  poet. 
He  was  born  on  August  4,  181(5,  trained  in  the  semi- 
nary of  St.  Sulpice,  and  ordained  in  1840  by  Bishop 
Rosati.  Resolved  to  devote  himself  to  the  service  of 
Catholics  in  the  United  States,  he  labored  in  the  diocese 


DIOCESE  OF'  BURLINGTON. 


081 


of  CinciniiiUi  till  1847,  \\\wn  lie  became  Vi('iir-Oeneri»l 
<»[  I'leveliiiid.'  He  was  consecrated  by  the  Most  Rev. 
Cajetan  liedini,  Archbishop  of  Thebes  and  nuncio 
of  his  Holiness  to  Brazil,  in  St.  Patiiiik's  Cathedral, 
New  York,  on  the  3()th  of  October,  1853  ;  a  memorable 
day,  as  Bishop  Loughlin  of  Brooklyn  and  Bishop 
Mavlev  of  Newark  were  consecrated  at  the  same  time. 
He  proceeded  at  once  to  his  episcopal  city,  and  was 
instalUul  in  his  pro-cathedral  on  Sunday,  November  0, 
by  the  Bishop  of  Boston.  After  ascertaining  the  con- 
<lilion  and  wants  of  his  diocese,  he  proceeded  to 
Europe  to  obtain   clergymen  and  aid. 

The  Sisters  of  Providence  came  from  Montreal,  and 
St.  Joseph's  Orphan  Asylum  opened  under  their  care. 
Bishop  de  Goosbriand  induced  the  01)lutes  of  Mary 
Immaculato  to  commence  mission  work  at  ]?iuliiigton, 
anu)ng  the  French  Caiuulians,  hoping  to  see  those  zeal- 
ous priests  effect  much  good,  but  after  laboring  from 
18r)4  to  18."){)  they  witlidrew. 

Returning  froni  Europe  in  185.')  with  recruits  for  his 
clergy,  the  Bishop  soon  saw  encouraging  results.  He 
lield  his  lirst  diocesan  Synod  and  promulgated  stat- 
utes subsequently  renewed.  Rev.  Zephyriu  Druon 
erected  a  church  on  ^leadow  Street,  Rutland.  Then 
St.  Thonuis  Church  was  built  at  Underbill  Centre. 
In  1858  the  Catholics,  who  had  secured  a  site  at  Bap- 
tist Corners,  Charlotte,  purchased  a  Quaker  meeting 
house,  which  was  moved  to  it  aiul  became  a  Catholic 
Church.  Richmond  Centre  had  a  church  the  same 
year,  and  Milton  the  next.  St.  Johnsbury,  named 
after  St.  John  de  Creveco?ur,  one  of  the  ilrst  trustees 
and  active  members  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  New  York, 
had  a  churcli  in  1800. 


Ciith.  Ti'lcgmpli,  July  0,  1858. 


!•    'W 


..■U.] 


1 


.'   ' 


ii>\ 


ir 


.u  -s^f 


m 


IIF 


532      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Three  young  ladies  of  the  Barlow  family,  Debbie, 
Helen,  and  Anna,  attracted  to  the  true  faith  by  what 
Debbie  saw  at  the  academy  of  Villa  Maria,  under  the 
Sisters  of  the  Congregation,  by  the  loveliness  of  their 
lives,  their  piety,  i)atience,  a\  1  courage,  produced  an 
impression  in  life,  and  left  a  memory  that  will  be 
enduring  in  Vermont. 

The  Civil  War  did  not  check  progress  or  dampen 
the  zeal  of  priest  and  people.  French  Methodist  and 
Baptist  ministers  had  lured  many  of  the  careless  and 
indifferent  Canadians  to  attend  their  services  near 
Enosburgh,  but  when  a  church  was  erected,  and  the 
herald  of  the  true  Church  appealed  to  their  dormant 
faith,  most  of  these  misguided  men  returned.  Pittj- 
field  Mills  had  a  church  the  same  year,  and  West 
Rutland  a  Church  of  St.  Bridget.  Still  laboring  zeal- 
ously. Rev.  Z.  Druoii  erected  a  church  at  Randolph 
in  1863. 

With  the  pressing  wants  of  the  faithful  for  priest 
and  altar  thus  provided  for,  Bishop  de  tloesbriand 
could  at  last  think  of  a  Cathedral.  Wli  n  a  site  v/as 
obtained,  the  elegant  marble,  rich  in  coloring,  came 
froju  Isle  La  Motte,  where  the  holy  sacritice  was 
first  offered  in  Vermont.  The  architect,  P.  C.  Keely, 
planned  a  truly  Catholic  edifice.  The  columns  within 
were  each  the  gift  of  a  priest  of  the  diocese.  All 
tends  to  excite  devotion— the  high  altar,  tlie  storied 
glass  windows.  The  corner  stone  was  laid  on  the  IGth 
of  September,  1863 ;  but  the  work  was  carried  on  with- 
out haste,  and  it  was  not  till  Decembers,  1867,  that 
the  Cathedral  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  was 
solemnly  dedicated. 

Meanwhile  other  shrines  of  religion  arose;  St. 
Albans  Church,  begun  in  1848  by  Rev.  Mr.  Hamilton, 
was  completed  in   1804.      A  church   was  raised  at 


tt 


DIOCESE  OF  BURLINGTON. 


63a 


Poultney  by  Rev.  Thomas  Lynch  in  the  same  year  ; 
and  St.  Patrick's  at  Wallingford  in  1866. 

By  this  time  the  diocese  had  nineteen  active  priests, 
twenty-seven  churches,  and  one  in  progress,  beside 
the  Cathedral,  'an  orphan  asylum,  eight  schools,  and  a 
Catholic  population  o"f  twenty-eight  thousand.' 

'  De  Gocsbriand,  "  Catholic  Memories  of  Vermont  and  New  Ilamp- 
sliire,"  Burlington,  1886  ;  Smalley,  "  The  Young  Converts  ;  or,  Memoirs 
of  three  Histers,  Debbie,  Helen,  and  Anna  Barlow,"  St.  Louis,  1878  ; 
Hemenway,  "  Vermont  Quarterly  Gazetteer,"  1 860 ;  1883.,  i.,pp.  551,  888^ 
744,  848-49  ;  ii.,  pp.  1005,  367 ;  iii.,  p.  1182. 


"-'m: 


i 


-\..'.  . 


_.r;l 


81 »! 


\M' 


HT.  ItliV.  DAVID    W.  UACO.N,  KlUSl'   UISUOl'   Ol'   I'OUIXA.ND. 


!,'    <S' 


■^ 


CHAPTER  IX. 

DIOCESE  OF  PORTLAND. 
RT.  REV.  DAVID  W.  BACON,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1855-1866. 

The  see  of  Portland  was  erected  by  his  Holiness 
Pope  Pius  IX.  in  the  year  1853,  at  the  request  of  the 
Fathers  of  the  First  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore, 
the  diocese  embracing  the  States  of  Maine  and  New 
Hampshire.    The  Very  Rev.  Henry  B.  Coskery,  elected 
to  the  new  see,  declined  the  appointment  and  re- 
turned the  bulls,  nor  was  it  till  1855  that  Portland 
•obtained  its  first  Bishop  in  the  person  of  Rev.  David 
W.  Bacon,  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Assumption, 
Brooklyn.     He  was  born  in  New  York,  September  15, 
1815,  and  after  a  preliminary  course  in  the  Academy 
of  Mr.  James  Shea,  went  to  the  college  and  seminary 
in  Montreal  and  to  Mount  St.  Mary's.     He  '\as  or- 
dained by  the  Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  December  13, 
1838.     After  some  service  at  Utica  he  was  sent  to 
Brooklyn  to  form  a  new  parish.     Purchasing  an  un- 
finished church  he  completed  it  and  became  pastor  of 
the  Church  of  the  Assumption  of  the  Blessed  Virgin. 
From    small    beginnings    the  congregation  grew  to 
be  one  of  the  largest,  while  his  love  nnd  veneration 
for  the  grand  ceremonial  of  the  Church  invested  the 
■offices  of  religion  with  dignity.     Seeing  the  growth  of 
tliO  Catholic  body  he  began  the  erection  of  th.'  Church 
of  St.  Mary  Star  of  the  Sea.     While  tlt'is  laboriously 
engaged,  he  received,  at  the  close  of  18.')4.  the  bulls  ap- 
l)()inting  liim  Bishop  of  Portland.     He  was  consecrated 
on  the  22d  of  April  by  Archbishop  Hughes,  Rt.  Rev. 

535 


If 


.     '.(SI 


m 


f-  iil 


536      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

John  McCloskey  delivering  the  sermon  during  the 

iss. 

The  States  assigned  for  his  episcopal  labor  were  not 
a  very  encouraging  Held.  New  Hampshire  by  her 
constitution  excluded  Catholics  from  the  legislature 
and  all  high  offices  ;  Maine  had  in  early  days  seen 
Capuchins  labor  on  the  eastern  frontier  encouraged 
by  Cardinal  Riclielieu.  Jesuit  missionaries  then 
labored  on  the  Kennebec,  and  Recollects  and  Semi- 
nary priests  on  the  Penobscot,  so  that  to  this  day  the 
Abnakis,  refugees  in  Canada,  the  Penobscots  and  Pas- 
samaquoddies,  renuiin  Catholics.  Yet  a  Capu('hin 
was  slain  near  the  frontier,  a  Jesuit  lay  brother  at 
Mount  Desert,  and  the  heroic  Father  Rale  at  Norridge- 
walk.  The  spirit  of  hostility  that  prompted  these 
cruel  deeds  was  still  rife.  From  the  time  of  Bishop 
Carroll  the  Indians  had  their  missionaries,  and  there 
were  churches  at  Newcastle  and  ^Vhitefield.  Bishoi) 
Fenwick  endeavored  to  establish  a  Catholic  settlement 
at  Benedicta.' 

After  the  erection  of  the  see  of  Portland  during  the 
fierce  outburst  of  Know-nothingism  tlie  new  dio- 
cese suffered.  On  the  3d  of  July,  IS-M,  the  church 
at  Manchester,  N.  II.,  was  destroyed  by  a  mob; 
on  the  8th  the  Catholic  church  at  Bath,  Me.,  was 
attacked.  Altar,  pulpit,  pews,  were  torn  up  to 
make  a  pile,  which  was  set  on  fire,  and  the  church 
entirely  consumed.  Rev.  John  Bapst,  S.  J.,  was  the 
missionary  of  the  Indians,  but  attended  several 
CsUholic  stations.  One  of  these  was  Ellsworth,  and 
at  that  place  Catholic  children  had  been  expelled 
from  the  i)ublic  schools  for  refusing  to  take  part  in 

'  Letter  of  Ciinlinnl  Fniiisoni,  Atijt.  Vi.  IS-'td,  in  Conciliiim  Plt-n- 
iiriuni  loliu-i  Aniericii'  ScptcntridimHs  Fa'deriuii',  Baltimori  Imbitum 
uiiiu)  1^58.     Bullimore.  'b')3,  p.  03. 


DIOCESE  OF  PORTLAND. 


537 


Protestant  worship.  Father  Bapst  advised  the  Cath- 
olics to  test  the  legality  of  the  act  of  the  authorities. 
For  this,  he  was,  by  order  of  a  town  meeting  regu- 
larly convened,  attacked,  robbed,  carried  around 
astride  a  rail,  injured  so  severely  ♦^hat  he  never  re- 
covered, tLen  stripped  and  covered  with  tar  and  feath- 
ers. Exhausted,  bruised,  tortured,  he  would  take  no 
restorative,  that  he  might  be  able  to  offer  the  holy 
saci-ilice  the  next  morning.  Nowhere  in  the  whole 
course  of  the  Church  in  this  country  have  men  acted 
more  liendishly  than  those  of  Ellsworth,  Me. 

Such  was  the  diocese  to  which  Bishop  Bacon  was 
sent.  Undaunted  by  the  prospect,  he  was  installed 
by  Bishop  Fitzpatrick  in  St.  Dominic's  Church  on 
the  31st  of  May,  1855.  lie  soon  had  practical  proof 
that  all  prudence  and  charity  were  required.  When 
he  attempted  to  lay  the  corner  stone  of  a  new  church 
in  Bath,  to  replace  that  which  had  been  destroyed, 
a  mob  took  possession  of  the  ground  and  drove  the 
Catholics  from  it.  The  church  at  Ellsworth,  after 
being  for  months  a  target  for  missiles  of  every  kind, 
was  set  on  fire  and  destroyed  April  27,  1850.  Under 
these  circumstances  the  Bishop  in  his  visitation  coun- 
seled patience  and  self-control,  urging  his  flock  to 
give  no  pretext  for  evil-doers.  In  October,  1S.'')0,  he 
dedicated  St.  John's  Cliurch,  Bangor,  his  calm  and 
Christian  words  producing  a  favorable  impression. 
During  the  same  year  he  obtained  a  site  in  Portland 
for  a  future  Cathedial  and  erected  a  tempoiary  chapel, 
though  the  Catholics  in  the  citj' could  not  have  ex- 
(•eede(l  two  thousand.'  While  arranging  his  i)ro- 
Cathedral  for  the   service  of  Holy   Week  in   1857, 


I  Kl.  Hcv.  .1.  A.  Hcaly,  in  Hall,  "(Vntciiniiil  Celebration,"  Portland, 
15*80,  p.  135.     C:atii.  Telegraph,  May  2i,  1850. 


638       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bishop  Bacon  fell,  breaking  several  bones  and  sus- 
taining  much  injury.  On  his  recovery  he  stimulated 
his  liock  to  provide  suitable  houses  of  worship.  The 
old  unplastered  church  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
was  sold,  and  a  fine  edifice,  forty-five  feet  by 
ninety,  was  erected,  which  Bishop  Bacon  dedicated  in 
honor  of  the  Immaculate  Conception,  November  8, 
1857.  A  new  church  at  Salmon  Falls  in  the  same 
State  was  dedicated  on  the  next  anniversary  of  Inde- 
pendence. 

After  visiting  Europe  in  the  interest  of  his  diocese, 
in  1859,  Bishop  Bacon  dedicated  the  church  at  Pem- 
broke, Me.,  in  October,  1860,  and  in  the  following 
year  a  mortuary  chapel  in  Portland  and  the  church  at 
Exeter,  N.  II.  He  took  part  in  the  third  Provincial 
Council  of  New  York,  held  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral 
in  June,  1861. 

In  1864  the  Sisters  of  the  Congregation  of  Notre 
Dame  came  from  Montreal  to  labor  for  the  education 
of  girls.  Under  Mother  St.  Josephine  as  Superior  they 
opened  an  academy  in  Portland,  and  were  soon  con- 
ducting parochial  schools  at  the  Cathedral  chapel  and 
St.  Dominic's.  Bangor  was  erecting  a  convent  and 
academy  for  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  who  had  been  intro- 
duced in  1858  by  Rev.  William  McDonnell  at  Man- 
chester, N.  11.,  and  had  charge  there  of  several  paro- 
chial and  public  schools. 

The  anti-Catholic  agitation  had  subsided,  more  civil- 
ized and  Christian  feeling  began  to  prevail,  when  on 
the  4th  of  July,  1866,  Portland  was  laid  in  ruins  by  a 
terrible  conflagration.  "Of  tlie  Cathedral  property 
nothing  was  left.  In  a  few  hours  the  chapel,  the  epis- 
copal residence,  the  house,  and  the  academy  of  the 
Sisters,  with  nearly  all  they  contained,  had  been  con- 
sumed."     Assembling  his  peop.le,  first  in  a  shed  on 


■4>  r^i 


s. 

Llld   8US- 

mulated 
p.  The 
N.  H., 
feet  by 
cated  in 
mber  8, 
le  same 
of  Inde- 

diocese, 
at  Pem- 
ollowing 
hvtrch  at 
tovincial 
athedral 

)f  Notre 
diication 
rior  they 
soon  con- 
apel  and 
/ent  and 
jen  intro- 
at  ^fan- 
ral  paro- 

ore  civil- 
when  on 
iiiiis  by  a 
l)r<)perty 

the  epis- 
y  of  the 
L)een  con- 

shed  on 


DIOCESE  OF  PORTLAND. 


689 


the  Grand  Trunk  wharf,  then  in  a  slied,  built  where 
the  Kavanagli  school  was  subsequently  erected,  he 
set  to  work  with  energy  to  rebuild  his  chapel,  which 


^Z^a^^Uy  /h-i^ 


BIGNATUnE  OF  ni3H0P  BACON  OF  POUTLaND. 

he  dedicated  at  Christmas.  Before  the  winter's  snows 
were  gone  a  new  episcopal  residence  and  St.  Aloysius' 
school  on  Congress  street  were  ready. 

At  the  time  of  this  terrible  blow,  the  diocese  con- 
tained forty-five  churches,  twenty-nine  priests,  four 
Catholic  Indian  missions,  the  only  Indian  missions  in 
New  England,  and  forty-five  thousand  Catholics. 


r :  Kl 


seal  OF  BlSIIOl"  BACON  OF  PC  'TLAi^D. 


I!     i'l 


J' 


•^•^1 


•M 


l<  1 


i  = 


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M 


MUbl    Kt-V.  JUll.N    iJ.  I'tUCKLL,  Flits  1  AKCJlUlSllOl'  UK  I  INC  l.NNAll. 


i 


|;i?! 


' ' 


BOOK  IX. 

PROVINCE  OF  '.  INCINNATI. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI. 

MOST  llEV.  JOHN  BVPTIST  PUIICELL.  I'lUHT  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CIN- 
CINNATI, 1833-18G6. 

In  the  great  diocese  of  Cincinnati,  as  elsewhere,  the 
question  of  educatioinvas  agitated  ;  but  the  dominant 
majority  would  neither  make  the  pu))lic  schools  such 
that  Catholics  could  use  them,  nor  establish  a  separate 
system  of  schools  for  them.  Early  in  18r)3  Arch- 
bishop Purcell  ably  discussed  the  whole  situation. 
The  Catholic  body  was  growing  in  strength  and  influ- 
ence, however.  At  this  time  the  Catholic  marriages  in 
Cincinnati  alone  numbered,  annually,  12G1,  and  the  bap- 
tisms, JJ?.").").  Holy  Trinity  Cluirch  had  been  destroyed 
by  lire,  but  the  corner  stone  of  a  new  edifice  was  laid 
May  1,  1853,  and  the  church  completed  for  dedication 
by  the  Feast  of  the  Circumcision.' 

The  important  subjects  of  marriages  and  temi)erance 
were  treated  by  the  Arcld)i.sliop  in  pastoral  letters 
to  instruct  and  warn  the  faithful. 

In  Sei)tend)er  the  Cathedral  was  the  scene  of  the 
conseci'ation  of  two  newly  appointed  Bishops  of  the 
Province,  Rt.  Rev.  (reorge  A.  Carrell   of  Covington, 


'Other  churches  were  begun  nt  Middtetowii,  Urbnnn,  Stoubenville, 
Mount  St.  Mary's,  Noble  Co.,  Morrow.  Iliiniilton,  and  Columbus  :  St. 
Auiiustine's  CliurLli  in  Brown  Co.,  .nul  St.  Joseph's,  Circleville,  wore 
<UHlieati'd. 

Ml 


■■■  I'   '  ' 

•■f     ■' 


i' 


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>l:l 


',••1 

''4 


iii.'l. 

•     i*tl 

■d''* 

'fli 

'^.' 

ff 

II 

,  :'■' 

Jvf 

,. 

P 

,'ts 

iH 


I        -  A: 

I    i 


Ma       THx!?  CHURCH  m  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

and  Rt.   Rev.  Prederic  Baraga,  Vicar  Apostolic  of 
Upper  Michigan. 

Toward  tUe  clo.3o  of  1854  Archbishop  Purcell  issu^'^l 
a  pastoral  on  the  Immaculate  Conception  of  tl  .► 
Blessed  Virgin.  An  insidious  note  was  addressed  tO 
liim  about  tliis  time  by  the  Cincinnati  Relief  Union 
to  know  what  provision  the  Catholic  Cliurch  mad* 
its  poor  ;  the  reply  could  not  have  been  very  satisi 
tory.  Archbishop  Purcell  treated  the  matter  at  lengUu 
He  showed  th.it  ten  thousand  dollars  were  annually 
expended  by  the  Cincinnati  cliurches,  besides  the 
relief  afforded  by  re"gious  orders,  institutions,  socie- 
ties, and  individuals,and  without  including  the  amount 
paid  for  the  support  of  the  orphans.  He  then  showed 
how  Catholic  emigrants  were  robbed  by  ship  agents, 
contractors,  and  by  bankers,  the  civil  authorities  doing 
nothing  to  save  them,  and  taking  no  steps  to  check 
the  sale  of  liquor,  the  fruitful  source  of  poverty  and 

crime. 

Tlie  lirst  provincial  council  of  Cincinnati,  convoked 
by  Archbishop  Purcell,  met  on  the  13th  of  May,  1855, 
and  was  attended  by  Rt.  Rev.  Peter  Lefevere,  admin- 
istrator of  Dc'?'>it,  ilt.  Rev.  Amadeus  Rappe,  Bishop 
of  Clevelanil  R?-  Rev.  Martin  John  Spalding,  Bishop 
of    Louisvxile,    lit.    Rev.   George  Aloysius    Carrel), 
Bishop       r    Covington,   Rt.    Rev.    Frederic  Baraga, 
Bishop  of  Aynvzonium  and  Vicar  Apostolic  of  Upper 
Michigan  ;  Bishop  St.  Palais  of  Vincennes  was  un- 
able to  attend.     The  Superiors  of  the  Dominicans, 
Franciscans,  Jesuits.  Fathers  of  the  Holy  Cross,  and 
Priests  of  the   Precious  Blood    were  also    present. 
Nineteen  decrees  were  passed  proposing  the  erection 
of  sees  at  Sault  Sainte  ^farie  in  Michigan  and  Fort 
Wayne  in  Indiana  ;  other  decrees  regulated  faculties 
for  confessors,  conferences,  and  the  establishment  of 


:lli 


tJ3   :    . 

I;     is    f  !■  1 


T 


DIUCESE  OF  CINCINNATI. 


543 


a  provincial  sijininary.    The  borrowing  of  money  ' 
pastors  of  churchev  or  re-  eiving  money  on  de^, 
without  the  permiss  on  of  t      Bishop,  was  forbiddt 
The  support  if  uif'  m  ciergyiu  mi  was  considered.     P." 
rochiiil  scliools  wi    •  encouraged,  as  well  as  asylums 
and  hospitals,     llegulations  were  adopted  as  to  priests 
passing  from  diocese     >  diocese,  practicing  medicine, 
and  als(    as  to    priests    belonging    to  religious  or- 
der3. ' 

In  the  diocese  of  Cincinnati,  religious  orders  were 
increasiiii      The  Sisters  of  St.  Domiiuc  went  to  >  )m- 
erscf   ill    ;dni ;  and  the  Sisters  of  Charity  foi-   '\'  i 
St.   Joliu's    Hospital    in  Cincinnati,   in    N< 
1852. 

A  certain  Mr.  Johnson  about  this  time  decl  lUat 

lie  was  '  Mce  one  of  a  commictee  who  waited  Arch- 
bishop Puicell,  who  boasted  that  he  contK-ii.'d  six 
thousand  two  hundred  votes  in  the  county,  and  showed 
a  book  con  ung  their  names.  The  Archbishop 
deemed  it  n  ary   to  miike  an  affidavit  that  the 

whole  story  i^  utterly  false,  and  then  the  calumni- 
ator atteuipted  to  excuse  himself,  but  his  utter  men- 
dacity was  proved.  The  church  at  Massillon  was 
burned  in  December,  1852 ;  that  at  Sidney  was  blown 
up  by  gunpowder  in  1855,  but  Fdasius  Schmelzer  and 
his  wife  gave  eighty  acres  near  Bremen,  to  erect  a 
church  in  honor  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  and  Robert 
E.  McClure  gave  a  lot  for  a  church  in  Dayton. 
Solid    brick    churches    were    dedicated    at    Ironton 


'Concilium  Cincinnateuse  Provincinle  I,  Imbitum  anno  1855.  Cincin- 
nati. M'tropolitiin.  i.,  p.  140;  Freymaiis  JourmU,  April  9,  1853; 
1855  ;  <-  li.  Vindicator,  Jan.  21,  \>*'^  Nov.  3,  1855.  Pittsburgli  Catli- 
olic,  ix.,  p.  341  ;  xii.,  p.  191 ;  BericI,  .lor  Lcopolliiien  Stiftung,  xvii., 
xxv'.,  pp.  66, 109  •.  Catli.  Telegrapli,  Feb.  26,  1853  May  19,  1855.  Pitts- 
burgh Catholic,  .\ii.,  p.  233. 


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544      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

and    Portsmouth,  a  frame  church  at  Wills'   Creek, 
and  a  purchased  edifice  at  Madisonville. 

Mount  St.  Mary's  had  been  selected  as  the  Seminary 
of  the  Province,  and  a  College  in  connection  with  it 
was  planned.  In  September,  1855,  St.  Peter's  Col- 
lege was  opened  in  Chillicothe,  where  anti-Catholic 
tracts  were  distributed  in  the  public  schools. 

Catholicity  gained  constantly  by  conversions  ;  as  a 
rule,  converts  were  persons  of  education,  thought,  and 
experience,  whose  life  became  a  source  of  edification. 
But  in  1855  a  lady  was  received  into  the  bosom  of  the 
Church,  whose  zeal,  earnestness,  and  devotion  exerted 
a  great  influence  for  Catholicity  in  Ohio.  Sarah 
Worthington  was  born  in  Chillicothe,  O.,  in  1800, 
her  father  Thomas  having  represented  the  State  in  the 
Senate  at,  Washington,  and  been  Governor  of  Ohio. 
Early  in  life  she  married  Hon.  Rufus  King;  losing 
her  husband  in  1836,  she  some  years  later  married  Mr. 
Peter,  British  Consul  at  Philadelphia.  She  liad  as  an 
Episcopalian  been  active  in  church  work,  and  so 
greatly  interested  in  art  that  she  founded  a  school  of 
design.  Travel  in  Europe,  Egypt,  and  the  Holy  Land 
increased  her  love  of  art,  and  enabled  her  to  send 
many  pj-ecious  woi'ks  to  the  school.  After  the  death 
of  Mr.  Peter  she  visited  Rome,  and  began  to  be  im- 
pressed with  the  profound  faith.  Christian  love,  un- 
doubting  trust,  and  the  devotion  of  the  Catholics 
whom  slxe  learned  to  know.  A  retreat  at  the  Trinita 
di  Monte  contirmed  her  in  her  resolution  ;  she  was 
received  into  the  Church  in  March,  1855.  Returning 
to  Cincinnati  she  entered  heart  and  soul  into  the  life 
of  the  Catholic  Church.  A  house  of  the  Sisters  of  the 
Good  Shepherd  was  one  of  her  first  projects,  and 
through  her  influence  Mother  Mary  of  St.  Ignatius 
Ward  with  one  comi)anion  came  from  the  Louisville 


if. 


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DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI. 


645 


as  a 


Convent  in  Pebvuaiy,  1857,  and  founded  a  house  at 
Bank  and  Baymiller  streets.'  A  colony  of  Sisters  of 
Mercy  from  the  convent  at  Kinsale,  Ireland,  was  next 
secured  by  her.  They  prospered,  doing  among  chari- 
table work  hospital  duty  during  the  Civil  War  and  in 
cholera  visitations.  The  Sisters  have  since  extended 
to  London,  Bellefontaine,  and  Urbana.  In  1858  she 
brought  over  the  Sisters  of  St.  Francis  from  Cologne, 
giving  them  her  own  house,  except  a  few  rooms 
reserved  during  her  life.  These  Sisters  established 
St.  Mary's  Hospital,  and  have  since  extended  to 
Columbus,  New  York,  and  Dayton.  The  lady  who  had 
moved  in  the  highest  social,  intellectual,  and  artistic 
circles  was  thus  devoting  herself  to  works '  for  the 
good  of  others.  Her  plans  required  frequent  visits  to 
Rome,  and  Pope  Pius  IX.  appreciated  her  highly  and 
showed  her  frequent  marks  of  his  benignant  recog- 
nition. During  the  Civil  War  she  personally  visited 
prisons  and  hospitals  to  alleviate  human  suffering. 
The  last  foundation  due  to  her  exertions  v  as  that  of 
the  Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor  in  1808.  She  Avas  simple 
and  pious  in  her  personal  life,  and  as  her  end  ap- 
proached she  erected  a  mortuary  chapel  in  St.  Joseph's 
Cemetery,  under  which  was  a  vault  to  receive  her 
remains.  She  died,  most  piously,  on  the  Gth  of 
February,  1877.' 
In  1856  Archbishop  Purcell  exerted  himself  by  a 


'  A  new  building,  140  by  31  feet  and  four  stories  liigli,  wns  l)tcssed  by 
Archbishop  Purcell  Feb.  30,  1859,  Reuben  R.  Springer,  E-;(i.,  con- 
tributing 15000  ;  Cath.  Telegraph,  Aug.  7,  1858,  March  13,  1859. 

'•'  King,  "  I^Iemoirs  of  the  Life  of  Jlrs.  Sarah  Peter,"  3  vols,  Cincinnati, 
1889.  Archbishop  Purcell  laid  the  corner  stone  of  the  Hospital  Clmpel 
jind  Convent  of  the  Franciscan  Sisters,  corner  of  Linn  and  Uetts  streets. 
May  10,  1859.  Catli.  Telegraph,  May  14,  1859  ;  Ualh.  Herald,  xxv.,  p. 
75  ;  Metropolitan,  vi.,  pp.  518,  581. 


if 


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M6       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

pastoral  letter  and  otherwise  to  make  the  Seminary  afc 
Mount  St.  Mary's  an  efficient  theological  school  for  the 
Province,  and  the  college  connected  with  it  opened 
in  September,  1856.  Somewhat  later  a  new  orphan 
asylum,  erected  by  the  German  Catholics  for  fatherless 
children  of  their  race,  was  opened  at  Bond  Hill,  HamiU 
ton  County,  and  has  been  well  sustained.' 

The  Catholic  population  of  the  diocese  at  the  close 
of  the  year  1857  from  careful  statistics  of  baptisms  was 
estimated  at  277,680. 

About  this  time  the  Ohio  Legislature  passed  an  act 
to  hamper  Catholics  in  the  tenure  of  ecclesiastical 
property,  but  in  his  pastoral  letter  dated  Shrove  Tues- 
day, 1858,  the  Archbishop  was  able  to  say,  "  The  pres- 
ent Legislature  of  Ohio  has  set  a  wise  example  to  the 
governing  bodies  of  this  and  other  States.  It  has  re- 
pealed an  odious  and  unjust  law,  on  the  conveyance 
and  devise  of  Church  property,  which  was  passed 
almost  exclusively  against  Catholics  by  the  last  Legis- 
lature. As  the  law  now  stands  it  does  not  disfranchise 
a  Catholic  Bishop,  or  deprive  him,  as  such,  of  a  right 
which  he  does  and  ought  to  enjoy  in  common  with 
every  citizen  to  acquire  and  hold  property  in  fee 
simple."" 

On  the  2d  of  May,  1858,  the  second  Provincial 
Council  of  Cincinnati  met  at  the  Cathedral.  There 
were  present  the  Archbishop  of  Cincinnati  and  the 
Bishops  of  Zela,  Administrator  of  Detroit,  of  Cleve- 
land, Louisville,  Vincennes,  Sault  Sainte  Marie,  and 
Fort  Wayne,  with  the  Superiors  of  the  Dominicans, 


'  Bmirt.  "  Orphans  and  Orphan  Asyhims."  Buflfalo,  1885,  p.  67.  Catli. 
Telegraph,  Nov.  1, 1856,  etc.;  Metropolitan,  iv.,  v.  Cliurches continued 
to  increase,  as  at  Urbana,  London  near  Springfleld,  Wapakonette,  Logan, 
Hamilton,  Jacisson,  and  Yellow  Springs. 

2  Pastonil  Letter,  Catli.  Telegraph,  Feb.  20.  March  20,  1*58. 


H 


^."^W 


DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI 


647 


Pranciscans,  Jesuits,  and  Sanguinarians.  Thirteen 
•decrees  were  adopted.  TliP  decrees  of  the  former 
■council  and  of  the  eight  of  Baltimore  was  renewed. 
The  clergy  were  urged  to  come  promptly  to  the  Cathe- 
dral, on  or  after  Maundy  Thursday,  for  the  newly 
blessed  holy  oils  ;  founded  masses  were  to  be  avoided, 
as  in  time  liable  to  be  forgotten ;  parochial  schools  were 
made  obligatory.  It  was  resolved  to  solicit  from  the 
Holy  See  definite  instructions  as  to  solemn  and  simple 
vows  ;  and  as  to  appeals  from  suffragans  to  the  metro- 
politan. Missions  were  to  be  given  in  every  church 
from  time  to  time ;  pious  associations  of  the  young, 
■especially  that  of  the  Holy  Childhood,  were  to  be  en- 
couraged, and  special  care  taken  to  prepare  candidates 
for  confirmation. 

These  decrees  were  approved  by  Pope  Pius  IX. 
October,  1858.'  The  pastoral  of  the  Council  dwelt  on 
the  life  and  duties  of  the  clergy  and  laity,  on  the  re- 
ligious press,  on  the  rearing  of  children,  the  support 
of  the  clergy,  the  avoidance  of  scandal  and  of  intem- 
perance. The  necessity  of  Catholic  schools  was  clearly 
explained,  and  instructions  given  on  the  Jubilee.' 

On  the  13th  of  October,  1855,  Archisbhop  Purcell 
reached  the  Silver  Jubilee  of  liis  consecrivtion  as 
Bishop.  His  clergy  and  people  to  whom  he  was  en- 
deared by  his  long  years  of  faithful  service,  often 
doing  the  work  of  a  missionary  as  well  as  of  bishop, 
resolved  to  celebrate  it  with  pomp.  A  solemn  pontifi- 
cal mass  was  offered  in  the  Cathedral,  Bishops  Spal- 
ding, Luers,  Juncker,  and  Wood  being  present  in  the 
sanctuary.  Addresses  were  made  to  him  by  the  Ca- 
thedral congregation,  by  the  German  Catholics  of  the 

'  Coiicilum  Cinciimntcnse  II,  hiibituni  anno  1858,  Cincinnati. 
'•  Pastoral  Lflter  on  tlie  second  Provincial  Council  of  Cincinnati,  May, 
1858.    Cincinnati,  1858  ;  Cath.  Telegraph,  May  8-15,  1858. 


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Aloysius  Asylum,  by 
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diocese,  by  the  orphans 

the  clergy  of  German  origin,  by  Mount  St.  Mary's 
Seminary,  the  Convent  of  Notre  Dame,  and  the  Sis- 
ters of  the  Poor  of  St.  Francis,  with  others.' 

The  want  of  a  suitable  and  becoming  building  in 
Cincinnati,  with  a  large  hall  for  the  use  of  Catholics, 
had  been  long  felt,  and  on  the  18th  of  January,  1859, 
the  matter  was  actively  canvassed.  An  association 
was  formed,  and  the  stock  was  rapidly  taken  up.  A 
site  was  secured  on  Vine  and  Longworth  streets,  Cin- 
cinnati, and  a  building  in  the  Roman  style  of  archi- 
tecture, one  hundred  and  sixty  i'eet  by  eighty-three, 
was  erected.' 

A  papal  decree  made  the  feasts  of  the  Circumcision, 
Epiphany,  Corpus  Christi,  and  the  Annunciation  the 
only  holidays  of  obligation  in  the  Province,  extend- 
ing the  privilege  to  Indiana.' 

Wlien  the  close  of  the  year  1860  made  it  evident 
that  the  country  would  be  involved  in  civil  war. 
Archbishop  Purcell  issued  a  circular  inviting  his  clergy 
and  people  to  unite  in  imploring  God  to  avert  the  evils 
which  threatened  the  country.      The  Catholic  Tele- 


'  The  Anniversary  Address  of  the  Priests  and  People  of  the  Diocese 
of  Cincinnati,  presented  at  tlic  Silver  .Jubilee,  etc.;  Cincinnati,  1858. 

^History  and  Orj^anization  of  the  Catholic  Institute  in  Cincinnati,  O., 
Cincinnati,  1860 ;  Freeman'.s  Journal,  Apr,  2,  1859 ;  Cath.  Jlirror, 
Mch.  5,  July  10,  1859  ;  Cath.  Teleijraph,  Jan.  8,  1859,  Oct.  20, 1800. 
A  very  unusual  ca.se  (x;curred  where  a  congregation  of  Holland  Catho- 
lics left  their  church  of  St.  Willibrod  to  emigrate  to  Cape  Girardeau, 
3Io.;  Freeman's  Journal,  Sept,  1,  1800. 

Careful  statistics  of  the  diocese  at  this  time  showed  SHiiS  baptisms, 
1717  marriages,  and  2721  deaths  during  the  year  1858.  This  natural  in- 
crease of  the  Catholic  bo<ly,  with  accessions  by  immigration,  recpiired 
the  erection  or  enlargement  of  churches,  as  we  see  at  Piqua,  Greenfield, 
Drybridge,  Ottoville,  Dayton,  Newark,  Lancaster,  Glendale,  New  Bos- 
ton. Madisonville,  Fin<Uay,  Cummiusville,  and  Cincinnati. 

•Cath.  Telegraph,  Jan.  15,  1850. 


P 


DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI. 


649 


graph  of  Cincinnati  at  first  took  a  stand  against  tlie 
coercion  of  tlie  seceding  States,  but  was  violently  at- 
tacked by  James  P.  Meline,  an  able  Catholic  writer, 
famous  subsequently  for  his  crushing  exposure  of 
Froude's  falsifications  in  regard  to  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots.'  The  paper  became  in  time  not  only  a  strong 
supporter  of  the  United  States  government,  but  of  the 
whole  policy  of  the  party  in  power. 

Archbishop  Purcell,  cautious  at  first,  became  in  time 
earnest  in  his  political  views."  The  Jubilee  of  St. 
Vincent  de  Paul  was,  at  the  request  of  Archbishop 
Purcell,  extended  to  all  the  Sisters  of  Charity  in  the 
United  States. 

On  the  27th  of  April,  1861,  Archbishop  Purcell 
convoked  his  suffragans  to  the  third  Provincial 
Council  of  Cincinnati.  The  Bishops  of  the  Province, 
Rt.  Rev.  P.  P.  Lefevere,  Administrator  of  Detroit,  Rt. 
Revs.  Amadeus  Rappe  of  Cleveland,  Spalding  of  Louis- 
ville, Carroll  of  Covington,  Baraga  of  Sault  Sainte 
•Marie,  Luers  of  Fort  Wayne,  with  heads  of  several  re- 
ligion sorders,  attended.  Twelve  decrees  were  adopted. 
They  concerned  the  pi'eparation  of  the  young  for  first 
communion,  the  instructi  )U  of  the  children  in  plain 
chant,  the  diffusion  of  good  books,  church  property, 
the  Blessed  Sacrament,  the  admission  of  converts, 
care  to  secure  pure  wine  for  the  altar,  the  deportment 
of  the  clergy,  a  requiem  mass  as  part  of  the  funeral 
service,  and  the  confessioiud.  The  decrees  were  ap- 
proved by  Pope  Pius  IX.,  December  8,  1861.' 

'  Three  communications  signed  "A  Catholic,"  from  tlie  Cincinnati 
Daily  Commercial,  and  five  editorial  articles  from  the  Cath.  Telegraph 
and  Advocate. 

*  Bishop  Spalding,  "  Dissertazione  della  guerra  civile  Americana." 
'Concilium  Cincinimtense  Proviuciale  II,  Imbitum  anno  1861,  Cincin- 
nati ;  Cath.  Mirror,  Feb.  23,  1H61. 


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The  religious  communities  labored  in  their  respec- 
tive spheres.  The  Ursuline  Nuns  completed  fine 
buildings  in  Brown  County,  the  Sisters  of  Charity  de- 
voted themselves  to  hospital  work  at  Camp  Dennison, 
at  the  very  time  that  Catholic  Germans  and  Irish 
were  dismissed  from  the  navy  yard  at  Boston. 

Catholic  soldiers  in  some  of  the  armies  were  without 
chaplains  and  long  deprived  of  the  consolations  of 
religion.     Archbishop  Purcell  in  January,  1862,  dis- 
patched three  priests  to  minister  to  all  thus  situated." 
Years  of  labor  and  care  began  to  show  their  influ- 
ence on  Archbishop  Purcell,  and  he  solicited  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  Bishop  Auxiliar  to  aid  him   in  his 
episcopal  duties.     The  priest  selected  was  one  known 
throughout  the  diocese,  the  Rev.  Sylvester  II.  Rose- 
crans;     He  was  a  native  of  Ohio,  born  February  5, 
1827,  at  Homer,  and  entered  Kenyon  College,  an  Epis- 
copalian institution.     While  there  he  received  a  letter 
from  his  brother  William  S.,  an  officer  in  the  army, 
announcing  his  conversion  to  the  Catholic  faith  audi 
explaining  his  motives.      A  little  book  of  Challoner's 
helped  to  turn  his  attention  to  the  true  Church  and 
convince  him.     He,  too,  became  a  Catholic,  and  com- 
pleted  his   course  of    study  at  St.  John's  College, 
Fordham,  with  brilliant  honors.    After  being  gradu- 
ated he  made  a  retreat  to  decide  on  his  vocation.     His 
aims  had  always  been  high,  noble,  and  religious.     He 
resolved  to  become  a  priest.     Returning  to  Ohio  he 
was  cordially  received  by  Archbishop  Purcell,  who 
took  him  as  a  companion  to  Indiana,  and  then,  con- 
vinced of  his  merit,  sent  liim  to  Rome.     Sailing  from 
New  Orleans  January  11,  1S48.  and  then  from  Mar- 
seilles, he  reached  Rouje.     Entering  on  his  course  at 


'  CaUi.  Tdegrapb,  Sept.  18,  1800,  Aug.  10.  1861,  Jan.  0,  1862. 


DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI. 


651 


the  College  of  the  Propaganda,  he  was  in  Rome  dur- 
ing the  days  of  trouble  till  the  French  entered,  July 
3,  1850.  At  the  termination  of  his  course  he  was  or- 
dained, June  5,  1852, 

On  his  return  he  was  stationed  at  St.  Thomas's 
Church,  Cincinnati,  but  was  soon  made  assistant  at 
the  Cathedral  and  professor  in  the  Seminary.  When 
Mount  St.  Mary's  College  was  opened  the  able  young 
priest  was  made  president ;  and  he  was  also  editori- 
ally connected  with  the  Catholic  Telegraph.  On  re- 
ceiving the  bulls  creating  him  Bishop  of  Pompeiopolis 
he  was  consecrated  on  the  feast  of  the  Annunciation, 
1862,  in  St.  Peter's  Cathedral,  by  Archbishop  Purcell, 
assisted  by  Bishop  Spalding  of  Louisville  and  Bishop 
Luers  of  Fort  Wayne,  the  Bishops  of  Covington  and 
Vincennes  being  also  present.' 

He  engaged  actively  in  visitations,  confirmations, 
and  other  episcopal  acts,  and  had  the  care  of  the 
diocese  during  the  visit  of  the  Archbishop  to  Rome  to 
attend  the  canonization  of  the  Japanese  martyrs.  On 
some  of  his  visitations  he  was  accompanied  by  the 
veteran  Dominican  N.  D.  Young,  nephew  and  fellow- 
laborer  of  Bishop  Fenwick.  Later  in  the  year  he 
dedicated  St.  John  Baptist  Church,  in  Tippecanoe,  and 
St.  Patrick's,  Troy. 

On  his  return  in  August,  the  Archbishop  was 
received  with  great  enthusiasm,  and  was  soon  lectur- 
ing and  resuming  his  ordinary  round  of  duties,  dedi- 
cating St.  Joseph's  Church  at  Tiffin  in  Septem- 
ber. 

In  1864  Archbishop  Purcell,  by  his  Lenten  Pastoral, 
and  by  a  circular  on  Thanksgiving,  stimulated  the 
piety  of  the  faithful,  and  in  a  card  warned  Irish  Cath- 


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I  Cath.  Tek'graph,  Mch.  26,  1863. 


vlu 


p 


I  m 


fr 


ii 


552       ri/i;  CHURCH  m  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

olics  against  being  drawn  into  the  secret  and  certainly 
condemned  Fenian  Brotherhood. 

The  Sisters  of  the  Good  Slieplierd  liad  so  increased 
in  numbers  that  early  in  1805  they  were  able  to  send 
a  colony  of  their  conunnnity  to  Columbus,  to  found 
another  of  their  charitable  institutions.' 

A  diocesan  synod  of  Cincinnati  met  at  tlie  Cathe- 
dral in  September,  1805,  and  was  attended  by  eighty- 
seven  priests,  and  twenty-live  statutes  were  promul- 
gated. They  were  printed  for  the  use  of  the  clergy 
with  the  decrees  of  the  Provincial  and  Plenary  Coun- 
cil of  lialtimore,  and  those  of  the  three  Cincinnati 
Provincial  Councils.' 

Clergymen  of  the  diocese  still  rendered  services  in 
camp  and  hospital  and  on  the  battlefield,  like  Rev. 
Mr.  O'lliggins,  chaplain  of  the  10th  Ohio,  at  Lookout 
Mountain. 

The  diocese  lost  on  the  20th  of  April,  1803,  Rev. 
William  J.  Barry,  President  of  Mount  St.  Mary's,  a 
priest  of  renuirkable  promise,  learned,  eloquent,  and 
gifted  as  a  writer,  at  the  early  age  of  twenty-eight. 
His  work  on  the  Sacramentals  is  a  standard. 

On  the  10th  of  May  Archbishop  Purcell,  in  a  Pas- 
toral Letter,  appealed  earnestly  to  the  faithful  to  be 
generous  iv  their  contributions  to  the  Seminary,  s(v 
necessary  for  training  priests  suited  to  their  work 
in  this  country. 

On  the  vigil  of  Pentecost,  he    issued  a  circular 


'  Statuta  Diocosaiui  ab  Illustrissinio  ct  Ileverenlissimo  P.  D.  Joanno 
BaptiHtn  Purcell,  Aichiepiscopo  Cinciiinatcnsi  ia  variis  synodis  .  .  . 
et  promuljjiita,  etc.,  Cincinnati,  1865. 

Ch\irclifs  continued  to  l)c  erectal.  .showing  the  sternly  growth  of  the 
Catholic  b(Hly.  a.s  was  evinced  at  CuniniinHvillc,  Yellow  Springs,  Ver- 
sailles. RiplcT,  Arnheim,  California,  Millford,  8t.  Martin's,  Delaware. 
Kenton,  Marion,  Piqua,  and  Cclina. 


I-'^V" 


DIOCESE  OF  CINCINNATI. 


668 


piving  the  i)ljin  of  a  nortnal  school  for  the  training  of 
Catholic  teaclierh.' 

Rev.    Xavier   Donald  McLeod    was  the    son  of  a 
Presbyterian  nuiiistiM- of  the  strictost  kind.     The  son, 
gifted  by  nature,  full  of  poetic  and  literary  instincts, 
could  not  brook  such  a   narrow   creed,     ile  became 
an  Episcopalian,  and  resolving  to  enter  the  ministry 
was  ordained  in  Brooklyn  by  Rt.  Rev.  Levi  Sillimau 
Ives,  then   Episcopalian  Bishop  of  North  Carolina; 
but  that  deiu)mination  coidd  not  satisfy  him.     lie 
became  a  Catholic,  as  did  Bishop  Ives,  and  the  church 
where  he  had  been  ordained  became  the  Church  of 
St.  Charles  Horromeo,  he  and  Dr.  Ives  meeting  there 
once  in  later  years  to  be  struck  by  the  strange  result. 
McLeod  was  a  contributor  to  the  Knickerbocker,  and 
author  of  several  brilliant  worlds.     He  linally  entered 
the  seminary  of  Mount  St.  Mary's  and  was  ordained 
a  piiest  in  October,  1800.     He  was  killed  by  a  railroad 
train  while  bearing  the  Blessed  Sacrament  to  a  dying 
person.     His  latest  work,  a  history  of  the  Devotion 
to  the  Blessed  V^irgin  in  America,  is  prefaced  by  a  life 
from  the  pen  of  Archbishop  Purcell. 

Another  notable  priest  was  Father  Peter  Arnoaldt  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus,  author  of  the  Imitation  of  the 
Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus,  the  greatest  ascetic  work  written 
in  this  country.  He  was  a  priest  of  singular  piety, 
and  his  retreats,  preached  to  religious  communities, 
had  wonderful  power  and  unction.  He  died  July  2!), 
1805. 

"Cath.  Ti'lonriiiili,  June  SsT  1801,  Di'c  10,  IHOIJ.  During  these  .years 
tlie  growth  of  tlie  cliurclicH  had  not  heen  as  marked,  but  we  may  note 
St.  I'eur  and  St.  Paul's  at  Heading  ;  St.  Aulhony's,  Eagle  Street,  Cinci?!- 
nuti ;  ti  new  church  at  Sidney  to  replace  that  blown  up  ;  newchui.  !■; 
at  Conroy,  in  Shelby  County,  Z.ileski.  Fort  Clinton,  Uidon  Townsuip, 
Archerville,  Charleston,  Lewis  Centre.  Marysville,  and  Cumminsville, 
and  a  I'rotestaut  church  purchased  at  (treenvilie. 


Jvifll 


m 


i  n 


I  ,iN 


tii' 


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i 


't'p,'. 


;• 


654       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Very  Rev.  E.  T.  Collins,  who  died  August  21,  1805, 
was  born  in  Phihulelphia,  February  20,  1802,  and 
after  his  studies  at  Eminitsburg,  was  ordained  in  Cin- 
cinnati, in  1830.  He  was  a  learned  and  laborious 
priest,  ministering  at  Dayton  and  Cincinnati,  and  was 
for  years  Vicar-General  of  the  diocese. 

In  December,  as  Bishop  Rosecrans  after  hearing  con- 
fessions in  the  Cathedral  was  returning  to  the  seminary, 
he  was  set  upon  by  two  robbers,  and  was  shot  by  them, 
a  pistol  ball  passing  though  one  leg  and  lodging  in  the 
other.  He  was  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the 
seminary,  and  notwithstanding  his  wounds  kept  on, 
and  then  endeavored  himself  to  extract  the  ball. 
Failing  to  do  so,  he  allowed  a  surgeon  to  be  sum- 
moned. 

St,  Mary's  Convent  Academy  at  Somerset,  the  oldest 
and  one  of  the  best  educational  institutions  in  the 
State,  was  totally  destroyed  by  fire,  with  the  chapel 
and  convent  of  the  Dominican  nuns,  on  the  7th  of 

June. 

Two  Protestant  gentlemen,  soon  after,  Mr.  Joseph 
C.  Butler  and  Lewis  Washington,  purchased  the 
United  States  Marine  Hospital,  Cincinnati,  for  seventy- 
five  thousand  five  hundred  dollars,  and  presented  it  in 
fee  simple  to  the  Sisters  of  Charity. 

When  the  second  Plenary  Council  convened  at  Bal- 
timore, in  October,  1866,  the  diocese  of  Cincinnati  had 
its  Archbishop,  auxiliary  Bishop,  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  priests,  and  one  hundred  and  eighty-one 
churches. ' 


'  Cath.Telegraph,  Dec.  27,  1865,  Aug.  23,  1866. 


CHAPTER  II. 
DIOCESE  OF  CLEVELAND. 

RT.  REV.  AMAPF.US  RAPPE,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1863-1866. 

Bishop  Rafpe  in  October,  1852,  convened  the  clergy 
of  the  dioc^^se  in  a  synod,  at  which  he  promulgated 
statutes  fc  the  guidance  of  his  priests  and  the  benefit 
of  his  people. 

On  the  7th  of  November,  1852,  Bishop  Rappe,  having 
completed  the  Cathedral  on  Superior  and  Erie  streets, 
of  which  he  had  laid  the  cornerstone  in  the  autumn  of 
1848,  had  the  consolation  of  consecrating  it  to  the  ser- 
vice of  God,  under  the  invocation  of  St.  John  the 
Evangelist.    It  is  an  attractive  brick  structure,  seventy- 
five  feet  by  one  hundred  and  fifty,  built  after  the  design 
of  the  architect  Keely.    During  the  first  solemn  mass 
Bishop  Lefevere  preached.     In  his  Lenten  Pastoral  for 
1853  Bishop  Rappe  earnestly  commended  the  Associa- 
tion for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith,  and  took  steps 
to  organize  it  in  his  diocese.' 

The  next  year  St.  Vincent's  Asylum  for  boys  was 
opened  under  the  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity 
of  St.  Augustine,  a  community  founded  by  Bishop 
Rappe. 

Bishop  Rappe  was  untiring  in  his  zeal,  and  never 
seemed  to  be  able  to  do  enough  for  the  good  of  his 
flock.  The  forty  Catliolics,  whom  Rev.  Mr.  Dillon 
gathered  to  his  mass  in  a  hired  room  eighteen  years 
before,  had  been  succeeded  by  a  zealous  community, 


H     ■   .«  1,1 


'Cath.  Telegraph,  Feb.  5, 1853. 
555 


i; 


556       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

three  hundred  of  whom  approached  holy  communion 
on  Sunday  in  the  Cathedral,  men  being  largely  repre- 
sented. The  Germans  were  soon  busy  erecting  a 
church  for  themselves.  Besides  the  Ursuline  Convent 
there  were  three  houses  of  Sisters  of  the  Precious 
Blood.  The  Synod  which  he  convened  in  1864  gave 
encouraging  hopes. 

After  a  consoling  visitation  of  his  diocese  during  the 
winter  Bishop  Rappe,  in  his  Lenten  Pastoral  of  18r)6, 
spoke  of  the  progress  of  the  faitli,  and  of  the  spirit  of 
piety  and  zeal  as  well  as  of  calmness  and  fortitude 
exhibited  by  the  faithful  during  the  recent  violent 
persecution  against  them.  He  especially  urged  his 
clergy,  and  Christian  parents  cooperating  with  them, 
to  prepare  the  childien  thoroughly  for  their  first  com- 
munion, the  ground-work  of  a  holy  life.' 

In  1854  St.  John's  College,  Cleveland,  opened  under 
the  direction  of  Rev.  Louis  Molon,  and  in  1859  the 
main  building  of  St.  Mary's  Seminary  on  Lake  Street, 
Cleveland,  was  begun. 

In  1857  Bishop  Rappe,  in  a  third  diocesan  synod, 
renewed  his  former  statutes  and  urged  his  clergy  to 
zeal  in  the  care  of  souls,  to  reverence  in  the  holy  sacri- 
fice, and  to  zealous  care  for  the  instruction  of  the 
young.' 

A  terrible  calamity  startled  the  Catholics  of  the 
diocese  in  September,  1800.  St.  Vincent's  Orphan 
Asylum  had  been  five  years  in  existence  at  Toledo, 
and  had  been  founded  by  Rev.  A.  Cam  pion.  Fire  broke 
out  at  midnight  in  a  wooden  building  connected  with 


•  Cath.  Telegrnph.  In  a  Pastoral,  Oct.  28, 18.56.  lie  appealed  earnestly 
Tor  the  support  of  his  seminary,     Catli.  Telegraph.  Feb.  2,  Nov.  1,  185(j. 

'Statutn  I)i(Ecesi.«  Clevclandei'sis  lata  in  Synodo  nid'ce.sana  liabita 
A,  I).  1852,  et  in  aliis  synotlis,  A.  I).  18.')4,  et  A.  I).  18.57.  Cleveland. 
1857. 


I     ''-I 


9'.:^}. 


DIOCESE  OF  CLEVELAND. 


657 


-fclie  asylum.  The  Sisters,  roused  from  sleep,  made  he- 
roic exertions  to  save  the  little  ones  under  their  care, 
but  one  sister  and  three  of  the  orphans  perished. 

In  his  pastoral  in  behalf  of  his  seminary,  Bishop 
Rappe  called  attention  to  the  progress  already  made. 
At  the  creation  of  the  see  there  were  only  seventeen 
priests  and  twenty-five  churches  in  the  diocese.  At 
the  end  of  nine  years  the  diocese  could  show  fifty 
priests,  eighty  churches,  and  several  religious  institu- 
tions.' In  the  next  ten  years  fifty-six  churches  were 
erected  in  the  diocese. 

In  1857  Bishop  Rappe  convoked  the  fourth  synod 
of  the  diooese  ;  the  statutes  adopted  required  every 
parish  that  was  able  to  establish  a  parochial  school, 
and  give  a  new  impulse  to  Christian  education.  It 
was  not  till  1860  that  Bishop  Rappe  felt  that  he  could 
leave  needed  work  in  order  to  make  his  appointed  visit 
to  Rome.  During  his  absence  Very  Rev.  James  Con- 
Ian,  Vicar-General,  acted  as  administrator.  When 
summoned  two  years  later  to  the  Eternal  City  to 
attend  the  cnnonization  of  the  Japanese  martyrs,  Very 
Rev.  A.  Caron  was  left  in  charge. 

New  churches  continued  to  be  erected  in  1862,  and 
St.  Joseph's  Orphan  Asylum  for  girls  was  opened  on 
Vvoodland  Avenue,  Cleveland.  The  next  year  the 
Sisters  of  the  Humility  of  Mary  began  their  labors  in 
the  diocese,  and  the  Ursulines  of  Cleveland  founded 
a  house  at  Tiffin.  Under  Mother  Mary  Joseph  a 
prosperous  convent  and  academy  soon  grew  up,  sus- 
tained by  the  public  verdict  as  to  their  ability  as 
teachers. 

On  the  24th  and  25th  of  September,  1863,  Bishop 


'  Bishop  Riippe,   Pastoriil,  Oct.  2S,  1850.    Detroit  Catli.  Yiudicator, 
Nov.  15.  1856. 


M 


■■:'^i 


1       i' 


..kill 


653       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


\l 


Rappe  again  convened  his  clergy  in  a  synod,  and  es- 
tablished a  fund  for  infirm  and  disabled  priests.' 

In  1865,  at  the  solicitation  of  many  citizens  of  Cleve- 
land, Bishop  Rai)pe  opened  the  Charity  Hospital,  the 
first  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  city.  Under  the 
direction  of  the  devoted  Sisters  of  Charity  the  institu- 
tion justified  all  the  liopes  entertained.  When  sum- 
moned to  the  second  Plenary  Council  Bishop  Rappe 
could  ftel  that  much  had  been  accomplished  in  North- 
ern Ohio. 


i? 


SEAL,  OF  BISHOP   IIAFPE  OP  CLEVELAND. 


,  ' 

* 

1' 

►    4 

•^ 

s 

1 

"'ST 

. 

* 

-^4 

*4 

* 

\ 

M 

,t 

'  Houck,  "  Tlic  Clnirch  in  Northern  Olilo  iind  in  tlie  diocese  of  Cleve- 
land," New  Yorii,  lHf<7,  pj).  29,  202,  201,  etc.;  Detroit  Vindicator,  Muy, 
1854  ;  Frocnmn's  .lournid,  Nov.  25,  1S.")4  :  Metropolitan,  vi.,  \^.  I'M,  etc  ; 
Cath.  Mirror,  1859;  1806,  Bishop  Rappe,  circulars,  Cath.  Tclegrnph, 
Oct.  4.  1805. 


iind  es- 


i 


'  Cleve- 
tal,  tlie 
iler  the 
institu- 
n  suni- 
Rappe 
Noi-th- 


3  of  Cleve- 
itor,  Miiy, 
.  VM.vU:  ; 
rt'lcgrnpli, 


CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF  BARDSTOWN  AND  LOUISVILLE. 

BT.    BEV.  MABTIN  JOHN  SPALCING,  THIBD    BISHOP,  1863-1864. 

Although  the  residence  of  the  Bishop  had  been 
transferred  to  Louisville  and  it  became  the  more  im- 
portant see,  it  had  no  church  worthy  to  be  called  a 
Cathedral.  The  old  parish  church  was  small  and  frail, 
but  as  the  lot  was  large  the  Catholics  wished  the 
Cathedral  to  be  erected  there.  The  work  was  begun 
in  1849,  Bishop  Spalding  subscribing  ten  thousand 
dollars.  The  plan  adopted  was  that  of  a  Gothic  edi- 
fice, ninety  feet  by  two  hundred  and  ten,  with  a  spire 
rising  two  hundred  and  eighty -five  feet.  The  corner 
stone  was  laid  August  15,  1849,  and  the  building  rose 
solid  and  strong,  so  that  it  was  solemnly  consecrated 
on  the  3d  of  October,  1852,  feast  of  the  Most  Holy 
Rosary,  Archbishop  Purcell  officiating,  and  the  Arch- 
bishops of  New  York  and  St.  Louis  preaching.  Tlie 
next  day  the  venerated  remains  of  Bishop  Plaget  were 
deposited  in  a  crypt  beneath  the  high  altar. 

In  compliance  with  the  advice  of  the  Fathers  of  the 
first  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore,  Pope  Pius  IX. 
erected,  in  1852,  the  see  of  Covington  ;  and  the  dio- 
cese of  Bardstown  and  Louisville  was  reduced  to  the 
part  of  the  State  lying  west  of  the  Kentucky  River, 
The  great  want  of  our  time  being  to  protect  the  faith 
of  the  young  by  a  Christian  education,  Bishop  Spalding 
went  to  Europe,  in  1852,  to  obtain  communities  fitted 
for  the  management  of  parochial  schools,  and  also 
priests  for  the  increasing  work  in  his  diocese.    He 

559 


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I.  ^ 

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•li- 

ki 

'  'I 


ii 


mo       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

secured  a  colony  of  Xaveiian  Brothers,  a  coiiminiiity 
founded  in  1839  at  Bruges,  by  Theodore  James  Ryken 
(Brother  Francis  Xavier),  wlio  in  liis  institute  hod  a 
special  intention  of  laboring  in  the  United  States,  ..av- 
ing  visited  this  country  in  1838  and  been  greatly  en- 


U* 


r  ■' 


S 

f-#w^-^''V 

5 

iH^ML 

li-.^'/^ 

■  1""  ( 

'i«K.-;' 

WEfM 

r^i'vv^k^;-  AU^ 

^^"^     _.J 

TUE  CATHEDKAL  OK  LOUISVILLE. 


couraged  by  Bishop  llosati.  While  in  Belgium 
Bishop  Spalding  formed  the  phin  of  an  American  Col- 
lege at  Louvain,  to  train  i)riests  for  the  missions  in 
the  United  States,  and  wirli  the  active  cooperation  of 
Bishop  Ijefevere  this  institution  \vas  in  time  estab- 
lished, and  continues  its  great  w(uk.  He  returned  in 
1853  with    live  priests,  four  deacons,  and  one  sub- 


DIOCESE  BARDSTOWN  AND  LOUISVILLE.     561 

deacon,  chiefly  from  Bois-le-Duc,  and  was  soon  actively 
engaged  in  the  visitation  of  liis  diocese. 

Tlie  war  against  the  Church  had  been  begun  by  vile 
^fanatics,  who  represented  Catholicity  as  incompatible 
with  our  institutions.  The  public  streets  resounded 
with  the  appeals  of  hired  brawlers  against  our  religion. 
Bishop  Spalding  issued  a  circular  warning  his  people 
against  being  drawn  to  any  street  meeting  of  the  liind. 
"Your  attendance  can  do  no  good,  while  our  holy 
religion  can  surely  receive  no  injury  from  attacks  so 
utterly  reckless  and  unprincipled.  Therefore,  let  every 
Catholic  stay  peaceably  at  home." 

About  the  time  of  tlie  death  of  Bishop  Flaget  the 
venerable  Rev.  Stephen  T.  Badin,  the  aged  pioneer 
priest  of  Kentucky,  withdrew  to  Cincinnati,  where  he 
finally  became  a  resident  at  the  Archbishop's  liouse. 
The  eccentricities  of  the  aged  priest  were  not  regarded 
in  view  of  his  long  services  and  his  genuine  piety. 
He  died,  surrounded  by  Archbisliop  Purcell  and  the 
priests  of  his  household,  on  the  21st  of  April,  1853.' 

The  Trappists  liad  been  quietly  laboring  in  silence 
in  Kentucky,  edifying  all,  and  at  last  felt  justified  in 
beginning  a  Gothic  church,  which  was  to  form  one  side 
of  a  quadrangle  about  two  hundred  feet  square.  The 
corner  stone  was  laid  on  the  Feast  of  the  Annuncia- 
tion, 1854,  by  Rt.  Rev.  Abbot  Eutropius,  according  to 
the  Cistercian  ritual.  Rev.  Father  de  Blieck,  S.  J.,  from 
St.  Joseph's  College,  preaching  to  the  immense  au- 
dience which  had  gathered. 

The  first  Superior  of  the  Xaverian  Brothers  failed  to 
grasp  the  condition  and  wants  of  the  country,  but 
under  his  successor  a  novitiate  was  opened  on  Fourth 
Street,  and  the  community  became  firmly  established 


'  ('mil.  Ti'legiaph,  Apl.  33, 1853  ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  x.,  p.  81,  otc. 


h  h 


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562       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

and  persevere  to   this  day,  directing  a  college  and 
several  parochial  schools. 

In  1854  the  Society  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  one  of 
the  noblest  organizations  ever  formed  for  the  exercise^ 
of  works  of  mercy  by  the  laity,  was  established  by 
Bishop  Spalding  in  his  Cathedral,  and  others  soon  fol- 
lowed, and  the  association  has  continued  its  benevo- 
lent work  to  this  day. 

Catholicity  had  grown  up  with  Kentucky.  It  had 
been  there  from  the  early  settlements.  Its  sons  had 
borne  their  part  in  all  public  burthens  in  peace  or  war. 

But  as  Know-nothing  lodges  spread,  attacks  were 
made  on  Catholics  in  one  form  or  another.  S.  F.  B. 
Morse,  the  inventor  of  the  electric  telegraph,  who, 
before  his  death,  wore  ostentatiously  a  decoration  be- 
stowed on  him  by  the  Pope,  followed  his  earlier 
writings  against  Catholicity  by  an  attempt  to  show 
that  Lafayette  had  warned  Americans  of  the  danger 
to  be  feared  for  their  liberties  from  Catholic  priests. 
Bishop  Spalding  answered  Morse  with  crashing  force, 
and  made  it  apparent  to  all  men  that  the  assertion 
was  a  mere  fable.  =  In  his  own  episcopal  city,  George 
D.  Prentice  used  the  columns  of  the  Louisville  Jour- 
nal to  excite  hostility  to  Catholics,  especially  those  of 
foreign  birth.  Before  the  election  held  August  fi,  1855, 
threats  were  openly  made  that  all  Catholics  would  be 
kept  from  the  jwlls.  When  the  fatal  day,  known  in 
Kentucky  history  as  Bloody  Monday  arrived,  every 
Catholic  and  every  foreigner  were  driven  from  the 
polls.  Attempts  to  exercise  their  rights  as  citizens 
were  crushed  by  organized  force  ;  any  resistance  was 
overcome  by  the  use  of  arms,  and  when  the  unfortu- 
nate men  tied  to  their  homes,  they  were  pursued,  their 


I  BUhop  Spalding  to  Archbishop  Kciirick,  Spnlding's  Miscellanea. 


DIOCESE  BARDSTO WN  AND  LOUIS VILLE.     563 


houses  set  on  fire,  and  they  were  shot  down  in  the 
attempt  to  escape,  or  perished  in  the  flames.  St. 
Martin's  Church  and  the  Cathedral  were  threatened, 
and  saved  only  by  the  prompt  remonstrance  of  Bishop 
Spalding,  which  induced  the  Mayor  of  the  city  to  act. 
"  We  have  just  passed  through  a  reign  of  terror,  sur- 
passed only  by  the  Philadelphia  riots.  Nearly  a  hun- 
dred poor  Irish  and  Germans  have  been  butchered  or 
burned,  and  some  twenty  houses  have  been  fired 
and  burned  to  tlie. ground.  The  city  authorities,  all 
Know-nothings,  looked  calmly  on,  and  they  are  now 
endeavoring  to  lay  the  blame  on  the  Catholics,"  wrote 
Bishop  Spalding. 

Prentice  endeavored  to  throw  the  responsibility  on 
the  foreign  element  and  the  Catholic  clergy,  but 
Bishop  Spalding,  in  a  card  remarkable  for  its  mildness, 
remonstrated  against  the  mendacious  charge,  and 
entreated  his  flock  to  remain  quietly  at  home  and 
avoid  any  acts  that  might  provoke  further  violence. 

Many  Catholic  and  foreign  residents,  among  them 
men  in  large  business,  at  once  closed  up  their  affairs 
and  removed  to  safer  homos,  so  that  the  atrocity 
proved  seriously  injurious  to  Louisville.' 

Yet  even  in  these  days  of  terror,  with  many  of  the 
faithful  leaving  the  State,  Catholics  continued  to  erect 
churches.  Thus  we  find  that  of  the  Guardian  Angels  at 
Mount  Merino,  1854 ;  and  the  next  yea^  that  of  the 
Sacred  Heart  at  Morganfield,  with  St.  Patrick's,  St. 


l<i 


'     11. 


■  1    '• .' 


u^ ' 


ij  .  ^1 


"Webb,"  The  Centenary  of  Catholicity  in  Kentucky,"  Louisville,  1884, 
pp.  474-485;  "Three  Letters  by  a  Kentucky  Catholic,"  Louisville, 
1856.  Detroit  Cath.  Vindicator,  July  14,  August  11,  18,  1855.  Among 
the  property  destroyed  was  a  row  of  houses  put  up  by  Frank  Quinn,  a 
quiet,  inoffensive  man,  with  money  inherited  from  his  brother.  Rev.  John 
Quinir,  who  died  in  1853  attL-iidinu  cholera  patients.  Quinn  was  .shot 
deal'  at  his  owu  door  and  hi.s  row  of  houses  burned  down.    Webl),  310. 


<M 


M 


m 


604       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


!   1' 


John's,  St.  Peter's,  in  Louisville  itself.     St.  Michael's 
iit  Cloverport  soon  followed.' 

Previous  to  the  year  1850,  Catholicity  had  made  little 
progress  south  of  Green  and  Barren  rivers,  and  the 
veteran  historian  Webb  tells  us  that  the  Catholics 
could  have  been  counted  on  the  lingers  of  one's  hands. 
There  were  at  most  six  Catholic  families  in  Bowl- 
ing Green,  and  in  Franklin  there  were  but  two: 
those  of  John  Finn,  a  member  of  the  Legislature 
for  some  years,  and  his  brother  Lawrence,  both  model 
men,  who  adhered  to  their  religion  and  made  it 
known. 

The  opening  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Rail- 
road drew  Catholics  to  that  part  of  the  State,  and  in 
1856  Rev.  Patrick  Bambury  was  sent  to  Bowling 
Green  at  the  solicitation  of  the  Catholic  body.  He 
said  mass  in  private  houses,  and  labored  while  his 
strength  lasted.  Then  Rev.  Joseph  De  Vries,  one  of 
the  priests  obtained  by  Bishop  Spalding  in  Europe, 
became  pastor  of  Southern  Kentucky.  He  put  up  a 
temporary  chapel  in  Bowling  Green,  but  the  Church 
of  St.  Joseph  was  not  dedicated  till  1862.' 

The  Sisters  of  Charity  of  Nazareth  received  as  a 
scholar  a  wayward  and  ungovernable  girl,  a  Miss 
Miller,  who  after  a  time  vanished,  and  soon  after  tlie 
Ixjuisville  Journal  gave  an  article  entitled  "Exposi- 
tion of  Roman  Catholic  Persecution  of  a  Protestant 
scholar  at  Nazareth,"  charging  that  she  had  been  con- 
fined for  days  and  deprived  of  food  because  she  would 
not  go  to  confession.  Mother  Frances  Gardner,  the 
Superior,  promptly  refuted  the  libel,  and  appealed  to 

'  Webb.  pp.  154-55.  512-18,  521,  524.  St.  Mary's.  Whitcsville,  1845. 
Immuculiito  Conception,  Loui.svillo.  1849,  and  St.  Martin's  of  Tours, 
Portland,  18.53,  were  a  little  earlier. 

'Webb,  pp.  496-08;  Frucmau's  Journal,  A  pi.  11,  l.S."<7. 


\\'\ 


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DIOCESE  BARDSTOWN AND  LOUISVILLE.     565 

tlie  Protestant  as  well  as  the  Catholic  pupils,  who 
were  aware  of  the  real  facts. 

The  comnmnity  before  long  was  called  upon  to  de- 
plore the  loss  of  Mother  Catharine  Spalding,  "the 
leading  spirit  of  the  Sisterhood  and  its  first  Superior," 
who 'died  March  20,  1858,  of  an  illness  contracted  in 
her  visits  of  charity  to  the  afflicted.  A  remarkable 
woman,  with  especial  gifts  for  the  guidance  and 
management  of  others,  her  life  was  not  only  one  of 
devotedness,  but  a  life  that  led  others  to  sacrifice  all 
for  God.  She  was  a  native  of  Maryland,  born  in 
Charles  County  in  1793,  and  a  distant  relative  of 
Bishop  Spalding,  who  gave  her  the  last  benediction 
and  plenary  indulgence. 

After  laying  the  corner  stone  of  St.  John's  German 
Catholic  Church,  Louisville,  Bishop  Spalding  took 
part  in  the  second  Provincial  Council  of  Cincinnati, 
and  proclaimed  the  Jubilee  granted  by  his  Holiness 
Pope  Pius  IX.  after  his  return  to  Rome. 

The  Sisters  of  Loretto  lost  their  old  convent  by  fire 
on  the  20tli  of  February,  with  all  its  contents,  driving 
out  the  community  in  the  severest  weather.  Gener- 
ous friends  came  to  their  relief  with  money  and 
needed  articles,  enabling  them  to  commence  anew, 
with  courage  worthy  of  their  saintly  founder. 

A  visitation  of  much  of  the  diocese  was  followed  by 
a  synod  of  the  diocese  held  at  the  Cathedral  in  Sep- 
tember, 1858.'  The  Second  Synod  forbade  the  bor- 
rowing of  money  for  church  purposes  or  receiving 
it  on  deposit,  without  the  consent  of  the  Bishop  in 
writing ;  and  directed  the  religious  instruction  of  chil- 
dren, servants,  and  the  poor.  The  prescribed  formula 
for  mixed  marriages  was  to  be  used. 


J 


•Webb,  p.  253 ;  Guardian,  May  1,  July  3,  Sept.  11,  1858. 


■-ll 


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-  .J', 
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Cee       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bishop  Spalding  during  the  year  1868  wrote  a  series 
of  articles  on  public  schools,  contrasting,  by  the  evi- 
dence of  Protestant  writers,  the  liberality  toward 
Protestants  in  Catholic  countries  with  the  intoler- 
ance toward  Catholics  unfortunately  too  uniformly 
shown  in  this  country.' 

He  was  gratified  to  see  the  American  College  at 
Louvain  prosper,  with  the  full  approval  of  the  Sacred 
Congregation  de  Propaganda  Fide,  which  gave  the 
undertaking  hearty  encouragement,  and  the  Lyons 
Association  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith  offered 
special  aid  to  any  American  Bishop  accepting  stu- 
dents who  entered  it."  But  he  did  not  neglect  the 
rearing  of  priests  at  home  in  a  diocesan  seminary 
such  as  that  prescribed  by  the  Council  of  Trent.  He 
preached  an  eloquent  sermon  on  Seminaries,  at  Cin- 
cinnati, and  appointed  Easter  Sunday  every  year  for  a 
general  collection  to  maintain  St.  Thomas's  Seminary, 
that  of  the  diocese  of  Louisville  and  Bardstown,  which 
was  chartered  by  the  Legislature  February  7,  1868. 
Thus  encouraging  vocations  at  home,  sending  the 
most  able  and  brilliant  scholars  to  complete  their 
course  at  Rome,  and  profiting  by  the  missionary 
vocations  in  Catholic  Belgium,  Bishop  Spalding  was 
securing  a  body  of  clergy  for  the  future.' 

He  induced  the  Brothers  of  Christian  Instruction 
to  open  a  school  at  Louisville  and  assume  the  direc- 
tion of  the  male  orphan  asylum.    The  Minor  Conven- 


'  Articles  In  Guardian,  vol.  i.,  reprinted  in  Miscellanea. 

'Guardian,  Oct.  28.  1858. 

'Circular,  Ist  Sunday  of  Lent.  1859;  Guardian,  Mch.  26;  Catli.  Tele- 
gmi)li,  July  2.  1859.  New  churches  meanwhile  had  risen  at  Hawes 
■villi',  Hickman,  Bowling  Green,  Chicago,  Clover  Point,  St.  Vincent's, 
Casey  Creek,  and  Cannelton.  The  consecration  of  St.  John's  Church, 
Louisville,  crowned  the  progress  in  1858. 


.  ! 


DIOCESE BARDSTOWN AND  LOUISVILLE.     507 

tuals  took  chtirge  of  St.  Peter's  German  Church, 
Louisville,  and  soon  after  of  St,  Andrew's.  The 
House  opened  by  the  Sisters  of  the  Good  Shepherd 
on  Eighth  Street  was  blessed  April  14. 

On  Pentecost  Monday  Bishop  Spalding  issued  a 
circular  calling  on  his  Hock  to  unite  in  prayer  for 
peace  in  Europe  on  which  the  independence  of  the 
Holy  See  depended,  and  announcing  the  spiritual 
favors  to  be  gained,  and  before  the  close  of  the  year  he 
renewed  his  appeal. 

In  September,  1859,  the  Ursuline  nuns  opened  an 
academy  near  St.  Martin's  Church,  the  community 
consisting  of  six  choir  nuns  and  live  novices.  About 
the  same  time  the  School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  had 
charge  of  the  parochial  schools  connected  with  St. 
Boniface's  Church. 

Wlien  the  Southern  States  seceded,  Kentucky  was 
greatly  divided.  Numbers  in  every  place  sy m  pathized 
with  the  South,  while  others  resolved  to  uphold  the 
government  of  the  United  States.  Even  families  were 
divided.  Bishop  Spalding  labored  for  peace.  On  the 
feast  of  St.  Thomas  the  Apostle,  1800,  he  issued  a  cir- 
cular urging  his  flock  to  unite  in  prayer  on  the  4th  of 
January  and  join  in  the  celebration  of  mass.  "  Let 
us  pour  forth  [he  said)  our  earnest  prayers  and  sup- 
plications to  God,  that,  forgiving  our  past  ingrati- 
tude for  numberless  favors  received,  lie  may  vouch- 
safe to  turn  our  hearts  and  those  of  all  our  beloved 
fellow-citizens  in  every  section  of  the  country  to  the 
ways  of  justice,  moderation,  forbearance,  and  fraternal 
love,  that  he  may  extend  forth  his  hand  over  the 
troubled   waters  and  command  them  to  be  still,"' 

But  the  war  was  disastrous  to  Catholic  institutions. 


('-  '1 


..fS, 


Guardian,  June  18,  Dec.  3,  1859  ;  Dec.  22, 1800. 


'II 


i  ( 


008       THM  LWtTRCH   r\   ,    ig  UNITED  8TA  TES. 

St.  Joseph's  C'Mtliygt',  which  liaJ  iieaiiy  two  him  im<l 
stuclenlM  iw  JW5lk>,  hnd  been  luken  in  18(il  by  the  niilif;ii'\ 
nutliorirjes  for  use  as  a  hospital.  St.  Mary's  College 
was  withoiH  JJ  &>"pil,  while  a  few  yea  is  before  it  was 
impossible  to  fjittnin  admission.  St.  Tiiotnas's  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  whi.  h  had  been  adopted  as  tl  '^  ot 
the  Province  of  Cincinn,  iti,  lan,u:uished  and  declined. 
It  was  kept  in  operation  oidy  by  the  zeal  and  energy 
of  the  Sui)erior,  Very  Rev.  F.  Cliambiji,f(>.  The  Sisters 
of  Nazareth  labored  in  the  hospitals  of  Louisville  and 
Paducah,  three  dying  from  their  devotion  to  duty ;  yet 
it  was  by  the  (;xertions  of  the  Bishop  that  their  mother 
house  was  saved  from  military  occupation  in  January, 
1802.  At  this  time  an  army  of  a  hundred  thousand 
men  covered  Louisville,  holding  in  check  a  large  Con- 
federate force  in  Southern  Kentucky.  Bishop  Spal- 
ding and  his  clergy  were  unremitting  in  their  attend- 
ance to  the  soldiers  in  camp,  on  battlefield  and  in  the 
hospitals.  Sisters  dying  nobly  from  fevers  contracted 
1  atli      ling  the  sick. 

When  the  Kentucky  Ij<>gi8lature,  in  March,  1802, 
passei'  .'ibill  requiring  all  clergymen  to  take  a  test  oath 
to  enable  them  to  act  at  marriages.  Bishop  Spalding 
addressed  a  letter  to  (xovernor  Magollin,  taking  the 
broad  ground  that  the  part  taken  by  the  ])riest  in  the 
sacran)ent  of  matrimony  was  a  religious  act,  and  that 
under  the  Constitution  the  State  had  no  power  to  im- 
pose conditions.     The  Governor  vetoed  the  bill.' 

In  1803  Bishop  Spalding  sent  a  long  memoir  on 
the  Civil  War  to  the  authorities  at  Rome,  who  liad 
requested  informa' ion,  especially  in  regard  to  the  in- 
fluence it  was  likely  to  exert  on  the  Catholic  Church. 
He  treated  ably  of  the  nature  of  our  government,  the 


Spalding,  Life  of  Arclibialiop  Simlding,  New  Yorlt,  1873,  pp.  241-47. 


is' 


'^  i: 


DIOCESE  BARDSTOWiW  AND  LOUISVILLE.     669 

causes  r.nd  object  of  the  war,  and  thus  led  on  to  con- 
sider tlm  bearing'  of  tlie  war  on  the  Catholic  religion, 
and  th«i'nty  of  the  Catholic  bishops  an<l  priests  in 
the  actual  circunntances.  Tiiere  was  no  disguising 
tlie  fact  that  the  leading  men  of  the  party  in  iM)wer 
were  hostile  to  the  Church,  that  as  the  war  progressed 
cliurches  were  destroyed,  pillaged,  wrecked,  or  pro- 
faned without  any  attempt  tn  punish  tlie  guilty.  On 
the  other  hand,  thinking  m  n  saw  Hie  Catholic  Hisliops 
and  priests  adhere  to  theii  religious  duties,  ready  to 
minister  to  their  ])eo!il<)  in  the  army  and  navy  at  all 
ri^dts,  and  under  vll  circumstances,  and  they  could  not 
but  form,  as  n..u'y  expressed,  a  high  estinuite  of  sudi 
a  religion.  The  conscjiption  law  l)ore  heavily,  as 
priests  were  regarded  simply  as  citizens  and  not  ex- 
empt fronj  military  duty,  but  this  ulllnuitely  entailed 
only  an  outlay  of  money  to  procure  substitutes.  For 
Ids  own  dioc(5se  he  could  make  no  complaint.  Severe 
battles  had  been  fought,  arnnes  had  8we))t  over  many 
districts,  but  there  had  been  no  wanton  destruction  of 
Catliolic  property  such  as  had  occurred  in  other  States.' 

"During  the  continuance  of  tlie  war,"  says  tlic 
venerable  B.  J.  Webb,  "everything  in  Kentucky  wns 
in  such  a  confuse!  state  that  ju-ogression  in  Church 
olTairs  was  simply  impossible."  Yet  even  in  those 
troubled  days  a  church  was  dedicated  at  Bowling  Green 
in  July,  1802. 

The  next  month  Bisliop  Spalding  lield  the  tliird 
synod  of  his  diocese.  In  c()mi)lianoe  with  regulations 
formulated  at  Home,  Judices  causarum,  or  judges 
of  ecclesiastical  causes,  were  appointed,  who  were  to 
examine  in  the  first  instance  all  formal  charges  against 
{i.\y  iiember  of  the  clergy'  of  the  diocese. 


'II 


Spaldlnjr.   "  Disscrtazionc  iiclln  Rucrrn  civile  Americann." 


•  i 


si  ■- 


f  >. 


670       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Soon  aftei*  General  Bragg  menaced  Louisville,  and 
General  Nelson  ordered  the  women  and  children  to  be 
ready  to  leave  at  a  moment's  notice,  announcing  his 
intention  of  burning  the  city  if  he  could  not  save  it. 
Bishop  Spalding  wrote  :  "For  myself  1  am  resolved 
with  God's  holy  grace  to  live  and  die  with  my  chil- 
dren. I  shall  not  leave  my  post,  or  the  sanctuary 
Avhicli  I  love.  God  help  me  and  my  people ;  may  our 
sweet  Mother  in  heaven  smile  upon  and  i^rotect  us  in 
this  our  hour  of  direst  need  !  "  In  May  of  the  next 
year  the  Catholics  were  shocked  to  hear  that  a  chapel 
in  Union  County  had  been  surrounded  during  the 
celebration  of  mass,  and  many  of  the  Catholic  wor- 
shipers arrested  in  tlie  very  temple  of  God.  Well 
might  Bishop  Spalding  write  despondingly  :  "The 
future  of  our  church,  as  of  our  country,  is  very  uncer- 
tain. Everything  looks  dark.  But  the  Church  will 
stand,  however  persecuted." 

After  the  sudden  death  of  Archbishop  Kenrick,  whom 
Bishop  Spalding  styled  "  the  greatest,  the  best,  and 
the  most  learned  of  our  prelates,"  Bishop  Spalding 
was  promoted  to  the  Metropolitan  see  of  Baltimore. 
During  his  administration  of  sixteen  years  many  new 
churches  had  been  built,  and  others  enlarged ;  com- 
munities had  been  increased,  parochial  schools  estab- 
lished, and  all  accomplished  without  incurring  debts 
that  congregations  could  not  easily  meet. 

VEBY  REV.  BENEDICT  J.  SPALDING,  ADMINISTRATOR,  1864. 

When  the  Archbishop-elect  proceeded  to  Baltimore, 
he  left  the  administration  of  the  diocese  of  Louisville 
in  the  hands  of  Very  Rev,  Benedict  J.  Spalding, 
l)orn  in  Kentucky  in  1812,  ordained  at  Rome,  where 
lie  completed  his  course  of  study,  a  clergyman 
possessed  of  great  adniinistra  ive  powers  in  temporal 


''yW 


,*f- 


4:U 


»T.  REV.  PETEH  JOHN  LAVIAIJ.K,  FOUKTII  IHSHOP   OF  BARDSTOWN 
AND  LOUISVILLE. 


J  i  11  '  ' 


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Pi*' 
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ii 


Ill 


672       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

affairs,  wlio  had  been  vice-president  of  St.  Joseph's 
College,  rector  of  the  Cathedral,  and  vicar-general. 
During  his  brief  term  as  administrator,  there  passed 
away  a  venerable  and  revered  priest  of  the  diocese, 
Rev,  D.  A.  Deparcq,  December  9,  1864. 

KT.  KEY.  PETER  JOHN  LAVIALLE,  FOURTH  BISHOP  OF  BARDSTOWN 
AND  LOUISVILLE,  18G5-18(i9. 

On  the  vacancy  of  the  see,  the  Sovereign  Pontiff,  at 
the  instance  of  the  Bishops  of  the  province,  elected 
Rev.  Peter  John  Lavialle,  a  learned  and  laborious 
priest  who  had  twice  refused  episcopal  lionors.  He 
was  born  at  Lavialle,  France,  in  1820,  and,  before  ordi- 
nation, came  to  Kentucky  with  his  kinsman  Bishop 

8IONATUUE  OP  IIISIFOP  LAVIALLE. 

Chabrat.  He  had  been  professor  at  St.  Thomas's 
Seminary,  tlien  at  the  head  of  St.  Mary's  College,  and 
winning  in  manner,  devoted  to  his  duties,  learned  and 
able,  luid  been  a  most  successful  priest  in  the  mission 
work  of  the  diocese. 

He  was  consecrated  in  tlie  Cathedral  of  the  Assump- 
tion on  the  24th  of  September,  ISOo,  by  Archbisho]) 
Piircell,  assisted  by  Bishop  McGill  of  Richmond  and 
Bishop  de  St.  Palais  of  Vincennes.  Bishops  Lefevere. 
Luers,  and  Carrell  were  also  jiresent  with  the  mitred 
Abbot  of  Gethsemane.  A  sermon  on  the  Hierarchy  of 
the  Cliurch  was  delivered  by  Archbishop-elect  Spal- 
ding. 


BARDSTOWN 


DIOCESE  BARDSTOWN  AND  LOUISVILLE.     673 

Bishop  Luvialle  entered  at  once  on  his  duties,  mak- 
ing a  visitation  of  liis  diocese  and  encouraging  priests 
^md  people  to  labor  to  repair  the  losses  caused  by  the 
war  in  scattered  congregations,  by  new  obligations  and 
constant  outlays.  He  was  encouraged  by  the  general 
spirit  of  faith  and  hope  evinced  in  tlie  commencement 
iind  erection  of  churches  at  Lexington  and  elseAvhere. 

Though  failing  in  health  he  attended  the  Second 
Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore,  in  October,  1866,  and 
returned  to  resume  his  visitations ;  but  nature  could 
not  bear  the  strain.  He  retired  to  St.  Joseph's  In- 
firmar}'-,  Louisville,  and  was  then  conveyed  to  the 
mother  house  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  at  Nazareth. 
He  seemed  to  rally  for  a  time,  but  sank  gradually,  and 
died,  as  lie  had  lived,  piously,  on  the  11th  of  May, 
1867.  Hi.s  remains  were  conveyed  to  the  Cathedral 
in  Louisville,  where  his  solemn  obsequies  were  cele- 
brated.' 


'  Webb,  "  The  Centenary  of  Catholicity  in  Kentucky,"  p.  492  ;  Cath. 
Mirror,  1865-00  ;  Catli.  Teicgraph,  Oct.  4,  1805. 


SEAL  OF  niPHOP  SPALDING 
OF  LOUISVILLE. 


» {-1 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DIOCESE  OF  COVINGTON. 

ET.  REV.  GEORGE  A.  CARRELL,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1853-1866. 

By  his  Letters  Apostolic  of  July  29,  ISflS,  Pope  Pins 
IX.  erected  the  see  of  Covington.     By  this  act  the  east- 
ern part  of  Kentucky  was  detached  from  the  ancient 
diocese  of  Bardstovvn.     The  diocese  of  Covington  in- 
eluded  Carroll,    Owen,  Franklin,    Woodford,  Jessa- 
mine,  Garrard,    Rock   Castle,  Laurel,  and   Whitley 
counties.  There  had  been  Catholic  families  at  Lexing- 
ton, Fayette  County,  and  in  Madison  County,  visited 
prior  to  1817  by  Father  Robert  Angler,  O.  P.,  and 
subsequently  Father  Samuel  H.  Montgomery.      Scott 
County,  from  which  it  was  attended,  had  Catholics 
and  a  church,  but  there  were  long  discords.     Coving- 
ton  had  its  Church  of  St.  Mary,  about  1836,  attended 
from  Cincinnati.     In  1840  it  had  Father  Montgomery 
as  resident  priest,  who  also  attended  Maysville.     In 
1844-45  Rev.  Ferdinand  Kuhr  erected  the  Ciiurch  of  the 
Holy  Mother  of  God,  at  Covington,  for  the  German 
Catholics,   and    soon    after  Rev.    Charles   Boeswald 
erected  Corpus  Christi  Church  at  Newport.     In  time 
Maysville,  Lexington,  Frankfort,   Four  Mile  Creek, 
Mount  St.  John,  and  Twelve  Mile  Creek  had  churches, 
and  one  was  begun  at  Jamestown,     When  the  see  was 
erected  there  were  ten  churches,  three  in  progress,  and 
seven  priests  to  minister  to  the  faithful.     Lexington 
had  St.  Catharine's  Female  Academy,  founded  in  1823, 
and  St.  John's  Male  Academy,  just  erected  by  Rev. 
Attached  to  the  Church  of  the  Mother 


niv^ 


John  Maguire. 


575 


670       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


I    'i 


of  God  were  a  brick  schoolhouse  and  St.  John's  Or- 
l)liau  Asylum.  The  Catholic  population  did  not 
probably  exceed  seven   thousand.' 

To  govern  the  new  diocese  Pius  IX.  elected  George 
Aloysius  Carrell,  born  in  Philadelphia,  1803,  in  the 
old  William  Penn  mansion,  on  Market  Street.  He  was 
educated  at  Mount  St.  Mary's  and  Georgetown  College, 
and  on  completing  his  course  was  for  a  time  in  the 
novitiate  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  His  theological 
course  was  made  at  St.  Mary's  Seminary,  Baltimore, 
and  at  Emmitsburg.  After  his  ordination  at  St.  Au- 
gustine's Church,  in  his  native  city,  in  1829,  he  was 
employed  on  missions  in  Philadelphia,  New  Jersey, 
and  Delaware  ;  he  entered  the  Society  of  Jesus,  at 
Fioressant,  Mo.,  was  professor  in  St,  Louis  Univer- 
sity, pastor  of  the  College  Church,  rector  of  the 
University,  and  subsequently  director  of  an  academy 
at  Cincinnati.  He  brought  to  the  episcopal  office  long 
experience  in  mission  work  and  in  educational  institu- 
tions. On  receiving  his  bulls  he  was  consecrated  in  the 
Cathedral,  Cincinnati,  by  Archbishop  Purcell,  No- 
vember 1,  1853,  Rt.  Rev.  John  Martin  Henni  of  Mil- 
waukee and  Rt.  Rev.  Peter  Paul  Lefevere  of  Detroit 
being  assistant  Bishops.  Rt.  Rev.  Fredric  Baraga  was 
consecrated  at  the  same  time. 

One  of  the  first  undertakings  of  the  Bishop  was  to 
erect  St.  Mary's  Cathedral  in  Covington.  Although 
his  resources  were  limited  the  work  advanced  energet- 
ically, and  the  Cathedral  was  dedicated  June  11,  1854. 
It  was  in  the  English  Gothic  style,  in  length  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-six  feet,  in  width  sixty-six  feet.  A 
new  church  was  begun  in  1854  at  Louisburg,  a  suburb 


'Webb,  "The  Centenary  of  Catholicity  in  Kentucky,"  Louisville, 
1884,  p.  530. 


DIOCESE  OF  COVINGTON. 


677 


of  Covington,  and  another  at  JS'ewport,  under  the  in- 
vocation of  the  Immacuhite  Conception.  A  church  at 
Florence  was  dedicated  in  1854. 

To  train  up  boys  showing  signs  of  a  vocation  Bishop 
Carrell  secured  a  farm  in  Scott  County,  near  Franli- 
fort,  and  liere  establislied  St.  Stanislaus  Preparatory 
College,  for  boys  from  eight  to  twelve  years  of  age. 
He  placed  it  under  the  care  of  Rev.  E.  H.  Brandts  and 
two  other  priests.  It  prospered  for  a  time,  but  the 
difficulties  resulting  from  the  war  closed  it. 

By  this  time  the  Sisters  of  Charity  from  Nazareth 
had  their  Academy  of  our  Lady  of  La  Salette  in  Coving- 
ton, and  also  conducted  a  day-school.  The  primitive 
church  on  Fifth  Street  had  become  a  school  for  colored 
cliildren. 

While  attending  the  consecration  of  Bishop  Luers 
of  Fort  Wayne,  Bishop  Carrell  met  Abbot  AVimmer 
and  appealed  to  him  to  take  charge  of  a  German  con- 
gregation. In  consequence  Father  Romanus  Hill, 
O.  S.  B.,  and  Father  Oswald  Moosmuller,  O.  S.  B., 
arrived  in  Covington,  February  11,  ISilO.  The  new 
parish  of  St.  Joseph  was  assigned  to  them,  and  a 
church  soon  rose,  with  a  classical  academy  near  it, 
and  a  parochial  school. 

The  Catholic  flock  in  the  diocese  was  increasing,  and 
corner  stones  of  new  churches  were  laid  at  Paris,  Mount 
St.  John,  Augusta,  and  Hemingsburg.  James  and 
John  Slevin  of  Cincinnati  gave  a  site  in  AVest  Coving- 
ton, where  the  corner  stone  of  St.  Anne's  Church  Avas 
laid.  These  shrines  of  religion  were  soon  progress- 
ing. In  1860  Bisliop  Carrell  was  consoled  to  see  the 
Church  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  at  Stepstone 
and  churches  at  Carlyle  and  Maysville  dedicated. 

The  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  involved  Kentucky 
in  the  turmoil  of  war,  and  greatly  checked  the  prog- 


1^;" 


C78      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ress  of  the  diocese.  A  log  church  was  dedicated  at 
Station  Camp  in  May,  1861.  Churches  were  built  at 
Ashland,  Carrollton,  Florence,  Jamestown,  Mullin'* 
Station,  by  1864,  and  the  Benedictine  nuns  were  in 
charge  of  the  school  at  St.  Joseph's,  Covington.  A 
hospital  and  orphan  asylum  under  the  Franciscan  Sis- 
ters of  the  Poor  were  prospering  on  Seventh  Street. 
Parocliial  schools  had  been  established  near  many  of 
the  churches.  St.  Paul's  Church,  Lexington,  was  ded- 
icated by  the  Bishop  in  November,  1865.  The  new 
diocese,  when  he  attended  the  Second  Plenary  Council, 
attested  his  zeal  and  energy.  He  was  already  suffer- 
ing from  a  complication  of  diseases,  which  ari-ested  his 
episcopal  visitations  and  labors.  He  sank  gradually, 
and  died  on  the  25th  of  September,  1868. 

At  this  time  the  Preparatory  College  of  St.  Aloysius 
had  been  opened  near  Covington  iiuder  Rev.  George 
S.  Kertson.  The  diocese  contained  thirty-four 
churches,  eight  in  progress,  and  thirty  priests,  and 
Visitation  and  Ursuliue  nuns  had  come  to  labor  in  the 
cause  of  education.' 


'  C'ath.  Tc'legmph,  1858-1868  ;  Pittsburgli  Catholic,  x..  p.  283 ;  Metro- 
polituu,  ii.,  p.  387  ;  St.  Viuceuz  in  Pcnusylvauicu,  pp.  249-251. 


SEAL  OF  IlI8II(>i>  CAHHBLL 
OF   COVINGTON. 


V:   !' 


H  II! 


CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE  OF  DETROIT. 

RT.  REV.  PETER  PAUL   LEFEVERE,  BISHOP  OF  ZELA, 
ADMINISTRATOR,  1853. 

By  the  erection  of  the  Vicariate  Ai)ostolic  of 
Michigan  in  1853  the  diocese  of  Detroit  was  reduced 
to  the  lower  peninsula,  and  in  it  the  Indian  missions 
were  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Bishop  Baraga, 
who  had  long,  by  personal  ministry  and  by  the  books 
Avhicli  he  prepared,  labored  to  elevate  the  Cliippewas 
and  Ottawas. 

In  Michigan,  as  elsewhere,  fanatics  endeavored  to 
make  the  i^ublic  schools  a  part  of  their  machinery  for 
debauching  the  faith  of  Catholic  children.  The  De- 
troit Catlioli<-  Vindicator,  established  April  30,  1853, 
gave  the  faithful  the  power  of  the  press,  and  aroused 
activity  in  defense  of  their  sacred  and  constitutional 
rights.' 

Early  in  1853  the  diocese  of  Detroit  lost  a  most 
exemplary  priest,  who  had  labored  for  many  years  in 
the  West.  This  was  Rev.  Michael  Edgar  Evelyne 
Shawe,  pastor  of  Detroit  Cathedral.  He  was  a  con- 
vert who,  after  being  wounded  while  an  officer  in  the 
English  army  at  Bergen-op-zoom  and  Waterloo,  be- 
came a  Catholic,  and  entered  the  college  at  Oscott 
to  study  for  the  priesthood,  lie  was  one  of  Bishop 
Brute's  earliest  priests  in  Indiana,  where  he  showed 
great  energy,  cheered  and  encouraged  in  his  struggles 
by  the  saintly  prelate.  Removing  in  time  to  Michigan 
he  became  rector  of  the  Cathedral,  and  in  that  parish 


'  See  Report  ou  the  School  Law,  Freeraau's  Jourual,  Feb.  19,  1853. 

679 


Ml 


:ll!f^ 


M 

imam 

S 

^^H 

(» 

■ 

■;! 

■ 

.'?! 

■ 

'!! 

■ 

■ 

1 

1 

iil 

til' 


f 


'I 


ii 


■  ■  & 


UT.  JiliV.  V.  V.  LEFEVEUE,  AUMIMSTlUTOlt  OK   DETUOIT. 


r :  Ii: 


¥u 


DIOCESE  OF  DETROIT. 


581 


formed  guilds  to  sissociiite  Catholics  together.  On 
tile  3()th  of  April  he  set  out  in  a  carriiige  with  two 
acolytes  to  open  a  new  church  at  Connor's  Creek,  but 
the  horses  took  fright  ;  he  was  thrown  out  and  seri- 
ously injured.  lie  was  removed  to  the  hospital  of  the 
Sisters  of  Charity,  where  he  expired  at  the  age  of  sixty, 
May  10,  18.");i.  The  church  associated  with  his  death 
was  dedicated  by  the  Bishop  on  the  1st  of  May. 

Though  the  Catholic  body  did  not  swell  as  rapidly 
by  immigration  in  Michigan  as  in  some  other  States, 
thei'e  was  growth,  aud  liciiUhy  growth.  A  church 
sprang  up  at  Adrian,  and  the  zealous  llev.  P.  Kin- 
daking  soon  had  a  school  rising  ;  at  ^[edina  he  erected 
a  church  and  school  and  secured  ground  at  Clinton.' 

GauuI  Ki.pids,  a  future  see,  had  completed  a  line 
stone  church,  and  Catholic  schools  were  their  next 
desii'e.  Marshall  showed  a  similar  spirit,  and  had  its 
fine  cliurch  dedicated  in  I)ecend)er,  iyr>3. 

In  the  spring  of  ISiil  the  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart 
acquired  i)art  of  the  Benoit  Chapoton  farm,  Detroit, 
having  a  frontage  of  two  hundred  feet  on  Jelferson 
Avenue,  and  here  established  an  academy  for  young 
ladies.  In  Madame  Monique  Beaubien,  the  survivor 
of  three  young  ladies  whoui  Rev.  Gabriel  Richard  had 
trained  to  conduct  an  academy,  the  Ladies  of  the 
Sacred  Heart  found  a  warm  frieiul,  who  gave  them 
property  to  build  a  line  institution.  This  lady  had 
already  shown  her  charity  and  zeal  by  maintaining  a 
free  school  at  her  own  expense.  When  the  Ladies  of 
the  Sacred  Heart  in  1862-03  took  i)ossession  of  their 
new  academy.  Bishop  Lefevere  required  them  to  open, 
and  maintain  a  free  school  for  girls. 


'  Detroit  Ciith.  Vindicator.  5Iiiy  14,  Awg.  20,  Sept.  10,  Oct.  15,  Dec.  17, 
1853.     Tiie  church  at  De.Kter  was  burued  May  1,  1853. 


■•?: 


liili 

iii 


■4 


J' 


089       THE  cnUIiCH  L\  THE  UXITED  STATES. 


I  '    < 


[| 


Tlie  Sisters  of  the  Inuuiunilate  Heart  of  Mary, 
introdiKM'd  into  tlie  dioceHo  at  Monroe  by  the  Ue- 
tleinptorists,  8ei)teniber  V,i,  184."),  soon  spread.  Tliey 
directed  scliools  at  Monroe,  Vienna,  St,  Josepli's, 
near  Detroit,  Adrian,  Detroit,  Marsliall,  St.  Anne's, 
and  in  ISOO  at  Westi)lialia. 

In  liis  pastoral  letter  issned  February  28,  1854, 
Bishop  Ijefevere  explained  at  length  what  the  Associa- 
tion for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith  at  Lyons  had 
done  to  aid  the  struggling  Catholic  churches  and  dio- 
ce.ses  of  the  United  States.  '  He  showed  liow  gratitude 
recpiired  a  return,  and  directed  a  collection  to  be  taken 
up  in  every  church  in  the  diocese. 

In  tlie  city  of  Detroit,  founded  by  Catholics  and  so 
long  occupied  exclusively  by  them,  it  became  neces- 
sary for  Sister  Mary  de  Sales,  Superior  of  the  IIosi)ital 
under  the  care  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  to  appear  in 
the  public  papers  to  refute  a  sluimeful  charge  that  a 
Oerman  woman  had  been  refused  admittance  because 
she  was  a  Lutheran.'  When  the  Sisters  asked  to  be 
relieved  of  taxation  <m  the  property  which  they  used 
so  charitably,  a  violent  attack  was  made  on  them  in 
the  City  Council  by  Alderman  Craig,  who  subse- 
quently,  in  a  re])()rt  against  Bishoj)  Iji'lVvere  in  another 
matter,  used  such  coarse  language  that  the  Council  ex- 
punged it. 

The  report  of  Bisho])  L«^fevere  to  the  Superintendent 
of  Indian  Affairs. in  18.")4,  called  theattention  of  govern- 
ment to  the  evils  arising  from  tiie  maintaining  the 
tribal  system.  By  jireventing  the  Indians  from  acquir- 
ing land  and  obtaining  a  jiermanent  location  for  them- 
selves and  their  posterity,  fiom  which  they  cannot 
be  importuned  to  remove  an«l  give  place  to  the  white 

'  Detroit  Catlj.  Vindicator,  Mcli.  4,  Sept.  3,  1854. 


m 

If  !• 


11  ;  ]r 


DIOCESE  OF  DETROIT. 


088 


nmn,  government  forced  them  to  continue  a  wanderinir 
lie.' 

On  tlie  M  of  February,  IH^fi,  Uishop  L»'fevere  dedi- 
cated St.  Joseph's  Church,  Detroit,  whi-  h  had  arisen 
in  six  weeks,  sucli  was  tlie  zeal  of  pustoi  and  people.' 
Tiiere  were  nobler  feelings  in  the  city  government 
than  those  wiiose  disi)lay  we  have  noted.  James  A. 
Van  Dyk.',  xMayor  of  the  city  of  Detroit,  was  received 
into  the  tMiurch  by  Bishop  Ivefevere,  and  died  soon 
after  full  of  consolation  and  h(>[)e. 

The  venerable  Gabriel  Richard  had  been  condemned 
in  a  suit  brought  by  a  nmn  who  committed  bigamy, 
marrying  a  wife  in  Detroit  when  he  had  another  liv- 
ing in  Canada ;  but  by  the  year  ISSf)  Michigan  seems  to 
have  advanced  from  the  protection  of  bigamy.  Rev. 
B.  G.  Soffers  was  sued  for  slander  because  ho  told  a 
girl  who  belonged  to  his  congregation  that  her  marriage 
before  a  magistrate,  to  a  man  who  had  a  wife  in  Upper 
Michigan,  was  invalid,  and  left  her  in  the  position  of  a 
mere  concubine.  The  court  acquitted  the  clergyman, 
but  no  steps  were  taken  to  punish  the  bigamist." 

In  his  visitation  in  18r)0,  Bishop  Lefevere  secured  a 
site  for  a  new  church  at  Silver  Creek,  as  the  old  one 
could  no  longer  contain  the  Catholics  settled  near, 
chietiy  Irish,  and  the  Catholic  Pottawatomies  from 
Bush  Creek  who  attended  it.* 

At  this  time  Detroit  had  a  population  of  00,000,  one- 
third  of  them  Catholics.' 

The  want  of  sound  legal  counsel  caused  loss  of 


'  Bisliop  Lef.'vere  to  Hon.  H.  C.  Gilbert,  Sept.  8.  1851.    Report  of 
Coii>inis,sioiK'r  of  Iiulinn  nfFnirs. 

'  Detroit  Catli.  Viiulicntor,  Feb.  2,  1856. 

'  Detroit  f'lith.  Viiviiciitor,  Mny  Vi,  18.1,').  Apr.  13,  19,1856. 

*  Detroit  Ciitli.  Virulicutor,  June  14,  1856. 

*  lb.,  Nov.  8,  1S50. 


yi 


Hill  Eiiiiil 


fi84       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

property  in  this  diocese,  as  it  did  elsewhere.  In  1807, 
wlieii  it  was  i)roposed  to  establish  a  church  at  Cote  da 
Nord  Est  the  members  of  the  congregation  purchased 
at  a  low  rate  a  large  tract  for  the  supi)ort  of  the  church 
and  priest.  They  taxed  themselves  to  jiay  the  pur- 
chase money  gradually,  and  a  deed,  drawn  in  French, 
conveyed  the  property  to  five  marguillers  "as repre- 
sentatives of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Cote  du  Nord 
Est.*'  There  was  not  a  word  in  the  deed  about  church 
or  religion  or  creating  a  trust  for  the  congregation. 
The  jjroperty  remained  in  possession  of  the  Church 
till  1854,  without  question,  when  a  lawyer  discovered 
that  the  grantees  had  never  deeded  the  property  to 
the  Bishop  or  the  congregation.  Inducing  other  law- 
yers to  join  him,  he  obtained  deeds  from  the  heirs  of 
the  grantees  and  put  them  on  record.  Bishop  Le- 
fevere  after  some  years'  litigation,  gave  up  much  of 
the  Church  Faruj  to  secure  a  part. 

In  another  case  the  city  of  Detroit  in  1834  conveyed 
several  lots  to  St.  Anne's  Church,  but  the  deed  was  so 
carelessly  drawn  that  one  lot,  though  mentioned  else- 
where, was  not  described  in  the  granting  clause,  and  the 
city  refused  to  make  a  deed  to  supply  the  deficiency.' 

The  first  church  for  English-speaking  Catholics 
(Holy  Trinity)  was  one  purchased  and  moved  to  Bates 
Street  and  Michigan  Avenue.  It  was  opened  for  ser- 
vice in  183.")  ;  but  when  the  Cathedral  was  erected,  this 
church  was  moved  to  another  site,  the  congregation 
joining  the  Cathedral  one.  They  had  secured  and  es- 
tablished a  cemetery,  maintained  with  care,  which  has 
since  become  Afount  Elliott  Cemetery.  In  ISoH  the 
corner  stone  of  a  new  ciiurch  of  the  Holy  Trinity 


'  Riclmrd  R.  Elliott,   "The  Cliurcli  Farm.     How  a  Omit  Gift  wua. 
Lost."    Catli.  Vindicator,  Sept.  8,   ls.")."j. 


DIOCESE  OF  DETROIT. 


585 


was  laid  by  Bisliop  Lefevere,  and  jilans  were  made 
by  P.  C.  Keely.  It  was  dedicated  November  30, 
1S5G.' 

Tlie  German  cliurch  had  been  attended  till  about 
this  time  by  the  Redemptorist  Fathers,  who  de- 
termined to  leave  the  diocese,  but  on  the  Bishop's 
appeal  to  Rome  they  were  allowed  to  remain  for 
a  time  ;  the  remains  of  Father  Matthew  Francis 
Poilvache  being  placed  in  a  special  vault  at  Mon- 
roe." 

Bishop  Lefevere  had  taken  an  active  part  with 
Bishop  Spalding  of  Louisville  in  the  endeavor  to  es- 
tablish a  missionary  college  in  Europe  where  vocations 
abounded,  in  order  to  furnish  priests  for  the  missions 
in  the  United  States.  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Kindekins 
visited  Rome,  but  failing  to  obtain  a  suitable  building 
there  or  the  encouragement  which  he  expected,  pro- 
ceeded to  Louvain,  where  Count  de  Merode,  the  Rec- 
tor of  the  Catholic  University,  and  others  encouraged 
him,  so  that  it  was  decided  to  found  it  in  that  city. 
Very  Rev.  Mr.  Kindekins,  as  first  rector,  organized 
the  institution,  which  has  sent  many  laborious  priests 
to  this  country.' 


'  Ditroit,  Vindicator,  Nov.  n.  1855.  The  conicr  stone  of  a  cliurch  at 
Ypsilaiiti  was  laid  Aug.  3,  1853  ;  and  the  church  at  Dexter  dedicated 
July  4,  185G. 

^  Bishop  Lefevere  to  Archbishop  F.  P.  Keiiriek,  Aug.  20,  1856. 
Father  Poilvache,  venerated  as  one  of  tiie  holiest  members  of  tlie  order 
ill  America.  lie  was  born  at  Eben  Emael,  Belgium,  Jan.  27,  1812,  and 
soon  after  his  ordination  was  sent  to  the  United  States  in  1843.  The 
next  year  ho  was  made  assistant  to  Father  Gilet,  who  was  appointed 
to  the  church  at  Monroe.  Tiiere  he  labored,  levered  by  all,  till  his 
death,  Jan.  27,  1848.  Life  of  Fr.  Francis  Poilvache,  Priest  of  theCon- 
prciialion  of  the  Most  Holy  Uedeemer.  Ilchester,  1890.  The  Redemp- 
torists  left  Monroe  finally  in  1855. 

« Freeman's  Journal,  Mch.  7,  1857,  Oct.  30,  1858,  June  18,  1850; 
Detroit  Vindicator,  Mch.  14,  1857 ;    Guardian,  Oct.  23,  1858,  Feb.  23, 


I?  lit 
ji    > 


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li 


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58G 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


The  year  1858  showed  Catholic  progress  in  the  dedi- 
cation of  a  cliurcli  at  Kahimazoo,  and  the  Church  of 
the  Assumption  near  Detroit,  and  the  property  of  St. 
Mary's  Hospital  and  in  the  erection  of  a  new  building 
for  St.  Vincent's  Orphan  Asylum  in  that  city. 

In  1859  the  clergy  of  the  diocese  of  Detroit  met  for 
the  first  time  in  a  synod.  It  met  on  the  4th  of  October, 
and  was  attended  by  forty-one  secular  priests  and 
three  Fathers  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Most  Holy 
Redeemer.  As  Very  Rev.  P.  Kindekins  was  to  go 
to  Louvain,  Very  Rev.  Peter  Hennaert  was  appointed 
Vicar-General.  Sixty-three  statutes  were  promulgated, 
formally  putting  in  force  the  decrees  of  the  councils 
of  Baltimore  and  Cincinnati,  and  establishing  the  Bal- 
timore Rituai.  The  other  statutes  bore  on  the  life  of 
the  clergy,  the  due  celebration  of  mass  and  vespers, 
and  the  administration  of  the  sacraments.  New 
churches  were  not  to  be  undertaken  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  Bishop.' 

The  war  did  not  affect  this  distant  diocese  materi- 
ally, though  many  a  brave  Catholic  officer  and  soldier 
fell  on  the  battlefield  or  died  in  the  hospital.  There 
was  some,  if  not  rapid,  progress  between  1861  and 
1800. 

A  retreat  for  the  insane  was  opened  in  1861,  and  St. 
Mary's  Hospital  continued  its  noble  record.  New 
churches  were  begun  or  opened  at  Cold  Water,  Ash, 
Stony  Creek,  Lansing,  Port  Hudson,  Bunker  Hill,  and 
Kalamazoo,  while  Detroit  added  to  its  list  St.  Patrick's 


1861  ;  Ciitli.  Ili-rald.  x.\v.,  p.  82  ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  .\iv.,  p.  131  ;  xv.. 
p.  280  ;  Hericlite  iler  Lcopoidincn  Stifluiiir,  xx.xv.,  p.  48  ;  Letter  of' Rev! 
M.  DeNcvc,  Annals  of  tlic  Propasniion  of  tlie  F'ailh.  xxii    p  389 

>  Con-stitutiones  Syiunli  Dia-cesana-  Detroiteiisis  Primm 'im'bita;  mense 
Octobri  18.-,9.  I),.troit,  1859.  Metropolitan,  vi.,  p.  710;  Freeman's 
Journal.  Aug.  7,  18.58.  Mch.  "),  ly.jj. 


DIOCESE  OF  DETROIT. 


r)87 


Chapel  and  the  Church  of  St.  Mary,  Help  of  Christ- 
ians.' 

Meanwhile  a  second  synod  of  the  diocese  of  De- 
troit had  been  held  at  tlie  Cathedral,  opening  on  the 
23d  of  September,  1862.  Forty-four  secular  and  three 
priests  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Most  Holy  Re- 
deemer were  present.  Three  statutes  were  promul- 
gated, one  bearing  on  the  trials  of  tlie  Sovereign  Pon- 
tiff and  directing  a  collection  for  his  relief.'  Bishop 
Lefevere  had  already  Issued,  on  the  11th  of  July, 
"  Rules  and  Directions  for  the  Administration  of  the 
Temporal  Affairs  of  the  Church  in  the  Diocese  of  De- 
troit.' 

When  he  proceeded  to  the  Second  Plenary  Council 
of  Baltimore  in  1866,  Bishop  Lefevere  could  claim  for 
the  diocese  of  Detroit  sixty-two  priests,  sixty-four 
churches,  five  academies,  and  a  Catholic  population 
of  ninety  thousand. 


d  ii^ 


'  Cath.  Mirror,  Mch.  16.  1861  ;  Aug.  18,  1866  ;  Freenmn's  Journal, 
July  30,  1801,  Feb.  13.  1864 ;  Catli.  Telegraph,  Dec.  0,  1865, 

'  Synodus  Dirace.sana  Detroiteusis  Secunda,  liabila  meuse  Septembri 
A.  D.  1862.     Detroit,  1863. 

=  Detroit,  1862,  8  pp. 


SEAL  OK   IIISHOI'  LErKVERE. 


"l^.l 


r-  ■  ■ 


RT.  REV.  KUEUKUIC    l)AH.\(i.\,   UlSlIor  OK   AMYZONIA   AND  VICAR 
Al'OSTOUC. 


CHAPTER  VI. 
VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  UPPER  MICHIGAN. 

ET.   KEV.   FREDEIUC  BARAGA,   BISHOP  OF    AMYZONIA  AND  VICAR 
APOSTOLIC,  1853-1866. 

0^f  the  23cl  of  July,  1853,  Pope  Pius  IX.,  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  Bishoi)  of  Detroit,  erected  the  northern 
peninsuhi  of  Michigan,  with  the  adjacent  islands,  into 
a  Vicariate  Apostolic,  Avhicli  was  confided  to  the  la- 
borious missionary,  Frederic  Baraga,  born  June  29, 
17U7,  in  the  hereditary  seat  of  his  noble  ancestors^ 
Treffen  Castle,  in  Carniola.     He  early  acquired,  under 
private  tutors,  Iliyrian,  German,  French,  Italian,  and 
Latin,  fitting  himself  for  the  task  of  mastering  the  na- 
tive languages  of  America.     He  studied  law  in  the 
University  of  Vienna,  but  feeling  called  to  the  service 
of  God  at  the  altar,  he  laid  aside  his  law  books,  and 
after  a  divinity  course  at  Laibach  was  ordained,'  Sep- 
tember  21,  1823.     He  was  a  zealous  missiouiuy  for 
seven  years,  his  sermons  and  devout  publications  do- 
ing much  good.     The  immense  work  yet  to  be  done 
among  the  Indian  tribes  in  this  countiy  seemed  to  him 
the  field  assigned  to  him  by  Providence.     He  landed 
in  New  York  on  the  last  day  of  the  year,  1830,  !^nd 
when  navigation  opened  hastened  to  Michigan.  When 
appointed  Vicar  Aposiolic  he  had  labored  among  the 
Indians  for  twenty-two  years :  five  among  the  Ottj^was, 
at  Arbre  Ci-oche.  and  the  rest  of  the  time  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, beginning  at  Lapointe  in  August,  183o.     There, 
amid  difficulty,  opposition,  and  privation,  he  built  a 
church,  a  dwelling  for  himself,  and  a  number  of  houses 

r>8« 


'  -t  » 


i2 


a.i 


Ik      ■•'^J 


590 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


for  his  Indian  converts,  of  whom  lie  gained  in  eight 
years  seven  liiindred  souls,  Indians  and  half-breeds. 
Leaving  that  mission  to  Father  Otto  Skolla,  in  1843^ 
lie  founded  a  new  mission  at  L' Anse,  erecting  church' 
presbytery,  and  thirty  houses.  Here  he  gathered  in 
time  a  flock  of  three  hundred  souls,  and  established  a 
school  for  boys  and  girls. 

In  1845  the  copper  mines  on  Lake  Superior  began  to 
be  worked,  and  men  from  Ireland,  Canada,  Germany, 
and  other  parts,  sought  employment.  Many  were 
Catholics,  and  the  mining  camps  were  regularly  visited 
by  the  devoted  priest.  But  the  work  was  soon  beyond 
his  strength.  He  selected  sites  for  churches  and 
schools  at  Ontonagon,  Minnesota,  and  Norwich  mines. 
Eagle  Harbor,  South  Cliff,  and  Pore  Marquette.  St! 
Patrick's  Church,  at  Ontonagon,  thirty  feet  wide  and 
seventy-six  long,  was  the  chief  church  of  the  district. 
The  Vicariate,  at  its  erection,  contained  six  churches, 
five  schools,  and  five  priests. 

The  episcopate,  thus  offered,  only  enabled  him  to 
continue  his  work  with  more  ample  powers.  He  was 
consecrated  in  the  Cathedral  at  Cincinnati,  on  Tues- 
day, November  1,  by  the  Most  Rev.  John  B.  Purcell, 
assisted  by  Bishop  Ilenni,  of  Milwaukee,  and  Bishop 
Lefevere,  Administrator  of  Detroit.  Bishop  Spalding 
delivered  a  masterly  sermon  on  the  Catholic  Episco- 
pate.' Bishop  Baraga  resolved  to  visit  Europe  at 
once,  to  obtain  priests  and  means  to  meet  the  growing 
wants  of  his  Vicariate.  Before  his  departure  he  ad- 
dressed a  pastoral  letter  to  his  flock,  in  which  he 
treated  of  their  duties  to  God  :  Faith,  Adoration,  Re- 
spect, Obedience,  Lt)ve. 


'  Bishop-elect  Bar!ii,'a  to  the  CiUh.  Vindicator.  Oct.  22,  1S.')4.     See  also 
Nov.  12,   1853;  Freeman's  Journal,  Oct.  20.  Nov.  16,   1853-  Aprils 
May  10,  1854 ;  Pittsburgh  Catliolic,  p.  283. 


VICARIATE  OF  UPPER  MICHIGAN. 


691 


All  recognized  his  zeal,  learning,  and  piety.  A  Prot- 
estant pjiper  proclaimed  liiuj  "one  of  the  truest,  most 
useful  friends  of  the  Indian  race  upon  the  continent."  » 

Bishop  Baraga  had  more  than  one  audience  with  the 
Pope,  at  whose  hands  he  received  rich  gifts.  He 
secured  five  priests  for  his  Vicariate,  and  represented 
the  American  episcopate  at  the  marriage  of  the  Em- 
peror of  Austria.  In  the  summer  he  was  again  in  his 
diocese.' 

In  order  to  place  all  the  Indian  missions  iinder  the 
care  of  Bishop  Baraga,  the  Bishop  of  Detroit  ceded  to 
him  jurisdiction  over  the  missions  in  Lower  Michigan, 
and  Bishop  Henni  over  those  in  Wisconsin. 

Rev.  Father  Weikamp,  of  the  Third  Order  of  St. 
Francis,  an  old  missionary,  had  gathered  a  society  of 
Tertiary  Brothers  and  Sisters.  Bishop  Baraga  offered 
him  land  which  he  had  purchased  near  Arbre  Croche. 
They  took  possession  in  December,  1855,  and  formed 
the  nucleus  of  a  most  valuable  body  for  Indian  work. 
Soon  after  Bishop  Baraga  ordained,  in  the  church  at 
Little  Traverse,  Rev.  Seraphin  Zorn,  long  to  labor  on 
the  Indian  missions.' 

In  1850  we  find  Bishop  Baraga  making  his  visitation 
of  the  missions  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
making  it,  generally,  as  the  early  missionaries  did,  in 
a  bark  canoe.  He  revisited  the  scenes  of  his  earlier 
labors,  conferring  the  sac.-ament  of  confirmation,  and 
addressing  each  congregation  in  its  own  language.* 


'  "  Voucina."  Frederik  Biiragrt.  pervi  krimjski  Apostoljski  niisijoimr 
in  skof  med  Indijani  v  Ameiiki,  Lublin,  1869  ;  Detroit  Cntli.  Vindicator 
Dec.  3,  1853. 

»  Bishop  Baraga  to  Bishop  Lefevcrc,  Apl.  6, 1854  ;  Detroit  Vindicator. 
Aug.  5,  1854. 

•  Letter  of  Bisliop  Baraga,  Dec.  4,  1855  ;  Detroit  Cath.  Vindicator, 
Dec.  22,  1855  ;  lb.,  P>b.  9,  1856  ;  C'iith.  Telegraph,  Aug.  2,  1859. 

*  Detroit  Cath.  Viiulicator,  Sei)t.  (i,  !85e. 


I 


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1 

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692      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


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DIOCESE  OF  SAULT  SAINTE  MARIE. 
BT.  REV.  PREDEUIC  DARAOA,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1857-1866. 

At  the  petition  of  the  Fathers  of  the  First  Council  of 
Cincinnati  the  Vicariate  Apostolic  of  Upper  Michigan 
was  made  into  a  diocese  and  a  see  established  in  IS.r? 
at  Sault  Sainte  Marie,  wliere  Fathers  Jogues  and 
Uaynibault  had  first  planted  the  cross  in  1642.  Dr. 
Baraga  was  transferred  to  this  see  January  9,  1857 
The  new  diocese  had  about  twenty-three  churches, 
.sixteen  priests,  an  Ursuline  academy.  Sisters  of  St. 
Francis,  thirteen  schools,  and  a  Catholic  population 
of  six  thousand  five  hundred ;  including  the  In- 
<liau  missions  in  Lower  Miclngan,  at  Cross  Village, 
Eugletown,  Little  Traverse,  and  those  at  Lapointe  and 
Fond  du  Lac  in  Wisconsin.' 

Bishop  Baraga  had  from  the  outset  of  liis  mission- 
ary career  labored  to  acquire  a  thorough  and  com])lefe 
knowledge  of  the  Chippewa  and  Ottawa  langunges. 
lie  i)ublished  an  Otchipwe  grammar  in  1850,  a  diction- 
ary in  1853,  both  reprinted  in  Canada  in  1878,  and 
Prayer-books  in  Ottawa  and  Chipi)ewa  in  1832,  1837, 
1842,  and  184(3,  a  Life  of  Christ  in  Chippewa  in  1837  ; 
Bible  Extracts,  Catholic  Christian  Meditations  in 
Chippewa  in  1850  ;  Eternal  Truths  in  Chippewa  in 
1850,  and  he  even  issued  pastoral  letters  in 
Chippewa.' 

What  the  life  of  the  missionary  bishop  was,  we  see 
in  his  visitation  during  the  winter  of  1859-60,  proceed- 
ing to  Mackinac  and  St.  Ignace.  tlien  on  the  ice  to 
Sault  Sainte  Marie,  then  returning  on  snow-shoes  to 


'  Voneina.  p.  100;  K<-|K)it  in  Freeman's  Journal,  Mcli.  13, 1838  ;  Catli 
Telegraph,  Mch.  27.  1856. 

'  A  full  list  will  be  found  in  Pilliug,  "  Proof  Slieets  of  a  Bibliography," 
Wa.shingtou,  1883,  p.  54. 


DIOCESE  OF  SAULT  SAINTS  MARIE. 


593 


Miickinan.  Next  he  visited  /ather  Zorii's  mission  at 
Cross  Village,  Beaver  Island,  with  its  white  and 
Indian  Catholics,  Garden  Island,  Rev.  Louis  Sifferath's 
inissions  at  Little  Traverse,  and  Arbre  Croche,  tlien 
Grand  Traverse,  where  Rev.  Ignatius  Mrak  was  labor- 
ing. Starting  in  September  lie  visited  the  stations  on 
Lake  Superior,  L'Anse,  Eagle  Harbor,  the  Copper 
Mines,  Marquette,  Portage  Lake.  The  perils,  liard- 
ships,  and  privations  of  these  apostolic  journeys  can 
be  easily  conceived.'  His  diocese  with  Indian, 
French-Canadian,  and  iinally  Irish  miners  coming  in, 
afforded  no  resources  for  building  up  great  churches 
or  institutions  ;  but  he  could,  at  the  Council  of  Cin- 
cinnati, show  how  he  and  his  devoted  priests  were 
hiboring  to  save  souls. 

The  Ursiilines  at  Ontonagon,  the  only  religious  com- 
nuinity  of  women  in  the  poor  diocese,  continued  their 
hibors.  In  1805  Rev.  Mr.  Cebul  was  seen  enlarging 
the  church  at  Bayfield,  Rev.  Edward  Jacker  was 
erecting  two  new  churches  in  his  district ;  the  church 
in  Marquette,  though  recently  built,  could  no  longer 
accommodate  the  Catholic  flock,  and  a  new  church 
was  planned  at  Negaunee.  That  at  Marquette,  com- 
pleted in  1806,  was  the  finest  and  largest  church  in 
Upper  Michigan,  and  became  Bishop  Baraga's  Cathe- 
dral, as  his  see  was  virtually  removed  to  that  city. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  was  compelled 
to  recognize  the  great  services  rendered  by  Bishop 
Baraga  and  his  devoted  clergy  and  teachers  in  Chris- 
tainizing  and  elevating  the  remnant  of  the  Indian 
tribes  in   Upper  Micliigan. 


'  Bericlitc  der  LpopoUlinen  Stiftuiig,  xxx.,  p.  4  ;  xxxii.,  p.  37,  xxxiii., 
p.  89.  etc.,  CiUli.  Mirror.  Mar.  2,  May  4, 1801. 
'•'  Reports  of  the  Commissioner  ot  Iiuliuu  Affairs,  1853-186(5. 


■n 


1^ 


m 


CHAPTER   VII. 

DIOCESE  OF  VINCENNES. 

IIT.  IlEV.   JASIE8   M.    MAURICE  DE  ST.  PALAIS,  FOUIITH   BISHOP 

1853-1866.  ' 

The  diocese  of  Vincennes  liad  been  gradually  and 
steadily  built  up,  mainly  by  devoted  and  labori(»ns 
secular  priests,  but  Bishop  de  St.  Palais  felt  that  it 
needed  a  strong  and  edifying  religious  order  to  sup- 
plement the  work.     By  his  authority  Vicar-General 
Joseph  Kundeck  applied,  in  1852,  to  the  Abbot  of  St. 
Mary  Ensiedeln  to  send  a  colony  of  Benedictine  monks 
to  Indiana.     The  Abbot  sought  first  the  approval  of 
the  Pope,  then  submitted  the  question  of  tlie  proposed 
mission  to  the  Chapter  of  the  Abbey,  and  with  their 
sanction  he    selected    Fatlier    Ulrich    Christen    and 
Father  Bede   O'Connor,   as   pioneers  to  proceed  to 
Vincennes,'  which   they  reached   February  17,  18o'6. 
They   were   heartily   welcomed    by   the  liYshop,  and 
while  attending  scattered  congregations  studied  the 
State.     They  finally  bought  a  tract  of  100  acres,  with 
a  log  hut,  in  Spencer  County,  in  August,  1853.     The 
house  was  blessed,  and  became  the   St.  Meinrad  of 
America.     Before  long  a  Gothic  church  and  suitable 
monastic  buildings  began  to  rise,  and  a  school  was 

'  Alcrding.  "History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  tlie  Diocese  of  Vin- 
cennes/' Indianapolis,  1883.  Cliurelies  were  begun  or  dedicated  at  St. 
Wendel's,  '.n  Franklin  Co..  North  IMadison,  Morris,  Eiioehsburs,  Pipe 
Creek,  and  fh  ,  energetic  Rev.  A.  De.ssonies  enlarged  .St.  Jolin'.i,  iJidian- 
ajxjlis.  and  he  corner  stone  of  St  Mary's  was  lai<l.  Alerding,  pp.,  873, 
648,40.5,400,373,42.');  Detroit  VindicMtor,  Aug.  27,  Nov  26  1853-  May 
27.  1854,  Cath.  Telegraph,  Nov.  22,  1850.  '  ' 

5M 


DIOCESE  OF  VINCENNES. 


090 


opened.  Other  Fiithers  arrived ;  the  community  grew, 
vhirusmg  a  religious  spirit  around  in  tlie  many  sta- 
tions wliioh  tiiey  attended.  Sickness  and  death  did 
not  deter  the  sons  of  St.  ]ienedict.  Their  school 
became  a  college,  and  in  a  few  years  they  founded  the 
little  town  of  8t.  Meinrad. 

The  zealous  priest  Rev.  Francis  Joseph  Rudolph 
who  came  to  Indiana  in  1842,  soon  to  be  stationed  at 
Oldenburg,   gave  a  great  impulse  to  his  flock      The 
corner  stone  of  a  stone  church  was  laid  in  Septem- 
ber, 1840,  and  after  a  retreat  i)reached  by  Father  F.  X. 
Weiiinger,  S.  J.,  lie  went  to  Europe  to  obtain  a  sister- 
hood for  parish  work.     At  Vienna  he  at  last  induced 
the  Sisters  of  the  Third  Order  of  St.  Francis  to  under- 
take the  task ;  two  were  selected  to  found  a  house  in 
Indiana,    but  one  lost  courage  and  Sister  Theresia 
reached  New  York  alone  in  1850.     She  rented  a  liouse 
at  Oldenburg,  where  threj  postulants  joined  her    and 
then  began  to  build  ;  as  soon  as  the  house  was  roofed 
the  Sisters  took  possession  of  the  unfinished  structure 
in  cold  and  poverty,  cheered  by  the  presence  of  our 
Lord  in  their  Bethlehem-like  chapel.     In  1852  the  con- 
vent was  canonically  instituted,  and  tlie  Sisters  took 
charge  of  the  public  school,  while  preparing  to  erect 
an  Academy.     Encouraged  by  the  reports  of  their  suc- 
cess other  Sisters  came  ;  their  buildings  were  enlarged 
and  the  devoted  Rev.  Mr.  Rudolph  gave  the  commu- 
nity forty  acres  of  land.     The  Sisters  were  able  in  a 
short  time  to  assume  the  charge  of  the  schools  and 
open  an  orphan  asylum.     Thus  did  two  ancient  orders 
begin  their  work  as  others  of  their  rule  had  done  in 
Europe  centuries  before.     But  a  great  trial  was  in 
store  for  the  Sisters.     On  the  23d  of  January,  1857,  a 
ftre  broke  out  in  the  convent,  originating  in  a  defective 
flue,  and  at  night  nothing  remained  but  blackened 


■:l\ 


■!K';r 


\-:\i 


\V:i 


■4.«;  «-,.iS 


r)!)(i       77/A'  C  nunc  It  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Willis.  Mother  Tlieiesia  was  not  djiiinted.  Obtain- 
ing l)erniiMsi()n  to  solicit  tiid  she  went  through  the 
diocese,  h*>ur(ily  enconraged  by  the  charity  of  priest 
and  layman,  till  she  saw  herself  able  to  begin  the  task 
of  rebuilding.' 

Another  great  establishment,  St.  Mary's  of  the 
Woods,  hail  trials.  Besides  losing  Sister  Francis 
Xavier,  whose  virtues  have  been  so  widely  admired, 
the  community  was  deprived  of  Mother  Theodore,  the 
foundress.  After  a  long  and  painful  illness  she  ex- 
pired May  14,  IHOO,  closing  a  life  checkered  by  many 
trials  with  a  holy  death."  Under  Mother  .Nfary  Cecilia, 
who  became  Suiierior-Cleneral,  thecommunity  contin- 
ued to  prosper;  a  tine  and  handsome  Academy  was 
erected,  and  schools  opened  at  Washington,  Indian- 
apolis, and  Vincenut's.' 

Rev.  Joseph  Kundeck,  a  Croat,  born  August  24,  1810, 
after  herculean  labors  in  the  diocese  for  twenty  years, 
died  at  Jasper,  December  24,  1857. 

The  growth  of  the  diocese  in  churches  was  steady 
and  solid,  as  attested  by  Indianapolis,  IJrookville, 
Mount  Vernon,  Rushville,  New  Albany,  St.  Paul's, 
Decatur  County,  Glendale,  New  Boston,  Tell  City, 
and  Ljinesville.* 

In  his  Lenten  Pastoral,  issued  February;'),  18(50,  the 
Bisliop  explained  to  his  tlock  the  condition  of  the 
Holy  Father,  and  the  unsoundness  of  the  pretexts  for 
invading  his  rights  evidently  with  the  view  to  deprive 
him  of  his  independence. 

'  Alcrdiii-j,  p.  589. 

'  Aubinciui.  "  Uiie  Fcmmc  Apotre,"  p.  515 ;  "  An  \postolic  Woinini," 
NewYorli,  1882.  \\  410. 

'  Alcrding,  p.  485.  During  Mother  Tlifodon  uliniiiisiratioii  toiir- 
tcen  establishments  were  formed  and  two  orphan  asylums.  Souvenir  of 
the  Fiftietli  Annlversiiry,  or  Ooldcn  .lubilee  of  St.  >[  iry's  Academic  In- 
sliliite.  New  York,  1891,  pp.  11-48. 

*  Aierdini,',  pp.  3()fi,  428.  .589,  892,  290,  481,  :m,  411,  2.59,  311.  319. 


DIOCESK  OF  VINCENNES. 


697 


Bishop  (le  St.  INilnis  made  ii  visitation  of  his  diocese 
m  18(J()  with  consoling  results.' 

Tlie  diocese  of  Vincennes  did  not  suffer  directly  in 
the  Civil  War,  though  the  Indiuim  regiments  took 
from  the  congregations  many  valuable  men  wlio  never 
returned.  The  religious  communities  of  women  sent 
devoted  Sisters  to  minister  in  h()si)ital  and  camp,  and 
the  Rev.  Andrew  Michael  of  Jefferson  died  while  at- 
tending sick  soldiers." 

The  diocese  then  kept  on  the  even  tenor  of  its  pro"-- 
ress  as  churches  begun  at  Loogootee,  Richmond,  Jei- 
fersonviUe,  Montgomery,  and  IleuryviUe  ;  churches 
bought  at  Richmond,  Bainbridge,  and  Greencastle  ; 
churches  completed  at  Lawrenceburg,  St.  Croix 
Brookville,  Franklin  County,  testiiied. 

The  Church  of  the  Holy  Family  at  Oldenburg,  begun 
by  the  Very  Rev.  A.  Bessonies,  was  solemnly  dedi- 
cated by  the  Bishop  of  the  diocese,  December  14  1802 
and  in  Atigust,  1800,  the  Franciscan  Fathers  of  t'he  Ty- 
rolese  province  came  from  Cincinnati  under  Rev.  AVil- 
liam  Unterthiner  to  assume  the  direction  of  the  par- 
ish. They  altered  the  old  church  into  a  convent  and 
have  since  erected  a  fine  sclioolhouse. 

In  1802  the  corner  stone  of  St.  Vincent's  Orplian 
Asylum  was  laid  at  Highland.  The  new  buildini,'  ro^e 
slowly,  but  was  occupied  in  1800  by  the  Lers  of 
Providence,  who  had  for  some  years  c  nducted  the 
institution  successfully.' 

AVhen  the  Plenary  Council  met  in  ISOO  the  diocese 
of  Vincennes  had  a  Catholic  population  of  70,000,  at- 


'  Calli.  Mirror.  Mar.  31.  I860;    Cntli.  IltTnld,  Feb.  18, 1860. 

'    MtTdiiDT,  p.  3.37  ;  Cnth.  Mirror,  .luiic  15,  1861. 

•  Alcrdinjr.  pp.  471-73, 330.  619 ;  Calli.  Mirror.  May  12.  1860  •  June  3 
iMfiO.  Nov.  7.  1863  ;  Catli.  Telegraph,  Apl.  9,  1863  ;  Oct.  1,  1862.  Nov' 
7.  1863;  Cath.  Herald,  .Iim.  10,  18«3.  o^,  i>ov. 


m 


j:'i 


iP 


m 


698       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

tending  one  hundred  and  ten  churches,  chapels,  and 
stations.  The  diocese  had  seventy-two  priests,  many 
noted  for  long  and  zealous  services,  like  Revs.  E,  Au- 
dran,  L.  Gueguen,  P.  Poppersack,  and  Bessonles.  St. 
Meinrad's  Benedictine  Priory  prospered  under  Very 
Rev.  Martin  Marty ;  the  Fathers  directed  the  diocesan 
seminary  with  thirty  students,  and  attended  many 
stations.  The  Franciscans  were  extending  their  work 
from  Oldenburg.  The  Sisters  of  Providence  and  of 
St.  Francis  were  multiplying  their  academies  and 
schools.  Asylums  and  infirmaries  were  doing  their 
works  of  mercy. 


CHAPTER  YIII. 
DIOCESE  OF  FORT  WAYNE. 

RT.  REV   JOHN  H.  LUERS,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1858-1866. 

J^i'^  .^T'^^'^""  ^"""^^^  ^"  1^^^  established  the  see 
of  Fort  Wayne,  with  the  diocese  embracing  Foun- 
tain,  Montgomery,  Boone,  Hamilton,  Madison,  Dela- 
ware, Randolph,  and  Warren  counties,  with  all  that 
part  of  the  State  of  Indiana  lying  north  of  those 
counties.  The  diocese  contained  fourteen  priests 
and  twenty  churches,  and  at  Notre  Dame  the  great 
establishments  created  by  Very  Rev,  Edward  Sorin, 
v..  b.  C,  with  the  University  successfully  directed  bv 
the  Fathers  of  the  Holy  Cross,  the  Manual  Labor 
School  under  the  Brothers  of  the  Holy  Cross,  and  the 
hue  institution,  St.  Mary's  Academy,  with  a  school  for 
Deaf  and  Dumb,  conducted  by  the  Sisters  of  the  Holy 
Cross.  The  Catholic  population  was  estimated  at 
twenty  thousand. 

To  fill  the  new  see  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  selected 
Rev.  John  Henry  Luers,  born  near  Milnster,  West- 
phalia, September  29,  1819.  His  familv  emigrated  to 
America  in  1833  and  settled  in  Ohio.  Attractino-  the 
attention  of  Archbishop  Purcell,  who  saw  his  desire 
to  become  a  priest,  young  Luers  entered  the  Lazarlst 
Seminary  in  Brown  County,  and  was  ordained  in  No- 
vember, 1846.  Appointed  to  the  Church  of  St.  Joseph 
he  evinced  remarkable  energy,  diligence,  and  caro  of 
his  flock. 

On  his  appointment  to  the  new  see  he  was  conse- 
crated in  the  Cathedral,  Cincinnati,  January  10,  1858, 

699 


. ' :  r 


■-.'.'  .;*!■■  -iJ 


f    <^:     f 


m 


■Iv  V 


DIOCESE  OF  FORT  WAYNE. 


601 


by  Archbishop  Purcell,  assisted  by  Bishop  Maurice 
de  St.  Palais  of  Vincennes,  and  Bishop  Carrell  of  Cov- 
ington.' 

He  proceeded  at  once  to  his  diocese  to  organize  it 
and  advance  the  Interests  of  religion.  The  only 
church  that  he  could  select  as  his  pro-Cathedral  was 
St.  Mary's,  a  poor  frame  structure,  erected  in  1836  by 
the  Rev.  Stephen  T.  Badin,  the  pioneer  priest  at 
Fort  Wayne ;  but  Rev.  A.  Bessonies  had  erected  a 
solid  and  substantial  brick  residence  which  he  could 
occupy.  Here  he  was  duly  installed  on  Sunday,  Feb- 
ruary 7,  1858.  The  accommodations  at  Fort  Wayne 
were  extremely  poor;  but  the  Bishop  was  attracted 
by  Lafayette,  where  he  purchased  a  valuable  site  for  a 
church  and  residence. 

The  German  Catholics  soon  began  their  Church  of 
the  Mother  of  God,  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
by  sixty-four  feet,  under  their  pastor.  Rev.  Joseph 
Wentz. 

The  large  old  cemetery  ^-red  a  site  for  the  new 
Cathedral,  and  here,  on  Trinity  Sunday,  June,  1859,  the 
corner  stone  of  the  Cathedral  of  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception was  laid  by  Bishop  Luers,  Archbishop  Parcell 
preaching  on  the  occasion.  It  was  to  be  seventy  feet 
wide,  by  one  hundred  and  seventy  feet  in  length, 
with  two  lofty  towers.  It  was  completed  zealously, 
and  Bishop  Luers  had  the  consolation  of  dedicating  it 
on  the  Sunday  after  the  feast  of  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception, December  9,  1860. 

In  his  visitations  of  his  diocese  he  found  that  much 
could  be  accomplished  by  the  zeal  of  the  faithful. 
He  dedicated  St.  Mary's  German  church— a  fine  build- 
ing—and churches  were  soon  begun  at  Logansport, 


'  Cath.  Telegraph,  Jan.  16,  1858  ;  MetropolitaD,  vi.,  p.  134. 


602       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

South  Bentl,  Delphi,  Laporte,  New  Haven,  Peru, 
Mishawauka,  Hesse  Cassell,  Covington,  Brookville, 
Lac  Station,  Kokoma,  and  Goslien.  In  subsequent 
visitations  lie  found  many  of  these  churches  rising  or 
completed,  and  was  edilJed  by  the  piety  of  the  faith- 
ful. On  the  other  hand  he  found  a  group  of  eighteen 
Catholic  families,  in  the  woods,  who  had  not  seen  a 
priest  in  twenty-six  years,  although  one  lived  within 
forty  miles  of  a  church. 

In  his  Pastoral  of  December  8,  1859,  Bishop  Luers 
appealed  earnestly  in  behalf  of  the  Pope.' 

The  Sisters  of  Providence  in  1860  sent  a  colony  of 
their  zealous  body  to  Lafayette,  to  the  joy  of  the 
Catholic  jiarishioners. 

On  the  10th  of  February,  1863,  Bishop  Luers  esti- 
mated his  flock  at  twenty-two  thousand. 

The  wonderful  institutions  created  at  Notre  Dame 
by  Very  Rev.  Edward  Sorin  continued  to  develop 
with  increased  usefulness.  Archbishop  Purcell  and 
Bishop  Henni  had  blessed  the  grand  chimes  of  the 
church  in  November,  1856.  The  constitutions  of  the 
congregation  of  the  Holy  Cross  were  formally  ap- 
proved by  the  Pope,  May  13,  1857. 

In  1855  the  Academy  of  St.  Mary's,  under  the  Sis- 
ters of  the  Holy  Cross,  which  had  been  established  at 
Bertrand,  in  Michigan,  once  a  place  of  great  promise, 
was  removed  to  its  present  delightful  position  on  the 
banks  of  the  St.  Joseph's  River,  a  little  more  than  a 
mile  west  of  the  college. 

During  the  Civil  War  the  diocese  was  represented 
iimid  the  terrible  scenes  by  devoted  priests  and  Sisters ; 


'  Oath.  Telegraph,  July  28,  1800,  8cpt.  23,  1861,  D<-c.  23,  1861,  Jnu. 
f,  1862,  Sept.  10,  1862  ;  Guaniiiui,  July  22,  1859;  Catli.  Mirror,  Aug. 
11,  180i»,  Sept.  20.  1862,  Jan.  3,  \Hii'S,  Aug.  11,  1866;  Ikriclile  der 
Lt'opoliliiifU  Slifluiig,  .\.\.\iii..  p.  16. 


DIOCESE  OF  FORT  WAYNE. 


603 


the  Sisters  of  the  Holy  Cross  rendering  incalculable 
services.  Father  Cooney,  C.  S.  C,  as  chaplain  of  the 
3«jth  Indiana,  was  remarkable  for  his  /eal  at 
the  battle  of  Lookout  Mountain,  and  Father  Corby, 
as  chaplain  of  a  New  York  regiment,  served  In  the 
Army  of  the"  Potomac  through  the  war. 

Bishop  Luers  sought  to  establish  small  churches 
wherever  there  were  Catholics  enough  to  support  one. 
In  1863-64  churches  were  dedicated  at  St.  Ann's,  Ful- 
ton County,  at  Winemac,  and  St.  Elizabeth's,  Harrison, 
all  due  to  the  labors  of  Rev.  G.  A.  Hamilton.     The 


<^7tL^ 


SIGNATURE  OF  BISHOP  LCEKS  OF  FORT  WAYNE. 

same  clergyman  purchased  the  Cullon  House  at  Logans- 
port,  making  it  an  academy  and  chapel  for  the  Sisters. 

In  1861  Bishop  Luers  laid  the  corner  stone  of  the 
Missionary's  Home  at  Notre  Dame.  In  1865  began 
in  May  the  publication  of  a  magazine  long  projected 
by  Very  Rev.  E.  Sorin,  the  Ave  Maria,  devoted  to  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  a  periodical  that  still  subsists  and  has 
done  incalculable  good  wherever  the  English  languao-e 
is  spoken.  '  ° 

In  1866  Bishop  Luers  estimated  his  flock  at  thirty- 
five  or  forty  thousand.  There  were  fifty-seven  churches 
and  fifteen  others  in  progress.  His  clergy  consisted  of 
tliirty-six  secular  and  seventeen  regular  priests.  The 
Sisters  of  Providence  had  an  encouraging  academy  and 
schools  at  Fort  Wayne  and  Lafayette;  and  the  Sisters 
of  tlie  Precious  Blood  had  established  a  convent  at  St. 


;  |i,<!i„s 


Hiaa'^M:'! 


tX 


604      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Mary's  Home,  Jay  County,  where  the  Fathers  of  the 
same  order  had  also  a  mission  centre.' 

Notre  Dame,  at  the  close  of  May,  1866,  gathered  a 
liost  of  prelates  and  clergy— Archbishop  Spalding, 
Bishops  Luers,  Henni,  Rappe,  Timon,  and  Grace — on 
the  occasion  of  the  blessing  of  the  colossal  Statue  of  Our 
Lady  on  the  dome  of  the  College. 


'  Cath.  Herald,  Nov.  22,  1862  ;  Cath.  Telegraph.  Nov.  11, 1863  ;  Cath. 
Mirror,  Jan.  30, 1864  ;  Lyons,  "  Silver  Jubilee  of  the  University  of  Notre 
Dame,"  June  23,  1869  ;  Chicago,  1869. 


, 


BOOK  X. 

PROVINCE  OP  ST.  LOUIS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 

MOST  EEV.  PETER   RICHARD   KENRICK,   FIRST  ARCHBISHOP 

1853-1866.  ' 

Few  cities  in  the  United  States  were  better  endowed 
with  charitable  institutions  tlian  St.  Lonis.  It  had  six 
orphan  asylums :  the  Male  Orphan  Asylum,  Fifteenth 
Street,  with  120  orphans,  supported  by  voluntary 
contributions  ;  St.  Mary's  Female  Orphan  Asylum*, 
Biddle  Street,  with  as  many  orphan  girls,  under 
Sisters  of  Charity  ;  St.  Philomena's  Orphan  Asylum, 
AValnut  Street,  where  twenty  orphan  girls  were 
specially  trained  to  trades  ;  the  Half-Orphan  Asylum 
on  Marion  Street,  with  thirty  inmates ;  the  German 
Male  and  Female  Orphan  Asylum,  with  lifty-three 
children  supported  by  an  association  ;  the  Mullanpliy 
Orphan  Asylum,  with  thirty  children,  under  the 
Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart ;  the  St.  Louis  Hospital  on 
Spruce  Street,  with  379  patients,  attended  by  iifteen 
Sisters  of  Charity  ;  the  Biddle  Infant  Asylum  and 
Lying-in  Hospital,  on  Marion  Street ;  St.  Philomena's 
House  for  the  Friendless,  on  Fifth  Street ;  and  the 
House  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  with  twenty  inmates. 

The  diocese  had  fifty-six  churches,  eleven  in  the  city 
of  St.  Louis  ;  the  number  was  soon  increased  by  the 
dedication  of  the  Church  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  while 

on.-, 


jii 


11 

i  11: 


ii 


i 


lillv 


li^-  i 


600 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


the  corner  stone  of  a  church,  to  bear  the  name  of  the 
Immacuhite  Conception,  was  Laid  on  Chestnut  Street.' 

Archbishop  Kenrick  saw  that  there  were  jiarts  of  liis 
diocese  that  couUl  not  well  receive  from  St.  Louis  the 
care  and  encouragement  required.  As  early  as  1854 
he  proposed  the  establishment  of  a  see  of  St.  Joseph, 
but  this  project  was  not  carried  out  till  some  years 
later. 

In  1854  Rev.  Anthony  O"  Regan,  an  able  and 
learned  priest,  who  had  been  director  of  the  Diocesan 
Seminary,  was  appointed  to  the  see  of  Chicago  ;  he 
was  consecrated  by  Archbishop  Kenrick  in  the  Cathe- 
dral at  St.  Louis,  on  the  25th  of  July. 

These  were  the  days  of  the  Know-Nothings,  and  St. 
Louis  did  not  escape  riotous  scenes  in  August.  The 
Catholic  paper  of  St.  Louis,  the  Shepherd  of  the 
Valley,  edited  by  Mr.  Bakewell,  had  made  itself  very 
obnoxious  to  the  enemies  of  the  Church,  and  an  edi- 
torial was  caught  up  garbled,  and  made  the  pretext 
for  new  attacks  from  that  day  to  this."    The  paper 


'  A  delightful  picture  of  missioniiry  life  in  Missouri,  about  this  time 
and  prior,  is  presented  in  "Life  and  Scenery  in  Jlis'-ouri ;  Keniinis- 
cenccs  of  a  Missionary  Priest."  Dublin.  1890.  The  author,  John  P., 
Canon  O'llanlon  of  the  Cathedral,  Dublin,  spent  several  years  on  the 
mission  in  ^lissonri,  taught  in  the  Seminary  at  Caroudelel,  and  was 
editorially  connected  with  the  Catholic  News  Letter.  His  literary 
works  in  Ireland  have  a  high  reputation. 

'  What  Mr.  Bakewell  wrote  was  :  "  The  practical  toleration  to  which 
we  are  accustomed  in  our  nge  and  coiintry  is  not  the  result  of  any  prin- 
ciple of  Protestantism  ;  it  is  not  the  coiisc(iuence  of  any  doctrine  ;  it  has 
been  brought  about  by  the  force  of  circumstances  ;  it  is  owing  to  the 
fact  that  no  denomination  can  pretend  to  exclusive  dominion  ;  it  will 
last  only  so  long  as  this  state  of  things  continues.  If  the  Intidels,  the 
Mormons,  the  Presbyterians,  or  the  Catholics,  at  any  future  time,  gain  a 
decided  .superiority,  it  is  at  an  end.  If  the  Catholics  ever  gain — which 
they  surely  will  do.  though  at  a  distant  day— an  immense  numerical 
suiK-riority,  religious  freedom  in  this  country  is  at  an  end.    So  say  our 


DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 


607 


a  J 


stopped  during  the  course  of  the  year,  and  in  1855 
appeared  the  Leader,  edited  by  tlie  elegant  scholar 
Jedediah  V.  Huntingdon. 

On  the  12th  of  April,  1855,  Archbishop  Kenrick  con- 
vened the  First  Provincial  Council  of  St.  Louis.    It  met 
on  the  7th  of  October  and  closed  on  the  14th.     With 
the  Metropolitan  sat  Rt.  Rev.  Mathias  Loras,  Bishop 
of  Dubuque;   Rt.  Rev.  Richard  Pius  Miles,  O.  P 
Bishop  of  Nashville ;  Rt.   Rev.  Martin  John  Ilenni^ 
Bishop  of  Milwaukee ;  Rt.  Rev.  John  Lamy,  Bishop 
of  Santa  Fe ;  Rt.  Rev.  Joseph  Cretin,  Bishop  of  St. 
Paul,  and  Rt.    Rev.   Anthony    O' Regan,   Bishop  of 
Chicago.     Superiors  of  the  Jesuits,  Dominicans,  Trap- 
pists,   and    Lazarists    were    also    present   witli    the 
spiritual  Father  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph.     Among 
the  subjects  considered  were  the  establishment  of  the 
American  College  at  Rome  and  the  erection  of  a  see 
at  Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis.,  and  the  establishment  of. 
a  Vicariate  Apostolic  to  include  Nebraska  Territory. 
The  decrees  enforced  those  of  Baltimore,  treated  of  the 
oath  taken  with  the  title  of  mission,  elections  to  fill 
vacancies  in  the  episcopate,  suspensions,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  diocesan  seminaries.     Cardinal  Barnabo,  on 
the  17th  of  February,  1857,  announced  that  Pope  Pius 
IX.  approved  the  division  of  the  Vicariate  Apostolic 


enemies.  So  we  believe  ;  but  in  what  sense  do  we  believe  it  ?  In  what 
sense  are  we  tl»e  advocates  of  religious  intolerance  ?  In  the  sense  in  which 
the  enemies  of  the  Church  understand  the  word  ?  By  no  means.  We 
simply  mean  that  a  Christian  people  will  not  consider  the  ridicule  of 
Christianity,  the  denial  of  its  fundamental  truths,  of  the  immortality  of 
the  soul  and  of  the  existence  of  God,  the  overthrow  of  all  religion  and 
morality,  matters  beneath  their  notice  and  condemnation  ;  that  the  foun- 
dation  will  be  laid  for  a  legislation  which  shall  restrain  tlie  propagation 
of  certain  doctrines  ;  that  men  shall  no  longer  be  permitted  to  attack 
dogmas  with  which  morality  is  inseparably  coanected."  Shepherd  of 
the  Valley,  Nov.  22,  1«51. 


fi-  I 


f 
I 

i 


« 


608      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  erection  of  a  see 
at  Prairie  du  Chien  was  deferred.  The  see  of  Quincy 
was  transferred  to  Alton,  of  which  Rt.  Rev.  Henry 
Damian  Juncker  was  made  first  Bisliop.' 

On  the  feast  of  the  Ascension  Archbishop  Konrick 
issued  a  learned  pastoral  on  the  dogma  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception,  explaining  it,  showing  the  jintiquity 
of  the  belief,  and  removing  erroneous  ideas  generally 
entertained  outside  of  the  Church.' 

In  December  the  fine  church  of  St.  Lawrence  O'Toole 
and  that  of  St.  John  Nepomucene  were  dedicated  in  St. 
Louis,  itu'reasing  the  accommodation  for  the  faithful. 

One  of  the  projects  of  Archbishop  Kenrifk  was  to 
establish  a  house  of  Sisters  of  Mercy  at  St.  Louis.  At 
his  request  a  colony  left  St.  Catharine's  Convent, 
New  York,  on  the  feast  of  the  Nativity  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist,  1866,  and  before  long  St.  Joseph's  Con- 
vent, House  of  Protection  and  Industrial  School  on 
Morgan  Street,  St.  Louis,  attested  the  zeal  and  success 
of  the  undertaking. 

The  division  of  the  diocese  not  being  regarded  as 
yet  feasible.  Archbishop  Kenrick  solicited  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  coadjutor,  and  the  Rev.  James  Duggan,  an 
able  and  learned  priest,  Yicar-General  of  the  diocese, 
was  selected.  He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Antigone 
by  the  Archbishop  on  the  3d  of  May,  1857,  together 
with  Rt.  Rev.  Clement  Smyth,  Bishop  of  Dubuque. 
Bishop  Duggan,  under  the  direction  of  the  Archbishop, 
rendered  great  service  in  all  parts  of  the  diocese. 

During  the  year  1858,  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  the 

'  Concilium  Provinciiilis  Saudi  Ludovici  Prinium  inensf  OctobrTA.D^ 
1855  Imbitum.  St.  Louis,  1858  ;  Collectio  Lacensis  Fiiburg,  1855,  iii.' 
pp.  303-311.  See  (iccounf.s  of  Couucil  in  Leader,  Sept.  29-Oct.  20,  1855  ; 
Cath.  Telegraph,  Oct.  13,  1855. 

'Freeman's  Journal,  Feb.  12,  1853;  Cath.  Telegraph,  June  11,  1853; 
Lender,  June  2,  1855. 


DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 


609 


United  States  established  at  St.  Louis  a  ,eneral  aoho- 
lasticat..  for  the  theological  training  of  yomig  members 
of  the  Order.  It  opened  on  the  11th  of  September, 
and,  after  being  transferred  for  a  time  to  Boston  is 
now  the  great  institution  known  as  Woodstock  Col- 
lege,  Maryland. 

On  the  19th  of  September  the  Second  Provincial 
Councd  of  St.  Louis  met,  Archbishop  Kenrick  presid- 
ing, and  the  Bishops  of  Nashville,  Milwaukee,  Santa 
l^e  Alton,  and  Dubuque,  with  the  Vicar  Apostolic  of 
Indian  Perritory  and  the  Coadjutor  of  St.  Louis,  who 
was  at  this  time  also  Administrator  of  Chicago,  and 
Very  Rev.   A.  Ravoux.  Administrator  of  St    Paul 
taking  part  in  the  deliberations.     The  question  had 
always  been  uncertain  where  the  decree  of  the  Coun- 
oil  of  Trent,  in  regard  to  clandestine  marriages  had 
been  canonically  published,  and  the  Council  asked 
that  the  decree  be  officially  declared  to  be  nowhere 
in  force  in  the  province.     The  Pope  was  petitioned 
to  place   the  recently  acquired  Mesilla  Valley,  now 
Arizona,  under  the  Bishop  of  Santa  Fe.     A  Plenary 
Council  was  strongly  urged  ;  rules  were  adopted  as  to 
the  life  and  duties  of  the  clergy  ;  careful  rules  also 
in  regard  to  marriages.     The  decrees  were  presented 
to  the  Pope  on  the  19th  of  .December  by  Archbishop 
Bedini,  at  this    time  Secretary  of  the  Propaganda 
and  approved  by  his  Holiness.  ' 

The  pastoral  letter  of  the  Fathers  of  the  province 
issued  August  27,  1860,  dwelt  mainly  on  the  critical 
condition  of  the  Pope  and  ordered  prayers  and  collec- 
tions for  him.' 


Decreta  Secun.li  Concilii  Provincialis  Suncti  Liulovici  Jmbiti  mense 
Scptembri,  1858.     St.  Louis,  1859  ;  Collectio  Lnccnsis,  iii,,  pp.  3I8-302 
The  Pastoral  of  the  Council  is  given  in  Freemim's  Journal,  Oct  12  1858 
and  Cuth.  Herald,  Oct.  6,  1800. 


OK)      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Vacancies  in  the  episcopate  of  the  jnovince  wem 
soon  to  be  tilled.  Hishop  Cretin  of  St.  Paul  hud  passed 
away  and  the  venerable  Hishu])  Miles  followed. 

Archbishop  Konrick  was  assiduous  in  his  visitations, 
traveling  by  steamboat,  sta^ecoacli,  or  in  a  carriage 
driven  by  a  faithful  servant.  On  one  occasion  he 
narrowly  escaped  death  in  attenij^ting  to  cross  the  St. 
Charles  River  when  it  was  swollen  by  freshets. 

Churches  li  id  increased  steadily  in  various  parts  of 
the  diocese  ;  in  1H.")9  three— St.  John's,  St.  Bridget's, 
and  St.  Malachi's — were  in  progress,  and  plans  were 
formed  for  a  grand  Catholic  hall  in  St.  Louis.  A  new 
church  rose  also  at  Carondelet,  and  the  corner  stone 
of  the  church  of  the  Annunciation  was  laid.  Churches 
were  begun  or  completed  at  Potosi,  Cheltenham,  and 
^laryville.  The  political  excitement,  in  1860,  v  ;i.s 
Intense  in  Missouri,  and  upon  the  election  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  in  November  the  population  was  divided  into 
antagonistic  parties.  Many  favored  the  action  of  the 
seceding  States,  and  the  State  would  probably  have 
joined  them  but  for  the  bold  and  decisive  action  of 
Captain  Lyon,  U.  S.  A.  As  it  was,  Missouri  became 
the  scene  of  battles  between  the  hostile  armies,  and 
suffered  terribly  from  the  ravages  of  guerrilla  bands. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1801,  Archbishop  Kenrick 
issued  a  circular  to  his  flock,  urging  them  to  practice 
charity,  to  avoid  anger,  and  to  beware  of  any  aggres- 
sion by  individuals  or  bodies  not  recognized  by  the 
laws,  no  matter  how  great  or  goading  the  provocation 
might  be.  "  During  the  first  two  years  of  the  war  he 
abstained  entirely  from  preaching,  so  difficult  was  it, 
during  those  exciting  times,  for  one  in  his  position  to 
preach  or  speak  in  public."  In  this  diocese,  as  all 
others  where  the  need  was,  priests  and  religious 
women  devoted  themselves  at  the  risk  of  health  and 


^^ 


DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 


611 


life.  The  Sisters  of  Mercy  took  charge  of  the  hospital 
at  JelTeraon  City,  to  the  great  relief  of  the  sick  and 
wounded. 

Yet  on  the  lOfli  of  July,  186!),  while  a  mission  was 
going  on  in  the  cliurch  at  Hannibal,  Colonel  Kutzner, 
in  command  of  tlie  troops  at  tlu-  place,  served  an  order 
on  Rev.  Mr.  Ledwith,  the  pastor,  in  these  terms: 
"You  will,  then  lore,  cease  to  worship  God  in  your 
church,  until  you  raise  over  its  portal  the  national 
flag  of  suitable  size  and  dimensions.'" 

An  order  <  f  the  Provost  Marshal  General,  dated  St. 
Louis,  March  7,  18«4,  forbade  the  assembling  of  any 
convention,  synod,  ministerium,  assembly,  confer- 
ence, or  council,  or  any  similar  denominational  bod", 
unless  a  stringent  oath  of  allegiance  was  taken  .\ 
Provincial  Council  had  been  convoked  to  meet  1  .  tlie 
month  of  May,  but  n»  no  Catholic  Bishop  coui;i  >r 
would  take  such  an  oath,  it  never  met.' 

In  .June,  1865,  a  radical  convention  passed  what  was 
known  as  the  Drake  Constitution,  from  its  author, 
Charles  D.  Brake  of  St.  Louis.  It  required  all  min- 
isters of  the  Gospel  to  take  a  most  stringent  test  oath, 
under  severe  penalties.  Archbishop  Kenrick,  consid- 
t^ring  the  clause  and  oath  a  gross  violation  of  the  rights 
of  the  citizen,  in  a  Latin  circular  directwl  his  clergj 
to  continue  to  discharge  their  sacred  functions  without 
any  regard  for  the  oppressive  law.  That  the  law  was 
aimed  especially  against  the  Archbishop  and  his 
clergy  is  undeniable,  as  Mr.  Drake  openly  avowed 
this  to  be  the  fact  on  the  floor  of  the  convention. 
Arrests  of  priests  soon  began  and  were  steadily  kept 
up  in  St.  Louis  C(»unty.  At  Cape  Girardeau  five 
Priests  of  the   Mission    were    indicted  ;    four    were 


'Freeman's  Journal,  July  4.  1S03,  Apl.  2,  1S04. 


f'Sl 


"11 


i.i 


012       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

arrested  and  held  to  bail  for  preaching  and  officiating 
at  marriages  without  taking  the  monstrous  oath.  In 
St.  Charles  County  several  were  arrested,  and  Rev. 
John  Hogan,  a  most  exemplary  and  devoted  priest, 
who  had  always  been  a  strong  Union  man,  was  arrested 
at  Chill  icothe.  Most  of  the  arrested  priests  gave  bail, 
but  Rev.  John  A.  Cummings  refused  to  do  so  and 
went  to  prison.  These  proceedings  and  an  oppressive 
tax  on  churches  and  schools  showed  the  evitient  de- 
sign of  crushing  Catholicity  in  Missouri.  Archbishop 
Kenrick  resolved  to  make  the  case  of  Rev.  Mr.  Cum- 
mings a  test.  He  retained  Attorney-General  Speed 
and  Reverdy  Johnson  and  appealed  from  the  Circuit 
Court  of  Pike  County  to  the  Supreme  Court.  The 
bench  there  was  filled  with  partisans  and  decided  that 
the  clause  of  the  Constitution  was  legal.  The  case 
was  then  carried  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  which,  in  18GG,  decided  that  the  Test  Oath  Law 
was  unconstitutional.  To  secure  this  triumph  of 
justice  cost  more  than  ten  thousand  dollars,  but  the 
Archbishop  personally  bore  the  whole  expense. 

Though  the  case  was  thus  before  the  highest  tribunal 
of  the  country,  the  enemies  of  the  Church  continued  to 
arrest  priests,  and  even  Sisters  were  arrested  at  Cape 
Girardeau.' 

Two  priests  of  the  diocese  were  soon  promoted  to 
episcopal  honors  :  Rev.  Patrick  A.  Feehan  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Nashville,  November  1,  1860,  and  Rt.  Rev. 
John  Hennessy  consecrated  Bishop  of  Dubuque,  Sep- 
tember 30, 1866. 


•  Cath.  Mirror,  June  .'JO,  1860.  The  dwision  of  the  unconslitiitioimlity 
of  the  Test  Onth  was  made  known  in  July,  1806  ;  but  as  late  as  Ai)ril  and 
May  Hev.  Mr.  Stroniberfe'  was  tincd  ;  Hev.  P.  O'N'  d  and  tlio  priest  at 
Edina  arre.sted.  Priests  were  tried  at  Cape  Girardeau  in  June.  Catli. 
Mirror,  Aiil.  '>«.  July  28,  ISOO. 


DIOCESE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 


613 


At  the  time  of  the  Second  Plenary  Council  of  Balti- 
more, the  diocese  of  St.  Louis,  thus  subjected  to 
oppression  and  plunder,  showed  that  it  had  increased 
steadily.  The  sixty-nine  priests  on  the  mission  and 
thirty-five  otherwise  employed  in  1853,  had  increased 
the  churches  in  proportion.  The  educational  and 
benevolent  institutions  had  grown  in  the  number  of 
the  pupils  and  the  extent  of  the  works  of  mercy. 


i 


:.  1 


CHAPTER  II. 

DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 
I!T.  HEV.  James  OLIVER  van  DE  VELDE,  second  bishop,  1853. 

Bishop  Van  bk  Veldk  was  untiring  in  his  duties; 
he  visited  his  diocese,  encouraging  the  erection  of 
churches  where  possible,   saying    mass,   confirming, 
preaching.     Yet  his  health  was  greatly  impaired,  and 
he  felt  that  there  was  a  steady  opposition  to  him  among 
part  of  the  clergy,  neutralizing  his  efforts  for  the  good 
of  his  diocese.      He  had  in  vain  solicited  from  the 
Holy  See  permission  to  resign,  but  when  the  see  of 
Natchez  became  vacant,  he  was,  at  his  own  request, 
translated  to  it.     During  the  year  1853  he  dedicated 
the  church  at  La  Salle,  and  also  St.  Mary's  Church, 
a  solid   brick  edilice,  tifty-four    by  ninety-six  feet, 
at  the  future  episcopal   city   of  Peoria  ;  obtained  a 
site  for  a  church  at  Ma.scoutah,  selected  a  lot  for  a 
church  at  Hanover,  the  old  Shoal  Creek  church  being 
in  a  ruinous  condition  ;  dedicated  churches  at  Ed- 
wardsville,  Rockville,  Woodstock.  Chester,  and  Buffalo 
(irove,   and  returning  home    dedicated   the   German 
church  of  St.  F.  mcis  of  Assisi  in  West  Chicago  and 
St.  Michael's  in  North  Chicago. 

Meanwhile  it  had  been  decided  at  Rome  to  divide  the 
diocese  and  erect  a  see  at  Quincy.  The  new  diocese 
embraced  southern  niiuoi.s  below  the  northern  lines 
of  the  counties  of  Adams,  Brown,  Cass,  Menard,  San- 
gamon, Macon,  Moultree,  Cole.s,  and  Edgar.  As  iir.st 
Jiishop  Pope  Pius  IX.  elected  Very  Rev.  Joseph  Mel- 
cher,  N'icar-General  of  the  diocese  of  St.  Louis,  but  as 

614 


DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 


615 


he  declined  the  appointment,  Archbishop  Kenrick  be- 
came Administrator.  On  receiving  official  notification 
of  the  erection  of  the  see,  Bishop  Van  de  Velde  pro- 
ceeded to  Quincy  to  select,  if  possible,  a  suitable  site 
for  a  Cathedral  and  episcopal  residence.  The  new 
diocese  of  Quincy  contained  twenty-four  priests,  fifty- 
one  churches,  and  a  Catholic  population  of  forty-two 
thousand,  but  was  never  actually  organized  or  received 
a  Bishop. 

Dr.  Van  de  Velde' s  last  official  act  as  Bishop  in  the 
diocese  of  Chicago,  was  the  administration  of  confir- 
mation at  Wilmington  on  tlie  27th  of  October.  On 
the  4th  of  the  following  month  he  left  Chicago  for 
JS'^atchez. 

Until  the  appointment  of  a  new  Bishop  Rev.  James 
Duggan  acted  as  Administrator  of  the  diocese  of 
Chicago. 

RT.   REV.  ANTHONY   O'REGAN,   THIRD   BISHOP   OF   CHIC\G0    AND 
ADMINISTRATOR  OF  QUINCY. 

The  Archbishop  and  his  suffragans  recommended,  as 
successor  to  Bishop  Van  de  Velde,  the  Rev.  Anthony 
O' Regan,   President    of    the    diocesan    seminary   at 
Carondelet.     He  was  born  at  Lavalloe,  County  Mayo, 
Ireland,   in   1809,   and  was  educated  at  Maynoo"tli, 
where  he  was  distinguished  for  his  mastery  of  Hebrew, 
Greek,  and  the  Holy  Scri])tures.     After  his  ordination 
Archbishop  McHale  made  Mm  Professor  of  Dogma, 
Hebrew,  and  Holy  Scripture  ir.  St.  Jarlath's  Coltege' 
He  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1849  at  the  request  of  Arch- 
bishop Kenrick,  and  assumed  the  direction  of  his  sem- 
inary.    On  receiving  his  bulls  he  sent  them  back,  de- 
claring that  he  was  a  bookworm,  a  college-man,  entirely 
devoid  of  missionary  exi)erience.     He  was,  however, 
required  to  yield,  and  when  the  bulls  again  reached 


ym, 


'  .}...  A 


III 


I         ;.l-   -H 


t .  i 

u  . 

Ar\ 

'M; 

'Hi 

1 

% 


II  ! 


BT.    BEV.    ANTHONY  0'REGA>,    BISHOP  OF  CUICAGO. 


DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 


617 


him,  said :  "I  accept  them  only  in  the  spirit  of 
obedience."'  He  was  consecrated  on  the  25th  of  July, 
1854,  in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Louis,  by  Archbishop 
Kenrick,  Bishop  Van  de  Velde  of  Natchez  and  Henni 
of  Milwaukee  being  assistants.  He  was  installed  in 
his  Cathedral,  Chicago,  on  the  3d  of  September,  1854, 
and  the  general  joy  augured  favorably  for  the  future. 
He  began  his  administration  with  energy,  completed 
the  Cathedral  of  the  Holy  Name,  so  that  it  could  be 
occupied,  and  erected  a  suitable  episcopal  residence. 
He  felt  the  want  of  good  priests,  and  made  earnest 
eflforts  to  obtain  them  for  his  English-speaking,  Ger- 
man, and  French  congregations. 

Bishop  O' Regan  introduced  system  into  the  affairs 
of  the  diocese  and  did  much  to  restore  discipline,  but 
his  methods  excited  discontent,  which  was  fostered 
by  many."  A  number  of  priests  were  the  nucleus  of 
the  trouble,  but  he  firmly  delivered  his  diocese  from 
them.' 

The  Sisters  of  Mercy  in  Chicago  were  subjected  to  a 
legal  annoj'ance  in  1855.  Mr.  John  Parker  placed  his 
daugliter  Mary  as  a  boarder  in  the  Academy  of  St. 
Francis  Xavier,  directed  by  the  Sisters,  and  not  long 
after  was  called  East  by  business  engagements.  Dur- 
ing his  absence  an  officious  friend  of  the  girl  applied 
for  a  writ  of  habeas  corjius  on  the  pretext  that  she 


'  Souvenir  of  tlie  Silver  .Jubilee  in  the  Episcopate  of  his  Grace  the 
Most  Rov.  Patrick  Augustine  Fcehnn,  Chicago,  1891,  pp.  184--8r) ;  De 
Smct,  "  Western  Missions  and  Missionaries,"  pp.  499;  Metropolitan,  i., 
pp.  240,  610  ;  Freeman's  Journnl,  Aug.  31, 1853  ;  McGovern,  "Life  and 
Writings  of  the  Kt.  Rev.  John  Mc:\Iullen,  D.  D.,  first  Bishop  of  Daven- 
port,"   Milwaukee,  1888,  p.  71,  etc. 

'  Bishop  O'Regan  to  Archbi.Mhop  Kenrick,  May  13,  1855.  They  were 
zealous  and  <'xeniplary  priests,  but  imbued  with  false  ideas.  Received 
into  settled  dioceses  they  labored  for  the  good  of  religion  and  souls, 
leaving  names  still  regarded  with  reverence. 


1!!  "  ' 


|t       I 


CIS      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

was  restrained  of  her  liberty  and  detained  against 
her  will.  Mother  Fmncls  de  Sales  and  her  pupil 
accordingl}'  appenreci  before  Judge  Manierre, 
when  Miss  Parker  declared  her  entire  uillingness 
to  remain  in  the  Acaden:y  where  her  father  had 
placed  her,  till  his  return.  The  case  was  accordingly 
dismissed. 

To  the  relief  of  Bishop  O'Regvn  the  Holy  See  on 
the  J6th  of  April,  1857,  transferred  the  see  of  Quincy 
to  Alton,  and  appointed  as  first  Bishop  the  Rev. 
Henry  Danikan  Juncker.  Bishop  O' Regan  ceasel, 
therefore,  to  be  Administrator  of  Quincy, 

In  the  same  year,  at  the  solicitation  of  hv.  0' Regan, 

the  Society  of  Jesus  agreed  to  establish  a  h.  use  in 

Chicago  and  form  ca  new    parish.       Father    Arnold 

Pamen  and  F'ather  Chiirlr;.  Truyens  arrived  to  begin 

the  work.     Many  sites  \v.n>  offered  them,  but  looking 

to  the  future  growth  of  the  cli  y.  Father  Damen,  a 

man  of  remarkable  judgmerc  .-Mud  energy,  purchased 

ground  southwest  of  tlie  nfy.     Many  remonstrated 

against  beginning  out  ois  tl'<-  }>rairie,  where  there  were 

Jio  people.     "Never  mind,"  said  the  missionary,  "I 

will  bring  the  people"— and  he  did.     A  temporary 

flame  chapel  and  rt^sidence   were  soon  erected,  and 

before  the  close  of  the  j^ear  the  corner  stone  of  the 

granu  •  liurch  of  the  Holy  Family  was  laid.     In  time 

St.   Ignarius'  College    was   erected,    other    churches 

established    ^n    the   district,    with    an    Academy  of 

the  Sacred  Heart,  St.  Joseph's  Home,  and  parochial 

schools. 

A  considerable  settlement  of  French  Canadians  had 
grown  \ip  at  Bourbonnais  Grove,  under  Rev.  Mr. 
Chiniquy,  who  had  inrurred  censure  in  Canada.  He 
had  been  received  inio  the  diocese  of  Chicago,  under 
the  belief  that  he  had  thoroughly  reformed.      The 


DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 


619 


hope  proved  delusive,  and  Bishop  O' Regan  found  it 
necessary  to  withdraw  his  faculties.  The  unfortunate 
man  denied  that  he  had  been  suspended,  accused  the 
Bishop  of  trying  to  take  their  church  from  the  French 
Cauiidians,  and  made  vile  charges  against  him. 
Uisliop  O  Began  invited  the  Rev.  Mr.  Desaulniers 
from  CanrulA,  who  disabused  the  people  and  brought 
rh.,'m  baci.;  to  their  duties.  The  Bishop  then  visited 
Boniboniniir,  Grove,  where  he  was  received  with 
all  honors.  In  an  address  he  explained  his  whole 
course  to  the  people.  Chiniquy,  however,  continued 
to  disturb  the  peace  of  the  flock  and  openly  aposta 
tiz^d,  setting  up  a  church,  which  he  called  the  Chris- 
tian Ciitholic,  obtaining  the  aid  of  deluded  Protes- 
taius".  He  was  then  excommunicated,  and  has  since 
maintained  for  years  scurrilous  attacks  on  the 
Church. 

Bishop  O"  Regan  had  entered  heartily  into  works 
for  the  good  of  his  diocese,  and  expended  large  sums 
of  his  own  means  for  it.  But  he  resolved  to  visit 
Rome  and  plead  in  person  to  be  relieved  of  a  burthen 
which  he  felt  beyond  his  strength  to  bear.  His  resig- 
nation was  finally  accepted  and  he  was  transferred  to 
the  titular  see  of  Dora  ;  he  then  retired  to  his  native 
country  and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  retire- 
ment in  Ireland  or  England.  He  died  at  Brompton, 
November  13,  1806,  aged  fifty-seven,  and  his  remains 
were  carried  to  his  native  parish  of  Clonfad.  "Tt 
may  be  said  of  Bishop  O' Regan  that  he  was  a 
man  in  the  truest  sense,  single-minded,  firm  as  a 
rock,  and  honest  as  gold.  A  lover  of  truth  and 
justice,  whom  no  self-interest  could  mislead  and 
no  corruption  contaminate,  he  held  fast  the  af- 
fection of  many  and  gained  the  full  respect  of 
all."  ^ 


11 


m 


I' 


C20       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

BT.  REV.  JAMES  DUaOAN.  FOUIITH  BISHOP  OF  CHICAGO,  1858-1866. 

Archbishop  Keniick  sent  his  Coadjutor,  Rt.  Rev. 
James  Diiggan,  to  Chicago  as  Adniiiiistralor.' 

Bisliop  Dtiggau  was  born  at    Maynooth,   Irehuul, 
May  22,  1825,  and  educated  at  the  Seminary  of  Bal- 
laghadereen.     He  was  one  of  several  ecclesiastics  wlio 
responded  to  a  call  of  Archbishop  Kenrick  in  1842,  and 
completing  his  course  at  St.  ViiKJent's,  Cape  (firar- 
deau,  he  was  ordained  May  2i),  1847.     Having  been 
assigned  to  the  Cathedral  parish,  he  attracted  attention 
by  his  zeal  and  devotedness,  by  his  instructions  to 
children,  by  his  scholarly,  eloquent  discourses.    On  the 
resignation  of  Bishop  Van  de  Wide,  he  was  appointed 
to  administer  the  diocese.     Returning  to  St.  Louis, 
he  was  appointed  Bishop  of  Antigone  and  Coadjutor, 
and  was  consecrated  by  Archbishop  Kenrick,  May  3, 
1857,    assisted    by    Bishoi)s    Heniii    and    (T Regan! 
When  the  latter  resigned  the  miti-e  of  Chicago,  Airh- 
.  bishop   Kenrick   again   sent  him   to  administer  that 
diocese.     Poi)e  Pins  IX.,  in  1858,  transferred  him  to  the 
see  of  Chicago,   the  ollicial  announcement  reaching 
him  January  21,  1859.     Tlius  invested  with  ftill  power 
he  showed  his  ability  and  masterful  hand.     "  Priests 
and  people  gave  every  evidence  of  renewed  conlidence, 
and  the  spirit  of  the  new  Bishop  electrified  all  hearts, 
so  that  the  visible  fruits  of  Bishop  Diiggan's  imme- 
diate action  in   the  government  of  the  diocese  was 
noticed  everywhere." 


'  Souvenir  of  Uic  Silvor  JubiU'c  in  tiii'  Kpiscopacy  of  his  Grnro,  the 
Most  Hev.  Pnlrick  Augustino  Fcciiiin,  Cliicjiiio,  1891,  pp.  ISO-l'IO; 
Pittslnirijli  Ciilliolic.  xii.,  p.  Ids  ;  xi\.,  p.  IT)!}  ;  xv.,  p.  2(i4  ;  Mctro|)(>lil;iii, 
lii-vi.  Hisliop  O'ltciran  to  .Vrclil»isiiop  Ivenii(  k,  April  1 1 ,  IS,")?.  Hishop 
O'Rcgan  left  bequests  for  the  edueatioii  of  elergymen  in  his  foriiier 
diocese,  nud  for  erecting  ii  hospital  at  Chicago. 


!i 


liii 


UT.  UEV.  JAMES  DUGOAN,  B18U0P  OF  CUICAOO. 


[\U\ 


■■i 


i  «s  J 


G22      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Under  the  new  impulse,  churches,  hospitals,  asy- 
lums, and  schools  begun  to  keep  puce  with  the  growth 
of  the  city  of  Chicago.  In  ISHS  the  zealous  priest 
Rev.  John  McMullen,  with  the  approval  of  the  "Bishop, 
applied  to  the  Sisters  of  the  Gnn^^  Shcjljrvd  in  St. 
Louis  and  obtained  three  religi  'Us,  ^vho  established 
one  of  their  charitable  institutiwi.s  in  a  rented  house, 
and  received  seven  women  joardoned  from  the  Bride- 
well. In  the  face  of  difficulties  <hey  persevered,  Kev. 
Mr.  McMullen  actually  bca^ging  iw  them  from  house 
to  house.  In  1860  they  removed  to  Franklin  Rtroet, 
and  soon  after  he  purchased  a  suitable  site  and  erected 
a  building  adapted  to  their  charitable  work. 

A  higher  institution  for  the  education  of  young 
ladies  was  also  found.  1  in  Chicago  in  1858  by  Ma- 
dame Gallvvay,  religious  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  with 
members  of  her  Or'lcc.  The  progress  throughout  the 
diocese  was  marked  by  new  churches  at  Waukegan, 
Athens,  Galena,  Ilalsteud,  Stirling,  and  other  points. 
The  priests  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Most  Holy 
Redeemer,  at  the  invitation  of  the  Bishop,  in  1860 
directed  St.  Michael's  Church. 

The  Benedictine  Fatliers,  in  1860,  took  charge  of  St. 
Joseph's  Church  on  Cass  Street,  Father  Louis  M. 
I^ink  and  Father  Meinrad  Jeggle  being  pioneers. 
Their  zeal  and  devotedness  insured  success,  and  in 
1864  they  erected  a  fine  church,  sixty-six  feet  by  one 
hundred  and  forty-five,  at  a  cost  of  fifty  thousaiid  dol- 
lars. Their  school  numbered  five  hundred  children. 
The  house  soon  became  a  priory  from  which  sev(   al 

stations  were  attended.'    On  the  dc.  h  of  ex-Govc r 

Bissell,  who   had  for  some  years  been  an  edifying 


'  Moosnuiller,  St.  Vincenz  iu  Pennsylvimien,  p.  '?76,  etc.;  Cuth.  Tele 
graph,  Sept.  4,  1858. 


DIOCESE  OF  CHICAGO. 


623 


Catholic,  he  was  buried  from  tlie  Church  of  the  Holy 
Name,  where  Father  Smarius  pronounced  an  eloquent 
discourse.'  The  next  year  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  who 
died  a  Catholic,  was  buried  with  the  solemn  services  of 
our  holy  religion. 

The  Church  o^  the  Holy  Xame  had  soon  a  very 
large  congrega''  >n,  and  in  1804  Father  Darnen  erected 
a  boys'  parochial  school  whirh  could  accommodate 
more  than  a  thousand  j)upils.  A  girls'  parochial 
school  was  the  next  step. 

When  the  Fathers  of  the  Holy  Cross  left  the 
University  in  1801,  liishop  Duggan  appointed  Rev. 
John  ;McMullen  to  the  adjacent  church,  and  soon 
after  made  him  president  of  the  University  of  St. 
Mary  of  the  Lake.  This  institution  was  rather  a 
select  day-8L'hool,  euuducted  in  the  old  build!" ^ 
erected  by  Bishop  Quarter.  Rev.  Mr.  McMullen  touk 
hold  with  energy ;  ho  organized  an  able  staff,  and  in 
1863  began  a  fine  new  building,  which  was  completed 
by  the  end  of  the  year.  But  it  proved  impossible  to 
maintain  such  ;in  institution  without  endowments, 
aivT  early  in  18(JC.  it  was  compelled  to  close.  The 
reverend  president  had  labored  to  infuse  a  jn-oper 
spirit,  publishing  "  The  \:  '  y,"  but  the  Catholic 
public  d"  lot  respond.  Th  Ln  versity  building  was 
transferred  to  the  Sist  of  St.  Joseph  for  an  orphan 
asylum. 

Bishop  Duggan  v.oited  Y  \  tiv  the  first  time, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  canuuu  ion  of  the  Japanese 
martyrs  in  1862.  A  few  years  aft'u  >  he  strong,  vigor- 
ous mind  showeiT   ah    ining     i2;ns;  Bishop  Duggan 


'Governor  Bissell  was  luptized  at  AVashington  in  1854,  h\  v.  J. 
P.  Doncl  111.  He  was  attmlcd  in  his  last  moments  by  Rev.  J.  Fi  gib- 
Ijon.     Pi;    burgli  Catholic,  xvii.,  p.  44. 


i\' 


1,1    ,j 


<524       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

became  wayward,  vaiiabU',  and  unjust  in  his  treatment 
of  his  best  priests.  C'onii)hiints  arose,  and  Arch- 
bisliop  Kenriclc  was  directed  to  uuike  an  investiga- 
tion. Tlie  plausible  explanations  of  the  Bishop  seemed 
to  justify  his  course,  no  one  at  the  time  suspecting  the 
real  cause— incipient  insanity.  But  after  attending 
the   Second   Plenary  Council    in    18G0,  the  sad  fact 


sioNATrnE  OF  nisnop  ufoaAN. 


became  evident.  He  went  tlie  next  year  to  the  springs 
at  Carlsbad,  Austria,  leaving  Very  Kev.  Thomas 
Ilalligan  and  Kev.  Peter  Fish<  •,  Vicars-General, 
in  lii.irge  of  the  diocese.  On  his  return  his  condition 
was  such  as  to  offer  little  hope  of  his  ever  recovering, 
and  he  was  removed  to  an  institution  in  St.  Louis. 


CHAPTER  III. 

DIOCESE  OF  QUINCY,  1853-1857,  DFOCESE  OF    ALTON, 

1857. 

111.    IIEV.   HENRY  DAMUN    JUN(^KEU,    FIIWT    BIHIIOP   OF  ALTON, 

1867-1868. 

When-  it  was  decided  to  divide  the  diocese  of 
€hi(!iij,'o,  ji  see  was  erected  at  Qiiiiicy  in  1853,  but  us 
tlie  \'ery  Rev.  Josepli  Melcher,  wlio  was  appointed, 
declined  the  taslv  of  organizing  it,  tlie  diocese  was  ad- 
ministered, at  hist,  by  Bishop  O' Regan.  On  the  9th 
of  January,  1857,  tlie  see  was  transferred  to  Alton,  and 
the  new  diocese  embraced  Adams,  Brown,  Cass, 
Menard,  Sangamon, Macon,  Moultrie,  Coles,  and  Edgar 
counties,  and  all  .south  of  them.  It  contained  fifty- 
one  churches,  eighteen  priests,  and  5(),()()()  Catholics. 

As  lirst  Bishop  was  elected  Rev.  Henry  Damian 
Juncker,  born  August  22,  1809,  at  Fenetrange  in  Lor- 
raine. Coining  to  this  country  in  his  youth,  after 
studies  at  Pont-a-Mousson,  he  sought  to  serve  God  in 
his  sanctuary,  and  was  ordained  at  Cincinnati  March 
10,  1834.  He  hibored  well  at  Canton,  Chillicothe,  and 
Dayton,  attending  many  missions,  and  was  known  as  a 
priest  of  active  and  devoted  diaracter.  When  the 
bulls  of  his  appointment  arrived  lie  was  consecrated 
by  Archbishop  Purcell  in  the  Cathedral,  Cincinnati, 
April  20,  IS.")?,  Bishop  Henniof  Milwaukee  and  Bishop 
Young  of  Erie  acting  as  assistant  Bishops.' 


'C^iitb.   IleiaUl,    x.xv.,   p.   138;    Frtrman's  Journal,   May  9,   1857; 
Pittsburgh  Catholic,  xiv.,  pp.  53,  70. 

6« 


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III 


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HT.   REV. 

HENRY  DAMIAX  JIXCKER,   FIRST  BISHOP  OF  ALTON.                                 H 

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DIOCESE  OF  ALTON. 


627 


Bishop  Juncker  proceeded  to  his  diocese  to  examine 
Hs  condition  and  probable  resources.  He  then  visited 
Europe  to  obtain  aid,  and  returned  with  seven  priests 
and  twelve  ecclesiastical  students.  Up  to  18C5  the 
Catholics  of  Alton  heard  mass  in  a  poor  schoolroom, 
but  a  church  in  honor  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  had 
been  begun,  a  fine  Gothic  church,  forty  feet  wide 
by  one  hundred  and  thirty  in  depth.  This  Bishop 
Juncker  completed  without  delay,  and  it  was  solemnly 
consecrated  by  Archbishop  Kenrick  on  the  19Hi  of 
April,  1859,  Bishops  Luers,  Duggan,  and  Whelan  being 
present. 

The  priests  whom  the  Bishop  found  in  his  diocese, 
or  drew  to  it,  encouraged  by  him,  soon  began  new 
churches.  That  at  O'Hara's  settlement  was  dedicated 
November  28,  1858 ;  a  fine  church  at  the  State  capital, 
Springfield,  erected  by  Rev.  James  Fitzgibbon,  April 
3,  1859  ;  others  at  Paris,  East  St.  Louis,  Neoga,  Ches- 
ter, Matoon,  and  other  points.  Bishop  Juncker' s 
visitations  bore  fruit ;  sites  were  given  at  Red  Bird 
and  Shawneetown,  and  churches  begun.  There  was 
some  trouble  at  Cairo,  but  it  was  soon  repressed. 

Catholic  education  was  an  object  of  his  care.  St. 
Joseph's  Ursuline  Convent  was  founded  at  Spring- 
field, August  22,  1857,  by  a  colony  from  St.  Martin's, 
Ohio,  and  an  Academy,  under  the  Sisters  of  Charity, 
was  soon  opened.  Parochial  schools  were  established 
in  many  places. 

In  the  summer  of  1858,  the  Franciscan  Fathers  of 
the  province  of  the  Holy  Cross  founded  a  residence 
at  Teutopolis,  Effingham  County,  under  Very  Rev. 
Damian  Hennewig.  Tlie  corner  stone  of  the  college 
was  laid  in  1801  and  the  institution  opened  the  next 
year  ;  a  similar  institution  rose  at  Quincy. 

The  Ursulines  from  St.  Louis  the  same  year  opened 


1 1'' 


:  if 


ViA 


628       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

an  academy  at  Alton,'  and  the  School  Sisters  of 
Notre  Dame  began  their  labors  at  Belleville  in  Octo- 
ber, 1859. 

The  German  Catholics  of  Alton,  in  June,  1860,  lost 
their  Church  of  tlie  Immaculate  Conception,  destroyed 
by  a  tornado,  but  they  courageously  set  to  work  to  re- 
place it  by  a  more  substantial  edifice. 

Quincy  welcomed  the  Sisters  of  Charity  in  1860,  and 
St.  Marie,  Joseph  County,  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  in 
1861,  and  in  1803  the  Sisters  of  Loretto  began  a  school 
at  Cairo. 

"When  Civil  War  became  certain.  Bishop  Juncker  in 
a  circular  to  his  clergy  and  laity  said :  "  As  this  sad  and 
great  evil  has  befallen  our  dear  and  beloved  country, 
it  is  a  sacred  duty  for  every  good  citizen  and  sincere 
member  of  the  Church  of  God  to  raise  his  hands  witli 
an  liumble  and  contrite  heart  to  the  Eternal  Fatlier, 
and  to  beseecli  Ilim,  in  tlie  name  of  Jesus,  to  restore 
to  us  again  the  gifts  of  Wisdom,  Union,  Brotherly 
Love,  and  that  Peace  which  He  brought  down  from 
heaven  for  all  men  of  good  will."  He  prescribed 
prayers  to  be  said  for  peace. 

The  war  made  tb.e  diocese  active  with  military  move- 
ments, Cairo  being  a  centre  of  operations.  Where  so 
many  soldiers  were  congregated,  sickness  prevailed, 
and  the  wounded  were  brought  from  battle  llelds. 
These  called  for  the  charitable  administrations  of 
priests  and  religious  women,  A  hospital  at  Alton, 
and  an  Orplian  Asylum  at  Quincy,  showed  the  prog- 
ress of  1864. 

When  Bishop  Juncker  set  out  for  the  Second  Plenary 


'  Motlicr  .loscpliinp  IJniidinnr,  Letter,  .Iiiii.  10,  1804  ;  Herie'itc  der 
Lcopoltliiicii  Stiftung,  xxx.,  p.  13  ;  xxxiv.,  p.  13  ;  xxxv.,  p.  8  ;  rxxiii..  p. 
11  ;  Einsiedlen  Kiilender  flU  1870,  p.  T,Q.  Calli.  Mirror,  IBnO-iyOo. 
Frccninn '8  Journal,  May  7,  1859;  Jubik-e  Ciilnlogue,  1887,  etc. 


DIOCESE  OF  ALTON. 


629 


Council,  in  1866,  he  was  able  to  make  a  satisfactory 
report  of  progress.  He  had  a  hundred  churches,  at- 
tended by  seventy-five  priests,  and  had  religious  orders 
laboring  for  education  and  works  of  mercy.  The  next 
year  he  visited  Rome  for  the  centenary  of  the  holy 
apostles,  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul. 

He  did  not  long  survive  that  august  assembly.  He 
was  seized,  while  on  a  visitation  in  June,  with  a  severe 
illness,  and  after  lingering  in  great  suffering,  he  died 
piously  at  Alton,  October  2,  1868. 


V'i  -A 


,  '1 


CHAPTER  ly. 

DIOCESE  OF  NASHVILLE. 
BT.  BEV.  BICHABD  PIUS  MILES,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1853-1860. 

Tennessee  is  one  of  the  States  where  Catholicity 
has  grown  slowly.  Tlie  faithful  were  few  and  poor, 
gaining  little  by  immigration,  and  chnrclies  were 
erected  at  great  sacrifice.  Yet  there  was  progress. 
A  church  was  begun  at  Chattanooga  in  1854,  dedicated 
four  years  later.  The  corner  stone  of  a  church  wns 
laid  at  McEwen  in  1856  ;  that  of  St.  John's  Church, 


C^Cc^C/A.CUuJ 


i^(JC/ 


SIGNATCRE  OP  BISHOP  MILES  OF  XASIIVILLE. 

Edgefield,  was  laid  Novembers.  1857,  and  by  the  zeal 
of  pastor  and  people  it  was  dedicated  the  next  year. 
Siielbyville  began  a  church  in  June,  1858. 

The  Sisters  of  Cliarity  opened  a  new  academy  at 
Nashville  the  same  year. 

The  line  church  of  St.  Peter  at  Memphis  was  dedi- 
cated on  the  17tli  of  January,  1858.  by  Rt.  Rev. 
Martin  J.  Spalding.  Bishop  of  Louisville,  the  Bi.diops 
of  Nasi- vllle  and  Xatchcz  being  p'-e^ent. 

Age  and  inlirmities  induced  the  venerable  Bisiio]! 


(;») 


i,.tirai;';:^-»*' 


DIOCESE  OF  NASHVILLE. 


631 


Miles  to  solicit  the  appointment  of  a  coadjutor.  The 
Very  Rev.  James  Wlielan,  O.  P.,  was  selected  for  the 
position.  He  was  born  at  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  Decem- 
ber 8,  1823.  Coming  in  youth  to  New  York,  he 
attracted  the  attention  of  Hev.  Andrew  Byrne,  and  at 
the  age  of  sixteen  he  went  to  Kentucky  to  enter  the 
Dominican  Order.  After  his  ordination,  August  2, 
1846,  he  did  laborious  mission  work,  was  president  of 
St.  Joseph's  College,  and  provincial  of  his  Order  in  the 
United  States.  Learned,  eloquent,  and  laborious,  he 
was  well  fitted  for  the  position  to  which  the  voice  of 
the  successor  of  St.  Peter  called  him.  He  was  conse- 
crated Bishop  of  Marcopolis,  in  the  Cathedral  at  St. 
Louis,  on  the  8th  of  May,  1859,  by  Archbishop  Ken- 
rick,  the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Juncker  of  Alton  being 
assistant.  He  then  proceeded  tc  Nashville  to  enter 
upon  his  duties.  On  the  29th  of  May,  Bishop  Miles 
introduced  him  to  the  Cathedral  congregation.  He 
alluded  to  the  state  of  the  diocese  on  his  arrival 
twenty  years  before,  when  he  found  few  Catholics  and 
not  a  single  priest. 

Bishop  Whelan  at  once  began  a  visitation,  confirm- 
ing, and  doing  the  work  of  a  missionary,  encouraging 
and  animating  the  faithful. 

On  the  14th  of  August,  1859.  Bishop  Miles  dedicated 
the  fine  Gothic  church  of  the  Assumption,  fifty  feet 
wi<le  by  ninety-eight  in  length,  which  the  German 
Catholics  had  erected. 

Bishop  Miles  had  suffered  for  some  years  from  a 
chronic  cough,  which  did  not,  liowever,  seem  to  affect 
his  general  health.  On  Friday,  February  17,  18G0,  he 
walked  out  and  was  cheerful  and  active,  but  early  on 
Saturday  he  was  found  sitting  in  his  chair  before  the 
fire,  not  having  retires  to  bed  and  very  ill.  Eveiy 
care  was  taken,  but  oi.  Monday  it  was  deemed  neces- 


■  I 


;:'il 


^i; 


632 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


saiy  to  administer  the  last  sacraments,  and  he  expired 
calmly  the  next  afternoon.  He  was  interred  in  his 
Cathedral  on  the  24th.  Bishop  Miles  "was  pions 
without  aifectation,  charitable  to  the  poor,  kind  and 
affable  to  all."  ' 

RT.  REV.  JAMES  WHELAN,  SECOND  BISHOP  OF  NASHVILLE,  1860-1863. 

By  the  demise  of  Dr.  Miles,  Bishop  Wlielan  became 
the  second  Bishoj)  of  Nashville.  He  continued  assid- 
uously labors  which  he  had  already  begun,  and  visited 
all  parts  of  his  diocese,  and  was  especially  consoled 
with  the  progress  of  the  faith  in  Eastern  Tennessee, 
finding  a  neat  church  and  priest's  house  at  Knoxville, 
where,  a  few  years  before,  not  a  single  resident  Catho- 
lic was  known.    Among  other  points  he  visited  was 

8IGN.^TURE   OF  BISHOP   WIIELAN   OF  NASHVILLE. 


Jonesboro',  near  which  resided  the  family  which  gave 
the  Society  of  Jesus  a  zealous  priest,  in  the  person  of 
Father  Aiken.  The  whole  family  had  become  Catho- 
lics, and  were  contirmed  by  Bishop  Whelan. 

Bishop  Whelan,  with  a  view  of  establishing  an 
academy  of  high  character,  purchased  Mount  Vernon 
Garden,  a  beautiful  mansion  with  six  rtcres  of  ground 
in  an  elevated  and  healthy  situation  a  mile  north  of 


'  Freeman's  .Jourual,  Miiy  2S,  lH,-,.t,  Ardi.  ;?.  1860  ;  :Metropolitai-  iv.-vi.; 
Ouardiiiii  i.,  ii.Jii.  ;  Cath.  Minor,  Mili.  ;i,  IT,  1800;  Cath.  Telcgriiiili, 
18o(>-18.j8, 


DIOCESE  OF  NASHVILLE. 


633 


the  capital.  Here,  in  the  autumn,  tlie  Sisters  of  St. 
Dominic  opened  St.  Cecilia's  Academy.  The  Bishop 
also  established  a  school  for  boys  under  two  efficient 
Brothers,  and  a  girls'  school  at  the  Cathedral.  At  the 
beginning  of  180J,  the  Catholic  population  of  the 
diocese  had  risen  nt.^rly  to  thirteen  thousand,  with 
fourteen  churches  and  eleven  priests,  two  academies, 
ten  parish  schools,  and  an  orphan  asylum  under  the 
Dominican  Sisters. 

The  progress  of  the  Church  was  soon  to  be  checked. 
The  animosity  between  the  North  and  the  South 
culminated  in  the  attempt  of  the  Gulf  States,  and 
gradually  of  others,  to  withdraw  from  the  Union  and 
engage  in  a  terrible  Civil  War.  Tennessee  became  the 
battle  ground  where  some  of  the  greatest  and  most 
sanguinary  battles  of  the  war  were  fought. 

In  Tennessee,  as  everywhere  else.  Catholic  priests 
and  religious  women  devoted  themselves  to  the  spiritual 
and  temporal  good  of  Catholics  in  the  army,  and  in 
the  hospitals  the  Sisters  showed  no  distinction,  min- 
istering to  the  sick  and  wounded  of  all  creeds.  Yet 
this  did  not  save  them  fi-om  insult.  At  midnight  on 
Christmas  Eve,  1862,  Lieutenant  James  of  the  130th 
Illinois,  with  a  squad  of  soldie.s,  demanded  entrance 
into  the  convent  of  the  Dominican  t.iK,rrs  ;>.t  Memphis 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  search.  V"r  in  the  same 
city  soon  died  the  Italian  priest,  Rev.  Basil  Elia,  who, 
contracting  a  fatal  disease  while  laboring  in  the  hos- 
pitals befoi-e  Vicksburg,  retui-ned  to  Memphis  to  die. 

On  the  other  hand,  Rev.  J.  T.  Neali^,  O.  P.,  was  sh.  t 
through  the  body  by  a  Confederate  guerrilla,  and 
though  he  obtained  temporary  relief,  he  finally  died 
in  18{).T  from  the  effects  of  the  iiijury.  A  diocese  so 
poorly  provided  with  priests  could,  however,  give  few 
for  field  Mud  hospital  work.     ^\-v.  J.  A.  Stephan  once 


"  ifi^ 


634      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

found  himself  alone  to  attend  ten  thousand  sick  and 
wounded.  Father  Christy  did  wonders  of  charity  on 
the  battlefields. 

Amid  all  this  tcirmoil  and  peril  of  war,  it  became 
necessary  that  Bishop  Whelan,  whose  active  and  able 
Avork  had  been  at  first  so  beneficial,  should  lay  down 
the  crosier.  His  resignation,  sent  to  Rome,  was  form- 
ally accepted  and  he  returned  to  one  of  the  convents 
of  his  Order,  devoting  his  time  lo  sfudy  and  prayer. 
One  of  the  fruits  of  his  leisure  was  a  remarkable  and 
learned  work,  a  Catena  of  testimony  from  the  earliest 
times  in  regard  to  the  infallibility  of  the  Pope.  He 
died  February  18,  1878,  at  Zanesville,  O. 

On  the  departure  of  Bishop  Whelan,  Rev.  James 
Kelly,  O.  P.,  became  Administrator  of  the  diocese,  sede 
vacante.  A  loss  soon  befell  the  diocese.  At  Chatta- 
nooga the  Catholics  had  for  some  years  labored  to 
erect  the  fine  church  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  of  varie- 
gated Tennessee  marble,  much  of  the  ornamental  part 
being  highly  polished.  The  work  was  half  done  when 
in  September,  1803,  the  engineer  officers  of  the  United 
States  Army  demolished  the  church,  taking  the  stone 
of  walls,  doorways,  windows,  and  even  part  of  the 
foundation  with  all  the  dressed  stone  ready  for  the 
builders.  The  material  was  used  to  erect  Fort  Jones, 
for  culverts,  and  even  for  macadamizing  A  claim  was 
made  on  the  government;  at  first  the  authorities 
offered  to  return  the  broken  and  defaced  stone,  but 
when  the  matter  came  before  Congress,  a  committee 
reported  that  the  church  was  entitled  to  818,729.90  for 
the  injury  it  had  sustjiined.' 

Early  in  18(54  a  solemn  requiem  was  offered  for  all 
the  faithful  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Stone  River  and 

'  Oath.  Mirror,  Aug.  15,  1808  ;  Senate  Report  407,  44tli  Congrcas,  1st 
Session. 


\W 


DIOCESE  OF  NASHVILLE. 


635 


other  recent  engagements.  Among  these  was  Coh)nel 
Julius  P.  GareschtsChief  of  Staff  to  General  Rosecrans, 
a  thorough,  capable,  and  unambitious  officer,  a  Catholic 
of  the  highest  character,  faithful  to  all  his  duties,  the 
leader  in  all  good  works,  perhaps  the  noble--  iype  of 
the  American  Catholic  soldier  whom  we  Luve  ever 
had.' 

At  the  battle  of  Jonesboro,  August  31,  1864,  while 
hearing  tlie  confession  of  a  dying  soldier,  Father 
Eineran  Bluemel,  chaplain  of  the  lOtli  Tennessee, 
was  killed  on  the  spot.  lie  was  a  native  of  llatisbon, 
Bavaria,  horn  September  29,  1831,  and  was  a  Benedic- 
tine monk  of  the  American  Cassinese  Congregation. 
He  was  buried  near  the  field,  but  his  remains  were 
subsequently  transferred  to  consecrated  ground.' 

RT.   REV.   PATIUCK   A.   FEEHAN,  THIRD    BISHOP    OF   NASHVILLE, 

X865— 1866. 

To  fill  the  vacancy  of  the  see  of  Nashville,  the  Rev. 
Patrick  Augustine  Feehan,  a  laborious  and  learned 
priest  of  the  diocese  of  St.  Louis,  was  selected.  He 
at  first  declined  the  appointment,  but  finally  yielded 
and  was  consecrated  in  tlie  Cathedral  of  St.  Louis,  No- 
vember 1,  1865,  Most  Rev.  Archbishop  Kenrick  being 
consecrator.  Bishop  Juncker  of  Alton,  and  Bishop 
Miege  being  assistants.  He  was  born  at  Killinall, 
Ireland,  August  29,  1829,  and  after  a  sound  education 
at  Castleknock  College  and  Maynooth,  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1852  and  was  ordained  on  the  1st  of  November 
at  Carondelet.     Laboring  at  St.  John's  Church,  amid 


'  Garesclit',  "  Life  of  Col.  .Julius  P.  Gart'sche,"  Philadelphia.  1888. 
^  'C'ath.  Tck'^rraph,  Sept.  3S,  1864:  Ilipcliu.s,  "  Album  Iknedictinum," 
St.  Vinct;nl's  Monastery,  1869,  p.  6!);  Freeman's  Journal,  May  7,  1859, 
Aug.  1"),  1863  :  C'ath.  Mirror,  May  26,  1860-186:5 ;  I'ittsburgh  Catholic, 
xvii.,etc. ;  15ericlite  der  Lcopoklinen  Sliftung,  xxxiv.,  p.  15. 


':;il 


^^  if  ' 


'ii'lll' 


13  a.: 


■i: 


636       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

cholera  days,  at  St.  Michael's,  professor  and  superior 
of  the  theological  seminary,  he  displayed  qualities 
which  distinguished  him.  He  vvtis  installed  in  his 
Cathedral,  Nashville,  on  the  9th  of  November,  by 
Archbishop  Kenrick  and  Bishop  Duggan.  He  then 
began  to  visit  the  clnirches  and  institutions  of  the 
diocese.  Nashville  was  in  a  deplorable  condition, 
morally  and  linancially.  Every  mission  in  the  dio- 
cese had  the  same  sad  story  of  crushing  debt  and 
scattered  liocks.  Bishop  Feehan  threw  himself  into 
the  work  of  restoration,  ilc  obtained  some  zealous 
priests,  and  by  financial  skill  put  many  churches  and 
institutions  once  more  on  the  way  to  prosiierity.  He 
invited  the  Sisters  of  Afercy,  who  came  and  opened 
St.  Bernard's  Academy,  facing  the  capitol. 

When  all  were  inspired  by  his  zeal  and  energy,  the 
cholera  appeared  in  August,  18(50.' 

'  Souvenir  of  tlic  Silver  Jubilee  in  lliu  p]pi.scopacy  of  liis  Grace,  tlio 
Most  Rev.  P.  A.  Feehuu,  Chicago,  1891,  p.  237. 


-h-~-.n^ 


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li  1 


CnVPTEU  V. 

DIOCESE  OF  MILWAUKEE 

BT.  IIEV.  JOHN  MAIITIN  HE:  NI,   FIRST  BISHOP,   1853-1866. 

The  year  1853  is  metnomble  in  the  annals  of  the 
diocHse  for  the  coini»letioii  (if  the  Catliedral  of  St.  John, 
at  Milvvuiikee,  and  its  solem  i  consecration. 

Th.  oousocration  ul  ihe  Cutliedral  on  the  31st  day  of 
July,  1803,  was  the  grandest  Catholic  ceremonial  Mil- 
waukee had  ever  witnessed.  Tlie  solemn  service  was 
performed  by  the  Most  Kev.  Cajptan  Bedini,  Arcli- 
bish.  M  of  The'oes,  Archbi.i  ns  Hughes,  Purcell,  and 
Kenn.k  of  h  Louis,  Bishops  Ilenni,  O'Connor, 
Lefevere,  nd  an  de  Velde  being  also  present  with 
nearly  a  lun  dred  priests.  Arc  'lop  Hughes  deliv- 
ered a  serm.  a  of  great  eloquent 

The  (  'htlral  was  of  Mil\vauk<'H  brick,  eighty  feet 
in  front  by  one  hundred  and  eighty  in  depth,'  in  a 
mixture  of  Roman  and  Grecian  styles.  The  fine  marble 
altar  was  n)ade  in  Belgium.'  On  the  walls  hung  paint- 
ings of  merit,  secured  by  the  Bishop  and  selected  with 
care. 

Archbishop  Bedini  was  impressed  by  the  scene,  and 
by  the  fact  of  such  a  Cathedral  in  a  city  and  '.fcate  of 
comparatively  recent  origin.  lie  understood,  what  at 
Rome  and  Vienna  had  been  a  puzzle  to  him,  the 
anxiety  of  our  Bishoi)s  to  h^ive  suitable  Cathedrals. 
TJH'y  were  required  not  <  ly  to  enable  the  e]'  opal 
functions  to  be  becomingly  performed,  but  the>  gave 

'  Detroit  Cutli.  Vindicator,  Aug.  6,  1853. 

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638      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


life  and  activity  to  the  Catholic  body,  who  looked  to 
them  with  pride  and  were  able  to  see  the  grandeur  of 
their  worship,  and  besides  this  they  impressed  those 
outside  the  fold  with  the  permanence,  solidity,  and 
dignity  of  the  ancient  Church  and  its  services. 

Bishop  Henni  in  his  visitations  was  constantly  lay- 
ing corner  stones  or  dedicating  new  churches,  as  at 
Benton,  Mineral  Point,  Calumet,  Fond  du  Lac,  Beloit, 
Herman,  Franklin,  and  Green  Bay.  On  tlie  15th  of 
July  the  Bishop  laid  the  corner  stone  of  his  semi-  • 
nary  building,  which  was  completed  and  opened  in 
January,  1856,  and  tlie  students,  who  liad  been  pursu- 
ing their  course  elsewhere,  took  possession  of  the  new 
Salesianum,  Very  Rev.  Michael  Heiss  being  rector, 
and  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Salzmann  the  leading  professor. 
The  grand  church  of  the  seminary  was  consecrated 
June  30, 1861. 

Bisliop  Henni,  when  attending  the  First  Provincial 
Council  of  St.  Louis,  requested  the  Very  Rev.  AVilliam 
S,  Murpliy,  Provincial  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  to  take 
charge  of  St.  Gall's  Church,  Milwaukee,  with  a  view  to 
establishing  a  college  of  the  Order  there.  Fathers  De 
Coen  and  Kenny  accordingly  came  in  1855.  In  time, 
St.  Gall's  Academy  was  opened  in  a  building  erected 
especially  for  educationjil  purposes. 

The  fine  church  of  St.  Joseph  was  erected  in  Mil- 
waukee, in  1856,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Holzhauer.  Then 
churches  were  dedicated  or  begun  at  Greenfield,  Caps- 
viile,  Jefferson,  (where  a  church  was  purchased  from 
the  Universalists),  Franklin,  Hudson,  New  Bend,  a 
grand  church  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  at  Bur- 
lington, and  a  church  erected  by  Rev.  J.  Doyle,  at 
Portage  City. 

A  community  of  the  Capuchin  order,  destined  to 
spread  to  many  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  to  dis- 


DIOCESE  OF  MILWAUKEE. 


6d» 


tinguish  itself  by  successful  mission  work,  arose  in  the 
diocese.  Two  secular  priests,  Rev.  Messrs.  Haas  and 
Frey,  conceived  the  idea  of  establishing  a  Capuchin 
house.  After  some  correspondence,  a  Father  of  the 
Order  came  from  Europe  and  opened  a  novitiate,  re- 
ceiving the  two  priests  as  novices  in  1857.  After  their 
profession  postulants  came,  the  community  grew,  and 
God  blessed  their  labors  wonderfully.  A  college  and 
seminary  were  in  successful  operation  in  a  few  years, 
and  a  new  Indian  mission  was  undertaken  at  Ke- 
shena. 

This  mission  among  the  Menomonees,  under  the  Ca- 
puchin Father  A.  M.  Gachet,  was  steadily  advancing. 
The  tribe,  including  a  few  Winnebagoes  and  Chippe- 
was,  numbered  about  fifteen  hundred,  and  of  these, 
when  Bishop  Henni  visited  their  reservation  on  the 
Oconto  River  in  October,  1860,  nine  hundred  were 
Catholics,  and  he  had  the  consolation  of  confirming 
two  hundred  and  thirty.  The  influence  of  the  Bishop's 
visit  was  soon  felt.  Agnonomee,  son  of  Oshkosh,  with 
his  whole  family,  and  otliers  numbering  fifteen,  were 
baptized  on  the  23d  of  June,  after  long  instruction  and 
trial.  Nearly  two  hundred  others  asked  to  be  taught 
the  way  of  heaven.  A  frame  church  was  soon  under- 
taken, though  medicine  men  and  government  em- 
ployees opposed  it. 

In  January,  1861,  Bishop  Henni  remitted  to  Rome 
the  Peter's  Pence  of  his  diocese,  with  the  expression  of 
the  devotion  of  his  clergy  and  people.  Pius  IX.  re- 
plied in  a  touching  brief  on  the  27th  of  February. 

The  war  drew  many  to  the  army,  but  affected  Cath- 
olic progress  so  little  that  twenty-five  new  churches 
were  dedicated  during  the  year  1861.  The  next  year 
the  Bishop  visited  Rome,  and  was  present  at  the 
grand  canonization  ceremonial.     He  returned  by  way 


II 


.unjii 


640       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

of  his  native  place,  and  visited  his  old  professor, 
Bishop  Mirer.  In  his  diocese  he  resumed  his  ordinary- 
round  of  labor,  encouraging  the  erection  of  churches 
for  all  nationalities,  Bohemian,  Polish,  and  the 
like. 

Some  notable  priests  of  the  earlier  days  passed 
away.  Rev.  Flavian  J.  Bonduel,  who  came  to  the 
United  States.,  in  1831,  and  after  his  ordination  in  1834 
labored  near  Detroit,  at  Mackinac,  built  the  church 
at  Pointe  St.  Ignace,  was  sent  by  Bishop  Rese  to 
Oreeu  Bay,  was  next  on  Lake  Superior  and  among 
the  Menomonees,  laboring  for  the  good  of  whites  and 
Indians  of  various  tribes.  He  died  during  the  year  1861. 
Another  pioneer,  Father  Samuel  Charles  Mazzuchelli, 
died  February  21,  1864.  Born  at  Milan,  Italy,  No- 
vember 4,  1806,  he  entered  the  Dominican  Order  at  the 
age  of  eighteen,  received  sub-deacon's  orders  from  the 
hand  of  Pope  Leo  XII.,  and  joining  the  American 
province  was  ordained  priest  by  Bishop  Edward  D. 
Fenwick,  June  30,  1830.  Mackinac,  Green  Bay,  the 
shores  of  Lake  Superior,  became  successively  his  mis- 
sion fields.  He  restored  the  Winnebago  mission  and 
converted  many.  He  laid  the  corner  stone  of  the  first 
church  in  Iowa  at  Dubuque ;  with  the  authority  of 
Pope  Gregory  XVI.,  he  established  a  house  of  his 
Order  at  Sinsinawa  Mound,  the  nucleus  of  the  prov- 
ince of  St.  Charles,  erected  a  college  and  church,  and 
called  to  his  aid  the  Sisters  of  the  Third  Order  of  St. 
Dominic,  who  opened  an  academy  in  Benton.  He 
labored  steadily,  almost  to  his  death. 

The  Sisters  of  Charity  had  a  well-managed  hos- 
pital, St.  Mary's,  and  an  orphan  asylum  on  North 
Point  Avenue  ;  Franciscan  Sisters  of  the  Third  Order 
directed  St.  iEmilian's  Male  Ori)han  Asylum  and  St. 
Hose's  Female  Orphan  Asylum  on  Jackson  Street, 


DIOCESE  OF  MILWAUKEE. 


641 


Milwaukee  ;  the  School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  had  an 
orphan  asylum  at  Elm  Grove. 

So  wonderful  had  been  the  growth  of  this  diocese 
that,  early  in  1866,  it  had  two  hundred  and  ninety- 
three  churches  actually  built,  one  hundred  and  fifty 
priests,  a  splendid  diocesan  seminary  with  one  hun- 
dred and  two  students,  with  a  large  number  of  paro- 
chial schools  and  a  Catholic  population  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand.' 

'Marty,  "  Johann  Martin  Hennl";  Catli.  Mirror,  Nov.  17,  1860,  Apl. 
27.  1861 :  Freeman's  Journal,  Aug.  21, 1861 ;  Beric'ate  der  Leopoldinen 
StiftuDg,  xxxii.,  p.  27. 


m  \ 


1 


CHAPTER  YI. 

DIOCESE  OF  DUBUQUE. 
RT.  BEV.  MATHIA8  LOUIS  L0RA8,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1853-1833. 

The  active  and  successful  episcopate  of  Bishop 
Loras  was  drawing  to  a  close,  but  in  1853  he  gatliered 
his  clergy  around  him  in  a  diocesan  synod,  and  was 
encouraged  by  their  harmony  and  zeal.  In  his  pas- 
toral letter,  January,  18o4,  he  made  a  solemn  appeal 
to  all  tlie  Catholics  throughout  the  diocese  to  con- 
tribute for  the  increase  and  support  of  his  theologi- 
cal seminary  at  Mount  St.  Bernard.  He  continued"o 
stimulate  emigration,  and  prepared  for  the  erection 
of  churches  in  the  growing  district  around  Council 
Bluifs.' 

New  churches  were  constantly  going  up,  as  at  Lyons, 
Eddyville,  and  elsewhere  ;  but  though  he  attended 
the  Provincial  Council  of  St.  Lauis,  18oi5,  his  increas- 
ing infirmity  caused  alarm,  and  Rev,  Clement  Smyth, 
of  New  Melleray,  was  proposed  to  the  Holy  See  as 
Coadjutor.  The  selection  was  approved  at  Rome,  and 
bulls  were  forwarded  appointing  him  Bishop  of  Than- 
asis  and  Coadjutor  of  Dubuque.  Timothy  Smyth  was 
born  at  Pinlea,  Ireland,  January  24,  1810,  and,  after 
studying  at  Limerick  and  entering  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  he  joined  the  Presentation  Brothers  at 
Youghal.  Feeling  called  to  a  more  retired  life  he 
sought  admission  into  the  Cistercian  Abbey  of  Mount 

'  letters  of  Bishop  Loras,  in  Freeman's  Journnl,  Jan.  32,  July  8,  29, 
Sept.  2,  1854.  Jan.  20,  1855  :  Leader,  Dec.  15,  1855. 

M3 


DIOCESE  OF  DUBUQUE. 


643 


Melleray,  receiving  the  name  of  Clement.  Here  he 
was  an  exemplary  monk  and  priest,  but  in  1849  it  was 
deemed  necessary  to  send  a  colony  to  America. 
Father  Smyth  came  to  the  United  States,  and  was 
welcomed  by  Bishop  Loras,  who  oifered  lands  for  a 
monastery.  Bringing  over  a  priest  and  brothers 
Father  Smyth  organized  New  Melleray.  His  virtues, 
abilities,  and  zeal  impressed  all,  and  his  elevation  was 
greeted  by  the  diocese.  He  was  consecrated  in  the 
Cathedral,  St.  Louis,  by  Archbishop  Kenrick. 

On  his  return  to  Dubuque,  the  venerable  Bishop  re- 
linquished the  administration  of  the  diocese  to  his 
Coadjutor.  In  December,  Bishop  Loras  celebrated 
mass  in  the  unfinished  Cathedral,  but  was  the  same 
day  attacked  by  paralysis.  He  recovered,  so  that 
hopes  were  entertained  of  prolonged  life,  and  he  ac- 
tually celebrated  holy  mass  on  the  18th  of  February. 
Early  in  the  evening  he  retired,  but  moans  soon  drew 
a  priest  to  his  side.  The  venerable  prelate  was  un- 
conscious, and  sank  gradually,  expiring  February 
2(;,  1858. 

KT.  RE :     CLEMENT    SMYTH,  SECOND  BISHOP  OP  DUBUQUE. 

1858-1835.  ' 

Bishop  Smyth  made  careful  visitations,  showing 
great  charity  and  prudence,  seeking  to  raise  the 
standard  of  discipline,  and  see  that  every  church  was 
properly  supplied  for  all  required  by  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal laws.  At  his  first  ordination  he  raised  to  the 
priesthood  in  St.  Patiick's  Church,  Dubuque,  Rev. 
Henry  Cosgrove,  future  Bishop  of  Davenport. 

In  April,  1860,  he  convened  his  clergy  in  a  synod. 
It  was  attended  by  thirty-seven  priests,  three  being 
absent.  At  this  time  the  diocese  numbered  59,156 
Catholics,  although  eleven  years  before  they  were  es- 
timated at  eleven  thousand. 


11.1 


m 


>n  '! 


I'i 


jS    ,i 


I  u '  I 


I  if 

11 


RT.  RKV.  CLEUBNY  8MVTU,  UI8II0P  OF  DUBUQUE. 


DIOCESE  OF  DUBiyUE. 


645 


In  1801  Bishop  Smyth  completed  St.  Raphael's 
Cathedral,  and  had  the  consolation  of  dedicating  it 
on  the  7th  of  July.  After  a  visitation  of  his  diocese, 
he  set  out  in  1802  for  Rome. 

His  long  cloistered  life  had  made  Bishop  Smyth  un- 
like  in  his  manner  to  the  active,  energetic,  pushing 
character  of  his  predecessor,  but  he  was  greatly  re- 
vered, and  in  his  gentle  way  effected  much.  He 
obtained  aid  to  reduce  the  diocesan  debt,  and 
churches  at  Keokuk,  Burlington,  Independence, 
Muscatine,  as  well  as  German  churches— some  erected, 
some  purchased— evinced  progress.  In  1803  Bishop 
Smyth  solemnly  blessed  Rt.  Rev.  Ephraim  McDonnell 
as  Abbot  of  New  Melleray,  the  Holy  See,  to  his  con- 
solation, having  erected  the  monastery  he  founded 
into  an  Abbey.  He  returned  from  one  of  his  regula- 
tion visitations  in  1805  seriously  ill.  He  bore  his  suf- 
ferings with  the  most  exemplary  resignation  to  the 
holy  will  of  God,  and  he  died  on  the  23d  of  September 
a  most  edifying  and  peaceful  death,  in  the  odor  of 
sanctity,  regretted  and  mourned  by  the  whole  city 
and  by  all  who  knew  him.  Under  his  rule  the  diocese 
had  developed  so  that  it  contained  eighty  churches, 
with  forty-eight  priests  and  ninety  thousand  Catholics! 
Very  Rev.  A.  Pelamourgues  became  Administrator.' 

UT.  REV.  JOHN  HENNESSY,  THIUD   BISHOP  OF    DUBUQUE,  186G. 

To  succeed  to  the  mitre  of  Iowa,  Pope  Pius  IX. 
elected  Rev.  John  Hennessy,  a  learned  and  energetic 
priest  of  the  diocese  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  consecrated 
September  30,  1800,  and  represented  the  diocese  of 
Dubuque  at  the  Second  Plenary  Council.' 


'  PiUsbursh  Catholic,  xxiii..  p.  329;    Calh.  Ilprnl.i.  Oct.  20,  1866 ; 
Cath,  Telegraph,  Nov.  9.  1801,  Oct.  11,  1805  ;  Cath.  Mirror,  1865. 
•Cath.  Mirror,  Aug.  11,  1860. 


!  '  |t 

n 


ifi' 


CHAPTER  YII. 

DIOCESE  OF  ST.  PAUL. 

BT.  BEV.  JOSEPH  CRETIN,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1853-1867. 

Fkom  liis  consecmtion,  in  18/51,  Bishop  Cretin  ex- 
■erted  himself    earnestly  to  meet  the  wants  of  the 
Catholic  body  in  the  rapidly  growing  Territory  of 
Minnesota.    He  found  no  church,  but  a  large  building 
served  as  chapel,   residence,   seminary,  and  school. 
Where  he  discovered  a  cluster  of  Catholics  settled,  he 
induced  the  erection  of  church  and  school.'    The  edi- 
fice might  be  poor,  but  the  cross  above  was  a  beacon 
to  the  newcomer.     At  that  time  there  were  in  the  State 
not  only  the  Winnebagoes  and   Chippewas,  among 
whom  missions  had  been  founded  before  their  ve- 
moval,  but  also  Sioux  and  Assiniboins.     All  these 
were  objects  of  the  Bishop's  care.     In  the  autunui  of 
1852  he  gave  a  retreut  to  his  clergy,  and  ordained 
some  seminarians  who  had  completed  their  course. 
A  Cathedral,  dedicated  under  the  invocation  of  St. 
Paul,  was  one  of  Bishop  Cretin's  earliest  works.    He 
began  the  excavation   in  July,  1854.  and  the  corner 
stone  was  blessed,  two  years  after,  by  Bishop  Timon. 
As  Dr.  Cretin  would  not  incur  any  debt,  the  work 
went  on  slowly  ;  biit  in  February,  1857,  he  had  ex- 
pended more  than  seven  thousand  dollars  upon  his 
Cathedral,  only  about  one-half  collected  in  the  dio- 
cese. 
The  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  soon  had  a  fine  academy 

'  Frt'eiiiun's  Journal,  Oct.  16,  1852. 


DIOCESE  OF  ST.  PAUL. 


047 


between  the  upper  and  lower  town  of  St.  Paul,  and 
directed  a  hospital  on  a  site  given  by  Mr,  II.  M, 
Rice.  Before  the  close  of  18r)3  there  were  (churches  at 
St.  Paul,  St.  Peter  or  Mendota,  at  the  Fulls  of  St. 
Anthony,  Little  Canada,  Stillwater,  Hasting,  Wa- 
basha, with  its  congregation— English-speaking,  Ger- 
in.-m  and  half-breed— and  Indian  nussions  for  the  VVin- 
nebagoes  at  Long  Prairie  under  Canon  Vivaldi,  aided 
by  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph,  who  directed  the  school  ; 
a  half-breed  mission  at  Pembina,  where  Rev.  Joseph 
Bellecourt  and  Sisters  of  Charity  labored  ;  at  Crow 
AVing,  where  Rev.  Francis  Pierz,  ordained  in  the  dio- 
cese, was  evangelizing  the  Cliipi)ewas,  as  Rev.  O.  Skolla 
was  another  band  of  the  same  tribe  at  Pond  du  Lac, 
The  total  Catholic  population  of  Minnesota  was  then 
estimated  at  eight  thousand. 

In  ISoO  the  Brothers  of  the  Holy  Family  took 
charge  of  a  school  for  boys  at  St,  Paul,  and  estab- 
lished a  novitiate.  New  churches  rose  at  Faribault, 
Credit  River,  Marystown,  St.  Peter's,  Gessenwald] 
Sanlt  Rapid,  St.  Cloud,  Belle  Prairie,  and  Crow 
Wing. 

On  the  20fh  of  May  the  Benedictine  Fathers  Deme- 
trins  Marogmi  and  Cornelius  Wittman  reached  St. 
Cloud  ami  founded  a  priory  of  their  order.  They 
soon  had  chapels  in  Stearns  County  and  Richmond. 
Then  Benedictine  nuns  established  schools  for  girls. 
The  Sisters  of  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith  b^egan 
their  labors  at  Pembina.  The  Catholic  body  had 
already  increased  to  nearly  fifty  thousand,  for  whom 
the  twenty  priests  and  twenty-ni  ,c  churches  were  far 
froju  adequate. 

But  the  active,  energetic  life  of  Bishop  Cretin  was 
to  be  suddenly  brought  to  a  close.  He  died  on  the 
22d  of  February,  1857.      He  had  suffered  long  and 


>• 

I'd 

; 

1  1 1 

'    '»'■! 

1 

1 

• 

\:.M 

1 

C4S       THE  ciIUliCH  IN  THE  UXITED  .STATEH. 

puiiiful  illness.  When  no  longer  able  to  leave  his 
roojii,  he  endeavoietl  by  convspotulence  to  be  of 
service  to  his  diocese.  An  untinished  letter  to  a 
Bishop  in  France,  dated  the  diiy  before  his  dentil, 
said  :  "It  is  good  for  nie  to  suffer  for  my  sins.  .  .  .  ! 
As  I  cannot  work,  I,  at  least,  ought  to  olTer  my  pains 
to  God  for  the  faithful  and  for  all." 

The  Very  Kev.  A.  Kavoiix  became  Administrator 
in  March,  1857.  He  pushed  on  the  erection  of  the 
Cathedral,  and,  on  the  13th  of  June,  IHAS,  opened  it 
for  divine  service,  although  it  was  unliiiished  and  not 
even  i)lastered. 

BT.  ItEV.  TIIOM.VS  LANGDON  OIUCE,  HIX'OND  BISHOP.  1889-1806. 

The  choice  of  a  successor  to  Bishop  Cretin  fell  upon 
Rev.  Thomas  L.  Grace,  of  the  Order  of  St.  l)f)miiiic, 
born  in  Charleston,  S.  {'.,  November  10,  1SI4.  He 
received  the  white  habit  at  St.  Kose'.s,  and,  after  a 
seven  years'  course  at  Rome,  was  ordained  there,  De- 
cember 21,  1839.  After  his  return  to  America  he  was 
em])Ioyed  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee— for  thirteen 
years  at  Memphis,  where  he  erected  the  Chnich  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul,  St.  Agnes'  Convent,  and  an  orplKui 
asylum. 

On  receiving  the  bulls  appointing  him  to  tlie  see 
of  St.  Paul,  he  was  consecrated  in  the  Cathedral 
of  St.  Louis,  on  the  24th  of  July,  1859,  by  Arch- 
bishop  Kenrick,  and  was  installed  in  St.  Paul  on  the 
29th.  He  entered  at  once  on  his  duties,  studying 
the  condition  of  his  diocese.  He  addressed  his  clergy 
and  people  in  a  touching  i)astoral,  on  the  9th  of 
November,  urging  fidelity  to  their  religion,  and 
the  use  and  dilTusion  of  good  books  and  j)apers. 
He  dwelt  on  the  religious  conditicm  of  those  around 
us,    buried  in  error,    not  through  their  own  faulty 


!(W 


BT.  KEV.  THOMAS  LANliUON    OUACE,    UltiUOP  OP  ST.  PAUL. 


650 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


many  of  wliom  could  be  won  by  the  Catliolio  press 
and  by  the  edifying  lives  of  Catliolics.  Among  the 
incoming  popuhition  were  many  German  Catliolics, 
and  the  Benedictines  received  additional  Fathers  to 
meet  this  want.  Father  Bruno  founded  a  new  mis- 
sion at  Shakopee  in  18/59,  and  soon  had  churches  or 
chapels  to  attend  :  St.  Victoria's,  St.  Joseph's  at 
AVaconia,  Chaska,  Si.  Bernard's,  and  other  points  ; 
while  Father  Cornelius  Wittman  was  equally  diligent 
in  another  district.  Father  Demetrius  Marogna,  jifter 
organizing  the  monastery  at  St.  Cloud,  went  to  St. 
Paul,  where  tlie  Benedictines  soon  had  a  thriving  Ger- 
man congregation,  a  church  having  been  erected  in 
ISoO  by  llev.  G.  Keller.' 

In  his  visitation  in  1800,  he  proceeded  by  way  of 
Shakopee,  Buriisville,  Mankato,  to  the  Lower  Sionx 
Agency,  where  he  examined  the  prospect  of  founding 
an  Indian  mission  :  then  Fort  Ridgely,  New  Ulm,  and 
^lai-ysburgh,  brought  him  to  the  Winnebago  reserva- 
tion.* 

During  the  following  winter  Rev.  Father  GoiflFon, 
reuirning  to  Pembina  from  St.  Paul,  was  overtaken  by 
a  terrible  snow  storm  and  lost  his  way.  On  the  sec- 
ond day  his  liorse  di»  1,  and  he  sustained  life  by  eat- 
ing its  raw  flesh.  He  was  at  last  reached  by  a  party 
.sent  out  for  him.  He  was  found  delirious,  and  so 
badly  frozen  that  it  was  necessary  to  amputate  a  le"- 
and  a  foot. 

While  the  poor  sufferer  was  lying  in  the  Bishop's 
liouse  at  St.  Paul,  afire  broke  out  wliicli  reduced  th- 
cliurch  and  residence  to  ashes. 


'  Hi-liop  (inuf,  I'astoriil  I^'tter,  Catli.  Telegraph,  Nov.  20,  18r)t; 
:Mo<)siniill<T,  "St.  Viiu'cnz  in  Ponnsylvanicii  ";  Berichle  (kr  U'opoldiueii 
tilifiiiiif^,  xxxiii.,  p.  :!4. 

"Cath.  Mirror.  Sept.  1,  18C0. 


DIOCESE  OF  ST.  PAUL. 


651 


At  the  beginning  of  18C1  tlie  diocese  of  St.  Paul 
had  twenty-eight  priests,  fifty-eight  churches,  and 
more  than  fifty  tliousar.d  Catliolics.  Rev.  Francis 
Pierz,  at  the  age  of  seventy,  was  laboring  among  the 
Cliippewas  at  Mille  Lake,  and  other  Indian  missions 
were  projected. 

Minnesota  was  not  readied  by  the  operations  of  the 
great  Civil  War,  but  in  August,  1862,  the  Sioux  com- 
mitted several  murders,  and  then,  fearing  punishment, 
made  a  general  massacre,  beginning  at  the  reser- 
vation. Volunteers  were  called  out  in  liaste  ;  several 
engagements  took  place.  People  fied  from  the  fron- 
tier, many  to  perish  on  the  way  in  the  general  mas- 
sacre. At  last  the  Indians  were  checked  by  Colonel 
H.  H.  Sibley,  several  camps  captured,  and  many  In- 
dians taken  whom  survivors  of  the  ssacres  cliarged 
personally  with  having  taken  part  m  the  butcheiy. 
Many  were  tried,  some  sentenced  to  deatli,  others  to 
imprisonment.  Of  tliose condemned  to  die  thirty-eight 
were  ordered  to  be  executed  at  Mankato  on  the  26th 
of  February,  1863.  The  Very  Rev.  A.  Ravoux  and 
Rev.  M.  Sommereisen  attended  the  prisoners,  many  of 
whom— thirty-two— listened  to  their  instructions,  were 
baptized,  and  prepared  for  death.  Rev.  A.  Ravoux 
attended  them  on  the  scaffold.' 

The  war  continued  for  some  time,  and  not  only 
broke  up  new  settlements  and  sent  people  to  other 
parts  of  tlie  country,  but  checked  immigration  for 
the  time,  preventing  the  rapid  growth  of  Catho- 
licity. 

The  Chippewa  missions,  under  Rev.  Messrs.  Pierz 
and  Bub.,  though  at  times  in  peril,  were  maintained, 

'Ilfanl,  "History  of  (lie  Sioux  War  and  Massj-cre  of  1 862-63,"  New 
Yorit,  1865;  Mgr.  Hnvoiix,  "  Ueminisceuces,  Memoirs,  and  Lectures," 
St.  Paul,  1890;  pp.  73-83. 


iL  ai 


f^:  ; 


652 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


but  the  war  created  a  prejudice  against  all  the  native 
tribes. ' 

The  clieck  to  Minnesota  by  the  Sioux  war  was 
however,  only  tenipon.ry.  With  the  general  peace 
throughout  tlie  country  progress  was  restored 
iiisliop  Ui-ace  saw  new  churches  rising,  and  at  tlie 
time  of  the  Plenary  Council  could  report  seventv- 
two  churches  and  forty-three  priests  laboring  in  his 
diocese,  with  institutions  and  schools. 


xxx^r'pirHcJ''"''"''''"'"  '^"^'''"°'  ''''^'"  ^'-  ^'^''  ^'"'"•'  1^-  ^'^' 


ItT.  UK\.  JAilKb  O  UOUMAN,  VICAU  AI'OSTOLIC   OF  ^EI^UASKA. 


III 

ill 


iij 


Ji 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
VICARIATE  "APOSTOLIC  OF  NEBRASKA. 

BT.  REV.  JAMES   O'GOBMAN,    BISHOP  OF  RAPHANEA,  FIBST  VICAB 
APOSTOLIC,  1869-1866. 

When  the  Vicariate  Apostolic  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  was  established,  it  was  supposed  that  the 
territory  embraced  within  it  would  long  be  left  in 
the  possession  of  the  Indian  tribes.  The  reverse  proved 
to  be  the  fact,  and  in  1859  the  Holy  See  divided  it, 
erecting  the  Vicariate  Apostolic  of  Nebraska,  which 
embraced  not  only  that  Territory,  but  Dakota  and 
Idaho. 

To  direct  this  new  and  extensive  vicariate  the  abbey 
of  New  Melleray  was  again  called  upon  to  give  one  of 
its  priests,  trained  to  an  austere,  contemplative  life. 
James  Michael  O  Gorman  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1809. 
He  received  a  careful  education,  pursuing  a  course 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  but  entered  New  Melleray 
in  1839.     After  some  years  of  cloistered  life  he  was 
ordained  the  1st  of  January,  1844,  and  five  years 
later  was  sent  to  Iowa.     He  was  Prior  of  New  Mel- 
leray when  elected  to  the  episcopate.     He  was  conse- 
crated Bishop  of  Raphanea,  on  the  8th  of  May,  1859, 
in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Louis,  by  Most  Rev.  Peter- 
Richard  Kenrick,  assisted  by  Rt.  Rev  Clement  Smyth, 
Bishop  of  Dubuque,   and   Henry  Damian  Juncker, 
Bishop  of  Alton.     B'ixing  upon  Omaha  as  his  resi- 
dence he  proceeded  at  once  to  that  city,  and  on  the 
21st  of  June  and  the  following  days  ordained  Rev. 
William  Kelly  protopriest  of  Nebraska.     The  largest 

654 


VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  NEBRASKA       655 

body  of  Catholics  in  Nebraska  was,  however,  in  tlie 
north,  at  St.  Patrick's  colony,  where  Rev.  J.  F.  Tracy 
had  erected  a  cluirch  in  honor  of  St.  John.  In  Omaha 
there  was  a  small  brick  church  begun  in  ISSG  on 
ground  given  by  Governor  Gumming,  whose  house 
had  been  the  first  place  where  mass  was  said.  Ne- 
braska City  could  boast  of  some  gathered  Catholics  ; 
elsewhere  they  were  few  and  scattered.  For  this  wide* 
district  the  V^icar  Apostolic  had  four  priests.  The 
Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  had  their  chief  mission 
m  the  diocese  of  Nesqualy,  but  the  Blackfoot  mission 
under  -Father  A.  Hoecken  was  in  Idaho,  a  mission 
on  wliich  Father  N.  Point  was  laboring  as  early  as 
1847.  ^ 

Before  Bishop  O' Gorman  could  do  much  for  his 
diocese,  the  Civil  War,  which  had  really  begun  in  tlie 
Kansas  and  Nebraska  trouble,  burst  upon  the  land. 
But  with  the  most  scanty  resources  the  Vicar  Apos- 
tolic effected  what  good  zeal  and  devotedness  could 
accomplish.  Two  Benedictine  Fathers,  Francis  Can- 
non and  Emanuel  Hartig,  were  already  missionaries 
in  his  vicariate.  Father  Hartig  at  Nebraska  City. 
Other  German  priests  came  to  labor  among  their 
countrymen.  In  1863  the  Bishop  laid  the  corner 
stone  of  a  convent  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri 
River,  encouraged  in  the  latter  undertaking  by  Ed- 
ward Creighton  and  his  pious  wife.  In  October, 
1864,  seven  Sisters  of  Mercy  arrived  from  Manchester', 
N.  H.,  and  took  possession,  opening  an  academy  and 
schools.'  Mr.  Creighton  also  purchased  a  site  for 
a  Cathedral,  which  he  presented  to  the  Bishop,  who 


Freeman's  .Journal,  May  7,  21,  1859  ;  Catli.  Mirror,  Aug.  13,  1859, 
Mar.  18,  1865;  Berichte  der  Leopoldincn  Stiftung,  xxxiv,,  p.  53- 
Clarke,  "Lives  of  the  Deceased  Bishops,"  iii.,  p.  626,  etc.  ' 


I 


I  ii 


IS, 


Cj6    the  church  in  the  united  states. 

soon  after  laid  the  corner  stone  there  of  a  church  to 
be  dedicated  under  the  invocation  of  St.  Philomena. 

When  Bishop  0' Gorman  proceeded  to  attend  tlie 
Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore,  his  vicariate  was  in  the 
line  of  progress  with  eight  priests  and  as  many 
churches,  i  convent  and  schools  at  Omaha  and  Ne- 
braska City  ;  a  feeble  beginning,  indeed,  but  with  a 
hopeful  future. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

BT.  IIEV.  JOHN    B.   MIEOE,    BISHOP    OF   ME88ENIA,  FIB8T   VICAR 
APOSTOLIC,  1853-1866. 

Ox  the  6tli  day  of  August,  1852,  Father  John  Bax, 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  missionary  to  tlie  Osages, 
died  at  Fort  Scott,  a  martyr  of  cliarity,  while  attend- 
ing the  tribes,  who  were  fast  swept  away  by  an  epi- 
demic. Besides  the  Osages,  lie  and  Father  John 
Shoenmakers  attended  the  Canadians,  English- 
speaking  whites  and  other  Catholic  Indians  in  his  dis- 
trict.' This  mission  extended  also  to  the  Quapaws, 
called  by  the  French  the  Arkansas  Indians,  as 
Avell  as  some  remnants  of  the  deported  Illinois  and 
Miami  Indians.  The  Sisters  of  Loretto  in  their 
school  had  representatives  of  many  tribes. 

Kansas  was  opened  to  white  settlers  in  1854,  and 
immigrants  poured  in  from  the  North  and  South',  bit- 
terly hostile  to  each  other.  In  time  sanguinary  engage- 
ments, midnight  surprises,  and  massacres  occurred, 
not  exceeded  by  the  atrocities  of  the  wildest  tribes 
that  ever  roamed  over  that  country.  The  mission- 
aries had  induced  the  Osages  to  begin  cultivating 
small  faruis  on  the  Neosho,  but  amid  the  din  of  war 
not  only  the  whites  around  St.  Francis  Hieronymo's, 
but  the  Osages  themselves,  abandoned  the  mission, 
leaving  the  Fathers  long  exposed  to  the  violence  of  the 


'  He  was  n  missionarj-  of  remnrkiible  ability,  born  at  Turnliout,  Bel- 
gium, Jan.  15,  1817.     De  Smct,  "  Wi'stern  Missions,"  p.  380. 

637 


l-ill 


658 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


niaraiulers  who  ravaged  the  land.  Yet,  amidst  all, 
they  completed  the  enlargement  of  their  church! 
xVfter  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  new  settlers  entered 
Kansas  not  animated  by  the  old  feelings.  Among 
these  there  was  a  Catholic  element.  Father  Paul 
Mary  Ponziglione,  as  early  as  1857,  established  stations 
at  Mound  City,  Greely,  St.  Boniface,  Burlington,  Hum- 
boldt, wherever,  in  fact,  he  found  a  cluster  of  Catholics 
whom  he  could  reach.  By  1860  he  had  the  church  of 
the  Immaculate  Conception  at  Defiance,  while  Father 
Van  Goch  induced  the  settlers  at  Little  Osage  to  erect 
St.  Lawrence's. 

Father  Maurice  Gailland,  S.  J.,  a  native  of  Canton 
Valais,  Switzerland,  directed  the  Pottawatomie  mis- 
sion, from  the  time  when  that  tribe,  after  enduring 
much  hardship,  were  placed  by  government  in  the 
Kaw  valley  in  September,  1848.  Here  he  raised  his 
log  mission  and  r  church  of  St.  Mary,  together  with  a 
convent  and  scliool  for  the  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart, 
for  years  the  patient  teachers  of  the  girls  of  the  tribe. 
Father  Gailland  studied  the  language  of  the  Potta- 
watomies  thoroughly,  and  prepared  a  dictionary  and 
grammar,  which  still  remain  unpublished.' 

This  mission  was  the  residence  of  the  Vicar  Apos- 
tolic, and  from  it  St.  Joseph's  Chajjel,  Seven  Dolors, 
and  Sacred  Heart  were  attended.  The  Catholics  in 
Fort  Scott  were  visited  in  1858  once  a  month. 

Then  the  change  of  population  came  and,  in  1857, 
Bishop  Miege  took  up  his  residence  in  Leavenworth, 
erecting  the  Church  of  the  Immaculate  Conception. 

The  Benedictines,  with  Father  Henry  Lemke  as  pio- 
neer, had,  in  the  spring  of  1855,  begun  to  labor  among 
the  Catiiolics  in  and  around  Doniphan.    The  next  year 


'Woodstock  Lt'tlers,  xiv.,  p.  230,  etc.;  xiii..  pp.  29-30 ;  vii.,  p.  15. 


VICARIATE  OF  INDIAN  TERRITORY. 


659 


Abbot  Wimtner,  at  the  request  of  the  Bisliop,  sent 
Father  Augustine  Wirth  to  Kansas,  and  that  ener- 
getic priest  erected  St.  John's  Church  at  Doniphan, 
but  deeming  Atcliison  a  more  favorable  point,  reared 
tliere  in  1800  a  liouse  and  church,  a  wooden  structure 
sixty  feet  by  tliirty,  which  was  the  beginning  of  the 
present  tlourisliing  abbey.' 

LecoiupLon  and  Wyandot  were  next  the  residence  of 
priests,  and  in  Nebraska  Territory  Rev.  J.  Tracy  built 
St.  John's  Church  at  St.  Patrick's  settlement,  attend- 
ing Omaha  and  Nebraska  City  ;  but,  in  1859,  that 
territory,  with  all  but  Kansas,  was  formed  into  the 
Vicariate  Apostolic  of  Nebraska. 

Progress  then  was  rapid.  By  1859  Lawrence  had  its 
church  and  priest,  and  an  academy  under  the  Sisters  of 
Charity,  who  soon  had  another  academy  at  Leaven- 
worth. Atchison  had  St.  Benedict's  College  and  St. 
Scholastica's  Convent  of  Benedictine  nuns,  conducting 
an  academy  and  school.  In  May  Rev.  Mr.  Schach 
obtained  lots  at  Prairie  City  and  began  a  church  and 
school.  Atthecloseof  1860,  the  Vicariate  of  Kansas,  as 
it  had  come  to  be  called,  had  fifteen  priests,  sixteen 
churches,  and  two  in  progress,  the  Bishop  dedicating  in 
December  a  new  church  at  Atchison.  Even  during  the 
war,  which  did  not  spare  Kansas  in  its  ravages,  Catho- 
licity gained.  By  1804  the  Vicariate  had  twenty-five 
churches  and  a  hospital  and  orphan  asylum  at  Leaven- 
worth, directed  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  The  next 
year  Calced  Carmelites  were  laboring  with  Jesuit, 
Benedictine,  and  secular  priests.  Bishop  Miege  at- 
tended the  Second  Plenary  Council,  with  perhaps  the 
strangest  report  to  make  of  the  transformation  of  the 
district  confided  to  him. 


Ill 


I   III  I 

j  fji  I 


'  MoosmuUer,  "  St.  Viucenz  in  Peunsylvnnicn." 


HT.  REV.  JOUN  B.  LAMY,  FIU8T  UltiUOl'  OF  8A^'TA  FE, 


CHAPTER  X. 

DIOCESE  OF  SANTA  FE. 
RT.  BEV.  JOHN  B.  LAMY,  FIU8T  BISHOP,   1863-1866. 

The  condition  of  Bishop  Lamy  as  Vicar  Apostolic 
was  one  of  difficulty  :  his  powers  were  limited,  the 
diocese  of  Uurango  had  not  been  canonically  divided. 
He  saw  many  evils  to  redress,  but  did  not  act  rashly. 
On  some  points  he  insisted  :  one  was  that  mass  should 
be  said  every  Sunday  and  holiday  in  the  parish  church 
crone  of  the  authorized  chapels,  so  as  to  afford  the 
faithful  an  opportunity  of  fulfilling  their  duty.  The 
other  point  was  that  the  excessive  fees  demanded  for 
marriages,  baptisms,  and  burials,  should  be  reduced, 
as  they  were  far  in  excess  of  even  the  amounts  allowed 
by  the  old  arancels.  The  Mexican  priests  assembled 
and  threatened  to  lay  their  grievances  before  the  Bishop 
of  Durango,  and  even  to  appeal  to  Rome.'  The  leader 
in  the  opposition  was  Very  Rev.  Juan  Felipe  Ortiz, 
who,  as  Vicar-General,  had  been  almost  absolute. 
When  Bishop  Lamy  proposed  to  divide  the  parish  of 
Santa  Fe,  and  erect  new  churches  for  the  convenience 
of  the  faithful,  Ortiz  claimed  to  be  parochus  proprius, 
and  set  out  for  Durango.  Meanwhile,  Bishop  Lamy 
endeavored,  by  sermons  and  instructions  in  the 
churches  and  by  catechizing  the  young,  to  infuse  a 

'  One  of  the  suspended  priests,  Onllegos,  contrived  to  have  himself 
returned  as  delegate  to  Congress,  but  Mr.  Otero  was  declared  the  legal 
delegate.  Freeman's  Journal,  Nov.  23,  1853  ;  Detroit  Catli.  Vindi- 
cator, .Julj-  29,  1856.  Before  it  was  decided,  Oallegos  attacked  Bishop 
Lamy  in  a  speech  to  the  IIou.se, 

fiot 


ft"  '    1  IE  cHtinr/r  rx  the  united  states. 

Wnowlet  'g«  and  love  fut  religion  into  tin?  imm.jiI...'    Uo 
laid  the  v.  .mlltion  of  tlie  viourl»te  before  the  Propa 
gan.la  in  his  letter  of  July  Jil,  lem  ;  and  in  tiie  antiunn 
set  out  for  Jl(,me,  leaving  the  vicarlalc  in  the  care  of 
Vi>ry  Rev.  .1.  P.  M.  "hebd-uf.  V.U.     The  dilllenlties  had 
already  been  considered  lit  i^^.ine,  and  the  diocese  u[ 
[Mir.wgo  was  formally  divldt  ',  New  Mexico  erected 
into  i.  (lioce.se,  with  Santa  Fe  as  the  see,  to  whi<-h  Ut. 
Rev.    Or.   Iwjuny  was   transferred  July  21),  185;{.     n<) 
obtained  nn  encouragement  in  Europe,  and  se(Miredthe 
services  of  some  good  jjriests  and  seminarians.     On  his 
return  to  his  vicariate  in  1852,  he  took   with  him  a 
i'olony  „f  Sisters  of  Lor»'tto,  who  bravely  crossed  the 
plains,  although  their  Superior,  Mother  Mathilda,  died 
on   the   way  of  cholera,  an<l  another  of  the  I'leroic 
wome?i  was  .seized  with  the  .same  disea.se.     The  suffer- 
ings of  the.s.^  Sisters  are  unparalleled,  but  at  last,  in 
Septendvr,    after  cro.ssing  the   Cimarron,  they   wVre 
oheered  by  meeting  Very  Rev.  J,  P.  MachelxiMif  with 
a  party  .'oming  to  their  relief.    They  were  soon  in 
Santa  Fe,  establishing  their  convent  of  Our  Lady  of 
Light,  and  when  recruits  came,  they  oi.ened  schools  at 
Taos  and  ^fora.      The   Hishop,  on   hi.s  return  from 
Kurope,  again  cro.ssed  the  plains  with  his  priests,  and 
at  Willow  Springs  his  party  was  surpri.sed  by  a  visit 
from  a  bearded  stranger,  in  a  loose  linen  coa't  and  a 
gnn  on  his  shoulder.     To  their  comfort,  lie  addres.sed 
them  in  French,  asking  who  they  were,  and  at  last 
they  ventured  to  inquire  who  he  might  be.     Tie  replied 
with  a  smile  that  he  was  Hishop  Miege,  Vicar  Apos- 


'"Thi-  Mixicai.  pri.stM  who  niiiain  cinlmrrass  moic  tlniii  I  hey  serve 
lis.  The  jrrcat  inajoriiy  <>f  \U,-  \m,\)U'  behavo  well  ;  l)ui  we  nw>(i  a 
l^rcalir  inimlMT  of  zealous  pri.-sis  to  .uliivale  tli.-ir  )?oo,l  disposilion  ,.mH 
ii.ii.isUT  lo  Ihcin.  at  least  it.  ca^e  of  iKMc.sity."  Bi.sliop  Laiuy  to  Vuv 
Rt'v.  E.  Soriii,  Mar.  31,  IH.W. 


DIOCESE  OF  SANTA  Ft 


663 


folic  of  those  parts.  Bishop  Lamy,  who  wa  ,  absent 
from  tlie  camp,  soon  arrivt-d,  and  tlie  pui  ty  were  aij.'d 
with  joy.  One  priest,  Rev.  Mr.  Equillon,  wiih  badly 
Avonnded  by  the  premature  exposion  of  a  gun  during: 
this  journey,  but  he  would  not  remain  behind  for 
treatment.  The  party  reached  Santa  F6  ^^vember 
15,  18r)4. 

The  garrison  church  in  the  phiza  at  Santa  F6  had 
been  closed  since  184(5,  and  Bishoi)  I^uniy  obtained  of 
the  Holy  See  permission  to  disjjose  of  it ;  this  lie 
ultimately  did,  and  acquired  property  adjoining  tlie 
chiirch  of  San  Miguel.' 

A  religious  Order  for  educating  boys  was  needed, 
and  in  1858  Very  Rev,  Peter  Equillon  was  sent  to 
Europe,  and  succeeded  in  obtaining  four  Brothers  of 
the  Christian  Schools,  who,  crossing  the  plains,  reached 
Santa  F6  late  in  October,  1859,  and  on  the  22d  of  De- 
cember Brother  Hilarien  opened  a  day-school.  The 
old  building  assigned  to  them  was  repaired,  proper 
classrooms  erected,  and  the  neigliboring  church  of 
San  Miguel  repaired  and  improved.  This  was  the  be- 
ginning of  San  Miguel  College. 

The  Gadsden  purchase  in  1854  added  to  our  terri- 
tory the  southern  part  of  the  present  Territory  of 
Arizona,  including  the  towns  of  Tubac  and  Tucson. 
This  was  all  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Bishop 
Lamy,  who  in  1859  sent  Very  Rev.  J.  P.  Machebanif  to 
Tucson  to  revive  religion  there.  The  brave  priest 
nnderwent  many  hardships  and  dangers,  once  barely 
escaping  assassination.  There  was  no  church  in  Tuc- 
son, and  mass  was  said  in  a  private  house  till  a  rude 
chapel  was  erected.     Father  Donato,  an  Italian  Fran- 

'  Bishop  Lumy  to  Cardiiml  Barimbo.  Dec.  1.  18r)6  ;  Dcfouri,  "  His- 
torlcal  Sliftch  of  the  Catholic  Church  iu  New  Mexico,"  Sail  Francisco 
1W7. 


f'.V 


664 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ciscan,  laid  the  foundation  of  the  present  Cathedral  • 
and  in  1863  two  Jesuit  Fathers  undertook  the  mission' 
but  did  not  remain  long.  One  of  tliese.  Father 
Messea,  revived  Catholicity  at  the  splendid  old  church 


x^. 


^^. 


^ ^"-^    "•>. 


}^-^ 


' -^^--^  "^^^  7^:sf  •'-C"?  ^  _ 

CHURCU  OF  SAN  XAVIEH  DEL  BAC. 

of  San  Xavier  del  Bac,  of  wliicli  it  would  seem  Fatlier 
Balthasar  Carillo  laid  tlie  corner  stone  in  1783,  and 
which,  from  the  date  on  the  door,  was  completed  in 
1797  under  Father  Nicholas  Gutierres.  The  priests 
left  no  record  of  their  work,  but  the  grand  byzantii.e 
brick  church  stands  to  tliis  day,  a  monument  of  their 
architectural  skill,  i)atieuce.  and  energy.     The  orna- 


DIOCESE  OF  SANTA  FA 


665 


mental  parts,  and  the  statues  of  the  Twelve  Apostles 
were  works  of  art.  It  was  long  a  solitary  monument 
in  a  wilderness,  the  neighboring  inhabitants  having 
been  driven  off  by  hostile  Indians.'  ' 

The  expulsion  of  the  Spanish  friars  in  1828,  and  the 
ravages  of  the  Indians,  depopulated  the  country,,  but 
the  grand  church  of  San  Xavier  escaped.  The  juris- 
diction of  Bishop  Lamy  over  Arizona  was  not,  how- 
ever, undisputed  ;  the  Bishop  of  Durango  pretended 
tluit  the  decree  of  the  Holy  See  referred  to  the  villages 
only,  and  not  to  the  whole  district.  This  necessitated 
an  appeal  to  Rome  to  remove  all  doubt.  As  to  the  part 
previously  subject  to  him,  the  Bishop  of  Sonora  raised 
no  difficult3^» 

Meanwhile  New  Mexico  was  steadily  gaining  in 
priests,  and  in  educational  facilities.  Bishop  Lamy 
would  readily  have  done  more  for  the  Pueblo  Indians 
in  New  Mexico  and  the  Pimas  and  Papagos  in  Arizona, 
but  the  government  and  its  officials  neutralized  his 
efforts. 

In  18G0  Colorado  was  detached  from  the  Vicariate 
Apostolic  east  of  tlie  Rocky  Mountains  and  placed 
under  the  care  of  Bishop  Lamy,  who  sent  the  Very 
Rev.  J.  P.  MachebcDuf  to  Denver.  In  the  laborious 
mountain  traveling,  this  energetic  priest  met  with  an 
accident  which  lamed  him  for  life,  but  Denver  soon 
had  a  brick  church,  the  nucleus  of  a  future  diocese. 

When  Bishop  Lamy  liad  placed  zealous  clergymen 
in  his  parishes  and  saw  that  the  young  would  be  duly 
instructed  for  the  sacraments,  he  began  his  laborious 
visitations  to  the  settlements  and  Indian  pueblos. 


'  Hrief  Skctcli  of  the  ^lission  of  San  Xavier  del  Bnc,  with  a  descriptioa 
of  its  cliurcii,  San  Francisco,  1880. 

•'  Bisliop  Lamy  to  Cardinal  Barnabo,  Aug.  22,  1839.  Letter  of  BisLop 
Salpointe,  Oct.  1,  1874. 


•:b« 


il 


666       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

In  1861  Bishop  Lamy  set  out  for  St.  Louis  by  way  of 
Denver  to  attend  a  Provincial  Council,  only  to  find  that 
the  Civil  War  prevented  its  assembling.  Isolated  as 
IVTew  Mexico  was,  it  did  not  escape  some  active  mili- 
tary operations. 

Though  the  Territory  was  menaced  again  by  a  Con- 
federate force  from  Texas,  everything  went  on  peace- 
fully ;  the  churches  and  schools  were  increasing  in 
strength.  In  Arizoiia,  Tucson  was  growing  chiefly 
by  the  gathering  of  Mexicans  ;  Colorado,  besides  the 
church  at  Denver,  had  erected  others  at  Central  City 
and  Rio  de  las  Animas.  In  1865  he  could  report  to 
the  Propaganda  that  on  reaching  New  Mexico  he 
found  twenty  priests,  neglectful  and  extortionate, 
churches  in  ruins  and  no  schools,  he  had  now  thirty- 
seven  priests,  and  six  ecclesiastics  in  minor  orders 
soon  to  be  ordained,  had  built  forty-five  churches  and 
chapels,  holding  from  three  hundred  to  a  thousand 
persons,  repaired  eighteen  or  twenty  ;  that  he  had 
four  houses  of  Sisters  of  Loretto,  three  of  Brothers  of 
the  Christian  Doctrine,  all  prospering.  He  estimated 
the  Catholics  in  New  Mexico  at  one  hundred  thousand 
(nine  thousand  being  Pueblo  Indians);  in  Colorado, 
three  thousand  ;  in  Arizona,  five  thousand.' 

In  1800  Sisters  of  Charity  from  Cincinnati  opened  a 
hospital  and  asylum  in  Denver.  Bishop  Lamy  had 
received  the  year  before  twelve  young  ecclesiastics 
from  France,  some  of  whom  he  speedily  advanced  to 
the  priesthood.  Such  was  the  condition  of  the  dio- 
cese of  Santa  Vd  in  October,  1800,  wlien  Bishop  Lamy 
took  his  place  among  the  Fathers  of  the  Second 
Plenary  Council. 


'Bishop  Liimy  to  Curdiniil  Prefect,  Mch.  12,  1805. 


BOOK  XI. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 

MOST  BEV.  ANTHONY   BLANC,   FIRST  ABCHBISHOP,  1853-1860. 

Although  Louisiana  was  a  colony  settled  by  Catho- 
lics, and  in  which,  while  Territory  and  State,  their  in- 
fluence might  have  been  paramount,  there  was,  unfor- 
tunately, an  element  unfavorable  to  the  Church.  Fol- 
lowing the  example  of  some  Northern  States,  Louisiana 
adopted  a  public-school  system  which  excluded  reli- 
gion from  education.  Catholics  who  really  were  at- 
tached to  their  faith  formed  the  "  Incorporated  New 
Orleans  Catholic  Free-School  Association,"  for  the 
maintenance  of  religious  schools,  and  in  a  petition  to 
the  legislature,  January  29,  1853,  they  moderately  and 
temperately  asked  to  be  heard.  "  They  cannot  be  ac- 
cused of  hostility,"  they  said,  "  to  the  holy  cause  of 
education,  since,  on  the  contrary,  they  ask,  by  all 
means,  for  a  mode  of  reconciling  the  advantages  of  ed- 
ucation for  their  children  with  the  rights  and  duties 
of  their  conscience."  The  appeal  was  vain.  At  the 
North  the  party  hostile  to  Catholics  was  again  organ- 
izing, popularly  called  Know-nothings,  and  it  is  a 
strange  and  lamentable  fact  that  this  parly  received 
such  support  from  nominal  Catholics  in  Louisiana  that 
it  carried  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  and  threatened  to 
control  the  State.  Men  who  called  themselves  Catho- 
lics gave  strength  to  a  party  which  was  destroying  the 

667 


If 

'-  t 

■    I- 

!        1 

1 

1 

(k 

■  1"" 

:h 

t 

^' 


4  1 


668 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


lives  and  property  of  Catliolics  in  other  parts  of  the 
country. 

New  Orleans    was  desolated  by  yellow    fever  in 
1853  and  the  next  two  years,  Rev.  N.  Blin,  pastor  of 
St.  Augustine's  Church,  Rev.  G.  V.  Gautreaux,  of  St 
Marys    Father  Anthony  Parret,    S.    J.,    at    Baton 
Rouge,  Rev.  M.  Legendre,  of  Bonnet  Carre  :   Sisters 
Peregrina  Hower,  Catharine  AVilson,  Octavia  McPad- 
den,  Lina  Griffin,  swelling  the  roll  of  martyrs  of  char- 
ity in  1853  ;  with  Father  Salmon,  of  the  Holy  Cross 
Sister  Loretta  Carney,  in  1854  ;  Fathers  Plantazo  and 
Adams  in  1855.   Vicar-General  Rousselon  issued  acir 
cular  prescribing  public  prayers  for  the  cessation  of 
the  epidemic,  and  urging   the  faithful  by  alms  deeds 
to  seek  the  favor  of  God. 

Catholicity  had  an  English  organ  in  the  Southern 
.Journal,  uutler  the  editorship  of  E.  F.  Morehead   in 
18i)4.     Archbishop  Blanc,  toward  the  close  of  the  year 
proceeded  to  Rome,  and  was  i)resent  at  tlie  solemn 
dehnition  of  the  dogma  of  the  Immaculate  Conception 
on  the  Sth  of  December.     In  a  report  to  the  Propa- 
ganda, a   few  days  later,  he  described  his  diocese  as 
containing    forty-four    quasi-parishes,   eacli   with    -i 
church  and  one  or  two  priests,  and  a  residence  for  the 
clergy.    The  city  had  eighteen  churches.     The  diocese 
had  a  seminary,  under  the  Priests  of  the  Mission,  wirh 
an   average  of  nine   students.     Tiie   religious  Orders 
were  the  Jesuits, with  three  establishments.  Priests  of 
the  Mission,  with  three,  and  the  Redemptorists  with 
two.     The  Catliolic  population  was  made  up  of  Amer- 
icans of  French,   Irish,  or  American  origin,  French 
Irish,  Germans,  Spaniards,  and  Italians.    The  Catholic 
population  of  New  Orleans  was  estimated  at  05,000 
Distinctive  Catholic  schools  were  increasing      The  Ur- 
sulines.  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  Sisters  of  Charity 


I- 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 


669 


Sisters  of  the  Holy  Cross,  and  Tertiary  Carmelite  Sis- 
ters, were  all  doing  excellent  work.  Many  abuses  had 
crept  in,  especially  with  regard  to  marriage,  but,  as 
after  1844  he  had  been  able  to  erect  new  churches  with 
smaller  parochial  districts,  religion  had  gained  stead- 
ily, men  showing  more  respect  for  religion,  and  the 
frequentation  of  the  sacraments  increasing.' 

Adverse  as  the  times  were,  the  number  of  churches 
gained  ;  Trinity,  the  church  of  the  Redemptorist  Fath- 
ers,  and  the  Immaculate  Conception,  were  dedicated, 
as  well  as  churches  at  Gretna  and  Brashear  City, 
and  a  mission  was  begun  among  the  remnant  of  the 
Choctaw  nation,  who  still  lingered  in  Louisiana.  The 
great  poet,  Rev.  Adrien  Rouquette,  absolutely  identi- 
lied  himself  with  the  tribe,  and  to  the  end  of  his  life 
regularly  spent  a  part  of  each  year  with  them.' 

On  the  20th  of  January,  1856,  the  first  Council  of 
New  Orleans  met,  the  Most  Rev.  Anthony  Blanc  pre- 
siding; the  venerable  Rt.  Rev.  Michael  Portier,  Bishop 
of  Mobile  ;  Rt,  Rev.  John  M.  Odin,  Bishop  of  Galves- 
ton ;  Rt.  Rev.  Andrew  Byrne,  Bishop  of  Little  Rock; 
Rt.  Rev.  Augustus  Martin,  Bishop  of  Natchitoches, 
the  suffragans  who  took  part.  The  Superiors  of  the 
Conventual  Franciscans,  Jesuits,  Redemptorists,  Ob- 
lates,  and  Priests  of  the  Mission  were  also  present. 
The  decrees  promulgated  the  dogma  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception  of  tlie  Blessed  Virgin  ;  declared  the 
seven  Councils  of  Baltimore  to  be  in  force  in  the  prov- 
ince ;  proposed  rules  for  the  election  of  Bishops ; 
treated  of  holidays  of  obligation  ;  of  the  necessity  of 


'  Rapport  do  rArrlicvocpie  tie  lii  Xoiivcllc  Orleans  sur  I'etnt  de  son  die- 
<!^se ;  l{on>e,  Dee.  12,  1854.  CaUi.  Vindicator,  Sept.  3-17,  1853 ;  Free- 
inan'.s  Journal,  Feb.  19,  1853. 

"  Leader,  .Tune  10,  1855  ;  Vindical.ir,  Nov.  3,  1855  ;  Freeman's  Journal, 
Aug.  22,  1857,  Ai)l.  t>,  1859  ;  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  xvi.,  p.  273. 


i;  1. 

I     i 


H 


■1 


670       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

a  theological  seminary  for  the  province,  and  took  ac 
tion  m  regard  to  tlie  American  College  at  Rome     The 
other  decrees  related  to  general  points  of  discipline 
The  acts  of  the  Council   were   carried  to  Rome  bv 
Vicar-General  Rousselon.' 

An  indication  of  u  feeling  hostile  to  religion  is  seen 
111  a  warrant  issued  by  the  Mayor  of  New  Orleans  in 
November,  1850,  to  search  the  Charity  Hospital,  and 
in  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  Rev.  Mr.  Lavay."  In 
1858  the  diocese  was  again  visited  by  yellow  fever 

Archbishop  Blanc  continued  his  visitations  to  all 

parts  of  his  diocese,  notwithstanding  the  increasing 

inhrmities  of  age  and  severe  attacks  of  illness     He 

reached  his  episcopal  city  after  one  of  these  pastoral 

journeys  in  the  autumn  of  1858,  but,  in  stepping  from 

the  steamboat  to  the  dock,  his  foot  went  throuo-h  and 

he  fell,  breaking  both  bones  of  the  left  leg  above  the 

ankle.     He  was  not  only  incapacitated  for  a  time,  but 

though  the  bones  knit,  he  never  recovered  from  the 

shock  to  his  system.     On  his  recovery,  however  he 

resumed  his  usual  duties,  issuing  a  Jubilee  pastoral 

letter  to  exhort  the  faithful  to  endeavor,  bv  prayer 

and  the  sacraments,  to  avert  God's  anger  and  draw 

down  blessings  on  them.' 

At  the  close  of  the  year  1859    Archbishop  Blanc 

summoned  his  suffragans  to  meet  in  Provincial  Council. 
The  solemn  synod  oi)ened  on  the  2-2<\  day  of  January, 


'  Concilium  Neo-Aurcliunoiise    Provinciale   Primiini,  liabit.im  nnno 
1856.     Now  Orleans,  ISoT. 

Arclilasl,,,,,  Blanc  to  Cardinal  Fransoni.  Feb.  4, 1856.    For  the  pa.storal 
of  Uic  Council,  see  Freeman's  Journal,  Feb.  23, 1856  ;  Catli  Teleirrai)h 
Mch.  1,  1856.  *    '    ' 

■^Cath.  Telegraph.  Nov.   32,  IH.-iC;    Freeman's  Journal,  Jan.  9,  1858- 
Pittsburgh  Catholic,  .\iv.,  p.  35;). 
'Freeman's  Journal,  Oct.  !»,  Xov.  10,  1858. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 


671 


: 


I860,  but  just  before  the  second  solemn  session  the 
venerable  Metropolitan  was  taken  so  seriously  ill 
that  he  could  no  longer  attend  the  sessions,  though 
he  made  the  effort.  For  twelve  days  his  case  was 
very  critical,  but  he  rallied  and  apparently  recovered 
his  usual  health.' 

Notwithstanding  the  heat  he  began  visitations  in 
order  to  administer  confirmation.  On  the  17th  of  June 
he  confirmed  174  persons  at  Thibodeauxville,  and  the 
next  day  returned  to  New  Orleans.  Though  feeble  in 
health  since  his  last  severe  illness,  nothing  excited  any 
alarm.  On  Wednesday,  the  20th,  he  offered  the  holy 
sacrifice  and  proceeded  to  attend  to  his  correspond- 
ence. About  half-past  twelve  six  letters  were  brought 
from  the  post-office,  which  he  opened;  but  a  few  min- 
utes afterward  a  servant  heard  a  cry  of  pain  from 
the  Archbishop's  room.  She  ran  in  and  found  him 
speechless  on  his  bed.  Extreme  unction  was  admin- 
istered and  the  last  plenary  indulgence  given,  but 
before  the  clergy,  who  hastened  to  his  side,  completed 
reciting  the  prayers  for  a  departing  soul,  he  expired.* 

On  the  death  of  Archbishop  Blanc,  Very  Rev.  E. 
Rousselon,  who  had  been  Vicar-General  of  the  diocese 
for  twenty-two  years,  became  Administrator. 

MOST   REV.    JOHN  MABY    ODIN,    SECOND    ARCHBISHOP    OF   NEW 
ORLEANS,    1860-1866. 

The  promotion  of  Bishop  Odin  of  Galveston  to  the 
metropolitan  see  of  New  Orleans  was  strongly  urged  ; 
he  was,  however,  extremely  ojiposed  to  the  step.  "I 
am  already  sixty-one  years  old,"  he  wrote,  "and  I 
begin  to  feel  the  infirmities  of  age.      My  mind  is  no 

'  Letter  to  Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  Feb.  22,  1860,  Freeman's  Journal. 
'  Letters  to  Archbishop  Ecclcston,  New  Orleans,  Feb.  22,  June  27> 
1860. 


I 


i 


il  ■• 


I!!! 


MOST  IlKV.  J.  M.  ODl.N,  AUtUUISUOP  OF  NEW  OKLEAN8. 


DIOCESE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 


678 


longer  capable  of  intense  application.     New  Orleans 
needs  a  younger  and  more  active  Bishop.    The  ma- 
terial interests  of  Texas  will  suffer  by  my  departure.'" 
After  arranging  the  affairs  of  the  diocese  of  Gal- 
veston,  Bishop  Odin  addressed  a  touching  pastoral 
letter  to  liis  new  flock,  and  on  the  feast  of  Pentecost 
reached  New  Orleans,  where  he  was  duly  installed. 
The  Civil  War  had  already  begun,  and  the  country 
was  feverish  with  excitement.     The  pallium  brought 
from  Rome  by  Archbishop  Purcell  was  conveyed  to 
tlie  Archbishop-elect  by  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Raymond,  who 
had  gone  to  Ohio  to  escort  six  Ursuline  nuns  from  the 
convent  in  Brown  County  to  found  a  new  establisli- 
ment  in  Opelousas.     As  troops  were  raised  to  proceed 
to  the  seat  of  war  tlie  Archbishop  saw  that  all  Catholics 
were  duly  prepared  by  approaching  the  sacraments, 
and    that   as    far    as    possible    chaplains    attended 
them. 

As  the  war  proceeded  New  Orleans  was  taken,  and 
all  the  prudence  and  charity  of  the  Archbishop  were 
required.  An  earnest  upholder  of  discipline,  the  Most 
Rev.  Dr.  Odin  found  it  necessary  to  issue  regulations 
on  the  1st  of  January,  1863,  as  he  found  that 
great  recklessness  and  carelessness  had  prevailed  in 
the  temporal  management  of  churches,  so  that  in 
several  cases  he  was  compelled  to  assume  debts  in 
order  to  save  them  from  bankruptcy.  They  were  not 
favorably  received,  and  the  Archbishop  visited  Rome 
to  lay  the  whole  case  before  the  Sacred  Congregation 
de  Pj-opaganda  Fide.  His  course  was  sustained  in 
a  special  letter,  and  he  returned  to  his  see  in  the 
spring  of  1863,  announcing  to  his  clergy  the  Roman 
sanction  of  his  regulations.     It  was  not,'  however,  till 


•  Bishop  Odin  to  Archbisliop  Eccltstou,  Apl.  22,  1860. 


;  I 


\  'i 


674      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

some  time  later  that  by  his  charity  and  zeal  he  obtained 
the  cordial  support  he  desired.' 

Meanwhile  the  Archbishop  ordered  prayers  for 
peace,  and  priests  and  Sisters  had  been  laboring  for 
the  spiritual  and  temporal  good  of  the  Catholics  and 
others  in  the  contending  armies;  but  this  devoteducss 
did  not  save  the  shrines  of  religion  from  profanation. 
The  church  at  Pointe  Coupee  was  rilled  and  i)ro- 
fr.ned  by  men  from  Farngut's  ileel,  and  Kev.  Ui\ 
Mittelbron  kept  as  a  prisoner.' 

The  war  did  not  check  Archbishop  Odin's  zeal  to 
give  his  tlock  all  spiritual  aid.  Ilis  api  .'als  to  Euroi)e 
were  not  nnheeiled,  and  in  April,  18():J,  a  miml)er  of 
seminarians  for  his  diocese  arrived  with  liishop 
Dubuis,  who  brought  over  also  five  Ursuline  nuns  for 
New  Orleans.' 

As  far  as  military  lines  would  permit  him,  Arch- 
bishop Odin  visited  his  diocese,  counseling  li.  private, 
and  in  pastoral  letters,  self-control,  patience,  and 
charity.  Undeterred  by  difficulties  and  the  condition 
of  the  times,  he  began  the  erection  of  needed  churches 
and  schools.' 


'  Lettro  Circulaire,  Jan.  1,  1862 ;  Petition  du  Clcrgu,  June  !8.  1803; 
Arclit)lsliop  Odin  to  Cardinal  Prefect,  June  10.  July  ;j,  Nov.  '>i.  1863. 

U'ath.   Mirror,  Feb.  28,  Mdi.  7,  1803;  Calh.   Herald,   Aug.  0,  1802 
May  30,  1863  ;  Freenian'-s  Journal,  May,  23,  18G3. 

'  Catli.  Telejrraph,  May  30.  1863. 

«Pa.storal  Letters,   Catli.  Mirror,   Sept.  20,  1863;  Cirridar,   Meli.   18, 
1805  ;  Uuth.  Telegraph.  Aug.  24,  1804,  Mch.  8,  1865,  May  12, 1806. 


CHAPTER    TT. 

DIOCESE  OP  NATCHITOCHES. 

KT.  REV.  AUQUBTU8  MAUY  MAUTIN,  FIUHT  UIHUOP,  1853-1866. 

The  Holy  See  on  tlie  29th  of  July,  185:3,  divirled  the 
diocese  of  New  Orleans,  which  Jit  the  time  embraced 
all  Louisiana,  and  establishing  an  episcopal  see  at 
Natchitoches,  formed  all  that  part  of  the  State  be- 
tween the  thirty-lirst  and  thirty-third  degrees  into  a 
new  diocese,  together  with  the  parish  of  Avoyelles. 
The  district  contained  about  twenty-live  thousand 
Catholics,  chiefly  a  rural  population,  but  there  were 
only  seven  churches  and  live  priests.  A  convent  of 
the  Sacred  Heart  at  Natchitoches  was  the  only  relig- 
ious institution  in  the  diocese. 

The  clergyman  selected  as  Bishop  of  this  diocese 
was  a  Breton  priest  who  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1339,  to  labor  in  the  diocese  of  Bishop  de  la  Ilailan- 
diere,  and  was  for  a  time  al;  the  Cathedral  of  Mn- 
cennes.  Requiring  a  milder  climate,  lie  went  to 
Louisiana,  and  took  charge  of  St.  Martin's  Church, 
in  the  Attakapas  district.  He  was  subsequently  ap- 
l)ointed  to  St.  James'  parish,  East  Baton  Rouge,  and 
subsequently  Vicar-General  at  Natchitoches.  AVhen 
the  Plenary  Council  recommended  the  erection  of  the 
new  see,  his  name  was  sent  on  to  Rome,  and  he  was 
elected  Bishop,  .luly  20,  18;");}.  He  was  consecrated  at 
New  Orleans  by  Archbishop  Blanc,  on  the  ;3()th  of 
November,  assisted  by  Bishops  Portier  of  Mobile 
and  Van  de  Velde  of  Natchez. 

When  he  received  the  official  announcement  of  his 

era 


v:\\\i 


'If 


i 


!^:^ ; 


■f ; 


670      THE  CHURCH  IN  TUK  UNITED  STATES. 

election  to  the  8e«  of  Nulciliitoclitvs,  Uhv.  Mr  Martin 
saw  .tlie  district  ravaged  by  yellow  fover.  Alexaii 
dria,  Slireveport,  and  Cloutierville  suffered  severelv 
and  tiiree  priests,  Rev.  Mr.  Feguri  of  Alexan.lria,  Qny 
of  Cloutierville,  and  Dicluirry  of  Natchitoches,  whii;. 
attending  the  sick,  were  themselves  seized  with  th« 
terrible  disease.' 

Bishop  Martin  set  to  worlt  at  once  zealously  to  re 
Vive  religion,  see  that   the  young  and  the  negroes 
were  properly  instructed,  and  put  religion  (.n  a  soli.l 
basis.      Leaving  his  diocese  in  the  care  of  the  Rev  J 
J.  Duffo,  S.  .J.,  he  proceeded  to  Euroi)e  to  obtain  the 
priests  and  religious  needed  for  his  work,  returning  in 

T'Sr  n??**'  '"'"'  '''"'''^'  i^"^'«^«  ''"^  seminarians. 

In  1855  Bishop  Martin  answered  the  charges  made  by 
Know-nothing  orators  and  pamphleteers,  and  showed 
tliat  the  Church  did  not  recpiire  civil  obedience  to  the 
I  ope  that  no  Poi)e  claimed  it,  that  the  Church  did 
not  claim  any  right  in  lier  clergy  to  direct  the  faith- 
ful in  political  matters.  lie  showed  that  where  proo- 
erty  was  held  by  Bishops  it  was  simply  in  trust,  that 
oaths  were  binding  on  Catholics,  and  that  no  one  wh„ 
was  not  obedient  to  just  laws  of  his  country  was 
deemed  by  the  Church  a  good  citizen.'  The  result 
was  gratifying. 

Old  churches  were  soon  restored,  and  new  cliurches 
were  established    at  Vieille  Riviere,  Bayou   Pierre 
Avoyelle,  and  Minden.     Active  priests  were  attend- 
ing the  congregations  and  visiting  dependent  stations 
The  Daughters  of  the  Cross   founded  the  Convent 
and    Academy    of   the   Presentation    at    Avoyelles 


'  M.trop<,li(a„.  iii..  p.  71  .  Frecmftns  Journal.  Nov.  30.  1853  •  1866 
Cnfh.  Mirror  ;  Detroit  VimHrator,  Nov.  17,  IH-W.  ' 

•Bishop  Murtiu,  iu  Detroit  CuUi.  Vindicator,  .Vov.  10,  1855. 


DTOCESE  OF  NATCHITOCHES. 


677 


nnd  opened  a  scliool  ut  He  Brevei.j.  New  life  \va«» 
itifused  into  the  lUocese.  By  1857,  Buyou  Cye  had. 
its  Church  of  St.  iMh'hael,  from  which  Spanisli  mio- 
sions,  relics  of  the  old  Texas  work,  were  attended. 
There  were  now  clmrches  at  Bayou  des  Ghiises, 
Kitchaye,  Shrevejx.it,  and  Adayes  or  Spanishtown. 
St.  Joseph's  College  was  established  at  Natchitoches 
in  1850,  with  Kev.  J.  P.  BeJlier  as  president.  Then 
Montgomery  had  a  church,  and  a  school  opened  at 
Alexandria.  If  his  tlock  increased  slowly,  religion 
was  making  rapid  progress,  the  Jubilee  of  1858  pro- 
ducing happy  results. 

This  was  the  encouraging  condition  of  the  diocese 
when  the  Civil  War  came. 


!l 


lllillti 


CHAPTER  III. 
DIOCESE  OF  LITTLE  ROCK. 

RT.  BEV.  ANDREW  BYRNE,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1853-1862. 

In  a  diocese  where  small  clusters  of  Catholics  were 
scattered  over  a  large  State,  and  with  little  immigra- 
tion, progress  was  slow,  and  Bishop  Byrne  with  all  his 
zeal  found  from  time  to  time  long-neglected  Catholics  ; 
at  Fogle  settlement  he  discovered  in  1853,  thirty-six 
Catholics  who  had  not  seen  a  priest  for  thirty-seven 
years,  and  who  had  made  no  effort  to  seek  one. 

In  April,  1853,  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  founded  St. 
Anne's  Convent  at  Fort  Smith,  and  soon  after  a  new 
church  was  commenced  at  that  place,  the  congregation 
having  increased  to  more  than  four  hundred  ;  but  at 
the  ancient  French  settlement.  The  Post  of  Arkansas, 
the  Catholics  lost  their  church  by  a  tornado  in  1866. 
That  year  Bishop  Byrne  attended  the  Provincial 
Council  of  New  Orleans,  honored  and  respected  by 
all. 

The  old  prejudice  against  Catholic  institutions  was 
shown  at  Fort  Smith,  where,  without  notice,  an  unnec- 
essary road  was  opened  through  the  grounds  of  the 
Sisters  of  Mercy,  cutting  it  up  into  irregular  strips, 
destroying  their  fences,  and  entailing  a  loss  of  their 
cows.  A  meeting  of  sympathy  was  held  in  February, 
1857,  which  Bishop  Byrne  attended,  although  in  feeble 
health  and  still  suffering  from  an  illness  which  had 
prostrated  him  for  five  months.  The  Bishop  of  Little 
Rock  had  but  a  handful  of  priests,  and  the  death  of 

678 


DIOCESE  OF  LITTLE  ROCK. 


679 


the  Rev.  E.  Corcoran  and  Rev.  Jolin  Whelan,  about 
this  time,  was  a  severe  blow  to  his  diocese. 

Yet  lie  was  never  discouraged.  Coolnel  Creed  Taylor, 
a  convert,  gave  twenty-one  lots  at  Napoleon,  on  the 
Mississippi,  where  Rev.  L.  Smith  erected  a  church  at 
a  c(>st  of  three  thousand  dollars.  Near  Helena,  Mrs. 
Robb  embraced  the  faith,  and  her  plantation  was  reg- 
ularly visited.  At  an  Irish  settlement  which  had 
grown  up  near  Little  Rock,  a  church  was  begun  in 
honor  of  the  Immaculate  Conception.  In  1858  the 
zealous  Sisters  of  Mercy  opened  a  school  at  Helena. 
Protestant  and  Catholic  bore  tribute  to  the  excellent 
training  given  by  the  daughters  of  Catharine  McAuley, 
and  on  the  growth  of  their  schools  Bishop  Byrne  buiit 
his  main  hopes  of  future  progress. 

At  the  beginning  of  1861  the  diocese  of  Little  Rock 
had  but  nine  priests  and  eleven  churches,  but  the 
Civil  War  came  to  involve  the  State  of  Arkansas  in 
turmoil  and  confusion,  sanguinary  battles  being  fought 
on  its  soil.  Bishop  Byrne  did  not  long  survive  ;  his 
health  had  been  failing,  and  he  died  at  Helena  on  the 
10th  of  June,  1862. 

BT.  REV.   EDWARD   FITZ   GERALD,  SECOND  BISHOP,  1867. 

The  troubled  condition  of  the  country  and  the  diffi- 
cult communication  delayed  the  appointment  of  a 
successor  to  Rt.  Rev.  Andrew  Byrne.  But  after  the 
close  of  the  war,  bulls  arrived  in  1866  appointing  Rev. 
Edward  Fitz  Gerald  of  Columbus,  O.,  to  the  see. 
He  made  the  sacrifice  and  was  consecrated  February 
3,  1867,  to  find  but  five  priests  in  the  diocese  and  three 
houses  of  Sisters  of  Mercy.' 

'Metropolitan  i.-vii.;  Freemnn's  Journnl,  Apl.  4,  1857-1863;  Calh. 
Mirror,  .Inn.  36,  1861 ;  July  19,  1862,  June  23,  1866  ;  Cath.  Telegraph, 
.Sept.  17,  1862. 


[CHAPTER  IV. 
DIOCESE  OF  NATCHEZ. 

RT.  BEV.  JAMES  OLIVER  VAN  DE   VELDE,  SECOND  BISHOP 

1853-1855.  ' 

*     When  Bishop  Van  de  Velde  was  transferred  from 
Chicago  to  the  see  of  Natchez  on  the  29th  of  July 
1853,  lie  proceeded  to  that  city  in  November,  where  he 
was  warmly  welcomed,  having  in  foimer  years  given 
missions  there  with  great  fruit.     The  diocese  was  af- 
flicted ;  the  church,  priest's  house,  and  school  at  Jack- 
son had  fallen  a  prey  to  the  flames,  yellow  fever  pre- 
vailed, two  of  the  little  band  of  devoted  priests,  Rev. 
Mr.  Leray  and  Rev.  Mr.  Babonneau,  with  Sisters  of 
Mercy,  falling  victims  to  the  scourge.     Rev.  Andrew 
Fierabras,  priest  of  Port   Gibson,  labored  unflinch- 
ingly at  his  post  till  he  fell  a  victim.     Rev.  P.  Conr- 
jault  was  also  stricken  down.     Bishop  Van  de  Velde 
entered  at  once  on  his  duties  with  zeal,  and  labored 
earnestly  for  the  good  of  the  diocese,  but  his  admin- 
istration  was  to  be  brief:  on  the  23d  of  October,  ISoij, 
he  fell,  sustaining  a  compound  fracture  of  the  leg! 
While  under  treatment  for  this  injury  fever  set  im 
whicli  took  the  fatal  form  of  yellow  fever,  and  forti- 
fied with  all  the  sacraments  of  the  Church,'  he  expired 
piously  on  the  13th  of  November,  ISHC. 


'  Freeman's  .lournnl,  Oct.  3,  mn.  Uvr.  S,  1853  ;  Pitlsl),iish  Cutholic 
X..  pp,  243,  277  ;  xii.,  p.  289  ;  Metropolitan,  iii.,  p.  711  ;  Detroit  Catli' 
Vindicator,  Oct.  22.  18.W  ;  Ardibisliop  .Janssen's  "  Sketch  of  the  Catho^ 

Natchez,  1886,  pp.  22-23. 

GtiO 


lie  Church  in  tlieCity  of  Natchez,  ISIiss. 


: 

1  '( 


DIOCESE  OF  NATCHEZ. 


681 


ET.   REV.   WILLIAM  H.   ELDER,   THIRD  BISHOP,  1857-1866. 

To  wear  the  mitre  of  Natchez  after  the  death  of 
Bishop  Van  de  Velde  the  Pope  selected  Rev.  William 
Henry  Elder,  a  native  of  Baltimore,  born  in  that 
Catholic  city  in  1819.  From  his  early  days  he  looked 
forward  to  the  privilege  of  serving  God  in  his  sanctu- 
ary. As  a  child  he  was  eager  to  be  an  acolyte,  and  at 
the  First  Provincial  Council  of  Baltimore  bore  the 
mitre  of  one  of  the  prelates.  After  several  years 
spent  at  Mount  St.  Mary's  College,  Emmitsburgh,  he 
was  sent  to  Rome,  and  made  a  three  years'  theological 
course  in  the  College  of  the  Propaganda.  On  his  re- 
turn to  the  United  States  after  his  ordination  in  1846, 
he  became  one  of  the  faculty  at  Mount  St.  Mary's, 
as  professor  of  theology  and  director  of  the  ecclesias- 
tical students.  His  abilities  and  zeal  became  known 
to  many  of  the  Bishops  in  the  country,  and  he  was 
selected  on  the  9th  of  January,  1857,  for  the  poor  and 
difficult  diocese  of  Natchez.'  He  was  consecrated  on 
the  3d  of  May  in  the  Cathedral  of  his  native  city,  by 
Most.  Rev.-  Francis  Patrick  Kenrick,  the  assistants 
being  Rt.  Rev.  John  McGill,  Bishop  of  Richmond, 
and  Rt.  Rev.  James  F.  Wood,  Coadjutor  of  Phila- 
delphia. He  was  the  twelfth  Bishop  given  by  Mount 
St.  Mary's  to  the  hierarchy  of  the  United  States." 

On  the  15th  of  April,  1858,  Bishop  Elder,  after  ac- 
quiring a  knowledge  of  his  diocese,  convened  the  first 
Synod  of  Natchez,  which  was  attended  by  twelve 
priests.     The  statutes,  nine  in  number,  promulgated 


li! 


'  The  poverty  of  the  diocese  may  be  inlerred  from  this  extract  from  a 
letter  of  Uev.  N.  Miale  to  Rev.  J.  M.  Fiiiotli  iu  1873  :  "  I  have  a  crosier 
for  you  ;  it  is  a  wooden  one  made  in  llie  country.  It  served  ut  a  pontifl- 
<iit  Mass  once.  Bisliop  Chanche  had  a  better  one,  because  it  was  covered 
witii  gilt  paper." 

»  Freeman's  Journal,  May  9,  18o7  ;  Cath.  Herald,  xxv.,  p.  147. 


CS3 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


the  decrees  of  the  Baltimore  councils,  regulated  the 
dress  of  the  clergy,  required  annual  statements  of  the 
financial  condition  of  each  church,  and  urged  collec 
tionsfor  the  maintenance  of  the  Bishop  and  for  the  sup 
port  of  seminaries  and  orphans.  The  Association  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Faith  was  strongly  commended, 
ecclesiastical  conferences  were  established,  and  a 
prayer  for  the  increase  of  the  clergy,  for  which  he  had 
obtained  inuulgences,  was  strongly  commended  ■  His 
pastoral  letter  impressed  on  the  faithful  the  necessity 
of  contributing  to  the  diocesan  wants. 

Laboring  to  increase  the  churches  of  his  diocese  he 
was  soon  able  to  dedicate  one  at  Pascagoula  knd 
another  at  Canton.  In  the  autumn  he  proclaimed  the 
Jubilee.' 

Writing  in  1858  to  the  President  of  All  Hallows'  Col 
lege,  he  spoke  of  his  diocese  :  "  We  are  sadly  in  want 
of  priests.     For  more  than  half  a  million  of  souls 
there  are  but  twelve  ministers  of  God's  word  and  dis- 
pensers of  His  sacred  mysteries.     To  be  sure,  only  a 
small  part  of  that  half  million  are  Catholics,  but  they 

are  scattered  over  fifty  tliousand  square  miles 

lu  five  places,  now,  they  are  ready  to  build  churches,' 
if  only  they  had  priests  to  push  on  the  work.  The 
first  person  of  the  diocese  that  I  saw,  after  my  conse- 
cration, was  a  Protestant  gentleman,  who  trav.Oed 
thirty  miles  on  purpose  to  urge  me  to  send  a  priest  to 
the  neighborhood  of  his  residence." 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year  he  completed  his  Ca- 
thedral, which  was  solemnly  dedicated  by  the  Most 

'  Synodus  Din>ce.snna  Nntchctfiisls  prima,  habii-v  ab  illmo  et  rmo 
GuliHn.o  n,.,iriro  Kldcr,  Epismpo  Xnlcl.elensi,  Iiebdoinada  sccunda 
post  rasclin  anno  IH.IH.     Xpw  Orleans,  18,58. 

'  Freciiiaii's  .louriml.  .June  5,  Nov.  13. 1858  ;  Melropolitan  vi    p  7H  • 
Catb.  Mirror,  June  16,  1860.  ' 


DIOCESE  OF  NATCHEZ. 


683 


Rev,  Archbishop  Blanc,  to  the  pious  gratification  of 
his  clergy  and  people,  who  saw  the  diocese  at  last 
possess  a  Cathedral  able  to  accommodate  a  thousand 
people.' 

Vicksburg  showed  a  greater  increase  of  Catholicity 
than  any  other  city,  and  here  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  on 
the  22d  of  October,  1800,  opened  a  convent  school  in 
a  most  eligible  part  of  the  city,  but  work  of  a  different 
order  soon  api)ealed  to  Lheir  charity. 

Civil  War  came,  and  Bisliop  Elder  urged  all  to 
prayer,  directing  the  prayer  "Pro  quacumque  neces- 
sitate" to  be  recited  daily  at  mass.'  His  priests  were 
few,  but  they  responded  to  the  call  for  service  in  the 
armies  and  hospitals.  Rev.  Ghislain  Boheme  died 
attending  the  soldiers  in  Virginia,  and  Rev.  Basil  Elia 
from  disease  contracted  in  the  United  States  camps 
before  Vickburg.  Yet  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  who,  in 
1802  went  to  serve  in  the  hospitals,  on  their  return  in 
1804,  could  not  reoccupy  their  convent,  which  General 
Slocum  refused  to  give  up  to  them. 

For  a  time  Bishop  Elder  and  his  clergy  were  not  mo- 
lested m  their  sacred  functions,  but  on  the  28th  of 
June,  1804,  Colonel  Farrar  ordered  prayers  for  the 
President  of  the  United  States  to  be  said  in  all  the 
churches.  "I  have  declined,  as  gently  as  I  could,  but 
positively,"  wrote  Bisliop  Elder.  "I  have  claimed  the 
l^rotection  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  I  refuse  to  admit 
that  anyone  has  a  right  to  dire'jt  what  prayers  I  must 
offer  to  God."  By  his  order  of  July  22, 1804,  General 
Brayman  expelled  Bishop  Elder  from  the  lines  of  the 
United  States,  and  directed  the  Provost  Marshal  to 
take  possession  of  St.  Mary's  Cathedral,  and  all  other 

'  LeUer.  Feb.  11.  1858,  Cath.  Mirror,  March  13.  Sept.  10,  1859. 
Mb.,  Nov.  17,  1860  ;  IJishop  Elder,  Circulars,  Nov.  25,  1860,  Jan.  20. 
1861. 


11); 


lilt 


684 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


houses  or  places  of  worship  within  his  command  in 
which  a  prayer  for  the  President  of  the  United  States 
was  not  read.' 

Tlie  Bishop  was  then  sent  to  Vidalia  and  ordered  to 
report  daily  to  the  Provost  Marshal.  "  His  departure 
from  Natchez  was  attended  with  moving  scenes.  All 
the  ladies,  Catholic  and  Protestant,  and  most  of  the 
men  accompanied  him  with  tears  and  sobs  to  the  river 

wl^t:  bISp  or  '^  ^^'  ^"'  '-'''^  ^'^  ^^-^"^^ '^ 
Before  September  he  was  allowed  to  return  to 
Natchez,  but  could  scarcely  find  means  to  buy  neces- 
sary  proymons.  In  November  he  obtained  a  pass  to 
visit  Vicksburg,  and  in  time  to  cross  the  lines 

When  the  war  ended  his  diocese  was  desolate.    At 
Jackson,  church,  residence,  school,  and  vestments  had 
as  we  have  seen,  been  destroyed  by  fire.     Missions 
which  had  supported  resident  priests  were  destitute. 
St.  Stanislaus'  College  at  Bay  St.  Ixjuis  had  been 
closed,  and  the  Brothers- were  teaching  in  Natchez 
\  efc  without  resources,  he  felt  the  necessity  of  erectinf^ 
a  schoolhouse  and  asylum.    Terribly   as  Vicksburg 
had  suffered  during  the  siege,  it  had,  in  1865,  tlie 
Jargest,  most  active  and  growing  congregation,  and  was 
ripe  for  many  good  works.     Bishop  Elder  issued  a 
pastoral  letter  on  the  death  of  President  Lincoln,  and 
later  in  the  year  spoke  stroP.gly  against  Freemasonry. 
The  year  1866  found  him  so  hopeful  that  he  solicited 
Bi-others  and  Sisters  for  educational  work,  and  on  the 

ri  ^\'^""®  ^^^^  tlie  corner  stone  of  a  Catholic  college 
at  Natchez.'  ^ 


'  Letters  to  Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  July  23  24  1864        '  ~ 

'Bishop  Elder.  Letters.  Nov.  20. 1864,  Feb.  24.  Jan.  27.  Aujr  17  1866 
Mch.  8,  1866;  Cath.  Mirror,  Aug.  20.  1864.  Aug  11,  1866 


CHAPTER  V. 

DIOCESE  OF  MOBILE. 
ET.  REV.  MICHAEL  PORTIEit,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1882-1859. 

The  school  question  pervaded  the  whole  country, 
and  everywhere  the  design  seemed  to  be  to  make  the 
public  schools  such  that  Catholics  could  not  attend 
them  without  danger  of  perversion.  In  Mobile, 
Bishop  Portier  and  Rev.  J.  McGarahan  for  the 
Catholics  petitioned  for  an  equal  appropriation  for 
the  free  schools  which  they  maintained,  appealing  to 
the  better  and  upright  feelings  of  their  fellow-citi- 
citizens,  but  the  authorities  were  inexorable. 

In  August  the  yellow  fever  broke  out  in  Mobile. 
The  City  Hospital  had  been  for  two  years  directed  by 
seven  Sisters  of  Charity  ;  they  heroically  attended 
the  sick  in  the  crowded  wards,  two  taking  the  disease, 
and  Sister  Flavia,  who  came  from  the  Orphan  Asy- 
lum, dying  in  her  holy  work.  Rev.  P.  McMahon  and 
the  German  Jesuit,  Father  Prachensky,  were  also 
prostrated,  the  former  dying.  It  will  hardly  be  cred- 
ited, yet  in  another  year,  as  the  Know-nothing  feel- 
ing giew,'  the  Sisters  were  compelled  to  withdraw 
from  the  City  Hospital,  but  steps  were  immediately 
taken  to  establish  a  Catholic  infirmary. 

A  serious  loss  befell  the  diocese  on  the  8th  of  May, 
1854,  when  the  convent  and  chapel  of  the  Visitation 
Sisters  was  destroyed  by  a  fire  which  broke  out  at 
night ;  providentially  the  nuns  and  their  pupils  all 

'  A  more  serious  iudicalion  whs  the  murderous  iittack  on  Rev.  Mr. 
Niichou,  ttt  Dog  itiver. 

685 


686       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

escaped,  but  their  fine  academy  and  beautiful  Gothic 
chapel  were  in  ruins.  ^^^^n^ 

nf  K'^'^^n?'''''.'"''"'^*''^  ^""'^  ^'''^^  Provincial  Council 

Meanwhile  alittle  congregation  of  German  Catholics 
bad  gathered  at  Mobile,  who,  in  1858,  undertook  to 
erect  a  church  for  their  own  use 

The  long  episcopate  of  Bishop  Portier  was  drawino- 
to  a  c  ose.     In  the  spring  of  1S.-59  he  became  serious  y 

I  and  was  taken  to  the  Providence  Infirmary,  where 
^le  Sisters  lav  shed  all  care  upon  him.  Ardibisl  op 
Blanc  hastened  to  his  side,  till  seeing  him  much 
restored,  returned  to  New  Orleans,  but  the  next  day 

the  14  h  of  May,  of  dropsy.     He  was  interred  in  his 
residt"  ""'"'^  ^''^  ^^"^'""^  '''"''''^'  Archbishop  Blanc 
On  tlie  death  of  Bishop  Portier,  the  Archbishop  of 
iVew  Orleans  assumed  the  administration  of  the  dio- 
cese. ' 

BT.  REV.  JOHN  QUINLAN,  SECOND  BISHOP,  1859-1866. 

Before  the  close  of  the  year  a  successor  was  ai). 
pointed  to  the  venerable  Dr.  Portier,  in  the  person  of 
Kev.  John  Quinlan,  of  the  diocese  of  Cincinnati  a 
learned  and  zealous  priest,  born  at  Cloyne,  Ireland 
October  10,  1826.  He  was  educated  for  the  priest- 
hood at  Mount  St.  J\[ary\s  of  the  AVest,  and  after  mis- 
sionary work  at  Piqua  and  Cincinnati  was  made  Su- 
perior  of  the  College  and  Seininary  of  the  Cincinnati 

'  ArcLbishop  Blanc.  Letter.  M..y.  21.7859  ;  Frnoman's.TournarM;^ 
5.  law,  May  28, 1859  ;  Detroit  Vi.uii.a.or.  J„„e  2,  185,-, ;    M<.trop;,li,'„ 
li..  p.  324  ;  Cath.  Telegraph,  May  2H.  Nov.  12.  1859  ;  Pittsburgh  Catlio^ 
He,  xvj,.  p.  108;    Annals  of  the  Propagatijn  of  the  Faith,  x.vii     n 
3o4.  •  >   J'- 


DIOCESE  OF  MOBILE. 


687 


diocese,  \vheu  his  bulls  anived,  he  proceeded  to 
New  Orleans,  and  was  consecrated  in  the  Cathedral  of 
Si;.  Louis  by  Archbishop  Blanc  on  the  4th  of  Decem- 
ber, 1859.  He  was  then  duly  installed  in  the  Cathe- 
dral of  ^jJobile. 

Bishop  Quinlan,  thou^'h  coming  from  the  North, 
at  once  identilied  himself  with  his  diocese  and  his 
flock. 

After  ascertaining  the  condition  and  wants  of  his 
bishopric,  Rt.  Rev.  l)r.  Quinlan  proceeded  to  Europe, 
bearing  to  the  Holy  Father  the  collection  made  in  the 
diocese  of  Mobile.  He  brought  back  with  him  a  num- 
ber of  young  men,  pious  and  well  recommended, 
whose  mature  judgment  and  advanced  studies  made 
them  lit  to  receive  holy  orders  at  an  early  day.  Pope 
Pius  IX.  replied  in  fatherly  terms  to  the  address  of 
the  Catholics  presented  by  Bishop  Quinlan. 

In  his  pastoral  on  the  1st  of  January,  1861,  he  de- 
plored the  condition  of  the  country,  calling  for  ear- 
nest prayers,  commended  the  Association  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Faith,  and  the  orphans.  A  pastoral 
issued  on  Corpus  Christi  invited  his  clergy  and  people 
to  pray  for  peace. 

When  the  war  began  Pensacola  and  Mobile  were  in 
turn  invested  by  the  land  and  naval  forces  of  the 
United  States,  and  in  1862  the  churches  ai,  Pensacola 
and  Warrington  were  destroyed  by  tire.' 

In  the  month  of  November,  1861,  Bishop  Quinlan 
convened  a  synod  of  his  diocese  at  Spring  Hill  Col- 
lege  and  the  Church  of  St.  Joseph.  Twelve  priests 
attended,  six  others  being  prevented  by  canonical  rea- 
sons.     The  statutes  promulgated,  eight  in  number, 

•Cnth.  Mirror,  Dec.  24,  1859,  Aug.  1!),  1805  ;  Gunrdiiin,  Dec.  24, 1859  ; 
Cath.  Telegraph,  Dec.  3,  31,  1859  ;  Freeiuun's  Journal,  Feb.,  1861,  June. 
18G3. 


Hi 


€88 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


bore  almost  entirely  on  the  administration  of  the  sac 
raments.' 

The  clergy  labored  earnestly  to  mitigate  the  suf- 
ferings entailed  by  the  war,  and  Rev.  M.  F.  Tracy  of 
lluntsville,  was  assiduous  in  his  care  of  the  dHs- 
oners.  ^ 

In  ]866  the  diocese  lost  Very  Rev.  James  McGara- 
Imn,  who  had  been  for  thirty  years  the  prompter  of 
all  good  works  or  the  earnest  co-operator." 


lm^T^  *"[  "^^"/"'""^"'^'^  '^"""«-  men«e  Novembris.  anno  Domini 
1861.  c  cbratm      Montgon,ery.  1S02.   ThouKl.  termed  the  tirst.  one  l.ad 
been  beLlJan.  19.  1835.      Dc^etn  Hy„o,ii  M.,bilien.siB  Prima.  I    9a 
Januuni,  ISUr,  con^rrt.gala".     xXotre  Dame,  Ind    189<) 
'  Freeman's  Journal,  June  81, 1803;  Cath.  Mirror,  Aug.  19.  im. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

DIOCESE  OF  GALVESTON. 

RT.  REV.  JOHN  MARY  ODIN,  FIRST  BISHOP,  1868-1861. 

At  the  beginning  of  1853  Bishop  Odin  was  enlarg- 
ing  tlie  convent  academy  at  Galveston  and  erecting  a 
scliool  at  San  Antonio.  He  had  also  begun  a  theo- 
logical seminary  for  his  diocese,  of  which  the  Oblate 
Fathers  were  to  have  charge. 

The  Oblates  were  also  missioners  along  the  Trinity 
and  Sabine.  Under  Bishop  Odin's  zealous  encourage- 
ment the  Sisters  of  the  Incarnate  Word  began  their 
labors  at  Brownsville. 

On  aU  sides  there  was  a  want  of  churches,  want  of 
priests,  and  want  of  means.  Toward  the  close  of  1853 
the  Bishop  fell  and  injured  himself  so  as  to  be  scarce 
able  to  walk. 

He  had  zealous  priests  like  Rev.  Messrs.  Dubuis 
and  Chambodut.  Rev.  Mr.  Sheehan  had  by  hard 
sf niggle  built  a  church  at  Austin,'  dedicated  July  2, 
1H54,  but  others  soon  wearied  of  the  hardships. 
Among  these  was  Rev.  E.  Bomenech,  who  wrote  a 
volume  of  his  Texas  experience.' 

'  Bishop  Odlu  to  Arclibisbop  Blanc,  May  26 ;  Dec.  3,  31,  1853 ;  Mch., 
1854. 

»  He  abtindoncd  hi8  mission  at  Brownsville  without  permission  of  his 
BiOiop  and  went  to  Europe.  There  he  published  his  extravagant 
". Journal  d' un  Mi.s.siounaire  nu  Texas  ct  au  Mexique,"  Paris,  1857; 
"  Mi.sslonary  Adventures  in  Texas  and  Mexico,"  London,  1858.  He 
followed  this  by  another  work  based  on  the  government  reports  of  the 
I'aeitic  Ilailroad.  About  this  lime  I  was  interested  in  tracing  the  origin 
and  development  of  the  Micmac  hieroglyphics,  and  Father felix  Mar- 

(MO 


0!)()       THE  C/WIiCn  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Yellow  fever  visited  Oulveston  in  tlie  suuiiu.r  of 
ISrrS,  ami  in  six  we«ks  liisliop  O.liu  lost  live  priests 
and  one  snb-deacon-Uev.  Messrs.  Dixon,  Mattt.n 
IIi%  ODriscoll,  liiiudriuul,  jind  Mr.  Uayard— by  the 
scourge.  The  Hlshop  had  ordered  all  not  absolutely 
required  for  the  nnnistry  to  leave  the  city,  but  his 
letter  was  never  received.' 

The  influx  of  settlers  had  by  this  time  made  the 
division  of  the  vast  diocese  a  matter  of  deliberation 
ami  it  was  discussed  at  the  Provincial  Council  of  New 
Orleans,  which  Hishop  Odin  attended.     He  did  not 
however,  consider  that  the  time  had  yt-t  arrived. 

There  was,  of  course,  some  hostility,  as  the  Know- 
nothing  secret  society  was  active.  The  attemi)t  to 
burn  the  Ursuline  Convent  at  Galveston  in  .lanuary, 
ISfti,  may  be  traced  to  this  source. 

In  his  visitation  of  18:)5  JJishop  Odin  reached  Bra- 
zoria, wh»'re  Rev.  Mr.  Miller  was  building  a  church. 
At  San  Antonio  he  took  measures  to  construct  a  new- 
church.  He  also  visited  Castroville,  and  its  depen- 
dent chapels,  Pana  Maria,  where  the  Poles  had  a 
church  nearly  completed  under  the  zealous  guidance 
of  F.  I^opold,  O.  S.  F.,  of  Castroville.  At  Goliad 
he  bought  back  for  one  thousand  dollars  the  Catholic 
church,  which  had  been  seized.     He  saw  steps  taken 


tin,  S.  J.,  oallfd  my  nttcntion  to  a  curious  manuscript  in  the  Arsenal 
Library.  Paris.  I  wrote  to  sec  whellicr  1  could  obtain  ;i  copy  but  the 
cliarRc  bfinj;  hij;h  I  droppwl  tiie  .sul)j.(  t  Attention  was  druu  „  to  it 
however,  and  Abbe  Domenccli  jjrofessed  ,„  be  able  to  interpret  it.  His 
"  Livre  des  Sauvages  "  was  issual  at  tlie  cx|)cli8e  of  the  French  govern- 
nient,  but  wlicu  copies  rcaclie.!  Germany,  stud-nis  tliere  .liscovered  tliat 
it  was  full  of  words,  many  v»  ry  v.ilg.ir,  wriitm  in  bad  German.  v- 
ing  the  work  not  to  l)e  Indi:i  at  all.  A  priest  of  far  di  .Terent  cl.  ler 
had  previously  labored  at  Urowusville  till  his  health  failed,  Rev,  J.  J. 
Lynch,  C.  M.,  subsequently  Archlashop  of  Toronto, 
•Bishop  Odin  to  Archbishop  Blanc,  (>(  t.  10,  1853. 


DIOCESE  OF  GALVESTON. 


091 


nt  S.'in  Patricio  mikI  Corpus  Cliristi  to  tM'oct  chnrrhfa. 
Victoria,  wlu'iv  Mr.  .loim  Limi  set  jin  cxcellfiit  ex- 
ample, Imd  n  brick  churcii.  'i'iio  Obliite  Futliers  were 
lit  untold  hardships  visiting  the  country  between  tlie 
Nueces  and  the  Rio  Grande.'  Thrne  Fathers  and  a 
Rrofher  revived  the  mission  at  Brownsville  in  Septem- 
bt'r,  1852,  and  labored  to  revive  some  religion  in  the 
wretched  Mexican  population,  few  of  whom  had 
approached  tiie  sacraments  for  years  and  resisted  all 
appeals. 

Father  Verdet,  the  Superior,  laid  tlie  foundation  of 
a  brick  church  on  the  Cth  of  July,  1850,  which  was 
comph'ted  and  ojiened  June  12,  1859.  A  convenient 
rcsidencH  soon  rose  beside  it.  The  Sisters  of  the  In- 
carnatM  Word,  training  the  young  to  a  respect  and  love 
for  rt-ligion,  were  powerful  auxiliaries.  At  first  only 
thirty  or  forty  people  would  attend  mass,  but  the 
number  gradually  grew  till  the  church  was  fairly  filled. 
Besid«'s  Brownsville  the  Oblate  Fathers  had  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  ranches,  scattered  over  a  district  fifty- 
tive  miles  long,  where  they  said  mass.  This  required 
the  missioiuiries  to  be  constantly  in  the  saddle.' 

WhiU'  making  a  visitation  in  1857,  liishop  Odin, 
crossing  Lavaca  Bay  in  a  sailboat,  was  struck  by  the 
boom  and  knocked  overboard.  Death  seemed  inevi- 
table, and  he  could  not  <  uiin  how  he  contrived  to 
ke<'j)  so  long  above  tlie  water,  but  lie  was  finally 
rescued.* 

A  singularly  just  and  equitable  scho(,l  law  was 
passed  by  the  Texas  legislature,  February  5.   1858, 

'Letter of  Bishop  ((ilin,  Pittsburgh  Catholic,  xii.,  p.  361. 

*  Fiither  Gniitt' t  in  "Missions  do  la  Congrejiution  dcs  Mission  imires 
01)l;ilsile  M;>ric  ImmiiMilec,"  I'ari-i.  1804,  iii.,  pp.  4(J-73. 

'Bishop  Odin  lo  Arclibi.sliop  lilauc,  Sun  Antonio,  Aug.  23,  1857, 
Culh.  llnaid.  .\xv.,  p.  241. 


692 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


under  which  all  schools  giving  gratuitous  tuition  were 
entitled  to  share  in  the  school  fund.     Teachers  were 
to  be  examined  and  obtain  certificates  of  competency 
and  the  schools  were  to  be  visited  and  examined  bv  a 
board,  to  determine  the  proficiency  of  the  scholar  ind 
the  number  to  be  credited  to  each  school.'     Mean- 
while,  Rev.  Mr.  Dubuis  had  erected  a  fine  stone  church 
at  San  Antonio,  which  Bishop  Odin  dedicated  on  the 
feast  of  the  Assumption,  1858.     He  soon  after  blessed 
the  still  finer  one  of  the  Oblate  Fathers  at  Brownsville 
and  was  consoled  to  see  two  other  churches  opened.   ' 
In  June,  1858,  he  convened  a  synod  of  his  diocese 
which  closed  on  the  20th,  and  consoled  him  by  find- 
ing around  him  so  many  excellent  fellow-laborers. 
The  yellow  fever  was  soon  desolating  Galveston  and 
other  towns,  Rev.  Messrs.  de  Lustrac  and  Monnier, 
and  two  Sisters  of  the  Incarnate  Word  falling  victims! 
In  July  the  Bishop  made  an  extended  visitation  to 
the  Mexican  frontier,  and  even  crossed  it  to  adminis- 
ter confirmation  at  the  request  of  the  clergy  of  the 
neighboring  republic.    He  traveled  more  than  eighteen 
hundred  miles,  saying  mass  dailj%  and  preaching  sev- 
eral times  at  every  station.     In  this  apostolic  journey 
of  five  months,  he  confirmed  three  thousand  four  hun- 
dred and  fifteen  persons.* 

Rev.  Mr.  Borias,  missionary  at  Goliad  and  San  Pa- 
tricio,  had  excited  hostility  by  his  zeal.  He  was  bru- 
tally attacked  in  1856,  and  an  attempt  was  made  on 
his  life  in  1860  by  a  party  of  ruffians,  from  whose 
bullets  he  escaped  only  by  the  fleetness  of  his  horse.' 

'  Bishop  Odin  to  Propagation  of  the  Faith,  July  12,  1858.    AuuaU 
XX.,  11,  p.  386.     Freeman's  Journal,  Nov.  6,  1858. 

'  Cath.  Telegrapli,  Dec.  10.  1851). 

•  Freeman's  Journal,  Jan.  20, 1851);  Nov.  24, 1800.    Calh.  Mirror  Jan 
8,  1859. 


DIOCESE  OF  GALVESTON. 


69a 


The  German  Catholics  had  increased  in  different 
parts  of  Texas.  The  Benedictine  Fathers  took  charge 
of  the  mission  of  San  Jose  in  1860,  and  on  the  23d  of 
May  St.  Joseph's  Church  for  the  Germans  in  Galves- 
ton was  dedicated  by  the  Bishop.' 

Dr.  Odin,  on  a  visit  to  San  Antonio,  took  steps  ta 
restore  the  Church  of  St.  Mary's  Immaculate  Concep- 
tion, and  near  it  he  proposed  to  establish  an  orphan 
asylum  under  the  Brothers  of  Mary.* 

The  next  year,  to  his  regret,  Bishop  Odin  was  sum- 
moned from  the  field  where  he  had  labored  so  long, 
and  promoted  to  the  see  of  New  Orleans. 

BT.  REV.  CLAUDE  MARY  DUBIUS,  SECOND  BISHOP,  1862-1866. 

When  Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  Odin  was  transferred  to  New 
Orleans,  the  choice  for  the  second  Bishop  of  Galveston 
fell  on  Rev.  C.  M.  Dubuis,  an  old  and  experienced  Texas 
missioner.  He  was  born  in  France,  about  the  year 
1817,  and,  joining  Bishop  Odin  in  Texas,  was  stationed 
at  Castroville,  where  he  had  to  build,  with  his  own 
hands,  a  house  to  shelter  him.  He  shrunk  from  no 
danger,  and  though  others  sank  in  death  from  the 
deadly  fever,  or  obtained  other  missions,  he  would 
not  desert  his  post.  In  time  he  was  placed  at  San 
Antonio,  which  owes  much  of  its  religious  develop- 
ment to  his  energy  and  zeal. 

On  receiving  official  notice  of  his  appointment  a» 
successor  to  Bishop  Odin,  he  proceeded  to  Europe, 
aware  how  mucn  was  required  in  his  diocese.  He  was 
consecrated  on  the  23d  of  November,  1862,  in  the 
Seminary  Chapel  at  Lyons,  by  Arclibishop  Odin  of 
New  Orleans,  assisted  by  Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  Charbonnel, 
formerly  Bishop  of  Toronto,  and  the  Bishop  of  Val- 


Cath.  Mirror,  June  9,  1800. 


•  Cath.  Herald,  Dec.  22.  1860. 


694       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ence.  His  appeals  for  coadjutors  liad  not  been  un- 
availing; and  he  was  soon  able  to  sail  for  New  Or- 
leans with  twelve  seminarians  and  three  Sisters  of  the 
Incarnate  Word  for  Brownsville,  reaching  his  diocese 
in  April,  1803/ 

Meanwhile,  Brownsville  had  been  occupied  by  a 
United  States  army  under  General  Banks.  Their 
coming  caused  some  alarm;  but  the  numbers  of 
Catholic  soldiers  who  regularly  attended  mass  on 
Sundays  were  an  edifying  example  to  the  many  luke- 
warm Catholics  of  the  place.* 

The  Cathedral  in  Galveston  was  by  this  time  in 
great  need  of  repair— in  fact,  it  could  be  used  only  in 
fair  weather,  as  the  roof  allowed  heavy  rains  to  pour 
through." 

In  1864,  between  May  and  November,  Bishop  Dubuis 
made  a  visitation  of  his  diocese,  and  administered  con- 
firmation to  more  than  live  thousand  of  tlie  faithful.* 

As  soon  as  the  war  ended  the  Catholics  of  Texas 
took  new  life,  and  churches  were  begun  or  completed 
the  undertaking  seeming  hazardous  while  hostilities 
prevailed. 

^  Pearly  the  next  year  Bishop  Dubuis  again  visited 
Europe,  but  returned  to  take  part  in  the  deliberations 
of  the  Second  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore.  He 
could  report  tiiat  in  his  extensive  diocese  there  were 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  forty-four  priests,  fifty- 
hve  churches,  with  thirteen  colleges,  academies,  and 
schools. 


'  Cnth.  ]yrirror,  Mcli.  7,  18(i3. 

*Ciitli.  Telegraph,  Jan.  7,  1M03  ;  May  20,  1S((;}. 

»  .Vnnals  of  the  Pr()i.,(irati<.n  of  the  Faith,  .xxvii.,  p.  380. 

*Culh,  Telegraph.  May  25,  1864. 


BOOK  XII. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  OREGON  CITY. 

MOST  REV.  FRANCIS  NOEBERT  BLANCHET,  FIRST  ARCHBISHOP, 

1853-1866. 

At  the  commencement  of  this  period  the  diocese  of 
Oregon  City  had  a  church  with  resident  priest  at 
Oregon  City,  the  Dalles,  French  Prairie,  and  Portland, 
and  three  academies,  but  in  the  spring  the  Sisters  of 
Notre  Dame  from  Namur,  who  directed  one  of  these  at 
St.  Paul,  finding  the  population  decrease,  removed  to 
Calif 01  The  Jesuit  Fathers,  who  had  their  chief 

housr  ;  ench  Prairie,  went  to  Santa  Clara,  and,  in 
1854,  It  priest  began  his  mission  work  on  the  Yarnhill 
River  near  Dayton. 

The  church  at  Portland,  jn-oving  to  be  too  far  from 
the  main  body  of  the  Catholics,  and  ^  ohable 
only  by  a  difficult  trail  through  the  woods,  nas  moved 
to  a  more  convenient  position,  a  plot  of  four  lots,  in 
1854.  Surrounded  by  difficulties.  Archbishop  Blan- 
chet  set  out  September  2.  1855.  for  South  America, 
to  appeal  for  aid  to  the  Catholics  there,  and  did  not 
return  till  near  the  close  of  1857. 

The  Oblate  Fathers  of  Mary  Immaculate  had  begun 
a  mission  at  Wallawalla.  but  were  compelled,  in  1856, 
to  withdraw,  as  hostilities  prevented  all  further  prog- 
ress. 

In  1858  the  Church  of  St.  Patrick,  near  the  Grand 

(595 


1  ■ '  ». 


696 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Ronde,  due  to  the  eflforts  of  Rev.  Miles  O'Reilly,  was 
dedicated,  December  5,  and  St.  Joseph's  Church 
Jacksonville,  in  October,  showing  that  the  Catholic 
population  was  again  increasing.  Rev.  James  Croke 
of  Portland  visited  Scotsburg,  Winchester,  Eugene 
City,  and  Corvallis,  in  Southern  Oregon. 

Archbishop  Blanchet  visited  his  native  province  in 
18o9  to  obtain  aid  for  his  struggling  diocese.  He  set 
out  for  Oregon  in  September  with  five  priests  for  his 
diocese,  and  twelve  Sisters  of  the  Holy  Names  of  Jesus 
and  Mary,  a  Canadian  order  established  at  Longneuil 
who  were  to  open  an  academy  in  Portland,  and  who 
continue  their  labors  to  tliis  day. 

With  this  addition  to  his  clergy.  Archbishop 
Blanchet  soon  made  efforts  to  establish  a  mission  at 
the  Grand  Ronde  Reservation.  The  Sisters  of  the 
Holy  Names  met  with  great  success  in  their  academy, 
which  had  a  hundred  pupils,  and  they  i.ext  established 
a  house  at  Oregon  City. 

Before  long  Archbishop  Blanchet  was  able  to  have 
the  Catholic  Indians  on  the  AVarm  Springs  and  Grand 
Ronde  reservations  attended  by  Rev.  Messrs.  Mesplie 
and  Croquet. 

On  the  28th  of  March.  1861,  Archbishop  Blanchet 
and  Bishop  Blanchet  addressed  the  Pope,  expressing 
their  grief  at  the  sacrilegious  invasion  of  the  Papa" 
States  and  expressing  their  sympathy.  To  this  Pope 
Pius  IX.  replied  on  the  26th  of  June. 

Archbishop  Blanchet  obtained  a  report  ii?  favor  of 
his  claim  to  the  ground  <.n  which  St.  Peter's  Mission 
at  the  Dalles  of  the  Columbia  was  established  in  1848, 
but  the  affair  did  not  end  there.  A  new  church,  erected 
there,  was  blessed  in  1861,  as  well  as  St.  Mary's  at 
Corvallis. 
Though  he  had  reached  the  age  of  seventy,  the  Arch- 


DIOCESE  OF  OREGON  CITY. 


697 


bishop  of  Oregon  City  made  his  laborious  visitations, 
and  on  the  28th  of  October,  1861,  between  Scottsburg 
and  Likton,  was  thrown  from  his  vehicle  and  severely 
brnised.     His  cares  and  responsibilities  were  increased 
m  fact,  for  the  western  part  of  Idaho  Territory,  from 
Snake  River  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  between  the 
forty-second  and  forty-sixth  degrees,  was  placed  under 
his  care.     Settlers  were  entering  Idaho,  and  new  towns 
arising.     The  Archbishop  labored  to  meet  the  want 
During  the  year  1863  in  this  new  district,  St.  Joseph's 
Church  at  Idaho  City,  St.  Thomas's  Church  at  Placer- 
ville,  and  St.  Dominic's  Church  at  Centerville,  Idaho 
were  blessed,  and  on  the  25th  of  September,  1864, 
St.  Francis'  Church  at  Pioneer  City,  in  the  same  Terri- 
tory. 

There  was  less  to  encourage  in  Oregon  ;  several  Sis- 
ters of  the  Holy  Names  of  Jesus  and  Mary  who  came 
from  Canada  in  1863,  finding  it  impossible  to  found 
projected  establishments,  returned  to  Canada,  several 
bisters  of  Notre  Dame  leaving  Oregon  at  the  same  time 
tor  California. 

Yet  the  churches  were  increasing  ;  that  of  St.  John 
the  Evangelist,  at  Salem  ;  St.  Patrick's  Church  at 
Allen  Gulch,  and  St.  John  the  Baptist's,  at  Mil- 
waukee,  and  St.  Andrew's,  at  Canyon  City 
were  dedicated  in  1864.  The  Archbishop,  who  had 
removed  his  residence  to  Portland,  during  the  same 
year  completed  his  pro-cathedral. 

Archbishop  Blancliet  set  out  in  1866  for  his  long  jour- 
ney to  the  Second  Plenary  Council,  able  to  show  as 
the  fruit  of  his  long  and  devoted  exertion,  seventeen 
churches  in  his  diocese  and  fourteen  priests  laboring 
for  the  good  of  souls. 


CHAPTER  11. 

DIOCESE  OF  NESQUALLY. 
BT.  BEV.  A.  M.  A.  BLANCHET,  FIEST  BISHOP,  1853-1866. 

The  diocese  over  which  Bishop  Blanchet  presidetl 
was  one  of  the  poorest  and  least  progressive.  There 
was  very  little  immigration  from  the  other  States  or 
abroad,  and  in  1852  the  Catholic  population  consisted 
of  only  sixteen  hundred  whites  and  three  thousand 
four  hundred  Indian  converts.  The  only  churches 
were  the  Cathedral  of  St.  James,  at  Fort  Vancouver, 
St.  Francis  Xavier's,  on  Cowlitz  River,  a  church  at 
Steilakoom,  and  St.  Peter's,  at  the  Dalles,  with  several 
cliapels.  The  rest  were  temporary  chapels  in  the 
Indian  camps.  These  were  under  the  care  of  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  among  the  Coeur  d'Alenes  on  Spokane 
River;  under  Father  Ravalli,  who  had  erected  a  line 
church  among  the  Kettle  Fall  Indians  near  Colville, 
where  Father  Joset  made  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
three  converts  in  one  year,  and  among  the  Kalisjjels 
on  Flathead  River.  The  Oblates  of  Mary  Immaculate 
had  been  laboring  among  the  Yakamas  and  other 
tribes  near  Puget  Sound,  at  Olympia,  and  Steilakoom. 
The  most  important  of  these  was  the  mission  of  St. 
Ignatius,  founded  by  Fathers  Adrian,  Hoecken,  and 
J.  Menetry,  where  the  Jocko  reservation  was  afterward 
placed,  and  at  which  one  thousand  Kalispals.  Flat- 
heads,  Pend  d'Oreilles,  Xez  Perces,  and  Kootenajs 
were  already  Christians  or  catechumens,  attending  the 
large  and  tasteful  church. 

Louise  Sighouin,  of  the  Copur  d' Alone  tribe,  by  her 

6U8 


DIOCESE  OF  NESQUALLY. 


699 


sanctity  and  zeal,  exercised  the  greatest  influence  in 
her  tribe,  and  even  after  death  her  example  produced 
the  happiest  results.  Loyola,  chief,  of  the  Kalispels, 
almost  equaled  her  in  the  good  effected  by  his  ex- 
ample and  zeal.' 

About  this  time  Rev.  Mr.  Lionnet  began  a  mission 
among  the  Chinooks. 

On  Saturdays  the  wandering  Indians  of  Puget  Sound 
gathered  around  the  Oblate  Father  Chirouze's  chapel, 
a  rude  structure,  forty  feet  by  eighteen,  to  receive  in- 
structions and  prepare  to  keep  the  day  of  the  Lord, 
Similar  was  the  scene  at  the  mouth  of  the  Snohomish 
River,  where  Father  Darien,  O.  M.  L,  had  his  chapel. 

When  Washington  Territory  was  established  in  1853 
the  limits  of  the  diocese  of  Nesqually  were  made  to 
conform  to  it. 

Father  Hoecken,  in  1854,  began  a  new  mission  near 
Flathead  Lake,  and  prepared  to  evangelize  the  Black- 
feet.  Bishop  Blanchet,  visiting  these  missions,  con- 
firmed more  than  six  hundred.  The  Indians  under 
the  influence  of  the  Catholic  priests  were  all  friendly 
and  w':'!!  disposed  to  the  whites,  but  the  Oblate  Father 
Pandosy  discovered  among  the  pagan  bands  signs 
of  hostility.  At  the  risk  of  his  life,  he  frequently 
warned  the  civil  and  military  authorities,  and  made 
himself  so  obnoxious  to  the  discontented  Indians  that 
it  was  reported  that  he  had  been  killed  by  them.' 

The  Jesuit  Fathers  were  forced  to  abandon  the  Flat- 
head mission  of  St.  Mary's  for  a  time  ;  fur- trappers 


'De  Sniet,  "  New  Iiulinn  Sketches,"  New  York,  1863. 

-  Woodstock  Letters,  ix  ,  p.  98  ;  De  Smet,  "  Western  Missions  and 
Missionrtritc  "  p,  280  ;  Frecninu's  Journal.  Feb.  16-23,  1856  ;  Ronan, 
"  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Flathead  Indian  Nation,"  1813-1890,  Helena, 
1890  ;  Missions  de  la  Congregation  des  Missionuaires  Oblats  de  Marie 
Immaculee,  i.,  p.  93  ;  iii.,  p  90. 


700 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


and  traders  Imd  gathered  around,  leading  the  Indians 
into  gambling  and  debauchery.  Only  a  few  solid 
Christians  withstood  the  evils.  Father  Menetrey, 
in  July,  1857,  visited  them  and  by  his  earnest  dis- 
courses produced  a  reformation.' 

In  1858  the  pagan  and  Protestant  Indians  again 
gave  trouble,  but  the  Catholic  converts  remained 
peaceful.  A  Nez  Perce  said  that  the  Pend  d'Oreilles 
would  not  join  in  the  war  as  long  as  they  had  priests, 
but  that  they  meant  to  kill  them.  Father  Joset 
walked  up  to  the  man  and  said  :  "  Here  I  am !  strike 
me,"  and  holding  up  his  missionary's  cross  he  ex- 
claimed :  "Behold  my  medicine!  possessed  of  this  I 
do  not  fear  you."  But  for  the  devotion  of  a  Jesuit 
Father,  Colonel  Steptoe's  force  would  have  been  anni- 
hilated by  the  Spokanes,  Father  Joset  having  has- 
tened to  his  force  to  warn  him  of  an  intended  am- 
buscade. 

Though  the  Catholic  missions  rendered  such  essen- 
tial service  to  the  country  and  to  the  army,  they  were 
not  rewarded.  The  military  authorities  trespassed 
on  the  mission  property  at  Fort  Vancouver  and  en- 
deavored, in  defiance  of  the  law  of  Oregon,  to  confine 
the  Bishop,  for  his  church,  residence,  priests'  house< 
academy,  schools  and  hospital  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity, 
to  a  plot  four  hundred  feet  square,  when  they  were 
actual  owners  of  six  hundred  and  forty  acres.  Bishop 
Blanchet,  on  the  29th  of  September,  1858,  addressed  a 
letter  to  President  Buchanan,  setting  forth  at  length 
the  rights  of  the  Catholic  Church.  But  notwithstand- 
ing the  constant  efforts  of  Bishop  Blanchet  and  his 
successors  the  Catholic  claim  is  still  unrecognized.'' 

'  Antmlg  of  the  Propagation,  xxi  ,  p.  351 ;  Roimn,  p.  33. 
-  The  Ileport  and  Decision  of  the  Surveyor  General  of  Washiugton 
Territory  on  the  Calliolic  Mi'**ioii  Claim  at  Vancouver,  Olynipia,  1802. 


DIOCESE  OF  NES(^ CALL Y.  701 

In  1859  Fathers  A.  Hoecken  and  W.  Point  founded 
St.  Peter's  mission  in  what  is  now  the  State  of  Mon- 
tana, and  in  1863  Father  Caruana  was  sent  to  the  old 
Nez  Perce  mission  witli  directions  also  to  visit  the 
Nez  Perces,  tlie  Wallawallas,  and  Spokanes.  Missions 
were  begun  also  among  the  Blackfeet  and  Canir 
d  Ak-nes  :  but  the  next  year  most  of  the  buildings  of 
the  CoGur  d'Alene  mission  were  destroyed  by  fire. 

The  missionaries  in  Nesqually  rendered  service  to 

mguistics:  the   Jesuit   Father    Menzarini    prepared 

his  Sehsh  grammar,   the  Oblate   Father  Pandosv  a 

Yakama,  and  Father  Giorda  was  completing  the  great 

Kalispel  dictionary. 

By  1863  settlements  had  reached  Montana,  and 
though  the  Territory  was  properly  in  the  Vicariate  of 
Ifebraska,  the  first  eflf.rts  to  extend  to  the  Catholics 
here  the  benefits  of  religion  came  from  the  Jesuit 
missions  in  the  diocese  of  Nesquallv.  FatherU  Grassi 
built  a  ch^irch  at  Hell  Gate  in  1863;'  afterward  removed 
to  Missoula  ;  the  same  year  Father  Giorda  visited 
Alder  Gulch,  now  Virginia  ;  Frenchtown  had  a  church 
in  1865 ;  and  on  the  feast  of  All  Saints  an  old  frame 
church,  built  by  Hon.  J.  M.  Sweenv,  was  opened  and 
dedicated  by  Father  Kuppens.  under  tlie  title  of  the 
Sacred  Hearts  of  Jesus  and  Mary. 

In  1866  Father  Giorda  restored  St.  Mary's  mission 
in  the  Bitter  Root  valley.' 

In  Washington  Territory,  too.  the  white  population 
was  increasing.  Bannock  City  had  a  church  in  1863  ; 
and  in  1865  a  priest  was  stationed  at  Pi.rt  Townsend.' 
Bishop  Blanchet  was  also  able  to  carry  out  a  project  long 


Freeninii'.s  .Jouinal,  Aug. 
350  ;  xix.,  p.  lyj. 

'  Woodstock  Letters,  xviii.,  p.  ;}.-,.-,,  jx  ,  [ 
11.  18t{3;  Ciith.  Tuli'irrapli.  July  2(1,  1864, 


Dec.  4.  18.1H  ,  Pittsburgh  Catliolic.  xv.,  p. 
!•»:.'.      Cath.  :>Iirror,  Aug. 


702      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

at  heart  by  opening  a  Holy  Angels'  College  at  Van- 
couver with  Rev.  V.  A.  Mans  as  director.  His  diocese 
in  1800  had  its  cathedral  at  Vancouver,  St.  Francis 
Xuvier's  at  Cowlitz,  Immaculate  Conception  at  Steila- 
coom,  St.  Patrick's  at  Wallawalla,  a  priest  at  Port 
Townsend,  with  Indian  missions  at  Snohomish,  Lamy, 
Co] villa,  among  the  CdMir  d'Ah^ies  and  Pend 
d'Oreilles.  Sisters  of  Charity,  who  arrived  in  1806, 
directed  academy  schools,  asylums  at  Vancouver^ 
Wallawalla,  the  Pend  d'Oreilles  mission,  and  Steila- 
coom. 


BOOK  XIII. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DIOCESE  OF  MONTEREY. -DIOCESE  OF  SAN 
FRANCISCO. 

MOST  REV.  JOSEPH   SAPOC  .\LEMAN '    SECOND  BISHOP  OF 
MONTEREY,  1850-1853;  FIR.ST  .\Hl  ui)ISHOP,   1853-1868. 

The  see  of  San  Diego,  or  Monterey,  erected  by  Pope 
Gregory  XVI.,  April  27,  1840,  had  as  its  diocese  both 
Ui)pev  and  Lower  California  ;  but  when  Upper  Cali- 
fornia became  part  of  the  United  States,  the  Mexican 
government  refused  to  peruiit  an  American  bishop  to 
exercise  any  jurisdiction  in  Lower  California,  and  Pope 
Pius  IX.,  by  his  brief,  detached  that  Mexican  prov- 
ince from  the  diocese  of  Monterey,  which  was  made 
directly  dependent  on  the  Holy  See.  Upper  California 
was  divided  into  two  dioceses  by  the  erection  of  a  see 
at  San  Francisco,  the  di()ce>se  to  comju-ise  the  territory 
between  the  parallel  of  the  Pueblo  San  Jose  and  the 
forty-second  degree,  and  between  the  Cijlorado  and 
the  Pacific.  By  his  brief  Ad  animaruni  regimen,  July 
29.  1853,  Pope  Pius  IX.  erected  this  see,  making  it  a 
metropolitan,  with  the  bishop  of  Monterey  as  suffragan 
to  the  new  archbishop.' 

•  Bull  erecting  sec  of  Snn  Francisco,  Herniiez,  ii.,  p.  709  Decree  of  the 
Sacreil  Congregation  de  Propagandsi  Fide,  disincnibering  ;he  diocese  of 
California,  July  1, 1854  ;  Delia  Segretaria  della  S.  Congne.  degli  affair 
eccleiiastici  straordinarii.  Dec,  1852;  Bishop  Aleinany  to  Arcbbisliop 
of  Mexico,  Feb.  14,  1851,  Reply,  with  decision  of  Mexican  govern- 
n:eut,  May  .5-6,  1851. 

708 


704       rilE  CHURCH  TX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

After  his  «'onsecratl()ii  in  1{oi„h  ns  Bishop  of  Snn 
l)ie«o.  or  Monterey,  l)y  Cardinal  Frai.soni,  June  13 
800,  Dr  Alemany  set  out  for  his  diocese.  briuL^ini,^ 
Hev.  Hither  Vilarrasa,  of  the  order  of  St.  Bominio,  and 
feister  Mary  (^oenuire,  a  religioun  of  the  same  order. 
He  reached  Monterey  in  the  spring  of  1851.  and  two 
iJominican  convents  were  established  there.     Bishop 
Alemany  found  hh  position  full  of  diflioulty.     In  the 
south  there  was  still  a  population  of  Spanish  origin 
with  little  energy,  and  giving  little  hope  of  progress 
llieir  ecclesiastical  ideas  and  forms  were  all  of  tlie 
Spanish  type.     The  real  hope  of  the  diocese,  however 
ay  in  the  new  element  furtlier  north,  San  Francisco 
bHing  the  rising  city.     These  Catliolics  came  from  the 
L  nited  States  and  elsewhere,  and  thev  had  been  l)rought 
up  un.ler  a  dilTHrent  system.     That  these  two  paVts  of 
California  required  separate  ecclesiastical  government 
was  evident.      Bishop  Alemany  endeavored  to  save 
what  was  possible  of  theChurcli  property  in  Southern 
Cm  ifornia.  and   to  obtain  priests  for  both  sections. 
\\  hen  he  met  the  other  mnmbers  of  the  Jiierarchy  in 
the  First  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore  in  May.  18;V>  he 
was  able  to  lay  before  them  a  definite  account  of  his 
diocese.     After  the  Council  lie  proceede<l  to  Mexico 
and  in  personal  interviews  with  the  Archbishop  ob- 
tamed  much  light  as  to  the  disni)line  of  the  Churcli  in 
his  province.     On  his  return  to  his  diocese  one  of  his 
first  projects  was  to  establish  an  ecclesiastical  seminary 
at  Los  Angeles,  and  take  steps  to  collect  the  remnant  o'f 
the  olu  mission  Indians.'    The  seminary  opened,  how- 
ever,  at  Santa  Inez,  but  was  soon  at  Mission  Dolores 
with  recruits   from    Europe  and   with   Rev.  Eu<^e„e 
O  Connell  as  Superior.     The  few  remaining  Franciscan 


'  Freeman's  Journal,  July  10,  1852  :  Jan.  32,  1853. 


DIOCESE  OF  MOXTEREY. 


705 


Fathers  werfl  nt  Siuita  IJarbiira  mission,  San  Gabriel, 
and  ISan  Juan  Bauiista,  in  18.Vi.  Jesuits  under  Fatlier 
Jolin  Nobili  had  come  from  Oregon  to  lay  the  fuundu- 
tion  of  a  great  establishment  at  Santa  Clara,  begin- 
ning an  academy  with  sixteen  scholars  Priests  of 
the  Holy  Cross  were  at  Los  Angeles  ;\m{  .San  Dingo. 
Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  had  an  acad.-my  at  Pueblo 
San  Jose,  and  the  Sisters  of  St.  Dominic  another  at 
Monterey.  He  had  thirty-one  chunlies  and  thirty- 
eight  priests  an  1  an  estimated  Catholic  population  of 
forty  thousand. 

On  receiving  the  no  iHcati(.n  of  the  erection  of  the 
see  of  San  Francisco,  and  of  his  appointment  to  ii, 
Archbishop-elect  Alemany  p-  .•,..;  ,d  to  that  citv  and 
took  possession  of  tlu'  see  J  il  v  2J.  1   .)3. 

On  the  7th  of  July,  18.5:3.  B^^hop  emany  laid  the 
cornerstone  of  the  Church  ol  >it.  Uur,  Immaculate,  at 
the  corner  of  California  and  D  cm  streets,  San  Fran- 
cisco, a  church  intended  to  be  seven ty-five  feet  by  one 
hundred  and  thirty-tive.  Addresses  were  made  in 
English,  French,  and  Si)anish.  The  power  of  Spain 
and  of  Mexico  might  wane  and  pass  away,  a  new 
population  might  come  to  erect  new  eiti^s,'  but  the 
Church  of  all  times  and  all  races  would  still  be  there, 
nnintiueneed  by  the  changes.  The  plans  for  the 
structure  were  drawn  by  Craine  and  England,  and  the 
Archbishop  appealed  to  the  faithful  to  build  a  house, 
not  for  men,  but  for  God.' 

^  Sisters  of  Charity,  obtained  l)y  the  Archbishop  from 
Emmitsburg.  arrived  by  the  long  ■sea  voyage  in  Au- 
gust, 18.52,  and  soon  had  a  free  school  anil  intirmary; 
and  in  IS.');")  took  charge  of  Sr.  Vincent's  School  at  San' 

'  Fn-emnn's  .lournnl,  Sept.  11.  IH.W  ;  Pitisimr^'h  tailiolii?,  x.,  p  211  ; 
Detroit  Cat]..  ViiKiicaior.  iSept.  'U.  18.W  :  Pastoral,  Juno  1.  18.-)3  (''iith 
Tcli'grapli,  July  23,  lSo3. 


706       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Rafael,  on  land  given  by  Timothy  Murphy,  a  great 
benefactor  of  the  Church. 

Pi'ogress  was  not  limited  to  San  Francisco  ;  St.  Pat- 
rick's Church  rose  at  Sonoma,  the  veteran  Rev.  John 
Shanahan  began  to  collect  Catholics  at  Sacramento, 
where  the  corner  stone  of  the  Church  of  St.  Rose  of 
Lima  was  laid  in  1854.  Churches  were  begun  at 
VVeaverville,  Marysville,  Grass  Valley,  and  Nevada.' 

Even  the  Chinese  had  Catholics  among  them,  and 
Rev.  Mr.  Cian,  a  Chinese  priest,  was  laboring  among 
them  in  1854.' 

Archbishop  Alemany  felt  the  want  of  active,  zealous 
priests  and  of  religious  communities.  To  obtain  some 
he  sent  Rev.  H.  P.  Gallagher  to  Europe,  who  obtained 
a  colony  of  the  Presentation  Nuns,  and  another  of 
Sisters  of  Mercy.  They  reached  California,  Novem- 
ber 15,  1854,  and  the  Presentation  Nuns,  receiving  a 
liberal  donation  from  a  charitable  Catholic,  soon 
erected  a  convent  on  Powell  Street,  San  Francisco. 
Their  success  in  the  academy  and  school  won  general 
favor,  and  a  second  institution  followed  in  a  few  years. 

Within  a  month  after  their  arrival  the  Sisters  of 
Mercy  had  obtained  a  home  and  were  visiting  the  sick 
and  dying.  The  sight  of  their  devotedness  induced 
the  city  authorities  to  place  the  hospital  under  their 
care. 

On  the  10th  of  November,  1854,  Archbishop  Alemany 
proclaimed  the  Jubilee,  and  exerted  himself  to  make 
it  a  means  of  .^rousing  the  piety  and  zeal  of  the  faith- 
ful. 

The  Vigilance  Committee  of  1856  was  by  no  means 


'  Gleeson,  "  History  of  flip  Catholic  Cliurch  iu  California,"  San  Fran- 
cisro,  1872,  pp.  205,  258  ;  Fieeman's  Journal,  Sept.  4,  1853. 
«  Metropolitan,  ii.,  p.  511. 


DIOCESE  OF  MONTEREY. 


707 


friendly  to  the  Catholic  Church,  and  its  victims  were 
not  allowed  to  receive  the  ministrations  of  a  priest, 
and  a  church  was  actually  destroyed  by  a  mob. 

Archbishop  Alemany,  considering  the  insecure  con- 
dition of  the  title  to  the  churches  and  parochial  resi- 
dences of  the  old  missions,  sought  to  have  them  placed 
on  a  better  footing,  and  in  1858  succeeded  in  having 
the  title  of  them  confirmed. 

The  Archbishop  soon  after  visited  Rome,  and  issued 
a  pastoral  letter  on  his  return  in  December,  185P. 

Under  the  impulse  of  energetic  priests,  churches 
were  rapidlj''  increasing,  as  at  Stockton,  Placerville, 
Auburn,  Dalton,  San  Eamon  Valley,  San  Mateo,  and 
places  too  numerous  to  detail  here.  On  the  erection 
of  the  see  of  San  Francisco  the  Dominican^  removed 
to  Benicia,  where  they  soon  had  flourishing  establish- 
ments, and  in  1860  a  new  and  commodious  convent  for 
the  Dominican  nuns  was  blessed. 

Provisions  was  also  made  by  the  Archbishop  for  the 
French,  German,  and  Spanish  members  of  his  flock. 
The  diocese  was  not  unmindful  of  the  wants  of  the 
Sovereign  Pontiff,  and  remitted  liberal  alms,  with 
words  of  filial  sympathy,  which  elicited  benignant 
words  from  Pope  Pius  IX.' 

When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  Archbishop  Ale- 
many  issued  a  pastoral  letter  calling  for  prayers  for 
jieace. 

By  1860  Rev,  H.  P.  Gallagher  had  pushed  on  to 
rtah  to  plant  the  Cliurch  there  ;  and  in  Nevada 
churches  rose  at  Nevada  City  and  Virginia  City,  the 
former  soon  to  be  a  prey  to  the  flames. 

On  the  15th  of  July,  1862,   Archbishop  Alemany 


I  Freemiin's  Journal,  Sept.  4,  1853  ;  Star.  14, 18G3  ;  Catli.  Mirror,  Jan. 
29, 1859  ;  Aug.  22,  1803  ;  Cath.  Telegraph,  Mar.  30,  1861  ;  Mar.  IG,  1804. 


708       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

convened  a  synod  of  his  diocese.     It  was  attended  by 
thirty-three  secular  and  eleven  regular  priests.     Forty- 
four  constitutions  were  adopted.     The  decrees  of  the 
Baltimore  Councils  were  promulgated,  limits  to  mis- 
sions   established,   baptisms  required    to  be    in  the 
churches.     French,  Spanish,  and  Germans  were  to  be 
subject  to  the  priests  of  their  respective  nations,  where 
national  churches  existed.     Rules  were  prescribed  for 
the  administration  of  the  sacraments,  the  due  support 
of  the  clergy  and  the  seminary,  the  establishment  of 
parochial  schools.     It  was  also  made  known  that  the 
Holy  See  declared  tithes  no  longer  in  force  ;  that  the 
Benedictine  Instruction  for  Holland  was  established 
in  the  diocese,  and  that  it  had  been  decided  that  the 
constitution  Tametse  of  the  Council  of  Trent  was  in 
force. ' 

When  Archbishop  Alemany  set  out  for  the  Second 
Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore,  confusion  in  California 
had  given  place  to  system  and  order.  Churches  had 
been  erected  throughout  the  diocese,  the  holy  sacri- 
fice was  regularly  offered  ;  the  diocese  had  its  semi- 
nary, Santa  Clara  College,  and  St.  Mary's  College, 
several  academies,  free  schools  at  many  of  the 
churches,  several    asylums,  and  a  hospital. 


'  Synwlus  Dioecesuim  Snucti-Frnncisci,  liabita  mense  Julii  1862  San 
Francisco,  1»T2. 


CHAPTER  II. 

DIOCESE  OF  MONTEREY. 

RT.  REV.   THADDEUS  AMAT,   THIRD  BISHCP,   1854-1866. 

On  the  promotion  of  Bishop  Alemany  to  the  metro- 
politan see  of  San  Francisco,  he  administered  the  dio- 
cese of  Monterey  during  the  vacancy.  This  was  soon 
filled  by  the  appointment  of  Rev.  Thaddeus  Amat,  a 
priest  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Mission,  born  at 
Barcelona,  Spain,  December  31,  1811.  After  studying 
some  time  in  the  seminary  of  his  native  diocese,  he 
entered  the  community  of  priests  founded  by  St.  Yin- 
cent  de  Paul,  and  was  ordained  in  Paris,  in  1838.  The 
same  year  he  was  se.:t  to  New  Orleans,  and  labored  in 
Louisiana  and  Missouri  as  professor,  master  of  novices, 
and  pastor  of  churches.  He  was  director  of  the  '''-mi- 
nary  of  St.  Charles  Borromeo  in  the  diocese  of  1  n "  . 
aelphia,  from  1847  to  1857. 

Pope  Pius  IX.  appointed  him  to  the  see  of  Monte- 
rej',  or  San  Diego,  on  the  29th  of  June,  1853,  but  he 
shrunk  from  the  position,  and  after  a  vain  appeal  in  a 
visit  to  Rome,  was  consecrated  by  Cardinal  Fransoni 
in  Rome,  March  12,  1854.  having  exerted  himself  to 
obtain  priests  and  other  aid  for  his  diocese,  he  set  out 
for  his  see,  which  he  reached  in  November,  1855. 
Preferring  the  parish  church  and  residence  in  Santa 
Barbara  to  the  Mission,  an  exchange  was  effected* 
under  authority  from  Rome  with  the  Franciscan ' 
Fathers,  to  whom  the  Mission  of  Santa  Barbara  was 
transferred  with  its  church  and  grounds.  An  Apos- 
tolic  College  of  Propaganda  Fide   had  been  estab- 

709 


I 


710 


THE  CHURCH  IK  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


lished  here  in  1853  under  Father  Joseph  Jinieno  as 
president,  and  the  Franciscans,  receiving  several 
novices,  lioped  to  resume  their  labors  largely  in  their 
old  mission  fields.' 

In  1856  Bishop  Amat  obtained  Sisters  of  Charitv 
from  Emmitsburg,  who  opened  a«  orphan  asvhim  at 
Los  Angeles.'    At  the  same  time  Bishop  Amat  planned 
two  missions  to  be  under  the  Franciscans,  one  in  the 
northern,  the  other  in  tlie  southern  part  of  his  diocese, 
where  the  remnants  of  the  mission  Indians  could  be 
gathered  and  reformed,  then  trained  again  to  ao-ri- 
cultuml   and  other  work,    but  government  officials 
proved  an  insurmountable  obstacle.    Early  in  the  same 
year  Bishop  Amat  made  a  visitation  of  all  the  churches 
Of  ins  diocese,  to  find  some  in  ruins,  others  threatening 
to  become  such.     Built  by  the  Indians  and  unsub- 
stantially, they  were  in  most  cases  incapable  of  being 
repaired      Where  there  was  any  considerable  number 
ot  Catholics  living  near  a  church,  he  stimulated  them 
to  ^et  to  work  to  rebuild  or  restore,  but  he  found  the 
Spanish  Cahfornians  not  disposed  to  contribute  money 
or  labor. 

Churches,  schools,  and  charitable  establishments 
were  to  be  erected,  priests  to  be  obtained  and  main- 
tained, but  means  were  wanting  for  even  the  least 
undertaking.  The  Pious  Fund  of  California,  propertv 
given  in  the  last  century  by  pious  souls  to  the  Society 
of  Jesus  for  the  maintenance  of  the  missions,  offered 
the  only  hope.  The  property  had  been  taken  bv  the 
Mexican  government,  which  acknowledged  itself 
bound  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  value.     It  was  pro- 


'  Bisliop  Amat  to  Cnrdinal  Fransorii,  Apl.  2  1»36 
'Bishop  Amat  to  Mgr.  Banmbo,  Aug.  Vi,  1856.     Same  to  same.  July 
3,  18.}6  ;  Oct.  11,  1856.  ^ 


pos 
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Ser 
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An^ 
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San 

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Aug 

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Wiilej 
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1870. 
'Bis 
^Fn 
When 
7eal  of 
28.  18fl 


DIOCESE  OF  MONTEREY. 


711 


posed  to  make  a  claim  for  the  American  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, through  the  government  of  the  United  States.' 

In  1857  Bishop  Amat  reorganized  the  Theological 
Seminary  at  Santa  Inez,  on  the  tract  given  by  the 
Mexican  government  for  that  purpose.  Rev.  Cvprian 
Kubio  became  the  director,  and.  in  1863,  repaired  the 
tottering  church  of  San  Gabriel.' 

The  next  year  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  besides  their 
acaaemy,  and  orphan  asylum,  had  a  day  school  at  Los 
Angeles,  and  directed  the  County  Hospital.  They  had 
also  opened  St.  Vincent's  Institution  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara. 

By  this  time  Bishop  Amat  Avas  convinced  that  Los 
Angeles  would  be  a  far  better  place  of  residence  than 
Santa  Barbara.  Archbishop  Alemany  proposed  the 
ti-ansfer  of  the  see  to  that  place,  but  the  Sovereign 
Pontiff  made  the  diocese  that  of  Monterey  and  Los 
Angeles,  and  authorized  Bishop  Amat  to  take  up  his 
residence  in  the  latter  city." 

The  Bishop  visited  Europe  in  1860  and  returned 
with  Priests  of  the  Mission,  secular  priests,  twelve 
ecclesiastical  students,  and  Sisters  of  Charity  empow- 
ered  to  open  a  novitiate.^  He  issued  a  pastoral  letter 
on  his  return,  explaining  the  position  and  necessities 


Same  to  Cardinnl  Barnnbo,  Feb.  13,  I808.    Part  of  the  old  mission 
church  at  Santa  Cruz  actually  cruuibleu  awav  and  fell  in  1856  v  hile  a 
priest  was  saying  mass.    Bisiiop  Amat  dedicated  a  new  church' in  1858 
VViiley.  "Historical  Paper  relating  to  Santa  Cruz,   California"  Sau 
Franciscc,  1870,  p.  26. 
.«^«'^"  Historical  Sketch  of  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal."    Los  Anceles 

'  Bishop  Amat  to  Cardinal  Bainaho.  .Jan.,  1839 
;  Freeman's   Journal.  Mch.   9,   1801 ;  Cat'h.  Dircctorv.  1801     p   187 
\\  hen  the  Peter's  pence  was  transmitted.  Pius  IX.  acknowledged  the 

28  l2«t        r'u     ?;"'•  ^'"''■'"''  ''''■  '''  '^^^ '  ^''^'-  Telegraph,  Sept. 
38,  1861 ;  Cath.  Herald,  Sei)t.  3,  lb(J3.  o    t-  <      f 


712       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

oi  My  Sovereign  Pontiff,  giving  in  full  his  letters  to 
tti8  Pope  and  the  replies,  and  appealing  warmly  to 
hislioek.' 

On  the  4th  of  May,  1S02,  Bishop  Amat  convened  the 
first  synod  of  the  diocese  of  Monterey.  It  v\as  .rr- 
tended  by  fifteen  pi  iests,  and  on  the  11th  the  ytatuf,^s 
enacted  were  promu!,<rated.- 

The  parish  church  of  Santa  Barbara,  the  only  Cath- 
olic church  in  the  town,  took  fire  on  the  23d  o."  Au- 
gust, 18G.5,  and  was  totally  destruved.  The  loss  was 
aJl  the  more  severe,  as  n^e  people  liad  been  reduced 
almost  to  misery  by  a  similar  visitation  the  yenr  be- 
fore. Bisliop  Amat  ai)peal(>d  earnestly  in  thtir  behalf 
to  all  Catholics 

By  ism  the  diocese  of  Monterey  and  lios  Angehs 
had  ir-t-ntytw)  }  riests,  twenty-one  churches,  a  semi- 
nary 01  t;nr  La<^y  of  Guadalupe  at  Santa  Inez,  St. 
Vincent's  O.iieg-  under  the  Lazarists,  the  Franciscan 
College  in  ile  Mission  of  Santa  Barbara,  liouses  of 
Sister=i  (>f  Charity  at  Los  Angeles,  Cieneguita,  San 
Juan  Baurista,  and  Santa  Cruz. 


Circular  que  v\  Il'mo.  8r.   Dr.   Tadeo  Amat,  C.  J[.,  O.Vspo  .ie 
M.men'sy  Los  Angdv,.  .lirigc  a  los  Saccrdotf.  y  fldcs  dc  su  diocesis 
- 1   th.  Teloirrapli.  June  25.  1802  ;  Cath.  Mirror.  Sept,  30,  1865;  Catli' 
Tek'giipli,  Oct.  4,  l!:i65. 


CHAPTER  III. 
VICARIATE  APOSTOLIC  OF  MARYSVILLE. 

ItT.   REV.   EUGENE    O'CONNELL,  BISHOP  OF   FLAVI0P0LI8,  VICAK 
APOSTOLIC,    1861-1866. 

A8  churches  increased  in  the  diocese  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, it  became  difficult  to  visit  and  supervise  some  of 
the  northern  portions,  which,  nevertheless,  seemed  to 
promise  rapid  settlement.  Accordingly,  in  1861,  the 
Vicariate  Apostolic  of  Marysville  was  formed,  em- 
bracing the  territory  from  the  39°  to  the  42"  North 
Latitude,  and  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  eastern 
boundary  of  Nevada. 

To  assume  charge  of  this  district  the  choice  fell  on 
Ilev.  Eugene  O'Connell,  born  in  County  Meath,  Ire- 
land, in  1815.  He  was  ordained  in  1842,  and  left  a 
chair  in  All  Hallows  College,  Ireland,  to  direct  a  Sem- 
inary of  the  diocese  of  San  Francisco.  He  was  conse- 
crated in  Dublin  on  the  3d  of  February,  1861,  as  Bishop 
of  Flaviopolis  and  Vicar  Apostolic.  He  reached  this 
country  on  the  1st  day  of  June,  and  on  the  28th  of 
March  was  installed  in  St.  Jo  eph's  pro-cathedral,  at 
Marysville,  by  Archbishop  Alemany.  He  found  only 
four  priests  in  his  vicariate,  but  he  was  not  dis- 
couraged. 

Appealing  to  old  pupils  at  All  Hallows  he  encour- 
aged the  faithful  to  undertake  churches  wherever  they 
were  numerous  enough,  as  at  Iowa  Hill,  Weaversville, 
Shasta,  Sawyer's  Bar,  Virginia  City,  and  Laporte. 

The  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  established  an  academy 
at  Marysville,  which  soon  won  general  esteem. 

713 


714      THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

In  1863  Bishop  O'Connell  succeeded  in  obtaining 
a  community  of  Passionists  for  liis  vicariate,  wiio, 
under  Very  Rev.  Peter  Magagnotto,  already  inured  to 
California  missions,  as  Commissary  General,  estab- 
lished the  Church  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  at 
Virginia  City,  Nev.,  and  great  hopes  were  based  on 
their  known  zeal  and  devoted ness. 

The  same  year  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  founded  the 
Sacred  Heart  Convent  and  Academy  at  Grass  Valley, 
and  soon  after  Sisters  of  Charity  were  laboring  at 
Nevada  City.  On  the  17th  of  July,  1864,  the  Bishop 
dedicated  the  Church  of  St.  Mary  of  the  Mountain, 
erected  by  Rev.  P.  Manogne  in  Virginia  City  at  a  cost 
of  twenty  thousand  dollars.  St.  Patrick's  Church  at 
Gold  Hill  was  dedicated  soon  after.  Then  came  Car- 
son City,  Redwood,  and  Placerville. 

Bishop  O'Connell  was  untiring  in  his  labors  for  the 
diocese,  and  in  his  vi-sitations.  At  the  beginning  of 
1866  he  could  report  the  young  vicariate  had  seven- 
teen priests  and  thirty-five  churches.' 

'  Cath.  Telegraph,  Aug.  24,  April  19,  18C5. 


CONCLUDING  CHAPTER. 

THE  SECOND  PLENARY  COUNCIL  OF  BALTIMORE. 

Taking  a  general  view  of  the  Church  during  the 
period  embraced  in  this  volume,  we  see   a  steady 
growth  from  1844,  notwithstanding  two  great  politico- 
religious  combinations  against  her,  sacrificing  the  lives 
of  her  people,  their  churches,  institutions,  and  homes. 
Such  violence  was  felt,  but  could  not  arrest  the  move- 
ment.    From  709  priests,  675  churches,  and  a  Catholic 
population  of  811,800,  in  1844,  the  number  rose  to 
fourteen  hundred  and  ninety-two  priests,  fifteen  hun- 
dred and  forty-five  churches,  and   a  population  of 
1,098.300  in  1853  ;  and  to  two  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  seventy  priests,  two  thousand  nine  hundred  and 
tliirty  churches  and  3,842,000  souls  in  1866.     The  most 
remarkable  development  of  Catholicity  was  in  New 
England,  where,  from  forty-four  priests  and  forty-two 
churches  in  1844,  the  Church,  in  1866,  could  number 
two  hundred  and  seventy-two  priests,  and  two  hun- 
dred and  sixty-three  churches. 

The  great  belt  of  Catholic  activity  and  life  thus 
extended  from  the  Potomac  and  the  southern  lines 
of  Kentucky  and  Missouri,  and  westward  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  extending  northward 
to  the  British  frontier.  In  this  belt  the  progress  was 
especially  notable  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio, 
Kentucky,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  and 
the  new  Territories.  South  of  this  was  the  part  which 
suffered  so  terribly  by  the  Civil  War,  where  the  Catho- 
lies  lost  a  large  proportion  of  their  churches  and  insti- 

"15 


716       THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  VXITED  STATES. 

tutions,   compared  to  the   uhole,  and  wliere  in  tlie 
poverty  caused  by  tlie  war  and  subsequent  rnisgovern- 
ment,  any  atteniH  to  recover  lost  groun.l  uas  almost 
imposaib le  yet  tb^  axu,;...>s  of  Wheeling  and  Mobile 
showed  life  and  ..o.,..,      In  Louisiana  rhe  Church 
held  her  owl.  m  '(%xaa  the  growth  was  great.     New 
Mexico  ga,n.ci  .teadily  in  priests  and  churches,  and 
n  theawak.-aed  devotion  of  the  long  neglected  people. 
^1  *r,f  •'^^'^'^  f°^«'  ^»^«'e  was  growth,  in  California, 
especially  in  the  diocese  of  San   F-^  ^\s^o,  hut  in 

?hrfn",'    .)y"'^^"^''"  '^^'''''''^  '''^  ^''^  ^^-^^  slow. 
Thro. ighout  the  country,  besides  the  regular  parochial 

churches  and  their  work,  much  was  done  by  n.issions 
«iven  oy  the  great  religious  orders,  the  Jesuits,  Re- 
demi^tonsts,  Paulists,  Dominicans,  Benedict;ines, 
aroiuiingthe  piety  of  the  people  and  bringing  back  the 
tepid,  indiflferent,  and  careless.  Such  was  the  condi- 
tion  of  the  country  when  the  Second  Plenary  Council 
of  Baltimore  convened. 

When  the  holding  of  this  Council  had  been  decided 
iipon    His  Holiness  Pope  Pius   TX.,  by  his  Letters 
Apostolic  of  February  1(3, 1866,  appointed  Most  Rev 
MartmJohn  Spalding  to  preside  over  it  as  Delegate 
Apostolic,  and  Archbishop  Spalding  on   the  19th  of 
March  issued  his  letters  of  indictiou.     The  work  of 
preparation  thcu  began.      In  previous  councils  the 
decrees  had  been  confined  mainly  to  the  estal      'ruent 
of  «niformity  of  discipline  and  to  the  general  manaMe- 
inent  of  Church  affiurs.     It  was  n..wdeemed  necessary 
to  enter  into  doctrinal  definition     suited  t.  the  time 
and  country.      Protestant  denoh. nations    no  longer 
Held  to  their  old  symbols,  articles,  confessions  of  faith  : 
and  vast  numbers  were  dropping  from  the  infiuence 
of  their  organizations.     Men  begai.   to  quesiion  the 
Tery  fundamental  doctrine  of  Christianity,  often  from 


TIP     un 


lUE  rXITEl}  ST\Tr<! 


'        1   ">  fh-f   ^v||,.|.^  luA   u|,..ir   iu  the 

*y\'  *  ''•*  ''"'"  •■^"<.lsiibs»tiu«ut  niisgwvern- 

*^  '  '  '■  '''at  f  jonntl  \v«s  nlrii'    c 

•     '■    Wlii^t-lim:  and  Mobii,3 

b'uisL'iua  th«>  Clniipli 

^^^^'^  "^-  **a9  gvmt.    ^fnv 

.'    ,!"  ,     '        '  «'^   ftnirrhf;v.  riti,| 

111  tf)     itrt-A^lt'lietJ  il 

<  »n  t    ■  i'acitlc  co; 
fsjitoiaHy  in  the 
<>reeoii  and  Wrisi 
nir(>u;iit)».ut  th-' 
church.     Miri  1  , 

a.ouMnKil,l.pi.            he  peo].!,  .,ud  »>nngin_ 
f'ind,  indifT«'r.-i  :,jia  cnivlesi,.     >*uch  was  th^- 
fiori  of  (h»»  ooumrv  wiu.n  *],..  v .,  i  pi.,,,.,vv  i   ... 

i>     U       1  .  .  •  ..IK    11,11    \      V   l,)i|' 

"1  li.'iJtmiort;  coi,v«>n«»ti 

^Vhrn  ilu.  holdf.,,^  of  tWiH  rounpjl  had  •..on  (Wl.. 
ujK..i    Bis  il.!in...s  I>..po  iMi»«  JX.,  by   his   L«r..r: 
Ain)stnl,c  or  i-ebrn  u'y  U>,  im,  ap].oint,*d  Most  Hv 
Mimin  John  Spalding  lo  preside  <.ver  it  a,.  D^Ies;.;. 
Apo^tol.n,  and  Archbishop  Si.ahlif,g  on   tUo  19rh     '' 
^iarch  issied   his  letters  of  iudiction.     The  unrk     ' 
preparation  then  began.      In   j.revinu.  -  Minoihs  the 
decrees  had  been  o-nfined  mainly  to  the  e.tablishni,.n; 
<.f  unifoinnt y  of  discipline  and  to  the  general  n,a.u>.  ■ 
jnent  of  Church  afTai..     Ir  wa.  n-,  .  .i'..,...d  nece^sarv 
10  enter  into  doctrinal  deti.ufion.  .mtcl  fo  the  tinu- 
riua  country.       Protestant  dcn<nin nations    no  longer 
i.eUlto  their  old  symbols,  articles,  -onfession.-    .f  faith  • 
anuvrst  numbers  were  dropping  '■•mi   ■.    intlunit-" 
«->i  their  organizatir.tih.     Men  began   to  •    , 
»>»ry  fundamental  d-.ctrine  '.f  Chrin i,"  : 


the 
ern- 


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1 


SECOND  COUNCIL  OF  BALTIMORE.  717 

the  lack  of  any  guide  whom  they  could  respect. 
Archbishop  Spalding  prepared,  with  the  aid  of  the 
other  Metropolitans,  and  by  our  most  able  and 
learned  theologians,  a  schema  for  the  work  of  the 
Council,  and  though  when  the  Fathers  met,  it  was 
deemed  too  extensive,  and  some  parts  omitted,  the 
next  Plenary  Council  was  guided  by  it. 

The  Council  met  on  the  7th  of  October,  1866,  and  was 
attended  by  Most  Rev.  Martin  John  Spalding,  Arch- 
bishop of  Baltimore,  Delegate  Apostolic  ;  Archbishops 
Blanchet  of  Oregon,  Kenrick  of  St.  Louis,  Purcell  of 
Cincinnati,  Alemany  of  San  Francisco,  Odin  of  New 
Orleans,  McCloskeyof  New  York;  Bishops  Whelanof 
Wheeling,  Lefevere,  administrator  of  Detroit.  Henni, 
Bishop  of  Milwaukee,  Blanchet  of  Nesqually,  Rappe  of 
Cleveland,  Timon  of  Buffalo,  Demers  of  Vancouver, 
de  Saint  Palais  of  Vincennes,  ]\IcGill  of  Richmond, 
Lamy  of  Santa  Fe.  Loughlin  of  Brooklyn,  Bayley  of 
Newark,  de  Goesbriand  of  Burlington,  Carrell  of 
Covington,  Amat  of  IMonterey,  Martin  of  Natchitoches, 
Bacon  of  Portland,  Juncker  of  Alton,  Duggan  of 
Chicago,  Elder  of  Natchez,  Luers  of  Fort  Wayne, 
Lynch  of  Charleston,  McFarland  of  Hartford.  O' Gor- 
man, Vicar  Apostolic  of  Nebraska,  Grace,  Bishop  of 
St.  Paul,  Quinlan  of  ^lobile,  Wood  of  Philadelphia, 
Domenec  of  Pittsburgh,  O'Connell,  Vicar  Apostolic 
of  Marysville,  Verot  Bishop  of  Savannah,  Dubuis  of 
Galveston,  Lavialle  ot  Louisville,  Conroy  of  Albany, 
Feehan  of  Nashville,  Williams  of  Bosto'n,  Hennessy 
of  Dubuque,  Rosecrnns,  Auxiliar  o?  Cincinnati,  Very 
Rev.  John  D.  Coady,  administrato-  of  Erie,  and 
Father  Ferdinanl  Coosmans,  procurator  of  Bishop 
Miege. 

The  various  subjects  to  be  discussed  were  assigned 
to  Congregations  or  Committees  of  Bishops,  and  then 


718       THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

thoroughly  discussed  in  the  Council,  and  finally 
adopted  with  such  modifications  as  were  decided 
upon.  The  decrees,  as  passed,  embraced  fourteen 
titles :  I.  On  Orthodox  Faith  and  Increasing  Errors ; 

II.  On  the  Hierarchy  and  Government  of  the  Church  • 

III.  On  Ecclesiastical  Persons  ;   IV.  On  the  holding 
and  Preservation  of  Ecclesiastical  Property ;   V.  On 
the  Sacraments ;  VI.  On  the  Worship  of  God  ;  VII. 
On  Promoting  Uniform  Discipline;   VIII.  On  Reli- 
gious Communities  ;   IX.  On  the  Training  and  Pious 
Education  of  Youth;   X.  On  more  efficaciously  Pro- 
moting the  Salvation  of  Souls  ;    XI.   On  Books  and 
Papers ;    XII.   Ou   Secret    Societies ;    XIII.   On   the 
Erection  of  Xew  Sees ;  XIV.   On  the  Enforcement  of 
the  Decrees.     The  first  title  treated  of  Divine  Revela- 
tion, and  the  one  Church  of  Christ ;  of  the  Nature  and 
Necessity  of  Faith  ;   of  Holy  Scripture  ;   of  the  Holy 
Trinity  ;   of  God  the  Creator,  Redeemer,  and  Sancti- 
fier  ;  of  the  Future  Life  ;  the  Invocation  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin  and  the  Saints.     It  then  condemned  the  Sects, 
Indifference,    Unitarianism,    Universalism,   Transcen- 
dentalism,   Pantheism,    the     abuses   of    Magnetism, 
Spiritism.     The  second   title  treated   of  the   Roman 
Pontiff,   the   Hierarchy,  Councils,  Synods,  and  Dio- 
cesan officials. 

Archbishop  Spaldiug  wished  earnestly  that  the 
Holy  See  would  establish  a  Chapter  of  Canons  in 
each  diocese  of  the  United  States,  such  as  existed  in 
England,  Ireland,  Mexico,  and  even  in  Canada,  an 
English  province.  In  the  nomination  of  Bishops  the 
rules  laid  down  by  the  Popes  for  this  country  were 
given  ;  but  in  this  he  desired  that  at  least  the  con- 
suitors  in  each  diocese  sliould  be  heard,  and  even  the 
parochial  clergy. 


SECOND  COUNCIL  OF  BALTIMORE.  71D 

The  question  of  the  establishment  of  a  Catholic 
University  in  this  country,  like  that  in  Dublin,  was 
also  treated  of  by  the  Fathers. 

As  the  war  had  made  it  possible  to  reach  the  colored 
population  of  the  South  freely,  the  whole  matter  was 
specially  treated,  with  a  full  sense  of  the  difficulties 

The  Council  recommended  the  erection  of  sees  at 
\\ilmington,  Del.;  Scranton,  and  Harrisburg,  in 
Pennsylvania  ;  sees  at  Green  Bay  and  La  Crosse, 
Wis.;  St.  Joseph,  Mo.;  Omaha,  Neb.;  Columbus, 
U.  ;  (:rrass  Valley  and  Rochester,  and  Vicariates 
Apostolic  m  North  Carolina,  Montana,  Colorado,  and 
Arizona.  They  also  solicited  the  erection  of  Phila- 
delphia and  Milwaukee  into  Archiepiscopal  sees. 

When  the  Acts  and  Decrees  of  this  important  Coun- 
cil  had  been  examined  and  approved  at  Rome,  and 
published  in  this  country,  they  were  studied   with 
deep  interest  not  only  by  the  American  clerg' ,  but  in 
Europe,  where  leading  Catholic  periodicals  treated  of 
them  in  special  art.    ■;..     The  eloquent  and  able  ser- 
mons delivered  during  the  sessions  of  the  Council 
by  Archbishops  Spalding,  McCIoskey,  Purcell,  and 
Kenrick  ;  Bishops  Lynch,  Rosecrans,  Baylev,  Elder, 
Wood,  McGill,  Duggan,  and  by  Very  Rev.  I.  T.  Hecker,' 
Rev.  J.  L.  Spalding,  since  Bishop  of  Peoria,  and  Rev! 
P._  J.  Ryan,  now  Archbishop  of  Philadelphia,  were 
printed  here  and  reprinted  in  Europe.     Rev.  S.  Smith, 
who,  as  professor  of  Canon  Law,  had  treated  of  the 
Acts  and  Decrees  of  the  Second  Plenary  Council,  pub- 
lished Notes  on  them,  as  an  adaptati  m  of  Canon  Law 
to  our  country  effected  by  that  venerable  l>ody. 

The  vast  gathering  of  Archbishops,  Bishops,  Abbots, 
and  heads  of  orders,  theologians,  and  other  members 
of  the  clergy  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  at- 


i* 


720 


THE  CHURCH  IX  THE  UXITED  STATES. 


tracted  universal  attention.  Tlie  public  sessions  drew 
distinguished  persons  to  the  venerable  Cathedral  of 
Baltimore,  the  President  of  the  United  States  attend, 
ing  the  last  ceremonies.' 


Concilii  Plenarii  Baltiiuoreusis  11  in  Ecclesia  Metropolitaim  Balti- 
morensi  a  die  Tad  diem  21  Octobiis  1800  hal)iti,  et  a  sede  Apostolica 
rccogmte  Acta  et  Decreta.  Baltimore,  1808;  Smith,  "Note,  on  tlie 
Second  Plenary  Council  ,)f  Baltimore,"  New  York,  1874  ;  Sermons  De- 
livered before  the  Second  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore,  and  Pastoral 
Letter  of  the  Hierarchy,  Baltimore,  1800  ;  Spal.lin-  -  Life  of  the  Most 
!r-^  M.  J.  Spalding,  D,  D.,  Arclihishoi,  of  Baltimore,''  New  York 
10 1 3,  chapter  x.\iii. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

323 

215 

478 

1-708 
359 
625 
■712 
373 
363 
309 
457 
504 


AccoLTi,  Rev.  Michael,  S.  J. . 
Aernoudt,  Rev.  Peter  James. . . 

Albany,  Diocese  of 

Alemaiiy,  Rt.  Rev.  Jos.  Sndoc, 
356,  357,  360,  703 

Altieri,  Cardinal 

Alton,  Diocese  of ' 

Amat,  Rev.  Thaddeus  .  .62,  769- 

American  College,  Rome 

Antonelli,  Cardinal 

Astor,  John  Jacob 

Aubril,  Rev.  Edmund ] 

Augustinians 44,  50,  56,  408, 

B.\cnELOT,  Rev.  Jno.  Alexics, 

„     „  349,  850 

Bacon,  Rt.  Rev.  D.  W 375  535 

„  ,.     „  537,  538,  539 

Badm,  Rev.  Stephen  F 194,  ,561 

Baker,  Rev 90 

Baker,  Lieutenant,  U.  S.  n!  ! ! !  154 

Baltimore,  Diocese  of 23,  366 

Bapst,  Rev.  John,  S.  J 515.  536 

Baraga,  Rt.  Rev.  Fred. 576,  589-598 

Barber,  Rev.  Daniel 163 

Barber,  Rev.  Virgil U   163 

Barron,  Rt.  Rev.  Edward '  103 

Barnabo.  Cardinal.   . .  .374,  375,  379 
Bnrry,  Rev.  John.  .99,  373,  378,  451 

452,  453 

Barry,  Rev.  Wm.  J 550 

Bardstown,  Diocese  of ,559 

Ba.ssi,  Ugo 300,  361 

Bayley,    Most   Rev.    James   R. 

120,  468,  497,  502,  504 
Bazm,  Rt.  Rev.  John  S.. .  .200.  202 

203  281 

Becker,  Rt.  Rev.  Thomas  A.  . .  432 

Bedini,    Archbishop  Gaetaiio.   3o>! 

359,  360,  361,  362,  364,  375,  43t!; 


Be;::'.  Rev.  J.  J 


463 
410 


Bc'i  ■  :-tines  .  .73,  365,  415,  417,  42f 


Bennett,  James  Gordon 

Bossouies,  Verv  Rov.  A 

Birminc^ham,  fiev.  T.  ..96  444 
Blanc,  Rt.  Rev.  A,,  28,  007,  671  ' 

268,  269,  270,  271,  273.  274. 
291,  695 
Blanchet,  Rt.  Rev.  F.  N       28 

211,  312,  314,  315,  321,  322,' 

Blanchet,  Rt.  Rev.  A.  M.  A  . . 
324,  325.  328.698 

Blenkiusop,  Sister  Marv 

Bloody  Monday ' 

Bossier,  Hon.  Sir .,', 

Boston,  Diocese  of . . .  145.  148 
Bourgett,  Rt.  Rev,  Ignatius. 318, 

Boyle,  Sister  Elizabeth 

Brandts.  Ven-  Rev.  E.  11 

Bra.sseurde  Bourbourg,  Ablx'. 

Brocard,  Very  Rev.  S.J 

Browusoii,  Orestes  A. . .  146, 157, 

Brothers  of  St.  Patrick 34,' 

Bro<jklyn,  Diocese  of 

Brouillet,  V»ry  Rev.  Jno.  B. . .' ! 

T,      .   „  327, 

Brute,  Rt.  Rev.  Simon  Gabriel. 
Brunncr,  Rev.  Francis  de  Sales. 

Buchanan,  Hon.  James 

Buffalo,  Diocese  of 137 

Bull  Run ' 

Byrne,  Rt.  Rev.  Andrew. . .  28 
105,  164,  229,  286,  287, 

C.\uwAL.\DEu.  Gen 

Cahill,  Col.  Thomas  W 

Caldwell,  Howard  Ihivns 

Califoniias,  Diocese  of"  Both. . . 

Camiibell,  Col.  Berniud  U 

Capuchin  Fatiiers 

Carmelite  Fathers 

Carineliio  Xuns 

Carrell.  Rt.  Rev.  Georire  A. . '. '. 

575, 


PAGE 
107 

597 

.445 

267, 

281. 

-697 

3)0, 

228. 

327 

322, 

-702 

396 

563 

26 
508 
.324 
110 
577 
148 

40 
160 
242 
491 
325 
355 
101 
173 

31 
484 
389 
38, 
678 

54 
525 

9S 
329 
376 
638 

78 
393 
541 
578 


781 


722 


INDEX. 


PACK 

Cnrroll,  X\h\w\t 33  40  no 

Cnrioll,  Ht.  Hcv.  Oeoriie  A. '381,'  MX 
CarU'i-.Veiy  Hev.  C.  I.IL.V.  tJ.  -J  10 

Cass,  Lewis ;^(j-) 

Oitnln,  FatliiT  Mugiii  .... . . . ". '  349 

Canvin,  Hev.  A ,-)()3 

tVIlini,  Fmiicis \>>\ 

('enu'tt'rii'S fjo 

(habraf,  Ht.  Hev.  O.  B. '28,  188,  189 


PAGE 

Deniers,  Rev.  Modeste,  810,  31,5  823 
DcSinot,  Hev.  P.  J.  238,  365,266,  313 
lU'iidit,  Diocese  of  207,  570 


DcVico,  He 

De  Viies,  Hev.  Joseph 

I>iego.  Ht.  Hev.  Francis  Garcia 

351 

Doane,  Rev.  Geo.  H 

Dolaii,  Hev 


26 
564 
330 
353 
503 

34 


Clianibige,  Very  Rev.  F '  568    Doiiienec,  Ht'.  Hev!  Michael  412  400 

Chnrlestoij,  Diocese  of.. 00,  1)2,  440                                          421   Zoi' T07 
Chanche,  Rt.  Rev.  John  J  . . .  275,    Domenech.  Abbe Im  Im 


.„  ,,    „      J76,  277,  278, 279 

C  heverus,  Rt.  Rev 140,  150 

Chicago.  Diocese  of 225*,  614 

Chiniquy.  Hev '  ois 

Christiaii  Rrothcrs.34,  109,  117  105 
223,  224,  247,  281,  457.  487,  506 

Cincinnnti,  Province  pf J7l>  541 

<^'i\il  War ggS 

Cleveland,  Diocese  of 183,  555 

Ci'Uins,  Veiy  Rev   E  T ,5.54 

Con  way.  Rev  Junies 157 

Conroy.Iit  Rev  John  J. 479, 482, 483 

(Vinnell,  Bishop 57,165,  101 

Coosnians,  Very  Rev.  Ferd..  8.  J.  717 
Corcoran,  Rev.  James  A.,  05,  444,  445 
Corby,  Rev.  Fntlier,  C  S.  C. . .     411 

Corrigan,  Rev    P 507 

Coskery,  Very  Rev   Henry  B  28,  41 

302,  535 

C  oiincil,  Second  Plenarv 390 

Couniil  of  Baltimore,  8i.\ih 27 

CVmncll.  Seventh  Provincial  of 

Baltimore 37 

Council.  Xinlh  Provincial ,378 

Council.  First  Plenai-y 307 

CovingKin,  Diocese  of 575 

Crespi,    Bi.-luip   Benedict,   293.   331 

333,  334 

Cretin,  Very   Rev.  Joseph,  244,  240 

258,  360,  262,  046,  648 

Ciimmings,   Rev,  Jeremiah    W.  157 

Cummiskey,  Eugene 27,  408 

Ciirley,   Hev 30 

C/viiiiovici/.,  Hev.  Ale.x,  C.  SS.  R,45 
Czackert,  Very  Rev,  Peter,  S.  J.  28 


nech,  Abbe 390,  689 

Dominicans 176,179 

Donelan ,  Rev '    35 

Donaghoe,  Rev.  T.  3..   .....     53 

Druon,  Rev.  Zeplivrin 531 

Dubois,  Ht.  Rev.  ftishop 339 

Dubuque,  Diocese  of.  .36,  244,  643 

Duljourg,  Rt.  Rev 385 

Dubuis,  Rev.  Claude  J[. . .  .293.  693 
Duggau,  Rt.  Rev.  Janes.. 608,  630 

624 
Dunigan,  Edward 72 


■24. 
39, 


190 
65 


D.\MK.\,  Hk v.  Arnold,  S.  J 

Daviil   Rt.  l{ev 

DeBarth,  Vcrv  l{ev.  Louis.  . 
Dc  la  llailiiiidion  .  Rt.  Rev. 

Delauiie.  Rev.  .luliiin 

Dehv.j!,  Very   Rev.   W.  38, 


215 
...  105 
...     24 

. . .  28 
...  138 
109,  110 


Ecci.EsTON,  AncHBisnor. . 
26,  27,  28,  30,  33,  30,  37, 

40,  62,  i03, 

Ecan,  Bishop 57 

Elder.  Rt.  liev.  AVilliam  Ilenrv, ' 
^,.      ,         ,  378,381,681,684 

Eliot  School,  Boston 513 

Ellicott's  Mills 34 

Ell.-;\V(irth,  Me ......"  537 

Ennnittsburg . " .'  100 

England,  Ht.  Rev.  John,  67,  90, 

Er:e,  Diocese  of 80,  434  81 

Eutropins,  Rt.  Rev.  Abbot 561 

Fkeiian,  Ht.  Rev.  P.  A.,  613, 

.  ,     „  63,5-636 

JenwK'k,  Rt.  Rev.  Benedict  J    27 
105,   145,   148,    149,   150,    \m\ 
164.  175,  229 

Fenwick,  Rt.  Rev.  E.  D 179  3 

Fernandez,    Very    Rev.    Don. 

August  in 301 

French,  Father  Charles  D  .  . .'.   1.53 

Fit/gerald,  Rt.  Rev.   Edward..  670 

Fitzpalrick,  Hi,  Hev.  .].  B....     28 

145,  148,    150,   1,52,  153,  1.54,  157,' 

163,  166,364,  508.511,  518 

Fink,  Vcrv  Hev.    Ludwig  M,. 

t>   S.  U       623 


INDEX. 


723 


)7 

,  579 

■M 

rm 

1, 

330 

1 

353 

r.03 

34 

'i 

420 

8 

427 

0 

689 

6 

179 

20 

53 

531 

229 

4, 

642 

, 

2H5 

2, 

692 

« 

620 

624 

73 

PAoe 

Flathends 313 

Flaget,  Rt.   Rev.   Benedict  J.,    27, 

00,  188,   189,  190,  193,  195,   196, 

559.  500,  561 

Flmidii,  Viciiriiite  Apostolic  of,  453 

Forbes,  Rev.  Jolin  Murray,  120, 124 

Fv.'IliHin 113,  119,  189 

Fori  Viiiicouvcr 311 

Fort  Wayne,  Diocese  of 599 

Fransoni,  Cardinal,  30,    39,  07,  80 
148.  182,  237,  350,  407 

Franciscan  Brotliers 75,  415 

Franciscan  Futliers. . . .  107,  295,  297 

298,  304,  331,  341.  346.  349,  027 

Fidtou,  Rev.  Robert 515 

G.\i,TiEK.  Rkv.  LrciEN 260 

Gallagher,  Rev.  II.  P 700-707 

Galiitzen,  Rev.  D.  A.  Prince. ...  05 

Galveston,  Diocese  of 288,  689 

Garesclie,  Julius  P 292 

Gartland,  Rt.  Rev.  F.  X 01 

101,  102,  103 

Gaston,  Hon.  William 93 

Gessnur,  Rev.  M 50O 

Gildea,  Rev.  .John  B 25 

Giorda.  Fallier .  701 

Goesbriand,  Rt.  Rev.  L.  de.  153,  178 

183,  180,403,471.  528,533 

Good  Shepherd,  Sisters  of.  ..02,  394 

Goupil,  Rene 100 

Grace,  Rt.  Rev.  Thos.  L..  ..648-052 

Grand  Coteau 2O8 

Grassi,  Rev.  U.,  8.  J  701 

Gregory.  XVI..  67,  163,  200,  213,  248 

Grignon,  v'ery  Rev 277 

Guevare,  Very  Rev.  Jo  u  J  . .     300 

HAILANDlfeKE,  Rt.  ReV.  CEi. '^: 

TINE 197,  199,  200 

Hall.  Sister  Mary  Etienne 34 

Halligan,  Very  Rev.  Thomas...  024 
Hamilton,  Rev.  Geo.  A         ....  530 

Hartford,  Diocese  of 103,  518 

Harper,  James 107 

Haskins,  Rev.  Geo.  F.  .154,  16),  511 

Havermans,  Rev.  Peter 128,  1^9 

4S0 

Herker,  Rev.  I.  T. 120,  409 

Heiss.  Very  Rev.  Micluiel (i38 

Heiss,  Rev.  Martin 253 

Hennaert,  Very  Rev.  Peter.  . .  .   ,5S(J 

Hendricken,  l(ev.  Prof.  T 521 

Henne-ssy,  Rt.  Rev.  J 012.  045 


P.VUE 

Heiinossv,  Rev.  P. .wO 

Heniii,  f{t.   Rev.  J.  M.,  28,  90.  170 
170,  249,  252,  253,  254,   250,  037, 

Ml 

Hewitt,  Rev.  A.  F 120 

Heyden,  Very  Rev.  Tlios 72 

Hickey.  Rev.  Jolm 34,  35 

Iloceker,  Rev.  A ,  317 

Howell,  Rev.  Isaac  P 507 

Holy  Trinty  Church  of  Pliiladel- 

Pliiii 02 

Holy  Cross,  Priests  of 309 

Holy  Cross  College ]6() 

Howard,  liev.  William 130 

Hoyt,  Wm.  Henry ],52 

Hudson  Hay  Company 310 

Hughes,  Rt".  Rev.  John,  28,  30.  31, 
102,  104,  106,  110,  lis.  121,  122 
123,  124,  134,  150,  1S9,  229,  2H3 
304,  374,  384  402,  403,  405,  408, 

Huntington,  J.  D 120,  381 

Hurley,  Rev.  Dr 51 

Indi.^x  Teruitoky,  Vic.\ui.\te 

OK 38,  203.  057 

Ives,  Dr.  Levi  Sillimau 440,  553 

J.VCKE15,  Rev.  EDw.^nn 5C3 

Janson,  Rt.  Rev.  Forbiu 117 

Jayme,  Father 330 

Jesuits,  47,  50,  86,  123, 126,  142,  176, 
179.  216.  217,  205.  2(19,  272,  2h5 
315,  321,  328,  305,  371,  099 

Jogue,  Rev.  Isaac 120,  592 

Joset,  Father 700 

Joubert,  Rev.  James  H.  N 24 

Juncker,  Rt.  Rev.  Henry  D.,  025,  029 

Keely,  Patrick  C,  Architect.  .142 
513,  .532,  585 

Keliy,  Rev.  Jolm .-){)7 

Kelly.  \'(  "v,  ,'{ey.  James.  O.  P.  034 
Keuric'    J{|,  P.ev.  P.  !    ,  28,  202,  230, 

605.  613 

Kenrick.  R'     \ev.  P.  P..  28,  40.  58 

02,08.90,    i/l  13»,  190,  195,300 

378.  381,  391.  421 

Keogli,  Rev,  .Tames 418,  422 

Kindckins.  Hcv.  Peter.  ..  .   209.585 

Kirwan's  Letters n.^ 

Kolilmann.  Rev.  Anthony....     .500 
Kundig.  Rev.  Morton ' 251 


724 


INDEX. 


MoTUEu    Josephine 


PAOB 


^■Vv'";„  -'^^TWE"    JOSEPHINE  McElroy.  Father  John,  S.  J. ,  83,  387 

1  b.l;£SA ^1  K(\Ck    *■  1  I 

Lamy,  Rev.  John  B.,  173,   381,  21(3  McFarlaml     Ut    "        ~     o>'w,  oi4 
307,  308,  061,  660 

Lancaster. .-^.^ 

Larkiii.  Hev.  John,  S.  J 


Rev.    Frniicis  P. 
381   479,  523,  337 


Laugliliu, 
Lavialle, 


Ht. 
He- 


V ;,•  •  •  '^'^   ^rcGarahaii,  Very  Hev.  James. .  086 

J.... 15.  180   XtGill,  Kt.    Rev.   John,  40,  84  80 
"I ,•■  531        188,  373,378,428,  439,  430,  433* 


I'ev.  Joh 
Peter    Josepli,   458 
">73,  r)73 
Lazueii,  Father  Fermin  Francis  343 

340 
Lazansts,  43,  50,  134,  173,  313,  310 
T,    ^  217,  400,  487 

Lefevere,  Rt.  Rev.  Peter  Paul. .  307, 

r        1      r.       'A'^'  '■^^^'  '^*^'  •'''"•  ""^^   MfQuigley,  Kev.  Dr.  llutrh."  "  T^S 

Lcmcke.  Rev   Peter 72,038   Melcher,  Very  Rev.  Joseph  319,  014 

025 


434,  443,  431,  320 
McLeod,  Rev.  Xavier  Donald . .  .533 

Mc.^Iahon,  Rev.  Laurence  8 515 

McMalui,  Very  Rev.  E.  J 415,  5 

McMaster,  James  A 472 

McMullen,  Rev.  Jolin 023 

McQuaid,  Rev.  B.  J 117,  ,•504 

8 


Leopold  Brothers '    34 

Leopoldiue  Ass  riation 05,  108 

L'honime.  Rev.  Francis 307 

Little  Rock,  Diocese  of. ...  2S3,  078 
Loras,    Rt.    Rev.. 28,  230.230  244 
246.  347,  348,  238  043 

Louisville,  Diocesu  of 188,  530 

Louirlimn,  Rev.  William ,"0 

Loughlin.  Rt.   Riv.  Jolm,  381,  403 
483,  40J,  403,  403,  403 

Lucas,  Fielding' 373 

Lucrs,  Rt.  Rev.  John  H.  . .  .377,  004 

Lyuch,  Rt.  Rev  .P..  04,  03,373,  3rs, 

384.  441.  442,  443,  447,  448,  430 

Lyuch,  Rt.  Rev.  John  J.  C.  M..  487 

M.^ciiEBOEiF,  Rev.  Joii.n  P.,  170 
1*3,  177,  178,  186,  062 

Mayor,  Henry 59 

Manahan  Rev.  Ambrose 137 

Marechal,  Most  Rev.  Ambrose..     OO 

-Man^iiette,  Rev.  James 323 

■Maniii.  Rt.  Riv.  A.  M 075-677 

.Mar\-.ville.Vicariate  Apostolic  of  713 

Matiu;non,  Rev.  Dr ,328 

-Matth        -       - 

.Mayni 

.Mazzuchflli.  Rev,  C. .   344,  2."i8  040 

McCabe,  Rev.  FJernnrd   334 

McCloskey,  Rt.   Rev.  John.   28   1»4 

120.  130.   175,   220,  283,  381.  478 
„  ,,     ,  470,  480,481,  485 

Mc(  loskey,  Verv  Rev.  W'm ....  375 

McCull.iirh.  Rev.  Thos 09 

McCaffrey.  Rev.  John 3'sO,  442 

McDonnell,  Rt.  ]{ev.  Ephraim 

Ti-Mp 645 


Menchero,  Rt.  Rev.  John  Mi- 

„cl">tl- 296 

Jlercv,  Fathers  of 4,38 

Milage,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  B.,  203,  265,  637, 

659 
Jligneault.  Very  Rev.  P.  M.,  128,  153 
Miles,  Rt.  Rev.  R.  P.,  303,  231,  030 
-Milwaukee,  Diocese  of,  36,  350,  637 

.Minersvillc 5,5 

Mites,  Rt.  Rev.  R.  P 28,  00,  236 

Mobile,  Diocese  of 380,  085 

Moczy,gemba,  Very  Rev.  L '  480 

Monterey,  Diocese  of 703,  709 

3Iontgomcr}%  Rev.  O.  R 3,35 

Mooney,  Rev.  Tliomas 387 

Moriarty,  Very  Rev.  P.  E.,  45,  79,  95 

Morris,  JIayor 106 

Mrak.  Rev.' Iiinntius .3l()  ,303 

Mosetizh.  Very  Rev.  J.  E. ,  .  .74,  70 

.Mosblech.  Rev.  Mr ,^9 

Mount  Hope 24,  393,  300 

Mount  :Mellary 047 

Mount  St.  Mary's,  Emniltsburg,  377, 

"V,  '^^'';,  71»;<'l"«l^l-  ■■■■■'■  iw7   Mothe.  Sieur  de  la .3o2 

'^^"^ "•  f^''-  > 430    .Mulvey,  Thos.  R ^g 

Murray,  isicholas n,-, 

-Myers,  Hev.  Henry 2($ 


NA8H'^^LLE,  Diocese  OF,  30,  241. 030 

Natchitoches.  Diocese  of 073 

Native  Americans 33,  106 

Natchez.  Diocese  of 273,  080 

Neale.  Most  Rev.  Leonard 41 

Nebra.-ka,    Vicariate    Apostolic 
of 654 


|» 


INDEX. 


725 


PAUE 

Ncrinckx,  Rev.  Charles 194 

Ni'.s(jiiiill3-,  Diocese  of 3^>8 

Neunmmi,  Ht.  Hev.JoliiiN.,  64,  373, 
378,  397,  403,  ' -7 

Newark,  Diocese  of .',.,■ 

New  Mexico,   Vicariate   Apos. 

tolic  of •>j)3 

New  Orleans,  Diocese  of. .  .207,  007 
Newman,     Jtev.    John    Henry 

(Card.) 370 

New  York.  Dioeese  of 497 

Northroi\  Hev.  Clniulian  B.  . . .     97 

Northrop.  Hev.  Ilenrv  P 97 

Notre  Dame,  College  of 799 

Notre  Dame,  University. .  .205,  0(13 

0i)4 
Nunnery  Committee 508 

Oblate  Fatiieks 143 

Oblate  Sisters  of  Providence...     25 

O'Brien,  Hev.  Nichola.s  J.  .,150,  154 

O'Connor,  Rt.   Rev.  M...2S,  31   40 

44,  54,  05,  67,  08.  72,  74,  SO  95' 

103,  304,  373,  391,  402,  414,  419 

424,  420 

O'Connor,  Very  Rev.  Bedc 594 

O'Connor,  Rt.  Rev.  James.. 418,  420 

O'Connor,  Charles 477 

O'Connell,  Rt.  Rev.  Eugene. . . .  704 

713,  714 
OConnell,  Rev.  Laurence  P. ..  443 

O'Connell,  Rev.  J.J 442,  448 

Odin,  Rt.  Rev 28,  134,  28s  289 

290,  291,  292.  355,  071,  074,  089,  093 
O'Dwyer,  Very  Rev.  John. .  . .  'itll 
O'Gorman,  Very  Rev.  James. ,  247. 

054,  (!50 
O'Hara.  Rt.  Rev.  "William.  ..  4(i0 
O'Regan,  Rt.  Hev.  Anthony.. .  (i(iO, 
'015.  019 
OReillv,  Verv  Hev,  Wm.  .,521-522 
O'Reilly,  Rt.  l{ev,  ncrnanl.107,  10-<. 
210,  397,  518,  520 

Oregon.  Vicariate  of 30,  309 

Oregon  City,  Dioce.se  of.. 30.  321,095 
Ortiz,  Very  Rev.  John  Philip.  305, 

308,  601 

Parke,  Very  Rev.  H.  F.  .88,  447. 

438 

Passionists 41.5 

Paterson,  N.  J 112 

Paulist  Fathers 409 

Penco,  R«v.  M.  C,  .M 218 


PAOK 

Pelamourgos,  Very  Rev.  A 045 

Perche,   Most    Rev.    Napoleon 

Joseph 472 

Peter's  Pence 37 

Peter,  Mrs .544 

Philadelphia,  Diocese  of 397 

Pier/.,  Rev.  F.207,  310.  253,  647,  051 
Pise,  Rev.  Charles  Constantine,  137, 

380,  496 
Pittsburgh,  Diocese  of. .  .42,  05,  415 

P1V8  IX.,  Pope 39,  99,  183,  375 

Pluidiett,  Rev.  Tos.  H 86 

Poilvache,  Rev.  M.  F 585 

Portier,  Rt.  Rev.  Michael.. 28,  173, 
•200,  203,  241,  274,  280,  281,  685 

Portland,  Diocese  of 535-539 

Pottsville 35 

Power,  Very  Rev.  John 105, 118 

I'resentatioii  Brothers 71,  75 

Preston,  Rt.  Rev.  Thos.  S 120 

Precious    Blood,    Priests   of,    173, 

174,  176 

Providence,  Sisters  of 205 

I'rojiaganda  Fide,  College  of...  .338 

Pusret  Sound 314 

Purcell.  Rt.  Rev.  .John  B.. .  .28,  30, 

31,  82,   170,  174,   175,  176,    177, 

178,  179,  181,  183.  183,  200,  241, 

251.  381,  541,  654 

Quarter,  Rt.  Rev.  "William.  .28, 

105,  227,  228.  230,  231-34 

Quarter.  Verv  Rev.  Walker. .     234 

Queretaro...' 335,  343 

(iuigley.  Rev.  Edward 103 

Quincy,  Diocese  of 625 

(Juinlan,  Rt.  Rev.  John  . ,  .086-688 
(^uinn.  Rev.  Thos 522,  526 

H.\FFEiKER,  Rev.  John 107,  494 

Rap|ie,Rev.  Amadei;s.l70, 175, 176, 

178,  183,  185,   186,   187.  427,  555. 

550,  557,  558 

Rascon,  Don  Juan  Rafael.  .302,  308 

Ravou.x,  Rev.  A.,  240,  260,  201,  009, 

648,  651 

Raymond,  Rev.  Dr 28 

HeadiniT.  Pa 55,  57 

Recollects ,536 

Redemptori.sts.  .34,  45,  50,  105,  107, 
115,  123,  271,  365,  380,  417 

Reed,  AViuii'm  George 25,  371 

Reilly.  Rev.  Patrick 44 

Rese,  Very  Rev.  F 251 


720 


INDEX. 


Roy,  Rev,  Anthonv,  S  ,1. . 
Ueyiiokls,  l{t.    Hi'V.,  "?.'*  •)! 


S3,  2H9  Sist.Ts  of  St. Francis    ....  25fl  ."HS 

.   yO,  I),'.    Nlslcis  (if  Ht.  ■Joscnli       219   2«"     ;•>« 

J)r,  1()1,1M,2H1.44<)   .«i.,,er.of:Thi,;i(),lier8t  ftanV^   401 


Sicl3!'1iJ:''^;^;iJi.1i?;5S;  gU  ^i^^;^  '-'■  ^""'^  ^"^•^•-'^  •  •  •  •  ^ 


iltulelnh 
I  Acadei 


._ 47-.J.5 

Rock  Hill  Acadeniv .......,'...  3,si 

Ro.«ccrans,  Ut.  Rev"  Sylvester  .  r),j4 
Rosati.'Bisliop,  31,  213,  214  227  2m,5 
Riibio,    Very  R.  v,  Joseph  JI.' 

Gonzalez 3.53 

Ryan,  .Mo.st  Rev,  P.  J  ...'.'.'..'.  40,'5 

Ryan,  Rev.  Alirani  .J  4(jo 

Ruder,  \  ery  Rev.  James,  S.  J. 

26,  160,  3i!i2 

Sacred  Heart, 


Ladies    ,if. 
44.  56, 


Sadlicr.  D.  &  J 

San  Francisco,  Diocese  of . , 
San  Gal)riel,  Jlission  of 


117 

27 

703 


Sniiili,  Haden.  Architect 7.5 

Smyth,  Rev.  Clement,  247,  60!^,  648, 

64.i 
Soldiers  and  Sailors  Dispensed 

from  Fastinii 141 

Soriu,  Rev.  E." "lu^  m 

Sourin,  \  try  Rev.  Edward,  «i    03 

c.     ,  „        ,.  «4,  402 

Spaldin,^^  \  erv  Rev.  B.  J. . .        370 

SpaldiuiT,  Murtin  John,  Up.  31    175 

llSD,  100—106,  20.5,281,383    302' 

804,  306,  560,  .561,  .56-\  564 

Spaldinir,  Rev.  Mr 30; 

Starrs,  Very  Rev.  \Vm .'  47,-, 

Stillinger,  Veiy  Rev.  J.  A. .    71,  72 
Stone,  Wm.  L 107 


153 


sail  tT!W)riel   ^Mission  of 335  Strobel,  Rev.  George  ,V 

San  a  Fe,  Dioce.se  of 661  Surratt    Mrs. .     .  ^  30. 

Sault  Sainte  Mario,  Dioce.se  of . .  .502  S<   Albiiis    Vt  

ScKlng^TX!"^:^';^"^:^^'' -^5  ^''  ^^'1"'""«"«.'  t^iH-rch,"  'Balii: 
School,  Sisters  of  Notre  Diiinc 
70,  1.58.  177,  178,  179,  256, 


107 
34. 
415 
515 
26 
70 


Scull V.  Rev.  Thos 

Secchi.  Ri'v,  S.  J 

Seelos.  liev.  F ' 

Seminary  of  St.    cimrles  '  Bor- 

romeo 56,  58, 

Serra,    Father    Jiinipero,   831^33 

„     .  .    „                ;>•-'  337,  E43,  344 
Sestmi,  Rev.  M. .  *-"    ? 00 


413 


Seton.    Mrs.   El;.'.;;).i';- 


'I. 


-82. 


Seton  Hall  v.u'.fi: 

Shanahan,  Ht.  fivr.  Jeremiah 

Shawe,  Rev.  Mici,,'  !  )Z 

Sisters  of  [Charitv 

117,   137,  150.  ' 

268,  . ^ 

Sisters  of  Holv  (ross '401 

Sisters  of  Holv  Child 410 

8i,sl<'rs  of  the  Humilifvof  Marv,  416 
Sistirs  of  Immaculate  Heart  of 

Mary 401 

Sisters  of  Mercv,  68,   71,  231.  237 

,.        '  520-.54.5 

Sisters  of  Notre  Dame. ..   ,  538,  6vs 

Sisters  of  Precious  Blood ITO 

Sisters  of  provi.lence 205 

bisters  of  St,  Dumlnic  242 


more 35 

St,  Anns  Widows'  Asvium. .. .  62 
St.  Agustine's  Church.' Pliila.  52,  53 

St.  Cyr,  Rev.  J.  M.  J 227 

St.  John's  Church,  Phila...  52,  08 
St.  Joseph's  College,  Buffalo. . .   137 

St.  Louis.  Diocese  of 213  605 

St.  Mary's,  Elk  Co.,  Pa 70 

St.  Mary's  Cliurch,  Phila. . .     52,  57 

St.  Mary's  Chuith,  Troy 107 

St.  Michael's  Semiuarv,    Pitts- 

I'urgh : 7(j 

St.  Michael'.s,  Church,  Phila.,  53,  55, 

400   St.  Palais.  dcBp..   198,202-3  20.5-0 
'''^  227,  542,  594,  597 


101, 
110 
604 


•;-    iit'off  U"'    '^^-  Pn»ls  Cathedral,  Pittsburgh,  67 

.16.,    219,  242,  2.54.    St.  P„ul.  Dioce.se  of 2.i8  046 

:8.  286,  577,  .581.  62T    Si.  P,,er's  Cliurch,  X.  V.  ,5,5 

'''t-  Philip's  Church,  Phila...  52,  53 

Tamarox,  Rt.  Rkv,  Peter  . .  296 

Taney,  Hon.  Roirer  B 396 

Taitis,  Father  Stephen 346 

Taylor,  General  Z 32 

Teeling,  Hev.  Join;     428,  4i9 

T<-gahkwita.  Catharine 126 

TeJnioii,  Father 77 

Tliavir.  Hev.  John " " '  148 

Tiermuii,  Sister  Xavier 75 


I 


kT^MI.: 


INDEX. 


T21 


TMIE 

Tltnon,  Very  Rev    John,  C. 

(BlshoiH  2s   i:'     125-89,  14m     .1, 
197  -JOH,  891,  4H4  NO 

Toucey,  Hon.  Ihu  ,..  8>*1 

iowniHln 55 

Trapi>i-N 101.  247 

Trinity  Cliunli,  Plilin     400 

Tuffff,  Rov.  Miclinel        J HO 

Tvl.    .  Ul.  Rev.  W.,  a»,  145, 103,  105, 

107 

Vhmlikes.  . .  .02.  170,  179,  289,  567 
lsuli.i«'  Convent 148,  220,  322 

Vaj;<  ocvEu'8  Island,  Diocks^f. 

OK 36 

Vuu  d<?  \  L'lde,  Vcrv  Rev.  James,  O.  tS. 

J.  2S.  220,  284, 230-89, 200,  014.  OffO 

Vai.  Ilorsijrh,  Rev.  M 26 

VttuQiiickeiilxiiuf,  Rev.  S.J. .  200 
Ver'  '  Ht.  R(\ .  Augustine,  378.  4,5."), 
457,  450,  401 
VerlmcLou,  Verv  Rev.  Peter  J., 

8.J.... 28 

Viateur,  C'lnksof  Bt 210 

Vicnriiitc         "ostolic      of      Upper 

Michi- 680 

Vincenui  :ese  of 197,  504 

Visllatioi      ,.r.,cnt,  00,  87.218,  403 

AV.\i)HAMS,  K 1.  Rev.  E.  P 120 

AVahvortli,  Rev.  Clarence ISO 

Walsh,  Rt.  Rev.  Wm 134 

Walla  AVnlla,  Diocese  of. . .  .36,  324 


Wasliiugton  Territory  690 

Wasiiinutou  Erina  Guai..  •  535 

Wehb.iJ.  J •'■''«• 

■\Veniii Hirer.  Rev.  F.  X.,  8,  .1      .505 

Wheeling,  Diocese  of 435 

Whelan,  Rt.  Rev.  R.  V. .28,  72,  81, 

82,  83,  87,  105,  145,  161.  181,  220. 

873,370.  301,  421,  43.5-430 

WiKJau,  Rt.  Rev.  James... 032-fl.'35 

White,  Calvin 518 

White,  F.E 120 

White,  Rev   Dr.  Clinrles  1 2^ 

WhitfleUl.      ichblsli.p 30 

Wilson,  Verv  Rev.  (.eo.  O.  P..  2ih 
Wilson,  Rev,  Dr.  IJ"'bHrrl  H..  70 
Wilmington,  >:   ■•  ...    92 

Wilmiugt(  ..,  1'  ■•■    J^^ 

Wimmer,  Doi  .  ..72.73, 

604,  577 
AVimmer,  Rt  in,ott..870,  421 

Wiseman,  (V  08 

W(>(k1,  Rt.  Ih  lies  F..  175,  378. 

304,  41...  405,  407,  4ii0-414 

Wvlev,  Rev 167 

AVynne,  Jlotlier  Mary  Catharine  38S 

Xaveria  ,  Bhothekp 561 

YoincRt.  Rev.  Josve  M..80.  175, 

180.  373,  415,  4--M,  427 

Young,  Very  Rev.  N.  D 551 

/AiJiniA,  Rt.  Rev.  Jos.  Amu 
Lavheaso  de 304 


y 


